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Country Trade Unter Kaiserlicher Flagge: William Bolts Und Die Zweite Österreichische Ostindienkompanie

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Country Trade Unter Kaiserlicher Flagge: William Bolts Und Die Zweite Österreichische Ostindienkompanie ZWG 9_2 Umschlag 13.10.2008 16:09 Uhr Seite 1 Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte (Hg.) Hans-Heinrich Nolte Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven Die ZWG hat sich zum Forum einer neuen, umfassenden ZWG Herausgegeben 9|2 Jahrgang 9 Betrachtung von Geschichte, Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften von Hans-Heinrich Nolte Heft 2 entwickelt. Wichtige Beiträge aus der englischen, russischen, Für den Verein (Herbst 2008) für Geschichte des Weltsystems französischen, spanischen und chinesischen Diskussion sind für deutschsprachige Leser übersetzt worden. Es finden sich aber auch Forschungen und Beiträge aus der deutschen Debatte und gelegentlich die Publikation von Quellen. ISBN 978-3-89975-143-7 Martin Meidenbauer ZWG 9_2 Umschlag 13.10.2008 16:09 Uhr Seite 1 Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte (Hg.) Hans-Heinrich Nolte Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven Die ZWG hat sich zum Forum einer neuen, umfassenden ZWG Herausgegeben 9|2 Jahrgang 9 Betrachtung von Geschichte, Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften von Hans-Heinrich Nolte Heft 2 entwickelt. Wichtige Beiträge aus der englischen, russischen, Für den Verein (Herbst 2008) für Geschichte des Weltsystems französischen, spanischen und chinesischen Diskussion sind für deutschsprachige Leser übersetzt worden. Es finden sich aber auch Forschungen und Beiträge aus der deutschen Debatte und gelegentlich die Publikation von Quellen. Martin Meidenbauer ZWG ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR WELTGESCHICHTE Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte Herausgeber: Hans-Heinrich Nolte Für den Verein für Geschichte des Weltsystems Redaktion: Dariusz Adamczyk, Ellen Baumann, Jens Binner, Christian Lekon, Udo Obal, Gerhard Schmidt Wissenschaftlicher Beirat: Maurice Aymard, Aleksandr Boroznjak, Helmut Bley, Luigi Cajani, Gita Dharampal-Frick, Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, Hartmut Elsenhans, Jürgen Elvert, Peter Feldbauer, Stig Förster, Claus Füllberg-Stolberg, Marina Fuchs, Carsten Goehrke, Uwe Halbach, Carl-Hans Hauptmeyer, Andrea Komlosy, Klaus Kremb, Gesine Krüger, Rudolf Wolfgang Müller, Christiane Nolte, Pavel Poljan, Joachim Radkau, Dominic Sachsenmaier, Adelheid von Saldern, Karl-Heinz Schneider, Gerd Stricker, Beate Wagner-Hasel, Irmgard Wilharm Manuskripte bitte an den Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Hans-Heinrich Nolte, Bullerbachstr. 12, 30890 Barsinghausen. Manuskripte bitte als Disketten (rtf) sowie in zwei Ausdrucken; Manuskripte, die nicht als Datei vorgelegt werden, können leider nicht bearbeitet werden. Manuskripte sollen die Länge von 20 Seiten DIN A4 pt. 14 einzeilig in Times Roman beschrieben nicht überschreiten. Für unverlangt eingesandte Manuskripte wird keine Gewähr übernommen. Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte (ZWG) Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven 9. Jg. 2008, Heft 2 Herausgegeben von Hans-Heinrich Nolte Für den Verein für Geschichte des Weltsystems Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. © 2008 Martin Meidenbauer Verlagsbuchhandlung, München Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urhebergesetzes ohne schriftliche Zustimmung des Verlages ist unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Nachdruck, auch auszugsweise, Reproduktion, Vervielfältigung, Übersetzung, Mikroverfilmung sowie Digitalisierung oder Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung auf Tonträgern und in elektronischen Systemen aller Art. ISSN 2199-8086 ISBN 978-3-89975-143-7 Verlagsverzeichnis schickt gern: Martin Meidenbauer Verlagsbuchhandlung Erhardtstr. 8 D-80469 München www.m-verlag.net Inhalt Andrea Komlosy Habsburgermonarchie, Osmanisches Reich und Britisches Empire – Erweiterung, Zusammenhalt und Zerfall im Vergleich................................... 9 Stefan Meisterle Country trade unter kaiserlicher Flagge: William Bolts und die zweite österreichische Ostindienkompanie...............................................63 Hans-Heinrich Nolte Zum Stand der Weltgeschichtsschreibung im deutschen Sprachraum........89 Richard Albrecht „Wer redet heute noch von der Vernichtung der Armenier?“ Kommentierte Wiederveröffentlichung der Erstpublikation von Adolf Hitlers Geheimrede am 22. August 1939 ...........................................115 Sabine Wussow-Klingebiel Das deutsch-französische Verhältnis – unausweichliche „Erbfeindschaft“ oder unnötig provozierte Gesichtsverluste? ..................133 Rainer Strzolka NS-Raubgut in Bibliotheken – Impressionen vom 3. Hannoverschen Symposium...............................................................141 Rezensionen .......................................................................................................169 Bibliographische Notizen.................................................................................191 Kurzbiographien der Autorinnen und Autoren............................................211 Demnächst in der ZWG...................................................................................213 7 10.3726/84526_63 STEFAN MEISTERLE Country trade unter kaiserlicher Flagge: William Bolts und die zweite österreichische Ostindienkompanie „So war es für Oesterreich ein glückliches Ereignis in so kurzem Zeitraum so gelegen- same Besitzungen und Niederlagen zu erhalten, welche in das künftige die Standörter wichtiger Kolonien werden dürften.“, proklamierte der Wiener Schriftsteller Jo- hann Michael von Schweighofer in seinem Werk „Versuch über den gegen- wärtigen Zustand der österreichischen Seehandlung“ im Jahr 1782.1 Die Ereignisse, die Schweighofer in euphemistischer Weise seinen Zeitgenossen zur Kenntnis bringen wollte, waren das Resultat einer ebenso außerge- wöhnlichen wie kurzen Episode kolonialer habsburgischer Aktivitäten in Außereuropa. Als Vehikel, Projektionsfläche und Initiator dieser Aktivitä- ten fungierte die zweite österreichische Ostindienkompanie, die 1775 ge- gründet wurde und während der Dauer ihres zehnjährigen Bestehens eine bemerkenswerte Eigendynamik entwickelte. Ausschlaggebend dafür war die schillernde Persönlichkeit William Bolts’, eines ehrgeizigen Unternehmers, der nicht nur den Wiener Hof zur Gründung einer Kompanie bewegen konnte, sondern auch die erste und folgenreichste Expedition der Ostin- dienkompanie nach Asien leitete. Als „a European adventurer par excel- lence of the mid-eighteenth century […]“2 verfolgte Bolts im Zuge dieser Unternehmung allerdings in erster Linie die Realisierung persönlicher kommerzieller Perspektiven, die der Indische Ozean in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts dem europäischen Privathandel bot. Die monopolistischen Ostindienkompanien und der Freihandel Knapp ein Jahrhundert nach der Entdeckung des Seeweges nach Indien durch Vasco da Gama wurde die europäische Präsenz am Indischen Ozean durch die Errichtung der englischen und niederländischen Ostindienkom- panien zu Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts auf eine neue organisatorische 1 Johann Michael von SCHWEIGHOFER: Versuch über den gegenwärtigen Zustand der österreichischen Seehandlung, Wien 1782, S. 92. 2 Holden FURBER: In the footstepts of a German ‚nabob’: William Bolts in the Swed- ish archives, in: ders.: Private Fortunes and Company Profits in the India Trade in the 18th Century, Aldershot 1997, Kapitel 7, S. 7-18, hier S. 7. 63 Stefan Meisterle Grundlage gestellt.3 Der Erfolg der englischen East India Company (E.I.C.) und der niederländischen Verenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (V.O.I.C.) mündete in die Bestrebungen weiterer europäischer Länder, vergleichbare Organisationen für den Handel mit Ostindien ins Leben zu rufen. Als halb- öffentliche4 Handelsgesellschaften konnten die Ostindienkompanien einer- seits auf staatliche Protektion und Unterstützung zählen, andererseits ka- men sie in den Genuss von Exklusivprivilegien, die diesen Unternehmen die nationalen Monopole für den Handel mit Ostindien garantieren sollten. Da diese Monopole allerdings nur mit hohem Kostenaufwand zu verteidi- gen waren, bot sich europäischen Händlern und Angestellten der Ostin- dienkompanien insbesondere am Indischen Ozean die Möglichkeit, sich im country trade, also dem Binnenhandel zwischen asiatischen bzw. afrikani- schen Häfen, als Privatkaufleute zu betätigen. Während die V.O.I.C., die im 17. Jahrhunderts die Kontrolle über den Seehandel am Indischen Ozean er- ringen konnte, diesen privaten Freihandel als Bedrohung ihres Monopols wahrnahm und vehement bekämpfte, machte sich die E.I.C. diesen Handel zunutze: Man unterstützte den privaten country trade in der Hoffnung, auf diese Weise das niederländische (Binnen-)Handelsmonopol aushöhlen zu können.5 Die Unterstützung, die die E.I.C. dem privaten Freihandel am Indischen Ozean angedeihen ließ, beschleunigte den Niedergang der V.O.I.C. und den Aufstieg der E.I.C. zur dominanten Handelsmacht am Indischen Ozean in der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts.6 Ungeachtet dessen vertrat 3 Unter dem Begriff Ostindien, der die ideelle Nähe zum karibischen Westindien ver- deutlichte, fasste man die Küsten und Länder östlich des Kaps der Guten Hoff- nung, also den indischen Subkontinent, Südostasien, die Inseln im Indischen Ozean und je nach Definition zuweilen auch die ostafrikanischen Küsten, den Golf von Persien und sogar Japan und China zusammen. Aus der Fülle an Literatur über das europäische Vordringen in den Indischen Ozean seien hier folgende Werke ge- nannt: Peter FELDBAUER: Estado da India. Die Portugiesen in Asien 1498–1620, Wien
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