ABSTRACT Futuresprogramme.Science (FCT/SFRH/BD/84030/2012). Financial providedsupport byCefaswas also the through and fisheriesEuropean inthe margin‖aTecnologia funded FundaçãoparaaCiênciae bythe ofthiswork anoutputofthe Part is PhD project ― Funding information Email: [email protected] Lowestoft, NR330HT,UK forRui P.Vieira, Centre Pakefield andAquaculture Environment,Science, Fisheries Road, C 3 2 UK. Suffolk, Road, Lowestoft, 1 Ocean andScience,Earth University ofSouthampton, Southampton, UK School ofEnvironmental Sciences, University of East Anglia,Norwich, UK. forCentre

Accepted Article Deep

o pagination andproofreading process, which version undergone full peer review but has not This article hasbeen accepted for publication intheJournalofFishBiology and RUI P.VIEIRA rrespondence

- water fisheries and the Versionof Record. Please cite this Environment, Fisheries Science,Environment, Fisheries &Aquaculture Lowestoft Laboratory,Pakefield This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. al & Acceptedenvironment, favourable to a an important rolefordeep C 1 | Ocean e KEYWORDS resources might looklikeinthis context. Article deep in understand patterns abetter that management strategies exploitation exhaustive carbo roughyorange mainly blue target ling break slope banksdown tothelowerslope and along andseamounts oftheRockall margins aim paper In this cosystem disturbance ontinental ontinental slopes ., 2011). Merrett, 1988; IMPORTANCE OF CONTINENTALFORDEEP SLOPES OF IMPORTANCE

to provide an overview an to provide on

and tusk

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understanding of , we

Hoplostethus atlanticus Brosme brosme

revisit the revisit Gordon - c water to fisheries the over ,

Molva dypterygia Molva has helped ecosystemmanagement until earlythe subsequently 2000s,but the around 5.4%around floor oftheglobalocean (Harris & - water fisheries (Koslow,water

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broad broad the longthe . These fishing grounds . Thesefishing experienced of along period the key behindthe drivers community changes

communities to relieve diversity of - , with term -

w , roundnose grenadier water fisheries est oftheBritish est Isles implications

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et al et what sustainable useandexploitation of es ofblackscabbardfi s fishing pressure.

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the ofthe west Isles British and ,

modelling associated Pri Coryphaenoides rupestris ede

that This is productiveThis is a highly implementation of - et al et WATER FISHERIES

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Accepted Article Hopper 1995; ., 2008; Bailey - - also disrupt also

term effects water fisheries reached of apeak and

on thecontinentaland slopes

s Nephrops norvegicus In the In the ofDepletion deep d Extensive of numerous

et al et et al orange roughy . Such fisheries ., 2016). n ., 2005;Buhl orth Koslow Lorance Lorance

nutrient transfer ted ted to

of exploitation (Pennant 1784) have - eep et al east Atlanticeast

unwanted species -

water fish et al provide essentialprovide developed following ., 2009 et al et Hoplostethus atlanticus - sea fish populations commonly is are are typically ‐ et al et ., 2000 side

., 2001; Mortensen and the and the shrimps ; ., 2010), concerns regardingecosystem with the services Priede

safe biological limits (Norse caused asignificant reduction ofmanyfish stocks (Devine Ocean eries , roundnose grenadier via , fishing Thurstan Thurstan

Gordon the activebiologicalthe pump

(deeper 400m, than the limits near lower oftheupper about 3.7 Mt in2003 3.7Mt about et al et , multispecies fisher , multispecies , i characterised bysignificant et alet habitats for some importantfish commercial ncluding - ., 201 induced changes in foodorbiomass webstructure ., 2010; Söffker a et al et et al Parapenaeus longirostris decline ofthecontinental

1 Collett 1889 ., 2003) and ., 2003)and crustaceans ., 2010 ; by

Victonero aggregations et alet - catch Coryphaenoides rupestris ., 2011). can adirect Fishing have ). Total

ies

of epibenthic fauna and associated w (FAO et al et

et al et (Gordon, 2001; Lorance (Gordon, 2001;

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. whiting elsewherefishing opportunities capacityfleet andfishing power,particularlyinthe1990s(Villasante, 2010) Accepted fleet became includingScottish,to other attractive fleets, and Irish fleets, Spanish but by 1980slate scabbardfishblack d 1970s margin.UK continental targetingfishing vessels north in the ArticleF 2 | DevelopmentUnited NationsSustainable Goal approaches communities Isles fisheries to thewestofBritish Pardo fishesvulnerable eveloped eveloped ollowing thedeclineofollowing continental more traditional - State of of State catch has

et alet and a The development ofdeep This paper Micromesistius poutassou

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rupestris . 1995; .

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. species population Accepted crucial foralthough Smith Helicolenus dactylopterus slickhead attempted to estimate the age spat is still ascarcity ofinformationmost of deep the for estimationsrobust Carlsson with fisheries member states Articlelandings Isles British evidence in evaluated to relation Although (ICES, 2018a). atlanticus sustainable yield category 1assessment withfull analyticalassessment, approach forecast and (ICES, 2018a) 6b

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. dataavailable ondeep assessments byICES.advice stock However, hampered incomplete are or lack owingto of & Accepted Moreover, while inthedecades different life (Truem stages mechanisms for connectivity and population reveal insights interms of oftheduration of ( tools andbehaviourslimitoceanic areas ofunderstandinglack gene flowshows significant NorthAtlantic across (Coscia locations populations.distinct shallowinhabiting waters Articleidentifying genetically ontogeneticdepthsegregation based whereby juvenile depth unitspopulation alongthe NEAtlantic al et rupestris This basins. is particularly evident in Rockallthe Trough area,wherelimited migrations North Atlantic has understoodaboutLittle is connectivityofdeep 3 |

Campbell, Froese 2011; Population Connectivity andStock Connectivity IdentityPopulation revealed of evidence , 2012 - dependent genetic structure in Deep e occur once . ). Geochemical of analysis g ., - , water water have exploitedoutsidefish stocks been safe their biological limits over

genetic andgenetic geochemical approaches) havepotential inform to onthe n Ocean orth > 100 - east Atlantic In contrast, the a (White - of complex potentially demographic population fish

water fisheries catches in th deep C

exhibit mixing . settles outsettles and & an

rupestris rupestris -

water et al Pauly, 2018),only few are species andstocks et al et ., 2010), limited suggesting connectivity Ocean s ., 2016).

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. effects have comprehensivelynot been documented Madron (de may affect fish recruitment ultimately and fisheries; at present, these cascading however, phytoplanktonic speciesphenological inzooplanktoncan induce abundance,which change Accepted (Blanchardin primary production anddiversity composition of trophic higher (Mauchline 2013) (Sutton, fishand small pelagic al have animportant roleinfuellingbenthic andbenthopelagic communities ( fluxdetrital organicmatterproduction ofparticulate (POM),secondary and benthic recycling highpressure where absence oflight, freezing and near bycontrolled lateral and fluxes vertical (sinking) (Ichino Article byenhanced foodslopes availability (McClain 2012; Woolley and ofdiversity patterns distribution continentalof along slopes assemblages (McClain Energy availability plays akeyroleindetermining community andbiomass trends,as as well 4 | to data identify important habitats and of location spawningareas. develop to and research improve sto al et significantly challenging2018a,c), asustainable management ofdeep ., 2014;Stasko Trophodynamics in in continental slopes Trophodynamics ., 2012; Large The active transport ofcarbonThe activetransport andnutrients bydiel vertical migration ofzooplankton &

, Gordon, 1991; Trueman Gordon, 1991;Trueman

et al et and et alet et alet

it is crucial in fuellingit is in crucial bentho ., 2016). anddiverse Abundant deep ., 2016). es ., reason,2013). Forthis thereis a clear needtoundertake further

is acommonphenomenon, whichhasbeenextensively documented

et et al ck assessment methodologies ., 2012).For instance, a shift et al et -

., 2014; Drazen levels communities be can modified bychanges &

- Schlacher, 2015), which appears to be pelagic production at mid

temperatures are major constraints, - sea communit et alet & ., 2015). At greater depths,., 2015).Atgreater

Sutton, 2017).Sutton, However,the e

t al

and

in the dominant ., 2011). surface Sea -

to collect systematic water fisheries (Norse ies are supportedies are on Figure - sl ope depths ope depths

3; Jones et al et et et 10 .,

This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. Atlantic ecosystems (Basson Acceptedto deepseaactivities in the haverece and evaluation of Despite limitations, historical datado anexamination enable of temporalin catches trends 5 | al but storage, sensitivityof the understood tochangeis (Sweetman deepcommunities poorly communities therefore are likely to influence energy capacity pathways andthe ofcarbon al Articleatmospheric carbonmight behigher thanpreviously appreciated(Thistle itis sense, conceivable thatof the deepcontribution communities carbon andtransferring greater depths tothe (Trueman sequestration carbon ecosystem from servicebycapturing carbon deep the deep may exported readily potentiallyto deep beless waters, reducing the total supply nutrient to al phytoplankton with bodysize reduces increasing temperatur 2008; Medhaug temperatures predicted are tocontinue over rising the (Dominguescoming decades ., 2012).Thismay reduction fordeep becritical ., 2017). ., 2015).Long appreciation Ecosystem effec Ecosystem - water fish communities (Yool The geographical The geographical extent of deep acknowledgeddeep isnow It that Ocean

of ecologicaland the economicof importance thesepoorly has been has been highlighted long as a - et al et term inorganicmatter changes fl contribution ts andts imp et alet ., 2017) ., 2001;Gage, 2001;Rogers

and

from species toecosystemindividual lications for

theoretical theoretical and empirical evidence shows mean that ived over increasingpast attention the et al - ., 2017). sea sea fisheries - water fish communities may significant a provide

the seabed - running concern, especially benthic since

- uxes and, ultimately,uxes and, indeep sea communities,sea assmaller phytoplankton - water benthic faunainregulating effects et alet

., 2015).

e (Morán on deep the seabed

level. Studiesoflevel. human et al et et al 20 ., 2014). In this., 2014).In et al - - ., 2010;Thomas studied marine studied marine scattering

years, mainlyyears, due ., 2006;Kahn - water fish of the et al et - layer layer North ., et et 11 et et et et

This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. al et catch), for persisting decades orlonger(Hall and immediate( Acceptedeffects ofbottom trawlingonbenthiccommunities at occur the same known as depths demonstrated have Numerous studies deep that reducingseabed, speciesandrichness biomass (Gage damage long destroy or rates (Ramsay communities benthic sensitive 1994). maymod thecapacityofto buffer trawling 2005; Bueno Article disturbance now by bottomis in andshelfzones(Brown widelycoastal trawling spread sediment homogeni sediments,the resulting in biological and ecological effects such nutrient as resuspensionand sedimentation and rates at theaffected around andalteringproperties areas geochemical of al et suggesting that industrial bottom long trawling had Eigaar seafloorthe biological andits assemblages along (Daly continental slopes body ofsuggests severe evidence industry, seafloor cabl trawling hasgreatest byfarthe ., 2012; Martín . (2012) provided on insights the presumed

d Direct Direct consequences ofbottom alsoinclude trawling biomass removal ordamage of et al ., 2017).Previousstudies identifiedtrawling - Pardo et al et e . g ., ., 2001; Clark s et alet et alet , ation (Amaro

damaging corals,removing and non sponges es and other activities combined(Benn - lived benthic communities, butalso to harmofthe complexity the ., 2014). Bottom sediment trawling increases resuspen ., 2017),but,these environments, in sediment anderosion transport ( effect e . g et al perturbations et et al ., VMEs ,

sponges andsponges deep on the seafloor,on the much hydrocarbon moresothan the ., 2016).Bottom ., 2016;O‘Neil

(Muñoz ify seafloor morphology (Nittrouer ify seafloormorphology - Spencer

- caused bybottom integrity of trawling onthe effe sea in NorthAtlantic fisheries the , et al et -

cts particularly onVMEs term onseabed effects morphology (Puig et alet et al -

& - of tow trawl beentrawl fishing has to shown ., 2009; Fonseca sea corals

- Ivanović, 2016). Physical induced sediment displacement, ., 2005; Huvenne ., 2002; Clark ed et al et

gears, suggesting gears, that ) ., 2010). A - , resultinghighmortality in target target species through by et al et al ,

et al et are oftendirectare et al et ., 2014). The n increasing ., 2016). & sion, affectingsion, ., 2017; ., 2016). Wright, Ocean

Muñoz et al et

12 - .,

This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. to development1970s and1980s,prior the deep ofmajor al Isles carriedwest oftheBritish out, have been most notably byBasson Acceptedfish communities. andultimatelywith benthic nutrientcycling secondary affecting produ potentialcommunities. Thiscouldresultin changes onthe ecosystem associated services innutrienttransferremovalchanges andthe resourcesexploitedby offood fish the benthic communities couldtothe lead disruption ofthebenthicenergypathways, deep deficient al et biomass reflect anddiversity, overall inecosystemschanges (Blanchard 2017; Vieira, 2017).Ecolog Article poorlyfood webs isstill understood (Arroyo fauna benthic tolong are resilient species (Jennings 2014; Almeida and endofauna(Roberts TroughRockall (Mindel populations Porcupinein the Seabight (Bailey that extensive proposed fisheries in Bank Hatton the might ofbottom activity. beaconsequence Likewise,has trawling it been apparent incold differences . (2008) and . (2008) Bailey ., 2018), butsubstantial knowledge gapsand long - water ecosystems (Rogers Some preliminary oflong studies The effects ofpersistent trawling are

assessment oftheextent ofhuman et al et

& ., 2017), ashift communities with in towards ofscavenger adominance

Kaiser, 1998;Blanchard et al et al et et al et . (2009). . (2009). Vari - ical indicators,such astrophicand structure, size community water corals and differentsponge in habitats aggregations along ., 2000; Jennings ., 2018) et alet - lasting and bottomimplicationsthe trawling onmarine duced changes biomass considerable in ofdeep ., 2015). .

ous scientific institutes collected information the in - term indeep changes - induced effects, fisheries, on particularly through said

et al et et et al Nevertheless, greater et al et al

to result inreduced diversit ., 2017;Cunha . 2004). However, the . 2004).However,the deep degree to which ., 2001; Tillin ., 2001;Tillin ., 2009) and along the slopes ofthe., 2009)andalongthe slopes - term deficiency contributes to data - water fisheries (Basson - sea fishcommunities to the et al et et al et perturbations of ., 2017; Hiddink ., 2006; Pusceddu ction ofdeep et al et et al . (2001), Neat y of epifauna ., 2017; Mindel ., 2017;Mindel et al et through the -

water fishwater - the water water et al et ., et al et et ., 13 .,

This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. ecosystem models mechanisms supporting deep effective (Hartvig combining taxonomic al in plays energy flux trophicecology and deep within demersal fis structured ecosystems models suchasEcopathwith Ecosim (Christensen fisheries managementadequate (Hyder (Thorpe modelling be informative toimprove ecological (Maytheory and rupestris commercial (< fishery Porcupinethe Seabight and adjacentplain abyssal of36%the depthrange within exploitation sta that diversity waslower in1999,suggested thefrom OTSB(S)than survey SAMS the pre surveywater from data pre the greaterdepths.at Basson 2010). Thespecies wasobservedtoreachrichness amaximum 1000m valueat anddecline communities annual aspartoftheir monitoring programme(O‘Hea ( inrecentyears Scotland2001) and Marine (Aberdeen

Accepted Article Oranmore, Ireland) . 2001;Trueman Antimora Identifying temporal geographical and gradients changes in community dynam decreased by57 andnon %) rostrate rostrate te. Godbold et alet [ et al et et alet e

have conduc . g –

and ., ., 2011; Blanchard (Günther 1878)] 1500m).Whilst were there significant declines in target ( functional traitandbody functional ., 2014; Mindel ., 2014;Mindel ., 2015; Spence ., 2015;Spence ,

Porcupine Porcupine Seabight et et

recent studies have highlightrecent have studies importantrolethe thatbodysize et alet al - water fish community structure parameteriwould beusefulto . (2001) calculated diversity various indices ondeepbased - and post . (2013)adecline total demersal reported in fishbiomass in ted ted surveysdetailed of edgeandseamount shelf - target target

et alet et alet species, speciesspecies, not all declinedsignificantly. - et alet exploitation era.Data available post et alet ., 2016; 2017).models Vieira, Foodweb ., 2015). However,species ., 2018), of both support of which usedin canbe [ ( e Howell ., 2014). . g - size approachessize are likely tobemore .,,

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. on deep Kaiser conservation of andsustainable exploitation marine resources (Ehler stateknowledge andassess andtrends biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of deep fisheriesreviewing regulations (Mangi reason this the cost wider bottomGenerally, relatively trawls are gears unselective(Cashion fishing 6 | marin SustainableDevelopment 14 Nations Goal (EU, status‘ tosupportfurtheractions 2008) and commitments target United the under thereforeand is ess Such information is key anthropogenicto identify pressures intheseecosystemsoperating regarding the degradationmarine ofeventhemost ecosystems remote (Ruhl ( Amoroso fisheries activities andrelated pressures (Weaver confirms significantthreat to biodiversity(Ramire the community onfishabundanceandproduction(Blanchard changes (

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., 2009, 2011). Douvere, 2009; Douvere, 2009; et al et al et ant ant to consolidate et alet ., 2016; ., 2018), for ., 2011).

15

This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. We thank anonymousreviewers for andconstructive critical AcceptedAnnual Symposium 2018 organizing the The authors thank committee ofTheFisheries of Society British the Isles ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS conservation of andsustainable use marine resour strategies can beastep towards achievement the oftheSDGsandcontribute to the effects understanding ofdirect and indirect effects ofbottom and stocks the ofbenthic state ecosystems (Kenny 2016 Article the allow sustainability of deep bellowban ontrawlfishing 800 decisions.management andconservation Asevidencedbythe recent introductionofdepth gaps the in knowledge and inform better policy ecosystems isimportant fordevelopment the models ofpredictive thatcan to beused identify 2018). predict to ecosystemability toclimate human response or benthicfor active function (Woodall communities ). An integrated ecosystem ). Anintegrated

reflect changesin andultimately food infishstocks. webs Implementing such Understanding historicalUnderstanding offisheries, climatetrends and B.

; Bett,

e . g ., –

M. pelagic coupling in continentalslope ecosystems hampers our severely et al the vertically

Cunha, .,

2018). This 2018). This inacommunity knowledge gap functionally responsible ,

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H. Engelhard, Engelhard, - -

water fisheriesand toprotec -

m, there is m, is an intention reduce to there ofbottom based approach couplingthe approach based management ofdeep Ruhl, migrating componentofecosystems, structure their and J.

Gonçalves, guest guest editor - makers in makers in the forfuture support ces. comments that improved th et al et M.

of the JFB Issue Special trawling onbenthos ., 2018) wouldallow abetter - T. - induced change(Anderson induced

Chung, t benthic t benthic ecosystems ( anthropogenic effects R.

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and - trawl fisheries trawl to

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. Accepted C.Amoroso,O., Pitcher, R.A.D., R.,Rijnsdorp, Parma McConnaughey, R.A., Amaro,Huvenne, V.A. T., I.,Allcock, A.L.,Aslam,J.S.,Danovaro,R.,De T.,Davies, ArticleAlmeida, M., I., Frutos, Company, J. V. Allain, REFERENCES manuscript G.

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. Accepted J.,Carlsson, Sh Campbell, N.,Neat,F.,Burns,F. ArticleBuhl Bueno Brown, E.J., B.,Dommisse, Finney, M. - Mortensen, A., L.,Vanreusel, Levin,L. Gooday, A.J., A., Pr - Pardo, J.,Ramalho, S. Marine EcologyMarine sourceas a heterogeneity of onthedeepand biodiversity habitat margins. ocean Mortensen, P., Gheerardyn, H.,King, Raes,M.(2010) N.J.& Biological structures Monitoring System (VMS). ofquantification and effort assessment oflandingsperuniteffort using a Vessel R. ResearchShelf trawling onthephysical environment ofthesoutheastern BeringSea. atlanticus Fine ScienceMarine Atlanticnortheast continental slope (ICES VIa). Subdivision and

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taxonomic ofthedeep demersal distinctness water fish community on -

scale population structure deepin a Queiroga, H. ephard, S.,Coughlan, J.,Trueman, C.N.,ephard, E., &Cross, Rogan, T.F. ). Deep Sea Research Part Part Deep SeaResearch I

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58(6)

( 2011 - sea teleost (orange roughy,

( 2005 , 627 )

7 Species richness, taxonomicSpecies richness, , 40795. ) -

636. Effects ofcommercial otter

iede, I.iede, G.,Buhl ICES Journal of ICES Journal P

P., Hoplostethus Hoplostethus ortugal: Continental C unha, -

( the the

diversity 2011

M.

)

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. Accepted J., R. Clarke, Milligan, M. Clark, M.R. Clark, ArticleChristensen,Walters, V.& C.J.(2004) Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, and capabilities Charua Cashion, T.,Al u, A.,Dupouy, H. continental continental slope ofthe Chatham from NewZealand, to1997. Rise, 1979 c limitations. 356. Netherlands,North Atlantic OceanicSlope,KluwerAcademic Publisher, pp. 337 ofthe Atlantic. Hopper,fisheries North In: A.G. Deep (Ed.), valuesbygearand landed andsector. type K., Noël S. deep J ( R

2016 ournal of Marine Science of ournal Marine ommercial exploitation on orange R., Althaus, F., Schlacher, T. esearch

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- sea fishing bydepth. ) -

The impacts ofdeep Abdulrazzak, D.,Belhabib, D.,B., Derrick, E.,Divovich, D. Moutopoulos, erson, O.erson, F.,Francis, R.C.D.M.(2000) &Tracey, Theeffects of

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Curren 73 -

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A., Williams,A., D. A., Bowden,

( & 1995

t Biology 172 Neat, F. roughy ( ) , 109

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25 139. Hoplostethus atlanticus Hoplostethus –

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A scientific for basis 2429.

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. Devine, J. Accepted 166. de Madron, X. D. Wilson, P., Daly, E.,Johnson,M. A.M.,Gerritsen, H.D., K., Kiriakoulakis, A. Allcock, ArticleCunha, M. Costello I.,Castilho,Coscia, R., Massa

, & White, Bottom M.(2017) Whittard trawling at Canyon: E PartResearch II ecosystem functioningandconservation. and Anintroduction overview. Ecosystems, A.Freiwald, J. pert T. 60 Macrourus berglax J., Knutsen, H. endangered. endangered. in forcings the Mediterranean. Oceanography modification, plumes heterogeneity. trawl andfoodsource

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M. Roberts (eds), Springer, Heidelberg: (eds),Springer, M. Roberts 771

,

,

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( M. &Allen 2017

L.

( 2006 )

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) T., Jonsson Atlantic

Fisheries: deep ,

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( 2005 . Cold in: Water Coraland Deep Sea Research Part I ) ,

L., Bett Role ofcold -

91 sea biology: biodiversity, Progress in - vidence for seabed sea fishessea qualify as , 97 ,

- B.

J., van Weering J., van - water - sea grenadier - D

805. Helyar, S. eep Sea Lophelia

132 L.

22 , ,

This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. AcceptedEU (2016) E O.R.,Eigaard, Bastardie, Article C. Ehler, J.C.&Sutton, Drazen, T. (2017)Dini Domingues,White, N.J.,Gleckler,P.Wijffels, C.M.,Church, J.A., S.E.,Barker, P. M., U

(2008). no. 6. Paris: UNESCO.no. 6.Paris: theBiosphereProgramme.Man and IOCandGuides no. 53,iCaMDossier Manual ecosystem fishes. sea Dunn, J.R.(2008)Improved estimates ofupper north December establishing specific conditions 2016 forfishing for deep environmental policy. 2008 establishing aframeworkforcommunity the action in fieldmarine of ScienceMarine waters: distribution,European intensity andseabed integrity. R.,Catarino, G.E., Dinesen,

& Regulation Regulation (EU) Parliament 2016/2336oftheEuropean of14 andofthe Council

Directive 2008/56/ECDirective oftheEuropeanParliament of17 andoftheCouncil - Douvere, F. level rise. - east Atlantic andprovisions ininternational forfishing ofthewaters north Annual Review ofScienceAnnual Review Marine - based management.based IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission and Nature

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74 2009 F., Hintzen,N.T., Buhl , 847

) 453

Official Journalthe of European Union Marine a SpatialPlanning: step

- 865. , 1090 et al et

- ng inthe feedingecology deep: the of deep 1093. ., 2016. ofbottom Thefootprint trawling in

- Mortensen, L.,Buhl

9 , 337 - - 366. ocean warming multi and

- by - step approach toward - ICES Journal of ICES Journal Mortensen, P.,Mortensen,

L164, 19 - sea in stocks the – 40 - decadal - .

sea J une - east 23

This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. Gage, J. Accepted Gage, J. R.&Froese, (2018) Pauly,D.Editors Wide FishBase. WorldWeb publication. electronic Article F., P.,Abrantes, R.,Fonseca, Aguilar, D., Campos, Cunha,M.,Ferreira, A., FAO Reviewofthestateworld marine (2011) EU (2018)

D., Roberts, J. D. 228. Leptometra celtica Salgueiro, S., Garcia, Mecho,Henriques, V., Machado,M., A.,Relvas, P.,Rodrigues, Aquaculture PaperNo.569.Rome, Technical FAO.334pp. Regulation (EU) 2017/127 and, waters for Unionfishingvessels, incertain non opportunities forcertain andgroupsoffishfish stocks Europeanthe Union Atl margin: areview. deep Frontier.Atlantic www.fishba

Council RegulationCouncil (EU) 2018/120of23January 2018 fixingforfishing 2018the ( antic andrepealingCouncil Regulation (EC) No 2347/2002 2001

- sea ) trawling onthe benthic ecosystem Northerncontinental European alongthe

Deep E., Vieira, R.,E., Vieira, Weetman, A. se.org, versionse.org, (06/2018).

M., Hartley,J. - sea benthic sea community andenvironmental assessment impact at Continental ShelfResearch In

bed off coast. south Portuguese the

Barnes, P. L 354, 1 . Official Official of Journal the EuropeanUnion –

P. 19.

W.

&

Humphery, J. &

Thomas, J.

& fi Castro, M. shery resources.FAO shery

21 , 957

D. P. (Eds.), Benthic Habitats Benthic the P. (Eds.), and

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Union waters, and Union waters, amending ( 2005 - 2014 986. stocks, instocks, applicable Union Marine )

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Official Official of Journal Fisheries andFisheries iodiversity -

F L 27 w onseca, ater crinoid , 1

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. AcceptedGordon, J. Gordon, J. Gordon, J.D.M.&S Article D., Godbold, J.,Bailey, M.,Gordon,W.Collins, Spallek, & Priede,I. J., M. Gaither, R., Gkafas,G.A., F.,Neat,Regnier, deJong,M.,Sarigol, T.,Moore, D., roundnose 539. fishesinICESsea Sub f deep Rus Shoelzel,A. Grӧcke, D.R.,Hall, N.,Liu,X 41). (pp.503Effects ofFishing. Research Marine the Biological TroughRockall North J ishery ournal ofFishournal Biology

D. D.

American FisheriesSociety.

- M. M. sea fish. - induced inbiomass changes andpopulation size

& (

2001 21

grenadier, Bergstad, O. Bergstad, , 987 wan Nature Ecology andEvolution )

Deep , S.C.Validation of (1996) from agereadings ofjuvenile otoliths (2018) (2018) Genomics of - 1003. - Coryphaenoides rupestris water fisheries at Atlanticthe frontier. - Association oftheUnited Kingdom - eastern Atlanticeastern asdetermined bydifferent trawls. area VII, Northeast VII, area

49 A. ,

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( 289 517). (American Society Symp Fisheries 1992 . , Kenny, - 297.

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habitat choice andadaptivehabitat evolution ina J., Lucaci,A.,Hughes, Haldenby,S. M., &

Atlantic Ocean.

2 , 680 , a d - eep 687. -

water macrourid fish. structures deep ofdemersal

72 Biogeosciences , 213 Continental Shelf

(2013) Putative(2013) - 230. osium; Vol. osium;

Journal of Journal

10 , 529

25 - -

This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. AcceptedHeymans, J. M. Hartvig, P. Harris, Hall Article R. Haedrich, Gordon, J. Gordon, J.D.M.(2003) - Spencer, Allain, J., V. ancient coral reefs. ancient coralreefs. North Atlantic Basin. FisheryScience Atlantic in activity. oceanographybiological subjected that is nowbeing tounsustainable fishing Journal of Marine Science of Journal Marine management ofdeep Neat, populations. oceans.

T., Macmillan

D. the Northeastthe Atlantic: IDescription andCurrentTrends.

and

J., Howell, K. L.

M., Bergstad, O. M., Bergstad,

F., 2011. Do we have enough informationF., 2011.Doweenough toapplythe have ecosystem approach

ersen, K.ersen, Foodwebframework size H.&Beyer,J.E.(2011) for & Marine Geology Journal ofNorthwest Atlantic FisheryScience

Merrett, N. Journal Journal

- The Rockall Trough,Northeast Atlantic:the cradle ofdeep Lawler, M.,Lawler, Rupp,J.

L., Ayers, M.,Burrows, M. & Proceedings of theSoc Royal -

of Theoretical Biology Fosså, J. R. sea sea fisheries? AnexampleWest from the ofScotland.

Journal ofNatural History M, Figueiredo, I.

( 31 352 1988

68 , 137 , 4 , 265

) H.

- Summary of atlas deep 24. -

150. ( 2002 -

280.

&

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& Baker, E.

Trawling damageTrawling Northeast to

Menezes, G.

272

T., Gordon, J. T., Gordon, , 113

iety B 22

K. , 1325

- ( 122. 2014

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269, living demersal fishesinthe 31 ( 2003 , 57 -

) 1362.

Journal ofNorthwestJournal 507

Geomorphology ofthe D., Jones,E. ) -

83. Deep –

511.

- water water fisheries

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tlantic G. - sea ICES

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to 26

This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. Accepted Austen, Hyder, K.,Rossberg,A.G.,Allen, J.I., M.C.,Barciela, R.M., Bannister, H.J., Huvenne, V. ArticleHowell Hopper, A.G.(ed)(1995) Deep Hiddink, J ,

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J., Masson, D. . A tgomery, D.,Pinnegar,Pearson, J.K., C., Pollicino, M., . , Mazor, T Mazor, , - - - Carreras, B.,Heath, M. Carreras, R., Hembury, D.J.,Heymans, J., J. Water FisheriesSlope. of Oceanic NorthAtlantic the sea cold Biological Conservation ,

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. ICES (2018c)Repor Accepted ICES ICES Article Resources Fisheries (WGDEEP), 20 ICES ICES

( ( ( ( 2018b 2018 2016 2016 Fisheries Resources Fisheries (WGDEEP), 11 016/WGDEEP/01%2 http://ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2 CM 2016/ACOM:18, 648pp. gion www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Advice/2016/2016/Celtic_Sea_Ecore developmentto policy management. and count 2018, Lisbon, Portugal. ICES CM2018, Lisbon,Portugal. 1306pp. 2018/ACOM:16. http://standardgraphs.ices.dk date]. com/2018/WGDEEP/01%20WGDEEP%20Report.pdf http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/a Denmark. ICESCM 682pp. 2018/ACOM:14. a b a ) ) ) ) - , CelticSeas Ecoregion.

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. AcceptedKahn, A. D.O.Wei,Jones, B.,Yool, C. A., S.,Jennings, Dinmore, T. Article S. Jennings, C., M. Ichino, 459 disturbance productioncan modifybenthic processes. BiologyMarine 21 and la biomass modelling trenches: a inhadal the approach toinvestigate effect ofvertical A. A.,T.M.,Yancey,P.H.&Ruhl, Thedistribution of Shank, (2015) benthic com/2018/WGEF/01%20WGEF%20Report%202018.pdf http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/a Oceanography and Change Biology reductions biomass2014. Global in seafloor toclimate inresponse change.

S., Yahel,G.,Chu,J. S., -

33.

- & carbon sequestrationcarbon bydeep 475.

Clark, M. Clark, A.P.,R., Drazen,C.,Jamieson, A.,Jones,D.O.,Rowden, J. Martin, teral matter organic transport to seafloor. the Kaiser, M.Kaiser,

60

34

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A., Duplisea, D. A., Duplisea, J. , 78 , 201

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Figure 1 45N 50N 55N

This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. Accepted Article VIIk1 15W VIIc1 VIb1 VIIk2 VIIc2 VIIj1 VIb2 10W VIIj2 VIIb VIa VIIg VIIh 5W VIIf VIIa VIIe VIId Depth Swept Ratio Area 5600 m 5600 m 0 - 1.5 3.2 - 0.8 1.5 - 0.4 0.8 - 0.2 0.4 0- 0.2 Figure 2

This article isprotectedby copyright. Allrights reserved. Accepted Article Click heretoaccess/download;Figure;Fig.2.jpeg Figure 3

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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. Accepted Article www.ices.dk/marine TABLE Elasmobranchs Bony fishes Beryciformes Squaliformes Perciformes Osmeriformes Gadiformes Leafscale gulper sharkgulper Leafscale scabbardfish Black seabream (red) Blackspot Greater argentine grenadier Roughsnout Greater forkbeard Ling ling Blue grenadier Roughhead grenadier Roundnose Tusk roughy Orange Alfonsino 1

Average

annual - data/dataset

historical

- collections/Pages/Fish

nominal catches nominal Centrophorus squamosus Centrophorus carboAphanopus Pagellus bogaraveo silus Argentina scabrus Trachyrincus blennoides Phycis molvaMolva dypterygia Molva berglax Macrourus rupestrisCoryphaenoides Brosme brosme atlanticusHoplostethus Beryx spp .

of selectedof deep

-

catch

-

and

1950 - stock 4348 6 - water fish species Subarea waterfrom ICES fish 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

- assessment.aspx 1960 871 162 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 4 3

14 1970 336 1601 Average( landings , 336 500 38

0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 )

14 1980 9062 3397 , 12 377 231 459 15

0 0 0 0 1 1 5

1990 1893 9191 4895 54 252 t 640 100 27 177 0.4 ) 70

6 5 1 0 3 6

1950

2000 322 1697 10 595 4429 519 201 – 169 12 118 2016 (ICES2016 59 80 3 5 6 7 6 2 3

2010 204 266 522 14 113 138 717 16 0.1 26 70 : 0 0 1 8 5 7 2 9 1

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Carcharhiniformes Blackmouth catshark catshark Blackmouth Birdbeak dogfish shark Kitefin dogfish Portuguese

calcea Deania licha Dalatias Centroscymnus Galeus melastomusGaleus

coelolepis

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

18 0 0 3

148 76 0.1 3 6

0 0 0 6

Table

This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. Accepted Article www.ices.dk/marine TABLE Bony fishes Beryciformes Squaliformes Elasmobranchs Perciformes Osmeriformes Gadiformes Portuguese dogfish Portuguese sharkgulper Leafscale scabbardfish Black seabream (red) Blackspot Greater argentine Greater forkbeard Ling ling Blue grenadier Roughhead grenadier Roundnose Tusk roughy Orange Alfonsino 2 Average

annual

- data/dataset

historical

- collections/Pages/Fish

nominal catches nominal Centroscymnus coelolepis squamosus Centrophorus carboAphanopus Pagellus bogaraveo silus Argentina blennoides Phycis molvaMolva dypterygia Molva berglax Macrourus rupestrisCoryphaenoides Brosme brosme atlanticusHoplostethus spp. Beryx

of selectedof deep

-

catch

-

and

- 1950 stock 185 - water fish species Subarea waterfrom ICES fish 7 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

-

assessment.aspx 1960 3492 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Average(tonnes) landings 1970 6092 96 0.4 14 10 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7

)

11 1980 , 366 21 20 015 0.3 67 21 14 0 0 0 0 0 8 8

1990 1565 9395 104 28 2 137 97 11 13 4 20 0 0 0 2 3 8 5 5

1950

2000 1739 545 1176 18.5 77.5 488 258 44 23 40 8 57 – 4 6 3 9 8 6 2016 (ICES:2016

2010 287 15 805 60 7 3 16 12 1 4 2 3 2 7 6 7 6

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Carcharhiniformes Blackmouth catshark catshark Blackmouth Birdbeak shark Kitefin

dogfish dogfish

Galeus melastomusGaleus calcea Deania licha Dalatias

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

3 6 2 2 6

0.2 1 1