Emigration Facts &figures after the Egyptian revolution in2011 revolution abroad thatattitudesstarted permittedafter to to theEgyptian were shiftandEgyptians vote innationalelections. 3 Historically, votingrightsfor abroad Itwas (whether dualcitizens) only ornotthey were was apoliticallysensitivesubject. version available at:https://www.refworld.org/docid/58bebc444.html 2004 no. amendingsomeprovisions oflaw 26of1975 nationality, concerning Egyptian OfficialGazette, Vol. 28, 14 July 2004, English 2 As of2004, fathers mothers marriedto non-Egyptian See Egyptian to theirchildren. Law no. nationality maypasstheirEgyptian 154 of 1 Revised Constitution 2014, 208, Article Englishversion https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Egypt_2014.pdf available: 1

2

% ofemigrants in 3 total population ( Terminology: refers to itsdiaspora citizens abroad’ as‘Egyptian and noinformation onitsadvancement available. iscurrently develop anationaldiaspora engagement andstrategy. policy hasnotbeenadopted yet Thestrategy In 2017, for Affairs IOM started Emigration toExpatriate work with the Ministry and Egyptian to

املواطنوناملصريون باخلارج Remittances inflow(USD million): Remittances asashareofGDP: Egypt doesnothaveadiaspora engagementpolicy.Egypt EGYPT Diaspora engagementmapping al—mawāținūn al -mașriyyūn bi—l-khārig) al-mașriyyūn al—mawāținūn % ofwhich in theEU

8.8 26,353 26,353 % Top countries ofdestination Political rights At embassies/consulates Voting fromabroad: Dual citizenship for citizensresidingabroad Right tovote innationalelections 2 186,840 203,205 410,831 886,291 938,649 1

3

THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT -

7 6 country. includes diaspora engagement as engagement includes diaspora outlines the Egyptian government’s the Egyptian outlines government’s The law Egyptians incentivises be to 4 established the state’s commitment to take care the of take to commitment the state’s established 5 encouraging and increasing the contribution of expatriate the contribution Egyptians invest in and increasing to encouraging 8

Union) in the areas of migration and development, circular of migration Union) in the areas of promoting with the aim return. diaspora and productive migration, third generation); and protecting the interests of Egyptians abroad, providing them with full them the interests of Egyptians providing abroad, and protecting generation); third abroad. support, face they and solving problems stated and Egyptian Emigration Expatriate Affairs the Ministry for 2020, of State In early agreements between the Ministry cooperation for international it had concluded of State , the European , (, countries and a number of European Immigration Egyptian government to the importance of diaspora engagement. of diaspora the importance Egyptian to government and Egyptian citizens abroad emigration objectives vis-à-vis Egypt’s strategic Currently, include: the country; of Egyptiansstrengthening of remittances the volume the abroad; increasing and the second of Egyptians their children and links with the homeland (especially abroad and consulates. As Tsourapas argues, this has “contributed to a multi-tier emigration policy emigration a multi-tier to this has “contributed argues, Tsourapas As and consulates. at the expense countries.” of those residing in Arab Egyptians in the West that has favoured and Egyptian Emigration the reestablishment of the Ministry for 2015, In September of State will and strengthened its capacitygovernment’s to the demonstrated Expatriate Affairs with Egyptians This reflects the commitment of the in the diaspora. and engage awareness this leading to labour shortages at home. view what it labour shortages to to Egyptian have tended policymakers this leading (i.e. Egyptians in thespecifically living ‘permanent migrants’ as to referred traditionally has schemes within the Ministry and have developed and successful, as educated of ForeignWest) investment, and diaspora to stemreturn migration and to promote and other agencies Affairs diaspora Egypt trips to promote to government-paid This has included providing drain. brain via embassies members diaspora to outreach investments, as well as targeted return and/or Trends & achievements : Trends with its diaspora. engage Egypt initiatives to various has implemented onwards, the 1970s From contributions and increasing on labour migration formerly policy was of government The focus prevent to on migration while placing controls the country’s to remittances of migrant economy,

to the development of the country. the development to Strategy Development EgyptSustainable (SDS): Vision 2030 diaspora encouraging through agenda and impacts Egypt’s to development something which contributes of the development the socio-economic for investments, and skills transfer remittances, efforts to create legislation covering Egyptians covering legislation abroad. to create efforts of Egypt, in the development engaged although awareness of this law by most Egyptians is low. of Egypt of the Constitution Revision them and ensure rights and freedoms, their interests and to of Egyptians protect to residing abroad: a contribution and society state the and make duties towards general their perform enable them to Law Egyptians and Sponsoring 111: Emigration Abroad Law

tionpolicy.org/article/egypt-migration-and-diaspora-politics-emerging-transit-country. See also Mai Abu Samra 2018 ; also Mai Abu Samra See Muller and Lea tionpolicy.org/article/egypt-migration-and-diaspora-politics-emerging-transit-country. at: https:// (available 15:17 in Egypte Arabe Monde ‘Managing Distance: ExaminingPolicies’ Egyptian and Diaspora Emigration 2017, Funk ) journals.openedition.org/ema/3656?lang=en only) (Arabic 8 http://www.emigration.gov.eg/DefaultAr/Pages/achivementdetails.aspx?AchCode=7 4 http://www.emigration.gov.eg/DefaultEn/Pages/lawdetails.aspx?lawCode=12 (Arabic only) (Arabic 4 http://www.emigration.gov.eg/DefaultEn/Pages/lawdetails.aspx?lawCode=12 only) (Arabic 5 http://www.emigration.gov.eg/DefaultAr/Pages/default.aspx at: http://www.arabdevelopmentportal.com/sites/default/files/publication/sds_egypt_vision_2030.pdf available 6 English version at: https://www.migra available Country’’, Transit Politics in an Emerging (2018, ‘Egypt: and Diaspora Migration Tsourapas 7 Gerasimos •

• • Overview policy of the framework and legislative

2015

2014 1983

THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT SPOTLIGHT • • • Obstacles 9 https://news.gallup.com/opinion/gallup/284159/inside-egypt-diaspora-wants-home-again.aspx https://egypt.iom.int/en/news/government-egypt-and-un-iom-support-expatriate-engagement-italy inMilan,Italy. in2017 projects inEgypt mechanisms for theirinvolvementin the implementation development ofsmall-scalelocalcommunity ofthis,itorganised inItalysies andmissions.As to anexample residing discuss aworkshop withEgyptians ular outreach sessions and consultations with its diaspora, organised embas of Egyptian withthesupport ofState for Ministry The Egyptian EmigrationExpatriates’ Affairs andEgyptian (MoSEEA)reg carriesout Government-diaspora consultations https://www.nbe.com.eg/en/Default.aspx?AID=6&CID=8#Title has andEgypt andmobilebankingservices, alsoprovides e-banking TheNationalBankof Egypt ofEgypt. onremittance often-yeartians abroad transfers relief theopportunity tax ifthey withtheNational register offers Egyp In orderEgypt to promote greaterreserves, remittance hard inflowsand to strengthen currency Only approximately sent formally, are 10%ofremittances to Egypt bankingsystem. entering theEgyptian Tax andmobilebanking services relief http://www.emigration.gov.eg/DefaultAr/Pages/services.aspx providing guidance. religious tians abroad, a‘Science Hub’ for skillsandknowledge collaboration andane-fatwa andexchange; service registration withtheCentral guidesonhousingfor remittance service Egyp BankofEgypt, but alsoIT), (especially inEgypt portal, guidesoninvestmentopportunities inthehousingandinfrastructure sectors, abroad. to Theseincludeadiaspora Egyptians complaints provides digital e-portal services The ministry’s ofEmigration andAffairsMinistry e-portal Abroad of Egyptians • • • launched debtcertificates denominated indollars andeuros to shortages.ease hard currency Government bureaucracy: anditsdiaspora.government ofEgypt the country. due to alackofeconomic andanincreasingly opportunities situationin tense domesticandsecurity Reluctance toReturn: (andinitiatives inEgypt abroad). interactions state astheyrealising viewthisasasignificantlimitation withtheEgyptian on their to minimisetheir abroad amajorbarrier to diasporapresents activelytry Egyptians engagement. Political polarisation 9 in Egypt andinthediaspora inEgypt hascontributed the to alackoftrustbetween Egyptians abroad show little interest in returning to live in Egypt, inlarge part abroad to liveinEgypt, inreturning showlittleinterest Egyptians Thebureaucratic government departments ofmanyEgyptian nature

(Arabic only). - - - -

OUTREACH REMITTANCES DIGITAL

THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT

. - - - - 10 http://www.emigration.gov.eg http://www.emigration.gov.eg (Arabic; English version under construction) under construction) English version (Arabic;

11 https://www.mfa.gov.eg/English/Pages/default.aspx https://www.mfa.gov.eg/English/Pages/default.aspx https://au.int/en/cido

MoSSEA specifically frames its strategies and activities in help to relation its strategies MoSSEA specifically frames At sub-ministerial level At At ministerial level ministerial At { { { National institutions { At regional level At • • 10 http://www.emigration.gov.eg/DefaultAr/Pages/strategy.aspx (Arabic only) (Arabic 10 http://www.emigration.gov.eg/DefaultAr/Pages/strategy.aspx (Ar ; see also https://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/son/html/laws02.htm 11 https://www.mei.edu/publications/regulation-migration-egypt abic only) tion of all bodies involved in mobility management. Higher Committee for Migration for Higher Committee includes policy mandate development, coherence, and coordina the High Committee’s in 1977, Established The MFA shares responsibility for Egyptians with MoSEEA, shares consular responsibility abroad of providing terms especially in for The MFA services Egyptian through missions worldwide. and assistance Egyptian Ministry Affairs of Foreign of the Council of Ministers. The The of Ministers. of the Council by and human development economic ‘promote to Vision and the SDGs in order ing deliver Egypt’s 2030 and knowledge-based society’ an innovative of Egyptians in creating stimulating the contribution abroad Established in September 2015, the MoSEEA is the lead agency for management and care for the affairs of the affairs and care for management agency for is the lead the MoSEEA 2015, in September Established of the Egyptian and co state, borders Egyptians working in coordination residing outside the geographical auspices the under matters, such with concerned bodies and agencies, ministries, other the with operation Ministry (MoSEEA) and Egyptian of Emigration Expatriate Affairs • https://web.archive.org/web/20060731190126/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/RECs/cen_sad.htm Egypt is also a member of the Arab League (based in ) and the Community of Sahel–Saharan States. of Sahel–Saharan and the Community in Cairo) (based League Egypt is also a member of the Arab http://www.leagueofarabstates.net/ar/Pages/default.aspx Arab League & Community of Sahel–Saharan States & Community League of Sahel–Saharan Arab Egypt is a member of the African Union and nominates a diaspora focal point to represent to point Egyptpart as of focal a diaspora nominates Union and Egyptof the African is a member Meetings. CIDO Continental the AU • CIDO) (AU Directorate Union Citizens and Diaspora African Diaspora related institutions related Diaspora Annex: Actors List of

THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT Conseil franco-égyptien desaffairesConseil franco-égyptien onattachment tosomedevelopment theBritishMuseum.Italsosupports projectsconservators inEgypt. of thisaim,andoften museum specialistsand contributes scholars, grants Egyptian ofEgyptian insupport BES debates andevents publicmeetings,lectures, intheUKsupport holdsregular and practices ofEgypt. andto improveknowledge, understanding, ofthehistory, beliefs religions, literature, music, arts, culture, BES outsidepolitics.Itsmissionisto exchangeideas relations was setupto British-Egyptian and further Society: British Egyptian ofwhichinclude: examples diasporaEgyptian organisations in generally are limited to professional and business associations, Diaspora organisationsinEurope ny-138488376162513/ https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Nonprofit-Organization/Egyptian-doctors-in-Germa DoctorsinGermany Egyptian DoctorsAssociation inIreland Egyptian aspora for education,training, andemploymentopportunities. FAEN FranceAn initiativeofCAMPUS Egypt, connects professionals di andacross theEgyptian inEgypt https://www.egypte.campusfrance.org/en/france-alumni-egypt-network-be-at-home Network (FAEN) AlumniEgypt workforce invarious fields. inEurope andhasbeeninvolvedinmanyprojects aboutEgypt ducts mediaadvocacy to train the Egyptian con businessactorsgroup withclosetiesto ofEgyptian France. Itpromotes investmentsinEgypt, French both countries: heads ofmajorcorporations inFrance andadiverse inEgypt whohaveanactiveinterest and France Egypt andto actasa problem-solvingtween link. Itiscomposed of 20 businesspersons from The council’s missionisto promote bilateral andstrengthen business, trade be andinvestmentrelations Development activities Development activities Development activities Development activities UK 1990

https://britishegyptiansociety.org.uk/ France France http://www.edaireland.com/ http://www.edaireland.com/

http://www.egypt-france-business.org/ http://www.egypt-france-business.org/

- - - -

THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT -

Germany 2007 Germany www.diasporadevelopment.eu (Arabic only) (Arabic Find out more at http://www.egyptianmedical.org.uk/

UK https://st-takla.org/Links/Coptic-Links-02-Churches-c-Europe.html https://st-takla.org/Links/Coptic-Links-02-Churches-c-Europe.html www.azhar.edu.eg www.azhar.edu.eg to raise awareness of mental disabilities, it provides guidelines for parents on how to guidelines for awareness it provides disabilities, of mental raise to AFFORD EUDiF Faith groups : Faith Development activities Development Development activities Development Development activities Development Development activities Development • Written by: Written Edited by: April 2020 The Egyptian Coptic Church has branches in several European countries. European in several Church has branches The Egyptian Coptic Egyptian Church Coptic Al-Azhar University is a faith group that maintains links with Egyptian communities abroad, both via MoS with Egyptian links maintains abroad, that communities group University is a faith Al-Azhar service, of residence. in countries and via Mosques e-fatwa SEA’s • University Al-Azhar charitable contributions to medical establishments in Egypt. in medical establishments to contributions charitable The Egyptian Medical Society-UK is a non political, non religious, non profitable charity established to serve charityto Egyptian established The religious,non political, Society-UKnon profitable a non is Medical Egyptianthe working in the UK within both doctors help promote Egyptian in the UK. It aims to doctors supportlocal community those in Egypt. and also to support and it provides well as local UK events, As Egyptian Society Medical An NGO founded An NGO founded in children, parents and therapists for and special training support their children, as well as speech therapy Egypt. programmes. Egypt therapeutic from diagnose the cases and provide Specialised doctors https://www.facebook.com/Egyptian-German-Association-for-helping-disabled-children- 188463971186016/?ref=nf&hc_ref=ARTt0cI1HvBXl6l46R_PcZm4jJztzOswC2n5LQp0bAQ4c3HVulzSJ- 8rkqbgpHO4IQw Egyptian-German Children Helping Disabled for Association

THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT