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THAILAND Front Cover SOUTHEAST ASIA ASSOCIATION OF SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE. ENGINEFNG Series'on Seismology VOLUME 11 THAILAND Front Cover The Great Pagoda of Chiangmai was constructed by King Saen Muang Ma (King Lakfa Burakom), the 8 King of Mengrai dynasty in A.D. 1391. Its base (on each side) was 14 metres. In 1454 King Tilokaraj, tenth in the same dynasty, remodeled and enlarged it. The base, now in rectansular form was 54 metres wide, while the entire structure was 86 metres high. In 1545 during th reign of Queen Mahadevi Jiriprabha (16 t in the Mengrai dynasty) a violent earthquake caused the upper parts of the pagoda to crumble down and only 60 odd some metres was left standing. SOUTHEAST ASIA ASSOCIATION OF SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Mr Ho Tong-Yuen, President Dr R.L. Kintanar, Vice-President Series on Seismology Volume II - THAILAND PART A - SEISMICITY DATA OF THAILAND AND ADJACENT AREAS PART B - ADDITIONAL SEISMICITY DATA OF THAILAND AND ADJACENT AREAS PART C - SEISMIC SOURCE ZONES AND EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE RELATIONSHIP OF THE BURMA - THAILAND - INDOCHINA AREA by Prinya Nutalaya, Sopit Sodsri and E.P. Arnold E.P. Arnold, Series Editor and Programme Co-ordinator June 1985 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out by SEASEE under U.S. Geological Survey Grant 14-08-0001-G-713 with funding from the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, U.S. Agency for International Development, PASA BOF - 0999-P-IC-1107. AVAILABILITY Copies of this series of publications can be obtained from any of the following: E.P. Arnold, U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25046 M.S. 967, Denver, Colorado 80225, U.S.A. The Director-General, Malaysian Meteorological Service, Jalan Sultan, Petaling Jaya, Selngor, Malaysia. The Director-General, Meteorological and Geophysical Agency, Jalan Ariel Rakhman Hakim 3, Jakarta-Pusat, Indonesia. The Director-General, PAGASA, 1424 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City, Manila, Philippines. The Director-General, Meteorological Department of Thailand, 612 Sukhumvit Road, Bangkok 10110, Thailand. Researched, compiled and published under U.S. Geological Sur­ vey grant 14-08-0001-6-713. Supported by the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, Agency for International Development, United States Department of State under PASA BOF-0999-P­ IC-1 107 E.P. Arnold, Project Co-ordinator and Editor ISBN No. 974-8202-13-5 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART A SEISMICITY DATA OF THAILAND AND ADJACENT AREAS Introduction 1 Historical Earthquakes 1 Instrumental Data 1 Focal Mechanism Data 3 Conclusions 4 Acknowledgements 4 References 5 Appendix A Historical Earthquakes in Thailand and Burma 14 Appendix B Earthquake Data of Burma, Thailand and Indochina 20 Appendix C Destructive Earthquakes' Descriptions 129 Appendix D Earthquake Focal Mechanism Solutions 134 PART B ADDITIONAL SEISMICITY DATA OF THAILAND AND ADJACENT AREAS Introduction 136 Historical and Destructive Earthquakes 136 Instrumental Data 137 Focal Mechanisms 137 Conclusions 137 References 139 Appendix A Earthquakes in Thailand and Burma prior to 1900 151 Appendix B Earthquakes in Thailand and Burma after 1900 A.D. 174 Appendix C Instrumental Data 242 Appendix D Earthquake Focal Mechanism Solutions 270 Appendix E Locality Index 273 PART C SEISMIC SOURCE ZONES AND EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE RELATIONSHIP OF THE BURMA - THAILAND - INDOCHINA AREA Introduction 276 Identification of Seismic Source Zones 276 Characteristics of Seismic Source Areas 278 Zone A Arakan Area 278 Zone B West-Central Burma Basin 280 Zone C East-Central Burma Basin 282 Zone D Bhamo - Paoshan Area 285 Zone E Burma Eastern Highlands 287 Zone F Tenasserim Range 288 Zone G Northern Thailand 290 Zone H North Indochina 294 Zone I South Yunnan 299 Zone J Andaman Arc 300 Zone K Andaman Basin 303 Zone L Andaman - Sumatra Area 304 Earthquake Recurrence Relations 304 Conclusions 312 References 313 Appendix A 317 PART A SEISMICITY DATA OF THAILAND AND ADJACENT AREAS PART A SEISMICITY DATA OF THAILAND AND ADJACENT AREAS Introduction The objective of this paper is to collect as complete a seismological data base as possible within the region bounded by Lat. 50 -100 0 E which includes Thailand, Indochina, and parts of Burma, People's Republic of China, Malaysia, Northern Sumatra, and the Andaman-Nicobar Islands. This data base includes: 1. Historical earthquakes which occurred prior to 1900 2. Macro- and microseismic (instrumental) data, and 3. Focal mechanism data. Historical Earthquakes From the historical texts, annals, stone inscriptions, and astrological documents in Thai language, forty four earthquakes were found to occur in Thailand and Burma dating back to 624 B.C. (Appendix A). The compiled data are arranged in chronological order and include date and time, location where the event was observed, brief description of the event, intensity, and source of data. The dates of all events in the original sources were recorded in lunar calendar and wherever possible they are converted to the Gregorian equivalents. These records yield only the locations where the earthquakes were felt and not the epicentral locations. The intensities of these events are assigned using the Modified Mercalli Scale. Listing of the events is arranged under the following format. * probably aftershock ** probably the same earthquake A. Date and time B. Location of observation or epicentre C. Description of first-hand experience and/or destruction D. Magnitude and/or intensity, and E. Source of information In addition, during 1446 to 1909 fifty events in the Yunnan region were reported by Lee (U.S. National Geophysical Data Center, 1983). These events are listed in Appendix B. Instrumental Data The compiled macro- and microseismic data are tabulated in Appendix B and the seismicity map is shown in Fig. 1. The macroseismic events (magnitude 6 or greater) are typed in boldfaced letters. These listings are arranged chronologically from earliest to most recent events. The records from different I sources which may be duplicates are asterisked. The seismic data are arranged to include source (see Table 1 for the list of agency abbreviations), date and time, epicentre, depth, and magnitude of the earthquake, either Mb, ML, Ms, or local, maximum intensity, standard deviation, and number of observations. The sources of data used in this tabulation are: 1. Earthquake listings of the U.S. National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center's Earthquake Data File, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1447-1981). 2. International Seismological Summary (ISS) (1914-1963). 3. International Seismological Centre (ISC): List of Events and Associated Observati'ons; and Regional Catalogue of Earthquakes (1964-1980). 4. National Earthquake Information Service (NEIS) of the U.S. Geological Survey. 5. Earthquake listings of the UNDP Seismological Programme for Southeast Asia (1912-1976). 6. Records of earthquakes of the Meteorological Department of Thailand (1976-1983). 7. Earthquake Data Reports of the U.S. Geological Survey (1975-1982). 8. Seismological Report of Thailand Seismic Activity compiled by the Network Headquarters, Studies and Research Division, Meteorological Department of Thailand (1981). 9. Roth&, J.P. 1969, The Seismicity of the Earth 1954­ 1965: Unesco Press. 10. Gutenberg, B., and Richter, C.F., 1965, Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena: Hafner. 11. Earthquake Data Reports (EDR) of the U.S. Geological Survey (1975-1982). In addition the summary of descriptions of the damage caused by destructive earthquakes is listed in Appendix C. 2 Table 1 List of Agency Abbreviations BCI Bureau Central International de S~ismologie, Strasbourg, France BKK Meteorological Department, Bangkok, Thailand BRK Berkeley, University of California, USA BSS Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America BUL Bulawayo, Goetz Observatory, Meteorological Service, Rhodesia CGS Coast and Geodetic Survey, USA (prior to 1970) CNSK Canadian and Scandinavian Network COL Collmberg, German Democratic Republic ERL Environmental Research Laboratories, USA (1971-1973) G-R Gutenberg-Richter (see Reference) GS U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, USA HFS Hagfors, Sweden ISC International Seismological Centre, Newbury, England ISS International Seismological Summary, Kew, England JMA Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan KEW Kew, Kew Observatory, Richmond, Surrey, England KIR Kiruna, Sweden LAO LASA Centre, Lincoln Laboratory, MIT, Massachusetts, USA LEM Lembang, Java, Indonesia MAT Matsushiro, Honshu, Japan MOS Moscow, Institute of Physics of the Earth, USSR NDI Delhi, Meteorological Department, India NEIS National Earthquake Information Service, USA NOS National Ocean Survey, USA (1970-1971) NUR Nurmijarvi, Finland PAL Palisades, New York, USA PAS Pasadena, Seismological Laboratory, California, USA PEK Peking, Division of Seismology, Academia Sinica, China PMG Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea QUE Quetta, Geophysical Institute, Pakistan ROM Rome, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica, Italy SHL Shillong, Central Seismological Observatory, India UPP Uppsala, Seismological Institute, Sweden Focal Mechanism Data The available focal mechanism solutions from the published literature are in two forms, i.e. tables and plots. The numerical data are adjusted to the same format and tabulated in Appendix D and the plots are shown in Fig. 2. The data are arranged to include date and time, epicentre, depth, and magnitude of the earthquake. The poles of the two nodal planes, the compression (P), tension (T), and null axes (B), and data source are provided for each of the earthquakes in the list. The azimuthal
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