Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

CHAPTER 3: SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA

3.1. PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA (PIA) AND ZONNING Project Influence Area (PIA) is generally defined as the geographical area served by a road. In other words, it is an area from where people and economic activity centres located in the area would be using the road. There is no defined method to identify the PIA of a road; it would basically require identifying the areas associated with the origin and destination of the traffic plying on a road. Generally, the area abutting a road is considered the PIA of the particular road.

Thus, for the purpose of the present study, PIA has been considered as the districts abutting the project roads where the impact of road improvements would be greater. The improvement of the project roads would also benefit the people and the economic activities that are located away from the abutting districts; such locations can be identified through O-D survey and other road user’s survey. However, due to the closeness of the abutting districts from the project roads, these have been taken as part of the PIA. In the present context, the project road net-work is spread over almost entire state, thus for the purpose of the study all the 12 districts constituting the state have been considered as PIA. However, geographical area of PIA is quite extensive, and therefore, it has been further sub- divided into three zones – , Mandi and Dharamshila, broadly forming the southern, central and northern part of the state. While forming the zones the main considerations were: contiguity of districts forming part of a region; b) and presence of at least one main economic centre (growth pole) that influences the area constituting the region. The zoning of the PIA was also helpful in estimating vehicle-wise traffic growth rates for each of the zones.

The details on the three zones and the districts falling under each of these zones are set out in Table 3.1. Table 3.1: Zoning of the PIA

Zone Zone Name Broad PIA Code Location in (Districts the State Covered) Shimla Kinnaur Zone 1 Shimla South Sirmaur Mandi Zone 2 Mandi Central Lahul & Spiti Hamirpur Bilaspur Chamba Zone 3 North Kangra Una Note: shaded districts fall in the PIA of Phase 1, DPR project roads

3.2. DEMOGRAPHY The total area of PIA is estimated at 35440 sq. km. (64% of total area under HP) and population (2001 Census) as 5.96 million persons (98 % of the total population of the state). The average population density of the PIA works out to 168 persons per sq. km., with a high of 369 persons per sq. km (Hamirpur) and a low of 69 persons per sq. km (Kullu). The area and population of the districts falling in the PIA is given in Table 3.2.

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-1 State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Table 3.2: Demographic Profile of PIA District Area (sq.km.) Population 2001 Total Rural Urban Density Bilaspur 1167 340,735 318,786 21,949 292 Chamba 6522 460,887 426,345 34,542 71 Hamirpur 1118 412,700 382,494 30,206 369 Kangra 5739 1,339,030 1,266,745 72,285 233 Kullu 5503 381,571 351,478 30,093 69 Mandi 3950 900,987 840,029 60,958 228 Shimla 5131 721,745 554,912 166,833 141 Sirmaur 2825 458,351 410,765 47,586 162 Solan 1936 500,557 409,362 91,195 259 Una 1549 447,967 408,545 39,422 289 Sub-Total 35440 5964530 5369461 595069 168 Himachal Pradesh 55673 6077900 5482319 595581 109

3.2.1. Decadal Variation of population The overall decadal population growth in Himachal Pradesh between 1991 and 2001 is 17.54 percent. The same for each project influenced district is given in Table 3.3. Among the project influenced districts, Solan has the highest growth rate (30.94 %) followed by Kullu and Sirmour districts, with growth rate of 26.17% and 20.78 percent respectively. Hamirpur district has recorded the least decadal growth rare of 11.8 percentages. Table 3.3: Decadal population growth in PIA Districts Area Total Population (Kms2) 1991 2001 Decadal Variation (%) Chamba 6528 93286 460887 17.19 Kangra 5739 1174072 339030 14.05 Hamirpur 1118 369128 412700 11.8 Una 1540 378269 448273 18.51 Bilaspur 1167 295387 340855 15.39 Mandi 3950 776372 901344 16.1 Kullu 5503 302432 381571 26.17 Shimla 5131 617404 722502 17.02 Solan 1936 382268 500557 30.94 Sirmour 2825 379695 458593 20.78 Himachal Pradesh 55673 5170877 6077900 17.54

3.2.2. Urbanisation

District wise trend of urbanisation indicates that Shimla, Solan and Sirmaur districts have 28.50 percent, 22.38 percent and 12.70 percent urban household respectively and are the top three urbanised districts with higher level of urbanisation as compared to the state average of 11.61 percent. The urban population of HP is not growing in an equitable manner. The inequalities have increased considerably in the last five decades. The two most urbanised districts of the state have 18 towns of different size i.e. 10 in Shimla and 8 in Solan, and these indicates a linear/corridor pattern of urbanisation. The ribbon type of growth is observed in all the districts of HP.

The average household population size in the state is 4.9 persons. Among the project influence districts, Sirmaur has the largest household size (5.6) and the smallest household size is in . The district wise classification of rural, urban households and average

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-2 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area household size is presented in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Classification of Households and Average Size of Households -2001 Census

District Number of households Average size Rural Urban Total of a H.H Bilaspur 60788 4962 65750 5.2 Chamba 79618 7411 87029 5.3 Hamirpur 80024 6747 86771 4.8 Kangra 256490 15997 272487 4.9 Kullu 69483 7419 76902 5 Mandi 168021 14357 182378 4.9 Shimla 110603 44090 154693 4.7 Sirmaur 71097 10344 81441 5.6 Solan 77086 22231 99317 5 Una 79947 8234 88181 5.1 H.P. 1079797 141792 1221589 4.9

3.2.3. Scheduled Caste & Scheduled Tribes Population in the PIA The combined scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population in the state is about 28.72 percent of the total population. The figure for SC and ST is 24.72 percent and 4.02 percent respectively. has most number of SC and ST populations (45.55%), followed by with 31.25 percent, with 30.91 percent and Mandi with 30.15 percent. As regards to ST population, Chamba district has 25.51 percent, which is higher than the SC population. In other PIA districts the percentage of ST population is very negligible (Figure 3.1)

50 45 SC's ST's SC + ST 40 35 30 in % 25 20 15 10 5

0 r r r HP Una Kullu Solan Mandi Shimla Bilaspu Kangra Sirmou Chamba Hamirpu Figure 3.1

3.2.4. Distribution of SC & ST population State-wide

The distribution of SC and ST population in the state reveals that nearly half of the ST population of the state are living in Chamba district. The other PIA districts with some presence of ST population are Bilaspur, Mandi and Kullu. However, the percentage is very less.

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-3 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Figure 3.2 SC ST Total

HP Sirmour Solan Shimla Kullu Mandi Bilaspur Una Hamirpur Kangra in % Chamba

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

As regards SC population, nearly half the SC population of the state is living in Kangara, Mandi and Shimla. It is to note that though the ST population in Chamba district is high but the SC and ST combined population in the district is less than 10 percent of the total SC and ST population of state. Kangara district has highest percentage (22.03%) of SC and ST population of the state followed by Mandi and Shimla districts (Figure 3.2).

The district wise scheduled tribe population figure for 2001 census is given in Table 3.5. The overall scenario reveals that 97 percent of the state ST population are living in rural area. The same pattern for the districts vary little with exception of Shimla and Hamirpur districts. In Shimla district the ST population are equally distributed between rural and urban area. In Hamirpur district about 88 percent of the ST population live in urban areas. However, in terms of number of ST population, the figure is as low at 15% for the entire district. The only other district which has less umber of ST population as compared to Hamirpur, is Una.

Table 3.5: Schedule Tribes Population -2001 Census

Rural Urban Total District Male Female Total % Male Female Total % Male Female Total Bilaspur 4608 4310 8918 97.15131 131 262 2.85 4739 4441 9180 Chamba 57812 57889 115701 98.41 1038 830 1868 1.59 58850 58719 117569 Hamirpur 13 5 18 11.6179 58 137 88.39 92 63 155 Kangra 748 624 1372 85.91121 104 225 14.09 869 728 1597 Kullu 4644 4700 9344 82.321020 987 2007 17.68 5664 568711351 Mandi 5055 5094 10149 96.07252 163 415 3.93 5307 5257 10564 Shimla 1141 916 2057 50.021171 884 2055 49.98 2312 1800 4112 Sirmaur 3098 2696 5794 97.21 91 75 166 2.79 3189 2771 5960 solan 1721 1458 3179 89.75231 132 363 10.25 1952 1590 3542 Una 13 9 22 43.1427 2 29 56.86 40 11 51 H.P. 118388 118672 237060 96.92 4161 3366 7527 3.08 122549 122038 244587

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-4 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

3.2.5. Literacy

Literacy has made a remarkable progress in HP. At the time of independence, with only eight percent of literates, HP had the lowest literacy level in . The literacy rate however improved steadily and today it ranks 11th among all the states and UTs in India.

The proportion of total literates in the state (77.13%) is higher than the all India average of 65.38 percent. Figure 4.3 shows that in PIA districts, Chamba district has the lowest literacy rate and Hamirpur has the highest literacy rate. In HP the gender gap in literacy rate is 17.9 percent overall, but between rural and urban areas, the gap stands at 18.8 and 7 percent respectively (Table 3.6).

Among the PIA districts, the gender gap is highest in Chamba district (27.6%) and the lowest is in Kangara, Hamirpur and Una districts (14.5%). In rural and urban area, the gap in male and female literacy is highest in Chamba district. The poor record of Chamba district is mainly because of low literacy rate in rural area. The urban literacy in Chamba district is higher than some of other districts in the project influence area.

Figure 3.3 Rural Urban Total Fig.3.3 100 90 80 70 60 50 % in 40 30 20 10 0

Una H.P. Kullu Mandi Solan Solan Shimla Kangra Sirmaur Bilaspur Chamba Hamirpur Table 3.6: Literacy rate by gender and gender gap in literacy rate

Project Population Literacy rate Gender gap in District Area Males Females Males Females literacy Chamba Total 235,218 225,669 76.4 48.8 27.6 Rural 216,704 209,641 74.9 45.9 28.9 Urban 18,514 16,028 93.6 84.8 8.8 Kangra Total 661,254 677,776 87.5 73.0 14.5 Rural 623,259 643,486 87.4 72.5 14.9 Urban 37,995 34,290 90.1 82.8 7.2 Kullu Total 198,016 183,555 84.0 60.9 23.1 Rural 181,131 170,347 83.2 59.1 24.1 Urban 16,885 13,208 91.8 83.1 8.7 Mandi Total 447,872 453,472 85.9 64.8 21.1 Rural 415,676 424,686 85.3 63.3 22.0 Urban 32,196 28,786 93.9 86.8 7.1

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-5 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Project Population Literacy rate Gender gap in District Area Males Females Males Females literacy Hamirpur Total 196,593 216,107 90.2 75.7 14.5 Rural 180,366 202,128 90.0 75.0 15.0 Urban 16,227 13,979 92.1 86.1 6.1 Una Total 224,524 223,749 87.7 73.2 14.5 Rural 203,724 205,125 87.8 72.8 15.0 Urban 20,800 18,624 86.6 77.2 9.3 Bilaspur Total 171,263 169,622 86.0 69.5 16.5 Rural 159,488 159,446 85.6 68.5 17.0 Urban 11,775 10,176 92.3 85.4 6.9 Solan Total 270,291 230,266 84.8 66.9 17.9 Rural 214,150 195,212 83.1 63.9 19.1 Urban 56,141 35,054 90.8 83.2 7.7 Sirmaur Total 241,299 217,294 79.4 60.4 19.0 Rural 215,656 195,267 77.8 57.7 20.2 Urban 25,643 22,027 91.7 83.2 8.5 Shimla Total 380,996 341,506 87.2 70.1 17.1 Rural 285,305 269,964 84.9 64.9 20.0 Urban 95,691 71,542 93.8 89.0 4.9 Himachal Pradesh Total 3,087,940 2,989,960 85.3 67.4 17.9 Rural 2,756,073 2,726,246 84.5 65.7 18.8 Urban 331,867 263,714 92.0 85.0 7.0

In Himachal Pradesh 70.3 percent of scheduled castes and 5.5 percent of scheduled tribes are literate as per 2001 census. Literacy among the scheduled castes is as high as 79.1 percent in Hamirpur, 75.9 percent in Una, 74.2 percent in Kangra, 73 percent in Bilaspur and 71 percent in Solan (Table 3.7). Among STs, literacy is as high as 87 percent in Shimla, 79.2 percent in Kullu, 70.2 percent in Solan and 68 percent in Mandi.

Table 3.7: Literacy rate among SC and ST population - 2001-Census Literacy Rate among S.C. Literacy rate among S.T. population population District Male Female Total Male Female Total Bilaspur 81.4 64.3 73.0 78.1 55.8 67.3 Chamba 71.4 45.0 58.5 71.6 42.7 57.1 Hamirpur 86.4 72.2 79.1 69.2 46.9 60.6 Kangra 82.8 65.8 74.2 69.3 57.7 64.0 Kullu 76.8 52.4 64.9 87.8 70.6 79.2 Mandi 80.0 57.1 68.6 78.5 57.6 68.0 Shimla 80.6 60.2 70.7 91.2 81.7 87.0 Sirmour 72.4 54.0 63.6 63.7 40.7 53.0 Solan 80.4 60.8 71.0 79.9 58.2 70.2 Una 84.2 67.3 75.9 45.9 50.0 46.7 H.P. 80.0 60.4 70.3 77.7 53.3 65.5

3.2.6. Workforce Participation Rate (WFPR)

Work participation rate is an important indicator of development showing the proportion of the working population in an economy. Table 3.8 indicates that Work Force Participation Rate (WFPR) in HP was 42.80 percent in 1991 as compared to 49.28 percent in 2001, an increase of

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-6 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

6.48 percentages. Among the male population, the work participation rate increased from 50.60 percent in 1991 to 54.70 percent in 2001. However, in the case of female group, the participation rate in 2001 was almost 9 percent higher than that in 1991. This is indication of greater increase in participation of females in the economic activities than males. An analysis of the WFPR at the district level based on the 2001 census data indicates that the district Solan has the highest WFPR for males (61.1%) and district Kullu has the highest WPR for females (52.9%).

Table 3.8: Work participation rate at the district level Total Male Female District 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 Chamba 48.58 50 53.99 53.9 42.89 46 Kangra 34.37 44 46.08 50.7 22.94 37.4 Kullu 47.93 56.7 54.05 60.3 41.28 52.9 Mandi 45.72 50.4 49.11 52.6 42.38 48.2 Hamirpur 41.87 49.8 44.15 50.9 39.81 48.7 Una 33.45 45 48.66 52.9 18.5 37 Bilaspur 44.6 48.9 48.39 52.2 40.82 45.6 Solan 45.05 52.6 54.14 61.1 35.06 42.6 Sirmaur 46.59 49.3 55.63 56.4 36.5 41.3 Shimla 48.62 51.2 55.18 57.5 41.29 44.2 HP 42.80 49.28 50.60 54.70 34.80 43.69

The number of workers and WFPR for the project districts and rural, urban classification is given in Table 3.9. An analysis of the census data reveals that the WFPR in rural area is higher than the urban area in all the districts. The gap between the gender participation in work force also reveals some interesting picture. In the rural area the gap between male and female is less where as in urban it is very prominent and wide. It is because in rural area females, in addition to regular household activities, are also helping the male in cultivation and other agricultural and allied jobs. District Kullu has the highest WFPR in rural area and the same for urban area is in .

Table 3.9: Percentage of workers and work participation rate by sex Work Participation rate (Main + Marginal) Main Workers (%) Marginal Workers (%) District Area Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Total 50.0 53.9 46.0 27.9 40.3 14.9 22.1 13.6 31.0 Chamba Rural 51.3 54.3 48.3 27.6 39.8 15.1 23.7 14.5 33.2 Urban 33.5 49.2 15.4 30.8 46.3 12.9 2.7 2.9 2.5 Total 44.0 50.7 37.4 25.1 36.6 13.9 18.8 14.1 23.5 Kangra Rural 44.6 50.8 38.6 24.9 36.1 14.0 19.7 14.7 24.6 Urban 32.8 48.8 15.1 29.4 45.0 12.0 3.5 3.8 3.1 Total 56.7 60.3 52.9 43.7 50.6 36.3 13.1 9.7 16.6 Kullu Rural 58.2 60.6 55.7 44.3 50.2 38.0 13.9 10.4 17.7 Urban 39.4 56.9 17.1 36.7 54.2 14.4 2.7 2.7 2.6 Total 50.4 52.6 48.2 29.9 39.4 20.4 20.5 13.2 27.8 Mandi Rural 51.6 52.9 50.3 29.9 39.0 20.9 21.7 13.9 29.4 Urban 33.9 49.4 16.6 29.8 45.1 12.8 4.0 4.3 3.8

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-7 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Work Participation rate (Main + Marginal) Main Workers (%) Marginal Workers (%) District Area Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Total 49.8 50.9 48.7 29.0 35.4 23.3 20.7 15.6 25.4 Hamirpur Rural 51.1 51.2 51.0 29.1 34.7 24.1 22.0 16.5 26.8 Urban 33.4 47.8 16.6 28.3 42.8 11.6 5.0 5.0 5.0 Total 45.0 52.9 37.0 26.6 41.1 12.0 18.4 11.8 25.1 Una Rural 46.1 53.1 39.1 26.3 40.6 12.2 19.8 12.5 26.9 Urban 33.6 51.0 14.1 28.9 45.9 9.9 4.7 5.1 4.2 Total 48.9 52.2 45.6 32.5 40.5 24.3 16.4 11.7 21.2 Bilaspur Rural 49.7 52.3 47.1 32.3 40.0 24.6 17.3 12.3 22.4 Urban 37.8 51.3 22.0 34.3 46.8 19.7 3.5 4.5 2.3 Total 52.6 61.1 42.6 34.4 50.8 15.2 18.2 10.4 27.4 Solan Rural 54.1 59.9 47.8 32.2 57.3 15.8 21.9 12.6 32.1 Urban 45.9 66.0 13.6 44.1 64.0 12.3 1.7 2.0 1.3 Total 49.3 56.4 41.3 38.4 48.8 26.7 10.9 7.5 14.6 Sirmaur Rural 51.4 57.4 44.8 39.5 49.2 28.6 12.0 8.2 16.2 Urban 30.4 47.7 10.3 28.9 45.4 9.7 1.5 2.3 0.6 Total 51.2 57.5 44.2 42.3 51.6 31.9 8.9 5.9 12.3 Shimla Rural 55.1 58.2 51.8 43.8 50.8 36.5 11.3 7.4 15.3 Urban 38.5 55.5 15.8 37.3 54.1 14.8 1.2 1.3 1.0

The total work force is divided between main worker and marginal work force. The analysis of data shows that the percentage on male work force in main worker category is higher, and in the marginal workers category the female workers have higher participation rate than males in almost all the districts. The percentage of work participation for rural, urban and by gender is given in Table 3.10.

Table 3.10: Distribution of total Workers by Category in percentage

Project Cultivators (%) Agricultural Household Other Workers District Area labourers (%) Industry (%) (%) T M F T M F T M F T M F Total 72.7 59.1 89.4 0.7 0.8 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 25.4 38.9 8.8 Chamba Rural 76.4 63.5 91.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 21.6 34.4 6.8 Urban 2.5 1.3 6.8 0.1 0 0.1 1.6 1.6 1.4 95.9 97.1 91.7 Total 56.9 40.1 79.2 6.7 7.1 6.2 3.3 3.4 3.1 33.1 49.3 11.5 Kangra Rural 59.1 42.3 80.6 6.9 7.4 6.3 3.3 3.5 3.1 30.6 46.7 10.1 Urban 5 2.5 13.8 1.4 1.3 1.4 2.4 2.1 3.7 91.2 94.1 81.1 Total 76 65.9 88.5 2.6 2.5 2.7 1.3 1.4 1.2 20.1 30.2 7.7 Kullu Rural 80.4 71.6 90.5 2.7 2.6 2.8 1.3 1.4 1.1 15.7 24.4 5.6 Urban 1.2 0.9 2.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.4 1.3 2 96.8 97.3 94.5 Total 72.5 55.9 90.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 2 1 24.6 40.7 7.1 Mandi Rural 75.7 59.8 92.1 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 2 0.9 21.3 36.8 5.5 Urban 5.7 2.9 14.9 0.5 0.4 0.8 2 1.4 4.2 91.8 95.4 80.1 Total 69.9 46.9 91.7 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.4 2.2 0.6 27.1 49.1 6.2 Hamirpur Rural 73 50.5 93.2 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.3 2.1 0.6 24 45.6 4.8 Urban 8.7 3.2 27.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 3.6 4.1 2.2 86.3 91.4 69.3 Total 57.1 41.3 79.8 5.6 5.9 5.2 2 2.1 1.8 35.3 50.7 13.2 Una Rural 60.3 44.6 81.6 5.8 6.3 5.2 2 2.1 1.8 31.9 47.1 11.4 Urban 11.3 8.1 24.2 3 2.4 5.3 2 2 1.9 83.7 87.5 68.6

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-8 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Project Cultivators (%) Agricultural Household Other Workers District Area labourers (%) Industry (%) (%) T M F T M F T M F T M F Total 68.5 49.3 90.8 1.8 2 1.5 1.6 2.4 0.7 28.1 46.3 7 Bilaspur Rural 71.5 52.6 92.5 1.8 2.1 1.5 1.6 2.5 0.7 25.1 42.8 5.3 Urban 12.6 4.2 35.2 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.5 1.6 1.1 85.4 93.8 63 Total 54.5 38.2 82.1 2.4 2.3 2.6 1.2 1.3 1.2 41.8 58.3 14.1 Solan Rural 64.6 49 86.2 2.8 2.8 2.7 1.3 1.4 1.1 31.3 46.8 10 Urban 0.9 0.8 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.1 0.9 2.5 97.7 98.1 95.3 Total 71.5 60.1 88.9 2.6 2.6 2.5 1.1 1.4 0.7 24.8 35.9 7.9 Sirmaur Rural 76.3 65.9 91.1 2.7 2.8 2.5 1.2 1.5 0.7 19.8 29.9 5.7 Urban 2.1 1.8 3.7 0.6 2.6 0.7 0.9 1 0.6 96.4 96.6 95.1 Total 64.1 50.5 83.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 1.2 1.4 0.9 32 45.4 12.6 Shimla Rural 77.3 66.3 90.3 3.4 3.4 2.8 1.2 1.5 0.8 18.4 28.8 6 Urban 1.7 1.1 4.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 1 1 1.2 96.8 97.4 93.9

The distribution of workers involved in different category of occupation reveals that cultivation is the main occupation among the people of the state. Kullu district has the highest percentage of workers engaged in cultivation (76%) and the lowest is in Solan district (54.5%). The urban, rural break-up of the districts reported that in rural area Kullu has the highest percentage of cultivators (80.4%) and lowest is in Kanra district (59.1%). It is also recorded in PIA districts that the percentage of women main workers in cultivation is more than the male counterpart. As regards workers in household industry and agriculture labour, very marginal fractions of the total workers are in these two categories (Table 3.10).

3.3. ECONOMY 3.3.1. Per Capita Income As per the per capita income figures available for the year 1999 -2000 (Table 3.11), Solan district has the highest per capita income at Rs, 11,231 (at 1990-91 prices) and Hamirpur at Rs. 4243 was at the lowest. The second highest per capita income is recorded in Shimla district (Rs. 8304). Table 3.11: Per Capita Income of the Districts falling in PIA District PCI, 1999-2000 (@1990-91 Annual Growth Rate in % prices) (1990-91 to 1999-00) Bilaspur 7,547 5.87 Chamba 6,058 2.57 Hamirpur 4,243 4.92 Kangra 5,736 3.72 Kullu 6,098 0.11 Mandi 5,313 5.11 Shimla 8,304 1.10 Sirmaur 5,650 4.10 Solan 11,231 7.11 Una 4,480 7.21 HP 6,507 3.88 Source: Himachal Pradesh Development Report, Planning Commission, Government of India, 2005

3.3.2. Agriculture Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of Himachal Pradesh and has an important place in the state economy. It provides direct employment to 69 percent of total workers of the state and about 21 percent of total GSDP comes from agriculture and its allied sectors. Out of the total geographical area of 55.67 lakh hectares, the operational holding is about 9.99 lakh

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-9 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area hectares and is operated by 8.63 lakh farmers. The average holding size works out to1.2 hectare. Distribution of land holdings according to 1995-96 agricultural census shows that 84.5 percent of total holdings are of small and marginal farmers. About 14.9 percent of holdings are owned by medium or semi medium farmers and merely 0.6 percent by large farmers (Table 3.12).

Table 3.12: Distribution of land Holdings

Size of holdings Category No. of holdings Area (lakh hect.) Average size of (hect.) (lakhs) holding in Hect. < 1.0 Marginal 5.56 (64.4%) 2.30(23%) 0.4 1.0-2.0 Small 1.73 (20.1%) 2.41(24.1%) 1.4 2.0-4.0 Semi medium 0.95(11.0%) 2.56(25.6%) 2.7 4.0-10.0 Medium 0.34(3.9%) 1.94(19.5%) 5.7 > 10.0 Large 0.05 (0.6%) 0.78(7.8%) 15.6

3.3.3. Agriculture Production Table 3.13 presents the food grain production and the area under food grain production in the districts falling under the PIA. Mandi and Kangra are the high food grain producing districts. In Shimla district the food grain production is lowest as compared to other districts of the PIA. In terms of productivity of food grain per hectare, Sirmaur district has the highest with 2122 kg. closely followed by with 2023 kg. per hectare.

Table 3.13: Food Grain Production in PIA District Food grain Production 1999-2000 Area('000Ha) Production ('000mt) Productivity (kg/Ha) Bilaspur 55.72 101.68 1825 Chamba 58.02 102.28 1763 Hamirpur 69.89 106 1517 Kangra 197.42 303.86 1539 Kullu 45.25 87.83 1941 Mandi 145.9 286.86 1966 Shimla 55.95 78.14 1397 Sirmaur 65.46 138.93 2122 Solan 56.76 102.57 1807 Una 65.17 131.82 2023 Total 815.54 1439.97 1766

3.3.4. Fishery The fish production in Himachal Pradesh is limited to fresh water and especially in the reservoir of the dams and pond fishing. The total fish production in the year 2003-2004 was pegged at 6465 metric tonnes. The state saw a gradual increase in fish production from 2000-01 to 2002- 03. In year 2003-04 the production went below 7000 mark. The total value of fish production for the year 2003-04 was worth 2977.08 lakhs. The district level break-up of fish production and value there of is reported in Table 3.14. Kangra distract has the highest fish production (2037 metric tonne) followed by Bilaspur district at distance second with 1129 metric tonnes of production. Chamba, Kullu and Shimla districts have less than 300 metric tonnes of fish production in year 2003-04.

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-10 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Table 3.14: Fish production in HP and PIA districts Year- Total production Value (Rs. in Lakhs) District 2000-01 7020 3047.38 2001-02 7215 3192.63 2002-03 7244 3219.60 2003-04 6465 2977.08 District Bilaspur 1127 347.63 Chamba 248 124.23 Hamirpur 474 236.55 Kangra 2037 1033.80 Kullu 266 132.75 Mandi 433 216.29 Shimla 269 134.35 Sirmour 554 277.25 Solan 478 239.06 Una 579 235.17 3.3.5. Forest Himachal is a predominantly mountainous state. Consequently, its climate is more congenial to forests. It comprises of four forest zones-sub-tropical, sub-temperature, wet-temperature and dry temperature. Table 3.15 shows the classification of forest by legal status for the state and project districts. The total forest area in the state is about 37033 sq. km. in the project districts; the highest forest cover is in Chamba (5030 sq. km.) followed by Kullu and Shimla. District Hamirpur has the least forest cover.

Table 3.15: Classification of forest area by legal status

Year- Reserved Demarcated Un-demarcated Unclassified Other Total District Forest Protected Forest Forest field forest forest 1999-00 1896 11341 21702 977 1117 37033 2000-01 1896 11372 21671 977 1117 37033 2001-02 1896 11400 21643 977 1117 37033 2002-03 1896 11830 21213 977 1117 37033 District Bilaspur 1 185 242 428 Chamba 373 3960 685 12 5030 Hamirpur 99 58 27 35 219 Kangra 76 558 1647 505 56 2842 Kullu 161 3209 1582 4952 Mandi 1575 38 247 1860 Shimla 53 1149 2162 54 3418 Sirmour 1064 57 32 690 1843 Solan 54 188 214 166 6 728 Una 44 48 131 264 487

The District wise forest area and its proportion to district geographical area and state forest cover is an indicator for assessing the green cover in that particular district. About 90 percent of the Kullu district geographical area is under forest. The next highest percentage of forest cover is in Chamba district (77.1%), Shimla (66.6%) and Sirmour (65.2%). The proportion of forest area in PIA districts to total state forest cover reveals that Chamba has 13.6 percent, closely

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-11 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area followed by Kullu with 13.4 percent and Shimla with 9.2 percentages. Nearly 60 percentage of state forest cove is in PIA districts.

Table 3.16: District wise forest area and its proportion to district Geographical area and state forest cover

Geographical Forest Area %of Forest area to % of Total Forest area District area (Sq. km) (Sq. km) total geographical area In the District Bilaspur 1167 428 36.7 1.1 Chamba 6528 5030 77.1 13.6 Hamirpur 1118 219 19.6 0.6 Kangra 5739 2842 49.5 7.7 Kullu 5503 4952 90.0 13.4 Mandi 3950 1860 47.1 5.0 Shimla 5131 3418 66.6 9.2 Sirmour 2825 1843 65.2 5.0 Solan 1936 728 37.6 2.0 Una 1540 487 31.6 1.3 H P 55673 37033 66.5 100.0

In addition to its ecological value, the forest has great economic value too by way of forest produce. The forest produce is normally grouped in to major forest produce and minor forest produce. Timber is the major forest produce for the Himachal and the details of it is given in Table 3.17. The worth of major forest produce in 2003 and 2004 was 1478 lakhs and 1424 lakhs respectively. Species like Deodar, Chil and Fir contribute the most. Table 3.17: Major forest products in the state

Timber 2002 2003 2003 2004 species Out turn (m3) value(Rs. 000) Out turn (m3) value(Rs.000) Shisham 2630 11106 2454 10363 Sal 8541 36069 8300 35051 Deodar 56698 513514 51670 467975 Chil 106297 253093 98524 238586 Kail 54377 332406 66495 406484 Fir / spruce 119941 272506 91682 208302 Other BL 18846 42818 14960 33989 Fuel Wood 5386 17205 6993 23181 Total 372716 1478717 341078 1423931

Besides the timber produce, the other valuable prominent forest produce in Himachal are Resin and Medicinal herbs. The other forest minor produce are bamboo, Bhabbar grass, Khair etc. The total minor forest produce in the year 2004 was 12219 tonnes with monetary worth of 99 million rupees (Table 3.18).

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-12 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Table 3.18: Minor forest products in the state

2002 2003 2003 2004 Forest produce Unit Out turn value(Rs. 000) Out turn value(Rs. 000) Bambo Ha 253 1129 Resin Tonne 8494 55663 8254 47682 Bhabbar Grass Tonne 428 50 925 116 Medicinal herbs Tonne 1797 105706 1366 44862 Khair Tonne 1651 2405 1421 2069 Other Minor Product Tonne 181 3403 TOTAL Tonne 12370 164005 12219.0 99261

3.3.6. Horticulture Himachal Pradesh has the advantage of climate and topography in the cultivation of variety of fruits. Temperature fruits about 64 percent of the total cultivated area of the state of which more than 40 percent is under apple cultivation. The area under fruits more than doubled in the last two decades.

District Kullu, Shimla, Mandi and Kanga are major producer of fruits in the state. The other districts if not in the same league as the four districts mentioned above are also contributing in the Himachal overall fruit production. Kullu, Mandi, Shimla and Chamba are the major apple growing district while Kangara and Bilaspur are the mango growing districts (Table 3.19). Experiments are under way in the state to grow fruits like strawberry, pomegranate, olive, kiwi, hazelnut etc. which has been identified as the potential crops of the future. Table 3.19: District wise fruit production

In tonnes

Name of Fruit Bilaspur Chamba Hamirpur Kangra Kullu Mandi Shimla Sirmour Solan Una Total

Apple 4 9451 0404 20383 14365 28247 3321 111 084112 Plum 89 370 142 404 2001 2666 584 1347 623 80 8316 Peach 124 206 106209 32 726 297 2740 268 894861 Apricot 0 337 0 32 218 206 625 393 828 02897 Pear 496 352 112420 461 1792 1427 555 1118 7447519 Cherry 0 5 0 0 53 20 212 0 0 0 292 Kiwi 1 2 08 26 27 14 11 16 0105 Pomegranate 32 3 29 56 72 79 70 14 75 59 495 Olive 0 9 0 0 10 10 30 1 0 0 54 Perssimon 3 4 0 4 142 117 25 8 3 1 307 Strawberry 0 0232016 4 027 O.T.F 745 1228 3891135 3018 5645 3281 5085 2935 97324873 Almond 31 282 192 414 381 1469 1512 205 131 109 5715 Walnut 34 1249 74198 77 952 307 1352 164 104651 Pica nut 19 14 6 169 28 302 1 7 9 7 562 Hazelnut 0 2 000050 0 011

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-13 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

In tonnes

Name of Fruit Bilaspur Chamba Hamirpur Kangra Kullu Mandi Shimla Sirmour Solan Una Total NUTS $ DRY 84 1547 272 781 486 2723 1825 1564 304 126 10939 Orange 240 21 187 5184 23 707 33 469 269 711 7844 Malta 51 1 42 604 4 139 0 14 9 48 909 K.Lime 358 311 815 2540 50 2842 414 886 366 550 9132 Galgal 217 278 152 482 8 534 72 225 175 179 2322 Other 12 0 16140306 1 254 CITRUS 878 611 12128824 85 4252 519 1600 817 149020261 Mango 3463 398 2282 19580 75 2987 170 2795 1638 1756 35144 Litchi 207 61 127 2302 1 164 13 121 24 87 3107 Guava 69 35 150 655 12 654 14 119 328 158 2194 Papaya 26 1 6 86 0 21 1 16 17 30 204 Grapes 27 2 14163350 5 43130 Loquat 9 1 2 450431 1 167 Jackfruit 62 0 8 66 1 58 0 30 20 39 284 Aonala 86 11 76 307 3 33 16 14 26 43 615 Others 57 1 123960935 20 8511 O.S.T.F. 4006 510 2677 23453 95 3933 225 3101 2079 2165 42256 TOTAL 5717 13407 4550 34597 24067 30891 34097 14671 6246 4754 182441

Like fruits, cultivation of vegetables too covers a wide variety due to varied seasons and topography. In recent years more area has come under vegetable crops due to availability of irrigation facility and also because of high return from these crops. The maximum are under vegetables, apart from potato and ginger, accounts for peas and tomatoes. The total area under vegetable cultivation (kharif and rabi) is around 32000000 hectare and the total production in year 1999 was 500000000 metric tonnes.

3.3.7. Industries:

Industrialisation is a comparatively recent phenomenon in HP. It gained momentum in the last two decades. The contribution of the industrial or manufacturing sector has grown significantly from Rs. 774 crore in 1995-96 to Rs. 1920 crore in 2001-02. In terms of percentage, the share of the manufacturing sector in the gross state domestic product has increased from 12.18 in 1995-96 to 14.38 in 1999-00.

Table 3.20 presents the number of industrial units (SSI and L&M) located in the districts under the PIA. As Solan district has the highest number of L&M units, whereas the highest number of SSI units are located in . In the PIA districts there are 191 large and medium scale industries. Seventy four percentages of the large and medium industries are in Solan district and another 16 percent are in Sirmaur district. This indicated that the industrial belt is limited to two districts in the state. The large and medium industries are mainly consisting of food product, Beverages, textile, chemicals, electronic, steel and steel product, paper & paper products, plastic products and engineering.

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-14 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Table 3.20: Number of Industrial Units in PIA (as on 31 March 2002) District Industries SSI (2002) L&M (2003) Total Bilaspur 1879 3 1882 Chamba 1479 - 1479 Hamirpur 2286 - 2286 Kangra 7844 6 7850 Kullu 2000 1 2001 Mandi 2904 1 2905 Shimla 2723 4 2727 Sirmaur 2291 30 2321 Solan 2639 141 2777 Una 2386 8 2394

The district wise number of persons employed in the small scale industries and large and medium scale industries reveals that in SSI sector Kangra district has the largest number of workers and the least are in Chamba district. In large and medium scale industries, Solan district has the largest number of persons employed in industrial sector (Table 3.21).

Table 3.21: District wise no. of worker in industrial units

District Industries SSI (2002) L&M (2003) Total Bilaspur 6876 1221 8097 Chamba 5247 - 5247 Hamirpur 8322 8322 Kangra 34096 791 34887 Kullu 9784 52 9836 Mandi 11620 186 11806 Shimla 10080 541 10621 Sirmaur 10057 4343 14400 Solan 17436 21345 38781 Una 10091 903 10994

3.3.8. Mineral Resources Himachal Pradesh is rich in mineral resources such a limestone, gypsum, rock salt, magnesite, silica sand and quartzite etc. in addition, building material such as slate, granite, clay and sandstone is also available. Table 3.22 details out the major and minor mineral production in the state for the year 2001, 2002 and 2003. The total mineral production in the state has gone down from year 2001 to 2003; however, in terms of value it has increased from 11544 lakhs in year 2001 to 12544 in year 2003. The major mineral produce is lime stone, shales, bajari, sand and boulders.

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-15 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Table 3.22: Production and value of Major-Minor Minerals (industry and Mining)

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 Production Value Production Value Production Value (000 MT) (RS.in Lakh) (000 MT) (RS.in Lakh) (000 MT) (RS.in Lakh) MINERALS Lime stone 6440 8853 5984 4942 7001 10502 Barytes 1 5 1 2 1 4 Shales 1601 986 347 42 508 50 Building stone 112 80 627 146 127 210 Bajri 1207 415 1407 618 740 222 Sand 1368 474 1326 528 914 274 Boulders 1337 564 824 316 1455 1019 Rock salt 3 27 1 11 2 21 Slates 10 137 7 104 17 231 Silica sand 3 1 13 5 0.09 1 Quartzite 2 2 32 10 34 10 TOTAL 12084 11544 10569 6724 10808 12544

3.3.9. Livestock and Animal Husbandry

Livestock plays a major role in the Indian rural life and more so it contributes to the household’s economic base. In hilly state like Himachal where the availability of land for cultivation is comparatively less to plains, rearing of livestock becomes necessity from the livelihood point of view of the locals. The major livestock in the state is cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats. In year 1997, the total cattle population including cross breed and indigenous in the state was about two million and the buffalo population was 0.6 million. The population of sheep and goats were about 0.9 million each (Table 3.23). In the districts, Mandi, Kangra and Shimla has the highest number of cattle population where as buffalo was high in kangra, Hamirpur, Una and Solan district. Kangra and Chamba district has the highest number of sheep and goat population.

Table 3.23: livestock population in HP and in PIA districts

Cattle Buffaloes Horses CROSS BREED INDEGENOUS Total Sheep Goats / Year- Male Female Total Ponies District Bulls Cows Bulls Cows cattle 1987 57813 102115 1111045 973842 2244815 133488 794991 794991 1112768 1120139 20147 1992 84819 195574 991224 893417 2165034 33250 703549 703549 1078940 1118094 14055 1997 156614 381788 772639 690785 2001826 43820 652373 652373 908831 946529 22026 District Bilaspur 2487 11124 29762 6016 54660 3437 81380 81380 12335 48323 1005 Chamba 4619 12636 104857 118324 241452 1719 32348 32348 255543 164415 1221 Hamirpur 6632 7457 19721 3543 49734 1842 88452 88452 31620 29609 1149 Kangra 13760 79637 151359 118341 374327 6520 134064 134064 118224 194650 3997 Kullu 3804 37455 47564 53062 144972 74 710 784 102617 47213 1602 Mandi 6638 74142 166420 144257 407758 2342 82612 84954 161531 162055 2170 Shimla 13897 8977 84202 105429 301365 562 15775 16637 106624 70508 5226 Sirmour 6624 30554 81941 90760 215945 1683 38404 40087 12299 86426 663 Solan 6631 30920 48474 26269 121026 21249 65613 86862 11825 66642 1566 Una 5774 7323 32575 14714 60810 4092 86803 86803 1547 37177 344

The other kinds of livestock in the state are mules, donkey, camel, pig, and yak. The number of yak as livestock has decreased to the large extent from 5690 in year 1992 to 2548 in 1997.

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-16 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Other than the livestock, domestic dogs and poultry are also present in good numbers. The poultry population has also decreased by almost half what it as in year 1992. Total livestock population in the state in year 1987. 1992 and 1197 was 5.3 million, 5.1 million and 4.5 million respectively (Table 3.24).

Table 3.24: Other livestock population in HP and PIA districts

Year- Other Livestock Dogs Poultry District Mules Donkey Camels Pigs Yaks Other Total 1987 23106 8011 327 17976 2155 28 5345463 122053 753476 1992 16390 7522 367 7286 5690 6 5116923 175771 721849 1997 24404 6639 168 4670 2548 731 4570745 170147 381650 District Bilaspur 1068 350 9 525 0 0 199673 6563 20707 Chamba 3449 149 0 86 171 122 698956 11966 33379 Hamirpur 538 41 0 27 0 0 201170 9174 18995 Kangra 3794 171 46 464 0 0 829737 32444 135257 Kullu 523 93 0 53 0 0 297857 10769 19881 Mandi 5107 140 0 285 0 0 824000 15109 64346 Shimla 5107 610 0 953 4 0 507034 22369 42524 Sirmour 2056 234 40 1032 0 0 358822 20139 9600 Solan 2025 290 10 1134 0 0 291380 22662 12156 Una 142 98 63 74 2548 0 187058 14912 11041

The average daily milk production and the total production in the state are reported in Table 3.25. The average daily milk production for cow and buffalo is in constant rise over the year. This is a sign of progress in terms of better productivity and it looks like that the effort of state veterinary department is yielding results. The total milk production in year 1996 was 689.262 thousand tonnes and the figure for year 2003 was 784.082 thousand tonnes, a rise of about 14 percent Table 3.25).

Table 3.25: Average Daily Milk Yield per animal / total milk production

Daily Milk Yield (in Total Milk Production (in 000 tonnes) Gms.) YEAR cow Cow Buffalo Goat cross Buffalo Goat TOTAL indigenous total breed 1996-97 2070 3017 465 121.160 202.437 323.597 342.633 32.032 698.262 1997-98 1976 3084 504 123.877 186.701 310.578 359.788 43.596 713.962 1998-99 2158 3069 474 130.371 196.014 326.385 358.193 39.076 723.654 1999-00 2181 3131 432 119.054 215.546 334.600 369.384 37.282 741.266 2000-01 2343 3175 418 132.013 217.607 349.620 377.032 33.759 760.411 2001-02 2322 3357 431 126.760 223.788 350.548 380.294 32.022 762.864 2002-03 2375 3165 427 131.711 240.994 372.705 369.245 30.544 772.494 2003-04 2345 3243 435 132.233 242.656 374.889 378.343 30.85 784.082

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-17 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

3.4. HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE In Himachal Pradesh, health services are provided through the department of health and family welfare, department of Indian system of medicines and homeopathy. Since primary health care is the first and the nearest contact between the individuals and the health care services, the state has made good provision of primary health care services through a network of dispensaries, community health centres, primary health centres. For the secondary level health care services, provision has been made through district and sub divisional hospitals. The number of hospitals in the state is constant from year 2001 to 2004. There are substantial reductions in number of dispensaries in year 2002 and in the same year the numbers of primary health centres have gone up by large number. It is likely that the dispensaries have been upgraded to primary health centres. The total number of beds available in the state has increased from 9826 in year 2000 to 10112 in 2004. In project influence districts, Shimla has the largest number of health facilities followed by Kangra. District Kullu has the least number of health facilities (Table 3.26). Table 3.26: Health facilities in Himachal Pradesh YEAR- Hospitals* Dispensaries* CHC/RH PHC s TOTAL Bed available DISTRICT 2000-01 81 172 65 304 622 9826 2001-02 89 173 66 303 631 10062 2002-03 89 39 66 441 635 10087 2003-04 89 40 66 438 633 10112 District Bilaspur 2 2 5 27 36 385 Chamba 16 1 7 39 63 823 Hamirpur 5 1 5 24 35 465 Kangra 11 3 13 78 105 1778 Kullu 7 0 5 17 29 470 Mandi 10 5 9 59 83 1349 Shimla 15 14 6 77 112 2319 Sirmour 6 6 3 34 49 646 Solan 7 7 3 32 49 1101 Una 5 1 4 20 30 404 * Including private Hospitals, Cantonment Board Voluntary organisations, Mission Hospitals. NOTE; Two Primary Health Centers Namely Lambloo and Baggi were reverted to Ayurvedic Health Centers during the year, 2003-2004

3.5. TOURISM Himachal Pradesh is endowed with beauty of nature; this makes it one of the important tourist destinations of India. Tourism is contributing to large extent to its economy by way of generating employment and direct spending by the tourist while in the state. The total tourist arrival in the state in year 2005 was pegged at 80 lakhs and it is expected that by the year 2010 the total tourist inflow in the state would reach 150 lakhs (Table 3.27).

Table 3.27: Tourist arrival in Himachal

Tourist Arrival (in lakhs) YEAR – DISTRIST Domestic Foreigner Total 2001 51.11 1.33 52.44 2002 49.60 1.44 51.04 2003 55.44 1.68 57.12 2004 58.50 1.5 60.00 2005 77.50 2.5 80.00

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-18 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Tourist Arrival (in lakhs) YEAR – DISTRIST Domestic Foreigner Total Districts Bilaspur 5.18 0.00 5.18 Chamba 4.05 0.01 4.06 Hamirpur 0.36 0.00 0.36 Kangra 8.92 0.32 9.24 Kullu 12.90 0.58 13.48. Mandi 2.20 0.03 2.23 Shimla 13.74 0.44 14.18 Sirmour 3.54 0.01 3.55 Solan 2.64 0.01 2.65 Una 1.44 0.00 1.44

3.6. TRANSPORT &COMMUNICATIONS

3.6.1. Road Network: The type of road length available in the districts of the PIA is given in Table 3.28. Kangra district has the highest km of all weather roads and Kullu district has the lowest km of all weather roads. However in terms of percentage of all weather road in each district, Una district has the maximum percentage of road under all weather category (68.23%), followed by 66.12 percent in Hamirpur district and 58.73 percent by Bilaspur district. Among all the project influence districts, Shimla has the lowest percentage of roads under all weather categories (29.33%). Table 3.28: Distribution of Road Length in the Districts of PIA District Roads (km) Fair Weather All Weather Total % All Weather Bilaspur 504.464 717.942 1222.406 58.73 Chamba 520.681 708.471 1229.152 57.64 Hamirpur 573.865 1120.119 1693.984 66.12 Kangra 1828.711 2404.187 4232.898 56.80 Kullu 895.686 420.266 1315.952 31.94 Mandi 2095.331 1546.721 3642.052 42.47 Shimla 2446.757 1015.701 3462.458 29.33 Sirmaur 802.584 1039.624 1842.208 56.43 Solan 1324.123 856.116 2180.239 39.27 Una 445.798 957.285 1403.083 68.23

The road is not only classified according to all weather or fair weather but according to lane width and its motor-ability. In this regard the district level data for double lane roads, single lane road, jeepable and less than jeepable is given in Table 3.29. In terms of double lane road to total road length in the district, Una has the highest percentage of double lane road i.e. 10.90 percent. It is closely followed by Kangara district (10.00%), Kullu district (9.81%), Bilaspur district (9.615) and Sirmaur district (9.00%). As regards motorable single lane road, Hamirpur district has more than 96 percent road in this category. The districts having more than 80 percent of their road in this category are Bilaspur, Kangra, Shimla and Una. Chamba district has the lowest among all with 54.22 percent of its road falling under single lane category. Chamba district has the highest percentage of roads to total road in district under category jeepable and non jeepable in comparison to other districts.

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-19 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

Table 3.29: Distribution of road length by lane width Total Motorable Motorable Less Year road double In % single In % Jeepable In % than In %

length lane lane jeepable 2001 27217 2332 8.57 19874 73 906 3.33 4105 15.1 2002 27503 2336 8.49 20427 74.3 781 2.84 3959 14.4 2003 27805 2336 8.40 21100 75.9 598 2.15 3771 13.6 2004 28084 2344 8.35 21648 77.1 481 1.71 3611 12.9 Districts Bilaspur 1290 124 9.61 1113 86.28 0 0 53 4.11 Chamba 2619 87 3.32 1420 54.22 280 19.72 832 31.77 Hamirpur 1510 52 3.44 1458 96.56 0 0 0 0 Kangra 4678 468 10.00 4044 86.45 10 0.25 156 3.33 Kullu 1305 128 9.81 933 71.49 5 0.54 239 18.31 Mandi 4450 191 4.29 3276 73.62 100 3.05 883 19.84 Shimla 4004 313 7.82 3282 81.97 35 1.07 374 9.34 Sirmour 2401 216 9.00 1780 74.14 5 0.28 400 16.66 Solan 2368 173 7.31 1849 78.08 5 0.27 341 14.40 Una 1422 155 10.90 1267 89.10 0 0 0 0 Registration of number of vehicle is an indicator of state economy and general well being of the people. The total number of vehicles registered in HP has increased from 33565 in 2001 to 41438 in 2003, an increase of 23 percent. In terms of vehicle type in year 2003, two wheelers, car and other vehicles saw a rapid growth in comparison to other vehicles (Table 3.30). Among the project districts, Shimla has the highest number of vehicle registered followed by Kangra. Chamba district has the least number of vehicles registered. Table 3.30: No. of Motor Vehicles Registered

Year – Buses Trucks Two Private Jeeps Tractor Tankers Taxies Dept. Others Grand District wheelers cars cars Total 2001 738 1476 18125 8405 2640 937 50 192 40 962 33565 2002 805 2227 21114 9399 1268 894 40 282 836 901 37766 2003 689 1478 23324 10309 1840 1138 45 128 832 1565 41348 Districts Bilaspur 53 265 705 344 545 135 7 12 9 2075 Chamba 7 53 912 297 27 25 3 3 78 1405 Hamirpur 43 56 1722 439 171 110 98 76 2715 Kangra 50 159 6477 1438 115 234 1 4 189 8664 Kullu 18 77 451 517 73 35 2 18 526 1717 Mandi 24 142 2391 875 72 71 5 212 3792 Shimla 393 283 5492 4582 613 12 21 1 806 187 12390 Sirmour 12 53 948 342 44 45 3 25 1472 Solan 32 266 1778 851 31 126 4 7 96 3191 Una 46 107 2363 458 88 331 5 1 3 122 3524

The Louis Berger Group Inc 3-20 Himachal Pradesh State Road Project Feasibility Report Socio-Economic Profile of Project Influence Area

3.6.2 Railway Himachal has two narrow gauge rail tracks. The Kalka-Shimla track has a length of 96 kilometres. It passes through 102 tunnels and crosses 864 bridges. The track has been in existence for over a century now. The Pathankot- track has a length of about 113 kilometres. Both these tracks are commercially unviable but are operated because of their heritage value. 3.6.3 Air The three airports in Himachal Pradesh are Jubbarhatti near Shimla, Gaggal near Kangra and near Kullu. The flights operate only seasonally due to extreme weather conditions, especially during winters. All these airports have runways shorter than 4000 ft and therefore allow the operation of only the smaller aircrafts such as the 18-seater Dornier, which is the most common aircraft operating on these runways.

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