Monthly Update – May 2013 UN Resident & Humanitarian Coordinator’s Office This report is issued by the UN RCHCO with inputs from its UN Field Coordination Offices and other partners and sources. The report covers May 2013. The next report will be issued the first week of July 2013.

CONTEXT

Political update During the course of May, the Interim Electoral Council of Ministers (IECM) expedited its efforts to prepare the ground for announcing the date of elections. It held several talks with the major four political parties and dissenting parties in its bid to create an environment of compromise on outstanding issues. Though the Chairperson of the IECM, Khil Raj Regmi, publicly announced the government’s commitment to hold the election in the first week of Mangsir (16-23 November, 2013), differences over concessions to the demands of dissenting parties within the High Level Political Committee (HLPC) continued to hold-up the process. The IECM continues to insist that it will not announce the election date until it is in a position to promulgate the outstanding election related legislation. It has also said that if the parties fail to reach consensus on this legislation then it will be compelled to take “appropriate” decisions to move ahead with the election preparation and promulgation of the last electoral law relating to the Election to Members of the Constituent Assembly. Further, the IECM does not intend to appoint the election constituency re-delineation commission until the outstanding constitutional, legal, and political issues are resolved and the election date announced. Consensus in the HLPC is especially needed on issues which require a constitutional amendment to be passed by the President. In late May, despite the parties’ polarization at the HLPC, the cross-party mechanism set up a task force to reach consensus on the most contentious issues (proposed changes to the proportional representation system in the next CA, threshold and eligibility of candidates). Meanwhile, in the HLPC, some parties accepted the dissenting demands to revise the 11-point agreement and the presidential ordinance to remove constitutional difficulties. But other parties opposed it and adhered to their position not to move ahead beyond the letter and spirit of the 11-point agreement and the 25-point Ordinance passed by the President on 13 March. Much political and media attention focused on the negotiation between the parties and the IECM on the contentious issues that needs to be resolved to pave way for the announcement of the election date. The United Nations Secretary-General issued a statement on 24 May urging the parties to solve the outstanding political issues and move forward towards elections1. Operational space There was an increase in disruptions and bandhs during May in comparison to previous months, though the impact on the operational space of Basic Operating Guidelines (BOGs) signatories was moderate. There were only a limited number of bandhs imposed for issues related to the ongoing political process to organize elections and move on with the peace process. The Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN- Maoist) was somewhat active during the month, often initiating bandhs in reaction to its party cadres being arrested for their attempts to disrupt voter registration efforts in select locations, including in Surket (16 May) and Rupandehi (30 May) Districts. In the Eastern Region, the Federal Limbuwan State Council (FLSC) affiliated with the Federal Democratic National Front (FDNF) imposed a general strike in nine districts2 from 4 to 7 May, demanding the release of its cadres who were arrested by police while obstructing the voter registration campaign in a VDC of . Additionally, the Nepal Sadbhawana Party carried out

1 For more details, please see: http://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=6840. 2 The nine districts are Jhapa, Ilam, Panchthar, Taplejung, Morang, Sunsari, Dhankuta, Tehrathum and Sankhuwasabha. Monthly Update, May 2013 – UN RCHC Office

Tarai bandhs on 12 and 26 May, accusing the government of being indifferent to its 10-Points Demands3 including the declaration of the date of the Constituent Assembly elections. However, the majority of bandhs during the month occurred as outbursts of local grievances, such as in Bajura (regarding a local bridge), Dadeldhura (protests about operationalising a new sub-regional hospital), Surkhet (in tensions about laying a Buddhist statue), Nawalparasi (over youth employment), Jhapa (arrests over timber smuggling), Siraha, Saptari, Sunsari and Morang (over the murder of a prominent Madheshi Muslim leader) and in the Eastern Region in general (over youth employment and student union elections). For the most part, these bandhs affected the movement of BOGs signatories, which restricted or self- restricted vehicle movements and re-scheduled planned implementation activities. UN vehicles and other BOGs signatories also faced obstructions in the case of the bandhs protesting the murder of the prominent Madheshi Muslim leader.

EMERGING ISSUES AFFECTING PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT

Disruption of citizenship certificate distribution and voter registration mobile camps After halting voter registration efforts on 1 April, the government re-initiated the process by implementing mobile integrated service camps in all districts. These would be empowered to issue citizenship certificates and register citizens on the voters roll, as well as provide additional district-level public services. This was instigated to ensure that eligible voters would not be turned away from voter registration because they lacked citizenship certificates. Overall, attempts by political parties and groups opposed to the ongoing process of the government to implement the camps and conduct voter registration were strong in some locations (sometimes resulting in minor clashes), but there has so far been no cohesive and comprehensive campaign to obstruct. In the Eastern and Central Regions mobile camps were reported to have carried out their activities successfully. However, one mobile camp in was obstructed by FLSC-FDNF cadres on 4 May at Budhabare VDC of Dhankuta (an adjoining point of Panchtar, Dhankuta and Morang Districts). The cadres clashed with security personnel while obstructing VDC employees from entering the registration center. Reportedly, six sustained injuries in the clash and 25 cadres were arrested by police. Accusing the administration of mobilizing security forces disproportionately against their cadres, the FLSC-FDNF enforced a general strike in all nine districts east of the Arun river: Jhapa, Ilam, Panchthar, Taplejung, Morang, Sunsari, Dhankuta, Tehrathum and Sankhuwasabha from 4 to 7 May (though there were no reports that the bandh disrupted the mobile camps). On 31 May, reportedly an initially peaceful demonstration by FLSC- FDNF against the mobile camps at Tandi VDC, transformed into clashes between police and the protesters the next day. In order to control the situation, the police fired blank rounds and tear gas and deployed additional security forces. The events may have impacted on citizen turnout, which was reportedly lower than in the other camps in Morang District. While there were no clashes or obstructions reported in other districts, possible obstructions by CPN-Maoist and FLSC-FDNF are still perceived as the major challenge by the district election officers of Panchthar, Dhankuta, Ilam, Sankhuwasabha and Terhathum. According to local interlocutors, the presence of citizens in the camps was reportedly high in both hill and Tarai districts. The presence of women and elderly people was reportedly relatively high in Panchthar and Ilam Districts whereas the presence of young citizens to acquire citizenship was reported higher in Mahottari, Dhanusha, Siraha and Morang Districts. While the CPN-Maoist had obstructed voter registration in Kailali, Kanchanpur, Bajura, Baitadi, and Darchula Districts in the Far Western Region before 1 April, a District Election Officer shared that there were fewer cases of obstruction in the region than during March. Reportedly, more security personnel were deployed in mobile camps given the possibility of potential clashes. In addition, coordination meetings with political parties facilitated by the District Administration Office (DAO) and/or District Election Offices at the district and local levels are also believed to have decreased the level of threats. A CPN-Maoist central committee leader in Kanchanpur reported that the party had requested authorities to halt voter registration in most

3 For more details, please see: http://www.nepal24hours.com/en/?p=21344.

P a g e | 2 Monthly Update, May 2013 – UN RCHC Office districts; however, he also stated that the party decided not to substantively obstruct the process as people were also receiving other important services from the mobile camps (such as social protection allowance, citizenship distribution, etc.). In the end, the CPN-Maoist was reported to have only carried out obstruction activities at a mobile camp in Gulariya, Kanchanpur, on 9 May. CPN-Maoist cadres reportedly broke two computers and seized some election documents. Police reportedly arrested four CPN-Maoist cadres following a clash at the site. The next day, CPN-Maoist imposed a Chakkajam in Kanchanpur protesting against voter registration and demanding the release of the arrested cadres. The most significant number of mobile camp disruptions during May occurred in the Western and Mid Western Regions:

Obstruction of citizenship certificates and voter registration 9 May, : CPN-Maoist cadres reportedly planted a hoax bomb in a mobile camp site in Mainaghat VDC and camp services were disrupted for a day. Similarly, CPN-Maoist cadres reportedly padlocked the Jahaja VDC Office on 9 May, though security personnel later broke the padlock to resume the services of the office.

15 May, : CPN-Maoist cadres reportedly demonstrated and threw stones at police personnel at the mobile camp in Maintada VDC, who responded with tear gas. According to the Chief District Officer (CDO), two police personnel and three CPN-Maoist cadres were injured in the incident and police arrested nine CPN-Maoist cadres involved in the obstruction at the camp. Overall, the camp services were disrupted for only about half a day. CPN- Maoist reacted to the arrests with a Surkhet bandh on 16 May; however the integrated mobile camp at Maintada VDC was continued with the deployment of additional security forces.

18 May, : CPN-Maoist cadres reportedly forcefully obstructed the movement of government officials heading towards Kalai VDC to conduct the mobile camp, injuring two security personnel and halting their movement for a day. According to the CDO, the officials took another route on 19 May to reach the camp site and began providing services from the camp.

19 May, Dang District: CPN-Maoist cadres reportedly obstructed a voter registration and citizenship certificate mobile team at Urahari VDC and clashed with security forces, with two police reportedly injured. Following the incident, an additional 125 security forces were mobilized and camp services were resumed.

20 May, Dang District: CPN-Maoist cadres reportedly clashed with security personnel while attempting to disrupt the citizenship distribution and voter registration process in Tarigaun VDC, with 12 CPN-Maoist cadres and two police injured during the incident. Due to the incident, the services from the camp were disrupted for about two hours.

23 May, : Following tensions between officials from the mobile camp in Dhakadhai VDC and CPN-Maoist cadres, police arrested a District Member of CPN-Maoist attempting to disrupt the mobile camp.

26 May, Kapilbastu District: CPN-Maoist cadres reportedly ‘took control’ of the Patthardaiya and Gugauli VDC Secretaries who were travelling to their mobile camp sites and disrupted camp services for the day. According to the CPN-Maoist District In-Charge, the VDC Secretaries were merely held for inquiry and were later released.

30 May, Rupandehi District: Protesting the arrest of a CPN-Maoist cadre on 23 May for attempting to disrupt the mobile camp in Dhakadhai VDC (see above), CPN-Maoist organized a Rupandehi bandh. Markets were closed and vehicle movement completely halted, with police arresting 56 CPN-Maoist cadres in the Butwal, Bhairahawa, Saljhandi and Dhakdhahi areas attempting to enforce the bandh.

Overall, the majority of obstructions in the Western and Mid Western Regions were limited and very localized. Though CPN-Maoist cadres attempted to disrupt citizenship and voter registration services, camps (including distribution of citizenship certificates to the children of those who acquired citizenship certificate by birth in 2007) were reported by the CDOs of Banke, Bardiya, Dang, Kapilvastu and Nawalparasi Districts as successfully carried out. Meanwhile, the CPN-Maoist District In-charge of the respective districts claimed they will continue to obstruct the voter registration process in protest against the formation of the IECM. A number of interlocutors noted that the mobile camps faced some challenges beyond political obstructions. Access (including walking many hours to mobile camp sites) was identified as an issue in some hill districts, while some interlocutors in the Tarai reportedly faced difficulties during voter registration due to lengthy and bureaucratic processes of acquiring and verifying four different supporting documents to first acquire their citizenship certificates. In the Tarai districts of the Eastern Region, managing the large number of people

P a g e | 3 Monthly Update, May 2013 – UN RCHC Office applying for citizenship and correctly identifying genuine citizens was a challenge reported by the district officials. Other interlocutors suggested that turn-out may be low and many people will still not register on the voters’ roll for various other reasons, including seasonal migration to India, a ‘fatigue’ among some about elections and little campaigning being carried out by political parties to mobilize people to come out for voter registration. Beyond the effects of political obstruction, addressing these other challenges will be vital to the election process. Any gaps in the voters’ role may be used in the future as a point of grievance by political actors and activist groups and create tension in the lead-up to or during future elections.

Tharu groups escalate protests over Kamlari system Demanding the free and fair investigation into the death of a 12-year old Tharu girl (Kamlari) who was killed in Kathmandu during March 2013, 32 organizations working with Tharus and Freed-Kamaiyas formed the United Committee for the Elimination of Kamlari Practice (UCEKP), and staged demonstrations in Kathmandu from 29 May onwards. The UCEKP has also demanded a government decision to free all Kamlari girls and amend existing laws to take action against persons involved in keeping Kamlari girls as domestic workers (effectively treating the practice as a form of internal trafficking of persons). Furthermore, the UCEKP has been staging demonstrations in front of the DAOs in the Mid Western Region and Far Western Tarai districts since 31 May. For instance, generally peaceful sit-in protest programmes with 70-150 participants were carried out in Banke, Bardiya and Dang Districts. However, on 2 June, police baton charges were used against Kamlaris at a demonstration in Kathmandu, injuring perhaps eight (many with head injuries). Similarly, on 3 June, four former Kamlaris were injured during police baton charges against their sit-in protest in front of the DAO in Dang, with 60 demonstrators arrested. Reacting to these incidents, the UCEKP and Tharu activists commenced an indefinite bandh from 4 June onwards in all Tarai districts. On June 3, the Office of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers (OPMCM) formed a committee comprising joint-secretaries for addressing the demands of the freed Kamlaris through talks; however, the UCEKP rejected the government’s offer to hold talks and demanded a higher-level government committee. On 4 June, the UCEKP started talks with the government (in the presence of the Minister for Women, Children and Social Welfare), though these ended inconclusively and are scheduled to resume on 5 June. The Kamlari system is a form of indentured servitude based on young girls from the Tharu community being sent to work in the households of the wealthy. During years of menial labour, they are provided little protection, little to no education and are often subject to cruelty and abuses, including assault and rape. In 2004, the Supreme Court instructed the government to abolish the Kamlari system through the implementation of the Bonded Labor (Prohibition) Act, though the practice continues to persist. Kamlari grievances and mobilization cannot be separated from that of the wider Tharu community, which has come out strongly in support of enforcing the UCEKP bandh in the Mid Western and Far Western Regions. Particularly in those regions, there is a risk that recent Kamlari protest incidents catalyse conflict linked to a history of protracted Tharu tension with the State and identity-based tensions between the Tharu and Pahadi communities. Setback for landlessness activism in the Far Western Region The issue of landlessness is occasionally a cause of tension and conflict in the Far Western Region. Also during May there were a number of sit-in programmes and other protest actions by squatter associations and landless people in Kanchanpur and Kailali. On 23 May, the Cabinet decided to dissolve the ‘Landless Squatters’ Problem Resolution Commission’ that was established in January 2012 to collect applications from landless people, issue identity cards to them after verification and recommend possible solutions to tackle landless people’s issues. The Commission was present in 25 districts, including Kailali and Kanchanpur in the Far Western Region. The Commission had already issued identity cards to a number of landless people in Kanchanpur and Kailali after verifying their application during March-May 2013 and was about to distribute more identity cards in the coming weeks. However, these activities will now cease with the dissolution of the Commission. Following the dissolution, land rights activists from various districts have been meeting with political parties and other stakeholders demanding solutions for landless people’s issues. In addition, landless people are reportedly meeting at the local level to develop their future strategies.

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The Far Western Region has witnessed many effective bandhs and other protest programmes enforced by landless people in past. Tensions and clashes have also occurred between landless people and local authorities, as well as between landless people, local communities and forest user groups, since most landless people live in camps on government or community forest land. New protests should be expected in the coming weeks and months in response to the dissolution of the Commission.

Protests by various groups over local grievances in the Far Western Region In Martadi, Headquarters, the UCPN-M, Nepali Congress, CPN-UML and CPN-Maoist and locals implemented a joint protest programme from 5-7 May demanding a bridge over the Budiganga river on the Sanfe-Martadi road section. The agitating groups closed markets and academic institutions as well as offices of the government, NGOs and BOGs signatories. On 7 May, the DAO imposed a curfew in Martadi following clashes between police and protesting locals and political party cadres. The agitating groups vandalized and set fire to a building in the DAO, more than two dozen people were injured in clashes and police fired several rounds of tear gas and rubber bullets. The protest programmes were called off on the evening of 7 May after a government decision to construct a bridge over the river in Sanfe-Martadi road section that leads to the DHQ. Similarly, political parties and locals in Dadeldhura and Bajhang implemented protest programmes with demands related to a local hospital (Team Hospital) which, for the last 40 years, has been providing services as a referral hospital for seven Far Western Region districts. The Government of Nepal decided to upgrade the hospital to a sub-regional hospital and discontinued an agreement with an NGO (HCDS), which was managing the hospital under a public-private partnership agreement, following a series of protest programmes by political parties in Dadeldhura during March-April. However, the previous HCDS management team reportedly supplied some hospital equipment to the Bithad area of Bajhang District to establish a new hospital, while this equipment should have been handed over to the government at the end of HCDS’ contract. While police tried to seize and retrieve the equipment in Bithad, locals imposed a Chakkajam along the Khodpe-Bajhang road section against the action from 12-13 May. Now, Bithad community members are demanding that the equipment is not returned to Dadeldhura but is used to establish a new hospital in Bithad. In counter-reaction, political parties and locals of Dadeldhura imposed brief Chakkajams on various dates to make the newly upgraded sub-regional hospital operational. In recent months, the numbers of agitations by such various groups having local grievances are increasing.

Confrontation between police and Buddhists in Surkhet District On 25 May, a confrontation between police and Buddhists occurred while the latter attempted to install a statue of Lord Buddha in Kankrebihar (an archeological conservation area) in Surkhet District. Earlier, nine organizations including the Bhrahmin Samaj, Samaj Nepal, Dashanami Samaj and Satnami Samaj had submitted a memorandum to the DAO against establishing the statue in the Kankrebihar area. In the confrontation, 17 Buddhists and six police personnel were injured. The Chairperson of the Buddha Gumba Construction and Protection Committee (BGCPC) and NEFIN in Surkhet condemned the use of police force claiming that the police baton-charged the Buddhists while they were praying. Following the incident, NEFIN carried out a bandh in Surkhet from 26 to 27 May. During the bandh, demonstrators vandalized half a dozen motorcycles and a bus in Birendranagar Municipality. According to the District Police Office, three demonstrators involved in vandalizing the vehicles were arrested. In response to the bandh the DAO met with the BGCPC on 27 May and agreed to release the arrested persons, return the statue and proceed with the request for approval of higher authorities for establishing the statue in Kankrebhihar area.

Protest against the murder of ex-law maker Shradul Miya Haque Public concerns of potential communal tension heightened after the murder of former Constituent Assembly member Shradul Miya Haque of , who was a prominent leader from the Muslim community. Mr. Haque was found murdered at his petrol-pump in Kalyanpur, Saptari on 20 May. Relatives of Mr. Haque and the local community protested against the murder and obstructed the East-Way highway from 21-24 May, demanding a visit of the Home Minister to the incident site. They are also demanding security for Muslim leaders who are being targeted by unidentified forces for the past couple of years.

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The National Muslim Agitation Alliance intensified its protest programmes over the murder to other districts demanding the representation of the Muslim community in the murder probe committee, Martyr status to Mr. Haque and compensation to his family. Demonstrations were also reported in Duhabi and Bhantabari of , where Muslim anger is high. However, no violent incidents or reactions were reported during these demonstrations.

HUMANITARIAN UPDATE

Overview of localized disasters and response status During the month of May the National Emergency Operation Centre recorded 35 deaths and 88 people injured by 62 incidents of lightening across the country. In addition, at least five people lost their lives to accidental fires. Saptari and Khotang Districts in the Eastern Region were in particular affected by fire incidences4. The affected families were provided with immediate relief of NPR 3000 by the respective District Disaster Relief Committees (DDRC). Whereas and other humanitarian partners distributed tarpaulins, NFRI sets and immediate relief items (e.g. clothes) and education kits to children of affected families. Long-term food and housing support remained a critical gap in fire affected districts as the houses and all stored food grains were destroyed by the fire. Moreover, the DDRCs lack budget to address such longer term needs. The CDO of Saptari mentioned that I/NGOs were requested to provide housing as well as long- term food support to the affected families. Another challenge in responding to the fire incidences is attributed to the lack of or very poorly maintained fire services in the districts. In Saptari, fire brigades are not functioning properly as they are old and have not been well maintained. Pre-monsoon preparedness activities With the start of the pre-monsoon, water levels in rivers started increasing, particularly in the Tarai region. With the monsoon approaching, the Regional Administration Office (RAO) of the Far Western Region has instructed all DDRCs to ensure adequate preparedness to mitigate the risk of devastation during the monsoon period. The RAO expects to receive district level preparedness updates from all districts before the monsoon starts. Baitadi and Kanchanpur DDRCs have already organized Disaster Preparedness and Response (DPR) plan reviews and reflection workshops. In the Eastern Region, the Regional Disaster Relief Committee (RDRC) meeting on 14 May prepared an action plan for disaster preparedness and response activities in the region. During May, coordination meetings (among the CDO, LDO, NRCS, I/NGOs, and community members) were facilitated in Khotang, Okhaldhunga, Panchthar, Dhanusha and Mahottari Districts to support reviewing district DPR plans and strengthening DDRC capacity. The Nepal Army Mid Western Divisional Headquarters organized a Regional Disaster Management Workshop on 26-28 May in Surkhet with the aim of strengthening coordination and collaboration among the regional stakeholders. The workshop concluded with the commitment by different stakeholders to increase multi-sectoral coordination and collaboration, map the resources and capacity of regional stakeholders, prepare regional disaster preparedness and response plans and monitor the effectiveness of DPR plans at district level through the RDRC. Regional Monitoring Committee concluded monitoring visit to A four member monitoring team led by the Regional Administrator (RA) undertook a monitoring visit to Kanchanpur on 25 May. The team interacted with government agencies including CDO and humanitarian actors. The RA instructed to analyze disaster vulnerability by keeping in view longstanding problems associated with disasters while revising the DPR plans. Focusing on the coordinated role of all agencies, the RA’s objective is to ensure functioning of all tiers of institutional mechanisms dedicated to disaster management. Major disaster incidences, response activities undertaken by agencies, role of DLSAs and the implementation challenges of the DPR plan were highlighted during the meeting. INGO representatives suggested that different policies and plans (such as the DPR Plan, District Disaster Management Plan and

4 On 4 May 2013, the fire in Joginia, Sakarpura, Belahi Chapena and Sitapur VDCs of Saptari District destroyed 55 houses and affected 258 individuals, including16 children below 5 years of age. Ten families were affected by accidental fire in in the first week of May.

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National Adaptation Plan of Action) adopted by different government agencies require a sound coordination at the central level for ensuring effective implementation of these policies and guidelines. Disaster and climate risk management initiatives From 24-27 May the training on mainstreaming Disaster and Climate Risk Management (D/CRM) into development process was organized in District with the objective of strengthening the capacity of district stakeholders on D/CRM mainstreaming into local development planning processes. The program concluded with the formation of an action plan for D/CRM mainstreaming which is suggested to be applied in the next planning process which starts in November this year. The program was conducted by the Local Development Training Academy with technical support from UNDP/CDRMP. Similarly, Dhangadhi Municipality (Kailali) and Bhimdutta Municipality (Kanchanpur) have organized three-day local disaster risk management planning workshops bringing together municipal authorities, political leaders, journalists and ward disaster risk management committee members. During the workshops, a draft plan was developed in line with the LDRMP Guideline 2011 approved by the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development.

RECENT MAPS AVAILABLE The RCHCO IMU produced a number of mapping products, some of which are listed below and also available on the UN Nepal Information Platform: http://www.un.org.np/resources/maps.

Nepal: District Profile Maps http://un.org.np/district_profile Nepal: Report of Security Incidents May 2013 http://un.org.np/maps/nepal-report-security-incident-may-2013 Nepal: Reports of Bandh/Strikes May 2013 http://un.org.np/maps/nepal-reports-bandhs-strike-may-2013

RECENT REPORTS AVAILABLE

Some of the recent reports available on the UN Nepal Information Platform are listed below: United Nations Development Assistance Framework of Nepal (UNDAF) 2013-2017 http://un.org.np/reports/undaf-2013-2017

RCHCO Field Bulletin: Why do people migrate? An overview of labour migration issues in Achham and Bajura, Issue # 56 http://un.org.np/headlines/field-bulletin-56 Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Buddha in Nepal. Completing the Kenzo Tange Master Plan http://un.org.np/reports/lumbini-birthplace

Global Report on Trafficking in Person 2012 http://un.org.np/reports/global-report-trafficking-persons-2012

CONTACT

United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator’s Office UN House, Pulchowk, Kathmandu, Nepal (GPO Box 107) Phone: +977 1 5523200 Ext. 1518 | Fax: +977 1 5523991 | Email: [email protected] Visit the UN Nepal Information Platform at www.un.org.np

Disclaimer: The information in this report is consolidated from media, UN, NGO and other development and humanitarian partners, subject to availability of data. Although the RCHCO aims to confirm reports independently, occasional factual inaccuracies can occur.

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