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Representation of KyrgyzRepresentation of women KyrgyzMagazine in Soviet In degree fulfillmentfor inGender of partial the ofMaster Arts Studies Supervisor:Francisca Professor de Haan DepartmentGender Studies of Central European University Aisuluu NamasbekAisuluu kyzy Budapest, Hungary Submitted to Submitted 2014 By

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t CEU eTD Collection Chapter I Introduction Table Contentof Abstract Table ofContent Bibliography Conclusion Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Chapter III Discussions, Themes, Discrepancies Chapter II Conclusion My analysis Orientalism The Top Historical Background Introduction Conclusion Orientalism Top Introduction Conclusions Female political roles and the obstacles The Woman question solved? Introduction - down approach

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CEU eTD Collection during Soviet times. My thesis topic is the representation of Kyrgyz women. I would like to to like would I women. Kyrgyz of representation the is topic thesis My times. Soviet during w about research primary done has nobody however, knowledge, my of best the To Uzbekistan. about one Asian and Tajikistan about one perspective, gender Centrala from republics Soviet the of two about books also are There socialism. of dimension crucial emancipation, women’s towards effort bigger the of part important an were magazines These Introduction women ofSoviet Kyrgyzstan, rather women. publication Russian onKyrgyz thanthe magazine Kyrgyz the what analyzing means which perspective, different the from Kyrgyzstan of women the analyze to like would I magazine). (the language Kyrgyz in resources n were (which magazines Soviet the representedin were women Asian Central ideology,how Soviet the in women Asian Central of role the on done research of lot a is there words other In Soviets. the T Kyrgyzstan,Kazakhstan, includes the magazine will allowmetodiscuss this. Kyr how see to like would I Thus process. emancipation the to women of reaction the at look to like would also I lastly And magazine? the in defined women of emancipation the was How magazine? the li would also I project. research the main the analyzing in of question interested overarching the is This am magazine. the in raised Iwere that issues topics, discussions, 1960s. early the in Kyrgyzstan Soviet of women Ayaldary magazine Kyrgyz Soviet the in represented were women Kyrgyz way the research to sra) Hwvr ht wud ie o o n y eerh s o ok ny t the at only look to is research my in do to like would I what However spread). ation Scholars have done a lot of research about the women’s magazines in the Soviet Union. Soviet the in magazines women’s the about research of lot a done have Scholars There is quite extensive research on the way women of Soviet Central Asia, which which Asia, Central Soviet of women way the on research extensive quite is There Importance

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ajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, were approached by wereapproached Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan ajikistan, ke to see what were the main topics and issues discussed in discussed issues and topics main the were what see to ke

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a CEU eTD Collection specificand meanings effects,ofwomen inthemagazine. terms in ofrepresentation effects”. and meanings reve to help can analysis discourse and are identities formed”. social and reproduced, and created are meanings social which in sites as texts Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan 2 246. 1998), 1 cartoons etc. t devoted or Woman) in written articles from excerpts and novels, from excerpts and stories also which readers, the from letters of couple least at regularly published also magazine the articles, from Apart laws. new and decisions Party about articles informational and issues, mothers working home, at and work the issu various in covered that space articles to of devoted was magazine lot A illnesses). prevent to how (specifically issues health to an related included article issue every and household, the concerning advice with pages pages, satiric had countr the in happening events about information with filled only not was magazine The issues. social and economic, political, including issues, various discussed magazine The 1963. l closely have I research twenty monthly between had a issue was the It of each 1998. and until publication, 1957 from published was magazine The language. Kyrgyz

Ibid, 247 Ibid, in Discourse,” “Analyzing FranTonkiss, n order In Methodology

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o the satire, where various women’s issues were demonstrated, through images, images, through demonstrated, were issues women’s various where satire, the o She then continues by saying that “the way that we use language is rarely innocent, innocent, rarely is language use we that way “the that saying by continues then She Rabotnitsa

o odc m rsac I il e using be will I research my conduct to . According to Fran Tonkiss, discourse analy discourse Tonkiss, Fran to According .

(The Worker Woman). The last page ofpage last The Woman). Worker(The 2 ooked at thirty six publications in total, for the years of 1961, 1962 and and 1962 1961, of years the for total, in publications six thirty at ooked

n y ae wl ty o e hw h mgzn ws be o produce to able was magazine the how see to try will I case my In

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CEU eTD Collection Kyrgyzstan. very the was there And I that publications Asia. the were these that reason practical Central of women on 1960s the in women on Union Soviet the of ideology the about research less much is there however Asia; Central to coming Union ea the in women Asian Central on research is there above, mentioned have http://literatura.kg/uploa 4 (2010) 204 3 government. Soviet and Asia Central Soviet the to relation in Orientalism the discuss and analysis; their in these introduce briefly in discuss will will I authors how analyze I then and concepts Orientalism. Said’s Edward second and Fitzpatrick, Sheila top the is First III. Chapter my in analysis my for use will I which theoretical two discuss will I chapter this In republics. Asian Central the to related all is it how and ideology Bolshevik the of component gender the Union, Soviet the of history were copies many how was, magazine the published each toestablishwhy has nor month, themagazine startedin1957. publishing spread wide how find to able not was I itself. Kyrgyzstan, herreceived education and inMoscow. in stenographist first the was who Kydyrbaeva, Kurman was 1970 until 1960 from magazine Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan of editor editors.The its and journal my about information limited only editors. journal’s the of actions and ideas political background,

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Socialist Feminist Cultural Front: Front: Cultural Feminist Socialist ed in the following manner. In the first chapter I will briefly discuss the discuss briefly will I chapter first the In manner. following the in ed f my research project is the lack of information on the magazine magazine the on information of lack the is project research my f

(Kyrgyz Guinness Book), 2008, 2008, Book), Guinness (Kyrgyz

Women of China of Women 3

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(1949 - down approach introduced by introduced approach down - 1966),” 1966),” rly years of the Soviet Soviet the yearsof rly The China Quarterly China The - down approach down

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CEU eTD Collection (which I will establish in the Chapter II). I will try to a to try I will II). Chapter the in establish I will (which process emancipationthe in resisted or in cooperatedKyrgyzwomen how and whether chapteris third the of question main The them. to according magazine the analyze will and Orientalism, women’s emancipation. representedmagazine the how tryanalyze way to IThis will important? magazineconsideredthe in women Kyrgyz the presented secondly approach orientalist whether inthe wasmagazine. used and process, emancipation the to resisted or participated themselves women how on information In my third chapter I will return to two theoretical frameworks, top frameworks, theoretical two to return will I chapter third my In magazine the how is: which question first the answer will I chapter second my In

the magazine? What were the main discussions and issues that issues and discussions main the were What magazine? the 4

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- down app down roach and and roach CEU eTD Collection the Central Asian region and what were the main changes that happened in happened that changes main the were what and region Asian Central the to came Soviets the how with proceed will I Then Revolution. the after introduced Bolsheviks the of component gender the Bol was what importantly, most and, power the to how came occurred, Bolsheviks revolution the how particularly more Revolution, 1917 the with starting Introduction Chapter LiteratureI Review revolution unsuccessful an finally and 1902, in strikes and revolts movement’), people the to ‘go int Revolt), in 1825(Decembrist revolts therewere Russia, politicalin system complete the a transformation of to 1917, which led Historical Backg Iwhere analyze theKyrgyz magazine. chapters two subsequent the in use then will I to which literature, able this was of Ibasis the that on formulate questions the with conclude I And Uzbekistan. of case the for made has of analysis of kind the on primarily it basing thesis, own my in conduct to like write aboutuse these Central Asia concepts. th And Union. Soviet the analyze to concepts these used authors other how discuss briefly will I Then terms. those coined who discuss and orientalism, top of concepts the introduce firs first will Asia; I Orientalism. Central second Soviet approach, and Union Soviet the analyzing while discussed in terms ofafter thewomanBolsheviks question control took ofthe region. shevik Revolution. I will discuss the policies and laws and policies the discuss will I Revolution. shevik n h first the In The 1917 Revolution in Russia was a long and complex process. Before the uprisings in uprisings the Before process. complex and long a was Russia in Revolution 1917 The The 1917Revolution Russiain would I analysis of kind what demonstrate will I review literature my of part last the In be should that issues main two the on focus will I chapter this of part second the In

round

part of this chapter I will briefly discuss the history of the Soviet Union, Union, Soviet the of history the discuss briefly will I chapter this of part

he 1860s (underground study groups in circles), in the 1870s (to 1870s incircles), inthe studygroups (underground he 1860s

en I will analyze how the authors that that authors the how analyze will I en

concerning women’s issues that issues women’s concerning

down approach and and approach down Soviet Central Asia Asia Central Soviet

Marianne Kamp Kamp Marianne te top the t - down

the CEU eTD Collection peasants fought for land, intelligentsia for freedom of speech, workers for higher wages (also (also wages higher for workers speech, of freedom for intelligentsia land, for fought peasants th not However, was economy. this that declining acknowledges and Buckley resources of scarcity of time in I, War World in Russia of involvement the was argues she discontent people’s of reasons main the of One country. the did it strikes) 1902 and revolution failed 1905 the (after happen to revolution the for timing perfect the was this though even that argues she 1917 Regarding 1980s. “polit 1905. in 10 9 8 7 6 5 the of Republics the of all almost in 1920s early the in power their established Bolsheviks the 1921. until 1918 from continue to War Civil the lead which Russia, to sent were America French, British, and Allies, the by supported were which Soviets. the from opposition the expelling and publications oppositional down shutting government, authoritarian an into turned situation the Since soldiers. the and peasants the to promises their fulfill not could Bolsheviks the because power, over struggle serious a was there no did this however d’état; coup which inthecountry: created twopowers andtheGovernment.Bolsheviks Provisional the rejected II Nicholas of brother the After population. the of majority the of support the have not did Soviets March in happened revolts the after And prisons. in or exile in either were them of most because Bolsheviks by organized better andetc. working theright revolt), to conditions

Mary Buckley, MaryBuckley, Ibid, 30 Ibid, 29 Ibid, 28 Ibid, 4 Ibid,

Eric Hobsbawn, Eric ical construction of ideology on women”. on ideology of construction ical

In November 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government through a a through Government Provisional the overthrew Bolsheviks the 1917, November In Buc to according spontaneously, started Revolution The

Mary Buckley in her book book her in Buckley Mary Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union Soviet in the Ideology and Women Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914 Century Twentieth Short The Extremes: of Age

t mean that the Bolsheviks seized full power. Up until the 1920s the until Up power. full seized Bolsheviks the that mean t 9

In 1918 the Bolsheviks were challenged by the White army, White the by challenged were Bolsheviks the 1918 In Women

to become tsar, a Provisional Government was formed formed was Government Provisional a tsar, become to ol rao wy h 11 Rvlto occurred: Revolution 1917 the why reason only e 6 6

n Ielg i te oit Union Soviet the in Ideology and

She analyzes the changes over time, up until the until up time, over changes the analyzes She (USA: The University of Michigan Press, 1989), 29 1989), Press, ofMichigan University (USA: The

in the country was unstable, the Bolshev the unstable, was country the in 7

- 1991

(Great (Great Britain n and Japanese military troops troops military Japanese and n

not lead to political change in change political to lead not ly h rvls ee not were revolts the kley : Abacus, 1995), 63 63 1995), : Abacus, 10

looks at the the at looks

And finally And 8

iks CEU eTD Collection Soviet period Kyrgyzstan and the whole Central Asian region had to go through various changes various through go to had region Asian Central whole the and Kyrgyzstan period Soviet Sovie the of one was Kyrgyzstan Union, Soviet the of collapse Kara the 1924 In 1920s. early in Kyrgyzstan over control took Soviets the Revolution, Bolshevik the After Kyrgyzstan. called are territories the over control took Empire Russian the 1860s, late In Kyrgyzstan. and the last,late in 1920s. Asia Central the except Union Soviet 14 13 12 11 support whileonmaternityLabor leave were inthe Law. also included wage same the get should women and men that stated Law Labor new The conditions. working the concerning those were eliminated first they restrictions the Among women. concerning laws the including therethe Revolution a waspossibility situation. tochange the some partsjust of it). socialis and rights) individual for also and family traditional the in changes for were who classes upper the from (women liberal the between tension a was there However, century. twentieth early and nineteenth the in started but 1917, in up come just not did liberation women’s of issue the that mentions also She women. of liberation the including issue every practically on debates in social, politicalandeconomicIdetails terms, discussin later which inthe chapter. will

Ibid, 34 Ibid, MaryBuckley, “History”, MaryBuckley, h Cnrl sa rpbis nld Kzksa, aiitn Trmnsa, Uzbekistan Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, include republics Asian Central The After the Revolution, Bolshevik Revolution, the After that argues Buckley The Gender component of Bolshev

President of Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyz of President Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union Soviet in the Ideology and Women Union Soviet in the Ideology and Women

for the same work performed. Also such things as maternity leave and financial and leave maternity as things such Also performed. work same the for 13

And if prior tothewomen’s Revolution a liberation not priority, was after 11

during the first years after the Revolution there were different different were there Revolution the after years first the during

t women (who were for changing the system as a whole, not whole, a as system the changing for were (who women t - , accessed June 10, 2014, 2014, June10, accessed , Kyrgyz Autonomous oblast was formed. And up until the the until up And formed. was oblast Autonomous Kyrgyz n republics, where the Bolsheviks power was established established was power Bolsheviks the where republics, n s tried to eliminate all the restrictions of Tsarist regime regime Tsarist of restrictions the all eliminate to tried s ik ideology 7

(USA: The University of Michigan Press, 1989), 32 1989), Press, ofMichigan University (USA: The 31 1989), Press, ofMichigan University (USA: The

http://www.president.kg/ru/kyrgyzstan/istorija/

t Socialist countries. Socialist t

rather it was a process which which process a was it rather 14

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CEU eTD Collection to getenough tovoidthe marriage. was divorced inorder easy before. the was as rights, property any have not would she a that mean not if did this importantly married woman most And voluntarily. union this to agree parties both if registered only be mar all, of First divorce. 20 CEU 19 Eastern Europe, South and Easter, Central, Feminisms: and of Movements Women’s Dictionary Bibliographical 19 no 202. 1, 2007) BerghanJournals, Oxford: and York (New Daskalova Krassimira in Practice” and Vision as a “Communism Novikova Natalia see 2006) Press, CEU York: New and LoutfiAnna (Budapest and Daskalova Krassimira Haan, Franciscade 19 Eastern Europe, South and Easter, Central, Feminisms: and Movements Women’s 18 17 16 15 the after possible was women of emancipation women’s that believed Armand and Kollontai play and Union Soviet the Kollontai Alexandra time the of wom of liberation the achieving in step first these laws inpractice. implementing way a of with men enjoyedtherewas long argues whilewomen equality legal that, education. an receive and property own to vote, to right the granted were Women men. as rights civil and political same the enjoyed now women legally least At laws.

Mary Buckley, MaryBuckley, “Armand NatalyaPushkareva, Armandsee more Inessa onFor “K Gafizova, Natalya see Kollontai Alexandra more onFor 35 Ibid, 35 Ibid, MaryBuckley, th

and 20 and Zhenotdel.

Press, 2006), 33 2006), Press, for women to access divorce. After the introduction of the law the will of one of the spouses ofthe ofone thewill law of the introduction the divorce.After access to women for 15 Women and men were equal under the law in terms of labor laws, marriage and divorce and marriage laws, labor of terms in law the under equal were men and Women and marriage concerning those were law in changes fundamental most the Among Legal changes were made; however, Buckley argues that these changes were only the the only were changes these that argues Buckley however, made; were changes Legal

Not only restrictions concerning marriage were abolished, the law on divorce made it made divorce on law the abolished, were marriage concerning restrictions only Not th

Centuries 20 Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union Soviet in the Ideology and Women Union Soviet in the Ideology and Women These two women were very active in discussing women’s emancipation in the in emancipation women’s discussing in active very were women two These

, ed. Francisca de Haan, Krassimira Daskalova and Anna Loutfi (Budapest and New York: York: New and LoutfiAnna (Budapest and Daskalova Krassimira Haan, Franciscade ed. ,

ed very important roles, including being the head of the Zhenotdel. Both Zhenotdel. the of head the being including roles, important very ed

riage became a civil union rather than a religious union. Marriages couldMarriages union. religiousa ratherthan union civil abecame riage

and Innessa Armand Innessa and en. That’s why she discusses the two main theorists theorists main two the discusses she why That’s en. 8

(USA: The University of Michigan Press, 1989 Press, ofMichigan University (USA: The 1989), Press, ofMichigan University (USA: The ollontai Alexandra” in Alexandra” ollontai Aspasia, , Innessa , 19 , who were the first and second heads of heads second and first the were who , 16

- ed. Francisca de Haan, Maria Bucur, Bucur, Maria Haan, Franciscade ed. Elizaveta Fiodorovna” in Fiodorovna” Elizaveta

A Bibliographical Dictionary of of Dictionary Bibliographical A th

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case CEU eTD Collection omnl oshl ad omnl iig wih ol fe wmn rm h household the responsibilities. from women free would which dining, communal and household communal child communal of supporters active were they why is This possible. be would women div this changing with only that believed They chores. household for responsible women making through potential women’s restricted which structure, the education of women. child marriage, on views revolutionary very had and Revolution 24 23 22 21 organizational agi included meetings), which (organizing tasks various for responsible were that women’s liberation.” were necessaryfor rooms since these th promote to union, trade as such other organizations, with liaise to third, and soviets; the and organizations cooperative unions, trade party, the into women these draw to second, life; and politics about them enlightening through women working of number large a over party the of influence the expand to “first, goals: main three had Zhenotdel The Kollontai. Alexandra and Armand These Inessa Union. were Soviet women the in women of process emancipation the to enormously contributed of two leaders, five had it period this During 1930. in dissolved was it years, eleven for existed Zhenotdel women. to only specific issues with dealt which established, was Zhenotdel organiz seperate a favor not did beginning the at Lenin Although terms). temporary is this discussed they though (even issues women’s with only deal would which organizations women separate of necessity

Ibid, 66 Ibid, 56 Ibid, 46 Ibid, MaryBuckley, One of the main problems Armand and Kollontai considered was the traditional family traditional the was considered Kollontai and Armand problems main the of One

Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union Soviet in the Ideology and Women 22 to fr oe, e lo a ta tee a a ed o one. for need a was there that saw also he women, for ation

In order to achieve wom achieve to order In

tprop work (agitation among women), sector which supervised supervised which sector women), among (agitation work tprop

en’s liberation, Armand and Kollontai believed in the in believed Kollontai and Armand liberation, en’s 9

(USA: The University of Michigan Press, 1989), 1989), Press, ofMichigan University (USA: The e construction of nurseries and public dining dining public and nurseries of construction e so o lbr h fl eacpto of emancipation full the labor of ision 24 The Zhenotdel had different sectionsZhenotdel different The had - rearing, working conditions and conditions working rearing, - instructional work work instructional - c as n peasant and lass 23

n 99 the 1919 In - rearing,

45 whom whom

CEU eTD Collection on women in the work force, not only throughout the Stalin period but also in the Khrushchev the in also but period Stalin the throughout only not force, work the in women on growingwas Union.TheemphasisSoviet wasand percentageastrong employed ofwomen there mass Union, Soviet the in solved was Question Woman Zhenotdel as tasks same the had which Councils), (Women’s Zhensovety called were they then and left, were organizations East” the of women “the republics(Muslim ofCentral Asia). of liberation the supervised that sector a lastly and publications, 49 Press,2004), 31 30 29 28 27 1860 bolshevism, 26 25 that definedgenderand family identities r norms cultural the importantly, most and, peasants, were population the of majority the that fact the religion, as such this for reasons different lists She republics. Asian Central the in ideology incorporating with problems of lot a faced power,they to came Bolsheviks the when in Harris Colette example in population proclaiming QuestionStalin’s the Woman had been that solved. left was he 1950s families. nuclear stable more needed country the because and women, benefiting not were 1920s early the in adopted laws the that perception era.

Colette Harris, Harris, Colette in II Chapter 1960s in ideology the of component gender the and context discuss I the 128 Ibid, 113 Ibid, MaryBuckley, Stites, Richard see Zhenotdel more onFor MaryBuckley, 28

uig tlns eie as o laws regime Stalin’s During fe te islto o te hnte i 13, ny n oit Cen Soviet in only 1930, in Zhenotdel the of dissolution the After eta Ai ws h hret at f h Sve Uin n em o icroaig the incorporating of terms in Union Soviet the of part hardest the was Asia Central Soviet Central Asia

to the new way of living. This is the argument that most authors agree upon. For upon. agree authors most that argument the is This living. of way new the to - Control and Subversion: Gender Relations in Tajikistan in Relations Gender Subversion: and Control Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union Soviet in the Ideology and Women Union Soviet in the Ideology and Women 193,

(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991) Press, University (Princeton: Princeton with a lot of inconsistency in terms of the ideology on women because of of because women on ideology the of terms in inconsistency of lot a with

Control and Subversion: Gender Relations in Relations Gender Subversion: and Control 26

. 27

The dissolution of Zhenotdel and Stalin’s proclaiming that the that proclaiming Stalin’s and Zhenotdel of dissolution The 25

The women's liberation movement in Russia : feminism, nihilism, and and nihilism, feminism, Russia : in movement liberation women's The

mrig ad ioc wr aedd bcue f the of because amended, were divorce and marriage n elationships. 29

10 And after Khrushchev came to power in the mid the in power to came Khrushchev after And

(USA: T Pr ofMichigan University (USA: The

he University of Michigan Press, 1989), 147 1989), Press, ofMichigan heUniversity mobilization of women started in the the in started women of mobilization

(London and Sterling, Virg Sterling, (London and 30

Tajikistan Tajikistan tral Asia women’s women’s Asia tral ess, 1989), 68 ess,1989), inia: Pluto Pluto inia:

the socialist socialist the argues that that argues

- CEU eTD Collection customs”, bride which included on based “crimes called so the concerned laws these of One well. as introduced were onl region specific were that laws attention, more needing as region the of women the and backward most the as region the saw Soviets the as However, introduced. were education and as backward inthewhole themost women Soviet Union. were seen CentralAsia importantwomenthe most tasks, because of the of emancipation one was 34 51 Press,2004), 33 66 2006), Press, Washington of University London: and top completely 32 a as Union “Soviet the of depiction its for scholarship, in approach studying theSoviet Union. totalitarian dominant the challenged 1970s the in historians revisionist UK and published top the labeled Fitzpatrick Sheila what is approach common very A Union. Soviet the analyze they waythe approachesto authors’ T The the veiling oftheCentral practices Asian region. inmost abolish to able were Soviets the Union Soviet the of dissolution the by however accurate; very made reaction This Soviets. the of that on and women Asian Central the of ontheside both was unprecedentedly violent, unveiling reactionrepublics. tothe the However in women of unveiling the seen was emancipation towards steps biggest

Ibid, Harris, Colette MarianneKamp,

54 op As inth women’s region, Asian Central the in established was government Soviet the After Fitzpatrick argues that in 1970s revisionist historia revisionist 1970s in that argues Fitzpatrick of history the discussing When f women’s of instruments limiting the of one as seen was religion As

down approachdown in 2007, she introduces the notion of the top the of notion the introduces she 2007, in

Control and Subversion: Gender Relations in Tajikista in Relations Gender Subversion: and Control eregarding Union,new conditions restmarriage, laws divorce,labor oftheSoviet The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling Communism under Unveiling and Modernity, Islam, Uzbekistan: in Woman New The

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anti - Communism” meant supporting evil. supporting meant Communism”

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48, no (2007):80 4 48, 39

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Colette Colette suchas institutions Sovietwith the being involved faceafter women to had the backlash to that isreferred It Ibid Ibid, Harris, Colette This is a very interesting and important point that Harris makes in her chapter, however as in as however chapter, her in makes Harris that point important and interesting very a is This within incorporated were government Soviet the of policies the way the discusses also Harris

Harris, Harris, , 42 , 47

Control and Subversion: Gender Relation in Tajikistan in andSubversion: GenderControl Relation Control and Subversion: Gender Relations in Tajikistan in Relations Gender Subversion: and Control Tajikistan in Relations Gender Subversion: and Control 42

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(London and Sterling, Virginia: Pluto Pluto Virginia: Sterling, (London and Pluto Virginia: Sterling, (London and

where inoneofchapters her 43

Central Asian Central 44 - Soviet rule, rule, Soviet

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Ibid, MarianneKamp, Harris, Colette One of her sources is the Uzbek women’s magazine Yangi Yol (New Path), about which she she which about Path), (New Yol Yangi magazine women’s Uzbek the is sources her of One in Kamp Marianne Soviet the of policies the resist or participate not did women Tajik that suggests Harris

n of the region participated in the emancipation process, and, second that if not all of them,of all not if that secondprocess,and, emancipation the in participated regionthe of n 16

analyzes various degrees of influence of the Soviet policies in the in policies Soviet the of influence of degrees various analyzes Control and Subversion: Gender Relations in Tajikistan in Relations Gender Subversion: and Control The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism Communism under Unveiling and Modernity, Islam, Uzbekistan: in Woman New The

concentrates more on why and how the society, clergy and men were against against were men and clergy society, the how and why on more concentrates

Washington Press,2006), 6 Press,2006), Washington

The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling Under Unveiling and Modernity, Islam, Uzbekistan: in Woman New The

Krest’yan en’s resistance to losing their privileges and religion. religion. and privileges their losing to resistance en’s 45

Harris gives no explanation for the cooperation of cooperation the for explanation no gives Harris 14 ek society?”ek

ka and Rabotnitsa 46

(London and Sterling, Virginia: Pluto Pluto Virginia: Sterling, (London and

bu ideology”. about

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Kamp CEU eTD Collection authors who use the concept of orientalism to describe the history of the Soviet Union in relationin Union h Soviet the historyof the describe to orientalism of concept Ithe use who authors section this In Orientalism. about talk to not impossible is it Asia, Central Orientalism down rep to their context. relevant more were that problems the on more concentrate editors the that sense the in different 51 50 49 Press,2006), Washington of University London: and 48 to comes and speech his of part every analyzes carefully Said Egypt. in problems the with deal to how on Commons of House British the in 1910 in Balfour James Arthur by made speech the dominate the Orient (East). and France to came States United the II II War World the after and East, War the dominating once the were Britain World the of end the until that argues he East, the dominating West the Orient”. the over authority having and restructuring, dominating, for style Western a as Orientalism short, “in backward, and dominated We The East. the and West accounts…” political and descriptions, social novels, epics, theories, elaborate for point starting a as West theorists, political b the accepted philosophers, have administrators, novelists, imperial and economists, poets, are whom among writers, of mass large that they theCentral Orientalize themselves orientalism the of concepts the used authors these if that claim not Ido However Asia. Central to

Ibid 3 Ibid, Said, Edward MarianneKamp, Above I have looked at different authors some of whom still use in their analysis the top the analysis their in use still whom of some authors different at looked have I Above ,

While researching the history of the Soviet Union and its relationship with the Soviet Soviet the with relationship its and Union Soviet the of history the researching While Said also discussed how the Orient was c was Orient the how discussed also Said very “a that argues Said 1970. in Edward Said by coined term a course of is Orientalism resentation, while analyzing ortheCentral Soviet resentation, while Asia. theSoviet Union 49

Orientalism

He argues that it there is in the scholarship overall a clear distinction between the between distinction clear a overall scholarship the in is there it that argues He 48 The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism Communism under Unveiling and Modernity, Islam, Uzbekistan: in Woman New The

(New York: Vintage Books, 1979), Books, Vintage York: (New 51

st being portrayed modern and powerful; and the East as being being as East the and powerful; and modern portrayed being st

Said was explicit in defining which countries he sees as sees he countries which defining in explicit was Said

98 Asian region.

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Colette Harris, Harris, Colette Ibid, Ibid, Said, Edward

33 32 Among the most widely issues discussed by the authors, while discussing the women of women the discussing while authors, the by discussed issues widely most the Among Soviet Central Asia

treatments of non of treatments

Orientalism Control and Subversion: Gender Relations in Tajikistan in Relations Gender Subversion: and Control

The orient was designated geographically, morally, and culturally. and morally, geographically, designated was orient The

(New York: Vintage Books, 1979 Books, Vintage York: (New

53 - -

Slavs in the Soviet Union (as second (as Union Soviet the in Slavs Nantes make this clear in their books. Harris points out that there that out points Harris books. their in clear this make Nantes

In this respect Said wrote “It does not occur to Balfour, however, Balfour, to occur not does “It wrote Said respect this In

Sve gvrmn, oee te oenet i not did government the however government, Soviet e roduced by the West about the Orient, which leads to to leads which Orient, the about West the by roduced 16

54 ), ),

31 In another words Orient is constructed and constructed is Orient words another In

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Harris also Harris 52

Said

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Mary Buckley, MaryBuckley, Cor Yvonne Harris, Colette Nantes in her book emphasizes emphasizes book her in Nantes At the very beginning of her book Marianne Kamp states that “In basing “In that states Kamp Marianne book her of beginning very the At while raised are that themes main the highlighted have I t were women Asian Central Soviet the that claims also Buckley true. Women of the middle and upper classes in Central Asian republics were educated were republics Asian inCentral classes upper and the middle of Women true. 53 - 57 existent. However she also argues that it is argued by the Central Asian writers, that writers, Asian Central the by argued is it that argues also she However existent. coran

Control and Subversion: Gender Relations in Tajikistan in Relations Gender Subversion: and Control

Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union Soviet in the Ideology and Women - Nantes, Nantes,

Lost Voices: Central Asian Women Confronting Women Asian Central Lost Voices: - language sources rather than Russian than rather sources language

the education of women. She discusses that one of the the of one that discusses She women. of education the 56

eas Erpas eadd eln a a in of sign a as veiling regarded Europeans because 17

(USA: The University of Michigan Press, 1989), 60 1989), Press, ofMichigan University (USA: The

l Asia were even harder to access than the the than access to harder even were Asia l

(London and Sterling, (London and top -

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oviet government Kamp makes the following points. Hujum is discussed as one of the most the of one as discussed is Hujum points. following the makes Kamp government oviet Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, MarianneKamp,

94 13 11 n e atmt o nod h dsuso aot h aec o Ubk oe udr the under women Uzbek of agency the about discussion the unfold to attempt her In In Chapter 5 “New Women” Kamp analyzes the Uzbek magazine Uzbek the analyzes Kamp Women” “New 5 ChapterIn ks at the main themes (education for women, reforming marriage, rights, and moral moral and rights, marriage, reforming women, for (education themes main the at ks

The New Woman in Uzbe in Woman New The

Rabotnitsa Rabotnitsa ipate or cooperate with the policies and laws of the Soviet Union this does this Union Soviet the of laws and policies the with cooperate or ipate

In one of chapters in her book, she analyzes the Uzbek magazine, Uzbek the analyzes she book, her in chapters of one In

and Krest’yanka kistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism Communism under Unveiling and Modernity, Islam, kistan: ag Y’ol Yangi

18 ; however, unlike in the Russian magazine Russian the in unlike however, ; ncludes “In Uzbekistan, if women resisted state state resisted women if Uzbekistan, “In ncludes

obnd ai bcgon wt t with background Jadid combined

She further argues that women activists were women She argues further that

he Soviet government. She also She government. Soviet he 61 and Uzbeks as acted upon or upon acted as Uzbeks and

Kamp suggests that women that suggests Kamp omen have been ignored, ignored, been have omen 60

Yangi Y’ol Yangi Then she discusses the discusses she Then

(New Path), (New (Seattle (Seattle er own heir Yangi

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Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, 99 Ibid, MarianneKamp,

London: University of Washington Press,2006), 98 Press,2006), Washington of University London:

advocated for the “continuation o “continuation the for advocated

122 100 Kamp makes clear that she is looking at the Uzbek magazine because enough research enough because magazine Uzbek the at looking is she that clear makes Kamp What is unique research aboutshe approaches is What way Kamp’s sources thatshewas isthe the She readers. its to sent it messages the and itself magazine the analyzes Kamp Further She magazine. Uzbek the of editors the to attention of lot a pays Kamp Marianne

ype of marriage, however it did not resemble with the vision of the marriage that was was that marriage the of vision the with resemble not did it however marriage, of ype 63

f the discourse around the Central Asian republics in the magazine magazine the in republics Asian Central the around discourse the f

devoted a whole section in nearly every issue to articles about Central Asia, the the Asia, Central about articles to issue every nearly in section whole a devoted The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism Communism under Unveiling and Modernity, Islam, Uzbekistan: in Woman New The analysis, which are Uzbek are which analysis, 66

For example, in terms of the marriage law, the magazine did advocate foradvocate did magazine the law,marriage the of terms in example, For

Ranotnitsa Ranotnitsa f families, private houses, and women’s primary roles as roles primary women’s and houses, private families, f

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I Ibid Ibid MaryBuckley, bid,

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Kyrg 67

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- Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan bylo” (Happy Family) (HappyFamily) bylo” 23

o oe’ hue ao ad h wy t limits it way the and labor house women’s to

(USA: The University of Michigan Press, 1989), 144 1989), Press, ofMichigan University (USA: The

nd interviews in the magazine voice magazine the in interviews nd

110, no 6 (1963):17 6 no 110, Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan ciety overall. Itciety overall. says: te ak f governmental of lack the , on) on) th

Party Congress in 1956 1956 in Congress Party Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

96, no 4 (1962): (1962): 4 no 96,

ticles ticles 107, 107, new 74

73 -

CEU eTD Collection Since the agricultural work is seasonal the author argues author the seasonal is work agricultural the Since care. child to related is issues the of one and hardships of lot a endure have they work to women for order in that admits also she however, work, at women of successes the praises She work. agricu this in involved are women of lot a that fact the and income of resource main the is care child the discusses th fact the and care child the of importance the discusses she the where 1963, June in published article Baigeldieva’s F. is example One liberatingwomen. in steps important most arethe facilities these that opinion the (Fair Treatment) Talap” “Adilettyy Also Baigeldieva, F. see 9. (1962): 1 79 Stu European East and Russian for Center and Martin’sPress St. York: 78 77 76 motherhood of importance the about and children more or ten had who heroines has. woman children of number was motherhood happy and children of number big the was motherhood the of aspects the of One region. Asian Central the of characteristics the definitelyhad motherhood this ma Kyrgyz not anexception. magazinesSovietthe in definitelypresent is Motherhoodtheme. policy…” social Soviet the of theme central and explicit an remained motherhood of promotion the “the during era that Khrushchev argues also Buckley worker. a as that with clash not does role this and roles in articles the and kindergartens

See also A. Izmailov, “Chynchyl jana Ak Niettyy Boluu” (Being Honest and Modest) and Honest (Being AkNiettyyBoluu” jana “Chynchyl A. also Izmailov, See Lynne Attwood, Attwood, Lynne MaryBuckley, (Fair Treatment) Talap” “Adiletty Baigeldieva, F. Motherhood was probably one of the most frequent themes that was brought up in the the in up brought was that themes frequent most the of one probably was Motherhood work, paid in participate to mothers for obstacles various many so are there though Even Motherhood gazine. However, even though the articles can be read as a promotion of motherhood, of promotion a as read be can articles the though even However, gazine. Women ygztn Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Creating the New Soviet Woman: Women’s Magazines as Engineers of Female Identity Female of Engineers as Magazines Women’s Woman: New Soviet the Creating

should bewomen.should working provided for

and Ideology in the Soviet Union Soviet in the Ideology and

issues in a particular region particular a in issues 77

h cam that claims She t hs ol lt oe wr ee mr scesul. Baigeldieva successfully. more even work women let would this at

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

represent

h pooin f ohrod a awy a central a always was motherhood of promotion the Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

24 motherhood

(USA: The University of Michigan Press, 1989, 157 1989, Press, ofMichigan University (USA: The

in Kyrgyzstan (Jeti Kyrgyzstan in

published a lot of articles about mother about articles of lot a published 76 that at least seasonal day seasonal least at that dies, 1999), 146 1999), dies,

as one of women’s most important important most women’s of one as Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

110, no 6 (1963):17 6 no 110, 78 , and , - Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Ogyz), where agriculture Ogyz),where

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

110, no 6 (1963): 17 no (1963): 6 110,

defined in the the in defined 79 - . One of the of One . care centers care

(New 93, no 93, ltural ltural

was

- CEU eTD Collection without any hints of giving up one or the other. As such, this article is representative of most of most of representative is article this such, As other. the or one up giving of hints any without futur her plans. mentions it and kolhoz, the for working was always and working still is she how and herself Nurjamal of story the tells also but achievements their and children of description the he helping are they how and interview kolhoz local the in children herachievements ofthe discusses Shechildren. herherself and about small a gives Nurjamal children. ten of mother the is who Nurjamal, woman, a of Tilegi” “Enenin called was 1961 in magazine the in articles 82 Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary 81 80 up the also but and motherhood only not job praises article The a community. find to able was child her that happy and proud very is mother The youngtells thestorygirl,a achievements her of her mother. and wrote The mother this: Onein ofthe published interviews daughters. their of achievements the to comes it when especially are, mothers their proud how lik who, children of lot a have who women of stories the tell articles These girls. of particular in and children of success workingwoman in articles the

V. Varanin, “Enenin Baktysy” (Mother’s Happiness) (Mother’sHappiness) “EneninBaktysy” Varanin, V. mother (The Bayandait” “Baatyr Ene Abdyldaev, Abdymanap also See Ashyraliev, T. 80 find her place thein community andwork for the country?” find childto want their wouldparents not veryWhich news!alsoexciting is a job fac The happy.very parent makeany would outgoing,which and smart confident, [ Mairamhan passed. years “Some Another issue that the magazine raised quite often, while discussing motherhood, was the the was motherhood, discussing while often, quite raised magazine the that issue Another

106, no 2 (1963): 18. And also see Japar Jumaliev “Meenetkech Kelin” (Har Kelin” “Meenetkech Jumaliev Japar 18.see also And 2 no (1963): 106, n hs ml soy oh a ap mteho ad h wrig oa ae presented are woman working the and motherhood happy a both, story small this In

“Enenin Tilegi” (Mother’sWish) “EneninTilegi” ygztn Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan 81

. 94, no 2 (1962): 20 2 no 94, (1962):

e their mothers, are working as hard as they can. The articles describe describe articles The can. they as hard as working are mothers, their e r and the whole country. However, the story does not just end with end just not does story the However, country. whole the and r

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary

bu mteho, hc prais which motherhood, about h daughter the Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan 25

]

iihd e euain Se eae self became She education. her finished “Enenin Baktysy”“Enenin (Mother’s Happines

83, no 3(1961):6 no 83, (Mother’s Wish), and tells the story the tells and Wish), (Mother’s - heroin is telling a story) story) tellinga heroinis 82

94, no 2 (1962):9 2 no 94, - bt te ohr n the and mother the both e bringing of children which children of bringing dworking Woman) Woman) dworking

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan t that she foundshe that t the ok o the for work

right job, toright job,

s) s) e - CEU eTD Collection edl at ee bride were past feudal the of signs the as to referred were that actions and Events capabilities. full their fulfilling from and one ofthe frequently discussed most topics magazine women’s Kyrgyz the for issue important very another is This daughter. a of marriage issues the of one children, working and motherhood happy about story similar a In community. the in place their finding and work to them leads would Lo and 83 yet.even has even not thedaughter though finishedschool answer was: Her by proposed was and know even not does she that boy young a of parents the with met has she that interviewer the tells Leili polygamy). and bride as (such customs on based crimes and past feudal d had woman this that attitude new the discusses and that beyond goes but woman, the of salvation the about talk only not does one this magazine, Uzbek the in stories Zhe the of help the and kolhoz to thanks survive to able only is Leili pattern; same the follows story Leili’s women. those awaiting were that lives traditional the from women saving government ma the in women about told stories narrative. salvation a with stories called Kamp Marianne what of example good a also is This children. who woman a with interview an is Leili) of (Happiness order todiscuss these. interview

Marianne Kamp, MarianneKamp, svt t pt e cide i knegre, col n uiest. oee ulk i the in unlike However university. and school kindergarten, in children her put to nsovety ndon: University of Washington Press,2006), 110 Press,2006), Washington of University ndon: The Feudal past One of the interviews tells the story of a woman and her children. “Leilinin Kubanchy” “Leilinin children. her and woman a of story the tells interviews the of One s, letters sent in by the readers, short stories and pictures are used in the magazine in magazine the in used are pictures and stories short readers, the by in sent letters s, 83

hn h aaye te ze magazine Uzbek the analyzes she When ygztns f Kyrgyzstan’s The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism Communism under Unveiling and Modernity, Islam, Uzbekistan: in Woman New The

- inpig bride kidnapping, eudal

p ast was considered one of the obstacles preventing women women preventing obstacles the of one considered was ast gazine had a salvation character to it, in terms of the Soviet Soviet the of terms in it, to character salvation a had gazine - price, young and arranged marriages. Articles, Articles, marriages. arranged and young price,

26 – the parents to give her daughter into marriage, into daughter her give to parents the

the socalled feudal past. ag yo’l Yangi - kidnapping, young marriage, bride marriage, young kidnapping, lost her husband and was left with three with left was and husband her lost htwr asdi h ey young very the is raised were that ,

h age ta ms o the of most that argues she

eveloped towards the the towards eveloped

(Seattle (Seattle - price price CEU eTD Collection Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary bride the with came also boy the of parents the that fact the with angry very was and proposal the refused she So, protection) theirrights and women’sliberation at perspective 86 theirgrandchildren) of Successes in Happiness (Grandparent’s Syimyktanat” Nebereler Kairatyna Enenin “Chon Joldoshev Kadyrjan see 85 84 magazine. the to sent they letters the through seen be could which rights, these implementing in on customsthatwouldcomeIt topower that: in1961. said the regarding laws new the on information provided which bulletin, informational bride of issue the discuss Ayaldary

A. Esenbekov, “Ayaldardyn Erkindigi Jana Ukuktaryn Korgoo Kamkordugunun Jany Korynyshy” (New JanyKorynyshy” Kamkordugunun Korgoo Ukuktaryn Jana Erkindigi “Ayaldardyn A.Esenbekov, Lecturer) the Asan” (Asan “Lektor A. also Mambetahunov, See Happinness) (Leili’s Kubanchy” “Leilinin A.G.Kardam, A. Arzymatova, “Jandana Bashtady” (Started to Revive) Revive) to (Started Bashtady” “Jandana Arzymatova, A. One of the biggest issues in terms of feudal customs that were discussed in discussed were that customs feudal of terms in issues biggest the of One as theyas came to and forget the way my to newhouse.” [ came they what with saw I When soon the “Recently These husbandthe will be punished with oneyear of imprisonment 1000 of soms fine…” wives more or two has man a if and years… two for imprisoned be will husband the kidnapped sen be will husband the marriage into given is 16 bride the pay marriage,child whichmakes girlsdrop toof out their schools,brideand bride of cases some still are There roots. their from eliminated still not were they customs, on based crimes of terms in achievements lot a quite are there though “Even

is b is ride practices were very much conde much very were practices Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan - kidnapping. Reports, letters, short stories and interviews were used in order to order in used were interviews and stories short letters, Reports, kidnapping. - price both parties will be punished with two years of imprisonment…if a girl undergirl a imprisonment…ifof years two withpunished be will parties both price -

price. The issue of the bride the of issue The price. as a signas and a ofthe things backwardness thefeudal thatare left from past

- to - - inpig Oe f h atce ws rte i te om f the of form the in written was articles the of One kidnapping. e in be

- as iie m ad fee a o o bride of lot a offered and me visited laws

105, n 105, meanin o 1 (1963): (1963): o 11. 1 mned and women themselves took quite a big part part big a quite took themselves women and mned g the proposal and the bride the and proposal the g 27 Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan - Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan price also was discussed quite frequently in frequently quite discussed was also price

tenced for 5 years… and if a girl under 16 was 16 under girl a if and years… 5 for tenced Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan 84

81, no (1961):19 1 81,

97, no 7 (1962): 17. And 17. see 7 no 97, (1962):

84, no 4no 84, (1961):21 -

price 83, no 3 (19 61): 21. Also 21. 61): 83, (19 3 no - price… if the groomprice…if the will - - rc fr y daughter. my for price kidnapping, ]

I told them to leave to them told I 86

crimes based based crimes

Kyrgyzstan

polygamy, 85 .

CEU eTD Collection Once he saw her he declared that he wanted to marry only her, and otherwise he would kill kill would he otherwise and her, only marry to wanted he that declared he her saw he Once an aunt his from her about everything hears Ainagul] kidnapped who man young [the “Bek says author the example For judgmental. very is letter the in used language The aunt. his of help the with man young a by kidnapped was who girl school tell letter The right!” are you “Ainagul, heading the under it placed magazine the and Us” to “Write rubric the in published was letter This responses. of lot a received and there however readers the by in sent letters of lot a are There Job,Ainagul!) Ainagul!”(Good “Azamatsyn, Abdylova, Burulkansee much) youvery (Thank Yrakmat” “Chon Kayipova, Yrynbyby 90 89 88 customs”.on “crimes based of theproblems 87 harsh very the of because that argues example, for Harris, Colette religion. to related issues on worked Union Soviet the how Islamand of role the about write also Harris Colette and Kamp sinc Islam, to related and finding thinking a about jobandonly then marriage an givingyoung that path for the of Ainagul example thanking letters, sent also mothers Some courage. her praising were and schools in studied Ainagul as who girls young from were letters the of Most publication. friends helping werefor crime. sentenced inthe his of rest the all also but Ainagul kidnapped who friend the only not and years 8 for imprisoned a police the call to able was she himself.”

See also also See Ibid Right!) are You (Aigul, Tuura” Seniki “Ainagul, Usubaliev, O. wer from letters readers alone 23 In1961

Most Most Woman Religion and r from responses of lot a received letter This 88 K. Kasymbekova, “Chy Kasymbekova, K.

Ainagul was kidnapped, however she did not want to stay with him and get married; get and him with stay to want not did she however kidnapped, was Ainagul of the crimes based on customs are referred to as signs of feudal past, backwardness feudalpast, ofsigns as are referredto customs on basedcrimes the of is one letter that drew a lot of attention from women from all parts of Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan of parts all from women from attention of lot a drew that letter one is

e the Sharia Law permitted polygamy and child marriage. Marianne Marianne marriage. child and polygamy permitted Law Sharia the e n Jyrokton Alkysh” (Best Wishes) (Best Alkysh” nJyrokton

girls should pursue, which was first getting an education, then education, an getting first was which pursue, should girls d h atoiis ece hr Te failed The her. rescued authorities the nd e published in the magazine, and more than half of them (12) were about of(12) them morehalfthan and magazine, in the published e

28 89 87

on the issue concerning the bride the concerning issue the on 90 Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan .

eaders, even after a year passed from its its from passed year a after even eaders, Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan “al i lv” ih e immediately. her with love” in “falls d Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz stan Ayaldary stan

84, no 4 (1961): 18 and also also and 18 (1961): 4 no 84,

81, 81, (1961):21 1 no

84, no 4 (1961): 18, also also 18, 4 no (1961): 84,

85, no 5 (1961): 19. (1961): 5 no 85, - to - be s the story of a a of story the s - husband was was husband - kidnapping,

CEU eTD Collection liberation there were relatively few articles about women and religion. Even though there was a a was there though Even religion. and women about articles few relatively were there liberation marriageand thatwerecharge thecourts ofthese in government. Soviet the for important was why it and unveilingprocess the discusses also She Uzbekistan. in gradualchange changed. never were of tradition practices and the religion areas remote some in that concludes even She gradual. and moderate were re 3 no (1962):21 95, 94 112 Press,2006), Washington of University London: and 93 92 62 Press,2004), 91 accused was who woman a of story a with starts article The Islam. to according role women’s on focused 1963 in published religion, about article next The religion. in believe who people of backwardness the to refers explicitly quite article This hemullah, asks him: the meets man the nowadays. When mullahs believed people less and less why is which religion, arti the of messages the of One money. make to order in heaven and hell about talked only mullahs the that saw he when disappointed became and mullah a with befriended once was who man a of story the tells 1962 in articles inclu not was it page”, Atheist “The called was which rubric

A. Kubatbek, “Jyrgalyn “Jyrgalyn A.Kubatbek, MarianneKamp, review myliterature in this have I discussed Harris, Colette sponse to the unveiling process in Taijikistan, the policies concerning the religion in Tajikistan Tajikistan in religion the concerning policies the Taijikistan, in process unveiling the to sponse Even though Even backward the persuade won’t and lie not population, how heis going survive? to will You mullah If young! still are you like “Looks “Then were you lying us, to mullah?” “There were nosuch thi “Why you are not talking about otherthe world, hell, or heave?”

Control and Subversion: Gender Relations in Tajikistan in Relations Gender Subversion: and Control

The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Uzbekistan: in Woman New The

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan –

Beiish, Kuuralyn Beiish, 92 ngs from very the beginning, my son.”

ap oty un hr teto t te as ocrig the concerning laws the to attention her turns mostly Kamp - Tozok” (Happiness in Heaven, Hell is Waste) isWaste) Hell in Heaven, (Happiness Tozok”

l ws ht ny akad epe ih blee in believe might people backward only that was cle

paid a lot of attention to various spheres of women’s of spheres various to attention of lot a paid Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism Communism under Unveiling and Modernity, Islam, 91

aine ap lo write also Kamp Marianne 29 have grown soold andyou

decisions.

by a mullah of cheating on her husband, husband, her on cheating of mullah a by

(London and Sterling, Virginia: Pluto Pluto Virginia: Sterling, (London and 93 ded in the magazine regularly. An regularly. magazine the in ded

still donot know aot poes of process a about s Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan (Seattle (Seattle

this ?”

CEU eTD Collection author the that ideas the emphasized th inthe articlesis of One women. portrays religion how on concentrates author the Then men. young of group a with Law, Sharia the to according stones, with her killed then who and 1963 1962, 1961, years was (for letters rubric 11 97 96 95 another for her left finally and children his towards indifferent became he time through that says mot the was who woman, a by sent was letterThe you [auntie]). in faith Ishenip”(With “Ejemesaid letter their the ofOne stories. shared just letters the of authors sometimes advice, for asked letters some woman; this andw aunt, (Aktiken’s as was Aktiken an presented corner). Burchu” “Aktikendin named was which rubric, a through is raised was issue this ways the of One separation. the after support any without children and wife their leaving men and divorce of t raise them of Most men. of image moral the discuss readers its by magazine the to sent family,considerable letterscommunity,a articlesand number of work, religionof children, and ex the from husband and getthrownaway just children. withher support any get not do usually women divorce after that fact the And women. ab talks he also but women, subordinating for tool is and limiting only is Islam that argues only not author The

There were published 4 articles in 1962, 2 articles in 1961, and a total number of letter to the Aktiken Burchu AktikenBurchu the to ofletter number total a in and 1961, articles 2 in1962, articles were4 published There Ibid “Isl Petrash, Y.

if if wifethe cheats on her husband every in her everything follow should husband sphere, her to subordinate be should commodities…Woman as women their treat men… than lower being as women consider now until up “Muslims While the magazine w magazine the While Morale(men) code am Dini Ayaldar Jonyndo” (Islam on Women) Women) Jonyndo” (Islamon Ayaldar Dini am u sc patcs s ay ioc fr e ad en ams ipsil for impossible almost being and men for divorce easy as practices such out

her of five children and recently got divorced from her husband. She husband. her from divorced got recently and children five of her

rites a lot about the role of women in the society in relation to the the to relation in society the in women of role the about lot a rites e subordination of womensays: towards men. He , the

husband says, if not than husband should beat his wife, and wife, his beat should husband than not if says, husband Koran permits men kill to wives.”their ).

96 Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

omen were writing letters addressing writing lettersomen were

107, (1963):21 107, 3 no The The Koran teaches men to men teaches Koran 95

he issue issue he 97 -

CEU eTD Collection This is a very interesting way of communicating with readers and raising certain issues, in this this in issues, certain raising and readers with communicating of way interesting very a is This another responses the of one In aunt. Aktiken the from responses short published are there sometimes Communists, the husband left wife his and children. his were people particular two these though even that fact the and code moral soviet the to refers code”. moral social Soviet the heart by know them of both And Communists. ar them of “both continues: she then And council. village the of head the was who woman, 100 838 (2010): 204 99 98 but ratherfeminists whoused these asinorder tools tocritiquegender certain norms a in society. regime the of followers mere as them consider not does and magazine the of editors the to credit practi sexual prevalent quite was what of critique gender their legitimize and education of target magazine’s the shift to education”) morality “Communist case this (in language political dominant the used feminists state how of dimension another affair highlighted official’s male a of expose one a than “rather that were responses. invoked and attentionreaders from of the lot drew a young Thisissue girls. got to andtheir married wives pr women’s discuss to order in forum of editors certain the how influence discusses Zheng to Wang issues. letters their use and readers the from attention much draw to able were magazine the describes Zheng Wang way the resembles This actions. their for responsibilityany without get to able were men that divorce easy the case,

Wang Zheng, “Creating a Socialist Feminist Cultural Front: Front: Cultural Feminist Socialist a “Creating Zheng, Wang you(Aunt) in Faith (With “EjemeIshenip…” Toksombaeva, S.

I bid,

able to use the ideological principles in favor of criticizing the gendered norms. She argues She norms. gendered the criticizing of favor in principles ideological the use to able

840 The forma The

aeo a’ moa attd a dsusdadh a sae o i be his for shamed was he and discussed was attitude immoral man’s a of case

t of the rubric does not seem to ask for response letters from the readers, but readers, the from letters response for ask to seem not does rubric the of t 99

Wang Zheng argues that the editors of the magazine through this technique technique this through magazine the of editors the that argues Zheng Wang

- dimensional tool for educating women to from a socialist outlook, the outlook, socialist a from to women educating for tool dimensional

oblems. One of these was that quite a lot of men divorced men of lot a quite that was these of One oblems. ce among male officials”. male among ce 31

Women of New China New of Women Women of China of Women Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

Women of New China New of Women 100

(1949 the magazine. Itdemonstrated magazine.the

Wang Zheng gives a lot of lot a gives Zheng Wang - 1966),” 1966),”

95, 95, (1962):23 3 no

used their journal as a as journal their used 98 The China Quarterly China The

Here the authors the Here and how editors how and

havior. e

CEU eTD Collection Kyrgyz woman to its readers its to woman Kyrgyz Conclusions men who acted way,was inthis whichtothe alsoquite specific region. and husbands the shaming and judgment of light the in raised were issues these and magazine w issues these Nevertheless ‘aunt’. the from responses and letters these through bride and polygamy divorce, as such problems the to attention women’s draw to bride as such customs” on active based “crimes as the magazine battling the in participants in represented and be to expected were Women past. feudal called clearly invariousletters, this demonstrated ways articles throughinterviews. and magazine Kyrgyz the other; each from separate not were that identities the were Union Soviet Bu as identities, two These worker. woman the praising with contradiction requireswomen, still butthat it alotoftime and effort achieve to their liberation. i path right the on is Kyrgyzstan Soviet that is narrative main the because confusion, this see not do we magazine Kyrgyz the in However, articles. the in messages various giving on Union women Soviet the of ideology the in present was that ambiguity the of terms in that clear suchascontext crimes base Kyrgyz the to specific are that topics the of some out pull to tried I this do to order In Union. Soviet the of women on ideology main the was what from differently presented were magazine highl to tried also I religion. and women and past, feudal Kyrgyzstan’s mother, working the worker, woman the motherhood, as such magazine n hs hpe I re t dmntae how demonstrate to tried I chapter this In It One of the issues that were particular to the Kyrgyz cont Kyrgyz the to particular were that issues the of One no in was and praised was motherhood that is analysis the of conclusion Another is it 1960s, early the in magazine the of issues the analyzing from conclusions the of One n 90, hn h Wmn usin a dcae sle ad h mgzns were magazines, the and solved declared was question Woman the when 1960s, in is very likely that the “Aktikendin Burchu” rubric in the magazine was an attempt also attempt an was magazine the in rubric Burchu” “Aktikendin the that likely very is

d on customs (which include brided oncustoms(which include .

In order to do so I highlighted the main topics discussed in the in discussed topics main the highlighted I so do to order In 32

ight how the Soviet Kyrgyz women in the the in women Kyrgyz Soviet the how ight ygztn Ayalda Kyrgyzstan - kidnapping, bride kidnapping, ext was the fight against the so so the against fight the was ext

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price etc.).

- n liberating liberating n kidnapping - price,

CEU eTD Collection elsewhere in the Soviet Union, other issues, such as the crimes based on customs, werediscussed customs, on basedcrimes the as such issues, other Union, Soviet the elsewherein i some if And life. public in participated and mothers, were worked, education, received they backward, but everything as presented were Kyrgyzstan of Women education. and tradition religion, family, society, the husbands left themchildren with orwhokidnapped had them. whose women, of stories the told which Burchu Aktikendin rubric the was crimes these fight to t the of One polygamy. andmarriage child ofattentionlot needed tothe problems that still tobesolved. various from women represented magazine The context. Kyrgyz the to only specific were that terms in

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan perspectives and praised achievements of women, and the same time the magazine paid amagazine paidthe time same the and women, of achievementspraised perspectivesand se sc a mteho wr apoce b te aaie as magazine the by approached were motherhood as such ssues

in the early 1960s raise 1960s earlythe in

echniques used by the editors of the magazine in order order in magazine the of editors the by used echniques 33

d various issues concerning women’s role in role women’s concerning issues various d

CEU eTD Collection ee motn i trs f h lbrto o wmn hc icue pbi lf (political life public include: which women of liberation the of terms in important were their to resist or in participate women Kyrgyz emancipation did how is: chapter the of question main the Thus process. emancipation the to reaction women’s Kyrgyz on focus will I chapter this In Introduction 102 101 Union and policies regarding its emancipation ofwomentaking intheregion, the theSoviet HarrisSuch authorsLynne as Colette Attwood and also study there still and relationship Soviet authors its to that Central theSoviet Union Asia. entity. this Notonly used byauthors describes toanalyze asa theSoviet Union,which top Union theSoviet Top and th context, Asian Central and Union Soviet of case the in relevant is Orientalism how discuss first to like would I Orientalism to regards With . process emancipation the in participation women impose top as process emancipation of concept Fitzpatrick’s Sheila with start magazine analyzeKyrgyz whether I tryto representation.will will I words another In I. Chapter to the several above. mentioned issues regard with them, resisting by or policies the embracing and supporting by whether contributed, e past, feudal country’s the mothers, working of conditions etc.), lectures clubs, in participation participation,

The detailed discussion is provided in the Chapter I I Chapter in the discussionprovided is detailed The chapter second in the explained WhichI - down approachdown en turn to the magazine itself.en turntothe magazine Chapter III

As discussed in chapter I,As discussed Fitzpatrick inchapter introduced Sheila thenotionoftop the to accordingly sources my analyze will I 101

ducation and work of zhensovety. In this chapter I will analyze how women women how analyze will I chapter this In zhensovety. of work and ducation ? As I was able to establish in establish to able was I As ? Emancipation Process: through approach describe isused by authors Union,but Soviet to thehistory ofthe

Kyrgyz Women’s Cooperation in and Resistance tothe

fo aoe r hte i poie u wt ifrain on information with us provides it whether or above from d

34 the previous chapter, there are several topics that topics several are there chapter, previous the

102 , they history t describe the of two theoretical frameworks I introduced in introduced I frameworks theoretical two Kyrgyzs Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan tan Ayaldary -

down approach, down he Soviet

discusses thediscusses - down - down CEU eTD Collection not howdidthey those policies. resist magazine, whether Unionifsowhat Soviet embraced was ofthe thereason, they thepolicies if Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary of women. from addressing Union,without the Soviet andactual reactionparticularly of thepopulation the unveiling, andare marriage crimes laws, basedoncustoms discusse Union only as policiesAsian ontheLaws imposing republics.Central the concerning the 104 689, (2005): 107, 103 independenceamong reasons onefeelprone womencases toreport of bride less the increased drastically. kidnapping. after th However customs; more andwomen morefelt tothe authorities safe toreport onthe cases ofbride kidnapping considerable thecrimes oflaws due was concerning based tothe implementation on that arepre attributed tothe Islamincludedof theeradication of and customs(which preservation bride included kidnapping tothe regarded negotiation was theRussianofficers intheregion, between which duringcourse Kyrgyz the of empire history,during theris theRussian Ittradition. anact ofnon is bride polygamy a have importantrhetoric.Let very placefirst intheclarify magazine’s me is what policies and laws concerningsuch as thetraditional bride customs

Ibid Bride Brides: in Traffic “The Grant, Bruce -

kidnapping and bride BelowI analyzewill whether there isatop Ifconte we lookatthe Crimes customs/FeudalPast on based

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3567387.pdf?&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true . I lik . would 104

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e tosee howthe reactionwas of inthe women represented

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary -

Kidnappingin

the region. - 35 kidnappingfalsely long perceived isa

down representationinthe Kyrgyz magazine Kyrgyzstan by Petr Lom”, American Anthropologist, Anthropologist, American Lom”, Petr by Kyrgyzstan 103

in the early clear is 1960s,it that the

Thecases decreaseofbride of - kidnapping wasa alwayskidnapping crime - kidnapping, bride d in the light ofimposition d inthe e of cases e ofbride of - kidnapping have - - - kidnapping. kidnapping) priceand - . lied

- - -

CEU eTD Collection hardship in her life before she was able to find a jo a find to able was she before life her in hardship of lot a through go to had and death husband’s her after children four with left was Leili Leili. named woman a interviews then and story the first tells Kardamanov A.G. 1961 bride of issue the discussed all Ayaldary 107 106 105 Osh of teacher the by sent Letter education. their get girls that sure make to order in part active took women that letters and interviews the from clear also is It men. with equality w to important very was Education interviewed. were who or magazine the to writing were who women the for important fundamentally mos bride the of amount the with do to nothing had refusal her that and proposal, the with happy not was she that that explained Leili forget house.” tomy the way new a not is this that clear it made I But education. bride high a offered Leiliends with telling hashappened what interview The daughter. her of is she proud how emphasizes and lot a school at success daughter’s her mentions Leili interview the During universities. and schools the in study

Ibid Happiness),” (Leili’s Kubanychy “Leilinin A.Kardamanov, G. Kyr t importantly concerned the education of youngt importantlygirls.concerned theeducation of gyz saying gyz

Bride Brid This example out of many similar ones demonstrates that education was was education that demonstrates ones similar many of out example This honey’ the around gathering bees ‘as “Recently, . Short stories, interviews, articles and letters sent by the readers of the magazine the magazine of readers and sentby the letters stories,articles . Short interviews, e - - inpig a a ey motn tpc n h magazine the in topic important very a was kidnapping kidnapping and and kidnapping bride

- price for my daughter. This way they wanted her to terminate her her terminate to her wanted they way This daughter. my for price

- kidnapping. In an interview an In kidnapping. 106

- price

very recentlyvery and daughter. toher -

price, but rather with her own principles that that principles own her with rather but price, 36 cceptable, and made sure that they will will they that sure made and cceptable,

omen in terms of their liberation and and liberation their of terms in omen b in a factory, and have her children children her have and factory, a in b Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary 81 Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan 105 107 , future in future ,

published in the January in in January the in published - laws visited me and me visited laws , no , (1961):19 1 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan

CEU eTD Collection ygztn. yug a, hke Bk dcdd o inp e wt te ep f his of help the with her kidnap to decided Bek, Chokoev man, young A Kyrgyzstan). grade tenth her in student a and thatcontinuing education wasonly her chance her marriage. toescape the h (for she after school application), university different completely a in exam an take to let was Azimkan, girl, the that letter the in us tells Kulumbaeva education. her continue to order in marriage unwanted t told Kulumabaeva, Z. University, 110 109 (1962):21 108 new a of probation. mother a was she since however two, these helping of offence the with charged also was woman young a addition In prison. of years 5 and 4 to sentenced and caught were men young two these and fourteen, turned just had Keneshbek, Abdykerimov and Juman Ibraimov friends, two region Kirov the in that indicated reports the of One occupation. their and inhabitance of places their also but offenders, the of names the only not contained reports these that interesting bride and kidnapping yearsman was eight sentenced of for prison. call to woman this asked she so her, help might woman this that understood Ainagul and stay, to her persuade to trying were who women the among woman a saw She agree. not did she however stay, to persuaded a After friends. his with man young the by kidnapped was she friend, her with cinema the from out got she after night One sister.

A. Osmonkulov, “Sot Joobuna Tartyldy (Punished by the Court),” Court),” the by (Punished Tartyldy “Sot Joobuna A.Osmonkulov, “Ainagul Usubaliev, O. goals),” her will reach (Azimkan Jetet “AzimkanTilegine Z.Kulumbaeva, Another letter tells the story of young girl called Nuralieva Ainagul. Ainagul was was Ainagul Ainagul. Nuralieva called girl young of story the tells letter Another o ol sot tre, neves n ltes icse te sus f bride of issues the discussed letters and interviews stories, short only Not

110

price, but also a lot of reports were published on this matt this on published were reports of lot a also but price, ,Seniki Tuura! (Ainagul, you are right!),” you are (Ainagul, Tuura! ,Seniki

n school, in eard that this girl was kidnapped and then ran away, ran then and kidnapped was girl this that eard the police. As a result she was freed and the young the and freed was she result a As police. the he story of a very young girl who escaped the the escaped who girl young very a of story he rriving to the Kant city, where he lived, she was was she lived, he where city, Kant the to rriving

n rne crety Bishkek (currently Frunze in 109

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan - on chil born Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan kidnapped a girl who who girl a kidnapped , h ws given was she d, -

the capital of of capital the 81, no 1(1961):21 no 81, 81, no 1 (1961):21 1 no 81, 108

er. It is is It er.

84, no 2 2 no 84, -

CEU eTD Collection anymoreabout worrying and onlystops it. thenhe not was a neighbors man other his old that however the saw he though convinced, Even past. the in left are traditions of types these that explained She sorrows. his for him pity not did and him with agree not did factory, the y neighbor, Howeverhis so. do moneyto the possesses bride the paying not about neighbor his to complains who man old 20 (1961): 4 no 84, Ayaldary 112 111 and sick got she how then And now. regrets much very she which education, her up give husband. ex her to related second and health her to related first illnesses, two from suffering is she Abdyrakmanova story. her us tells Abdyrakmanova Zulaika by in relati family concerned they times the was ( calledAktiken rubricone to in Letters sent magazine. the attention toit. of lof a paid and education of importance the of aware much very were women and girls al bride that clear also is It rights. their about generation young warning bride the fighting in participated no do bride the regarding policies the so closely related to young girls’ education. We could also see through examples that that examples through see also could We education. girls’ young to related closely so

Zulaika Abdyrakmanova «Je Yidon Jok, Je Chyidon Jok” (I have neither home, nor education) education) nor home, neither have Chyidon(I Je Jok” «JeJok, Yidon Abdyrakmanova Zulaika Story),” Angeme(Short “Kichine ShurubekKyzaev, s given in chapter II). Aktiken rubric was a forum for women’s letters and most of of most and letters women’s for forum a was rubric Aktiken II). chapter in given s se h top the see t Through the examples provided above it is clear that the way women responded to to women responded thattheway isclear above it examples provided Through the bride of issue the on centers storyshort Another The morale of men with regard to their fam their regardto with men ofmorale The Morality 112

She first de first She

of men of - on ersnain bt ahr t s la ta wmn themselves women that clear is it rather but representation, down

scribes how she got married, that she was kidnapped and had to had and kidnapped was she that married, got she how scribes

- kidnapping women embraced them. In the magazine we we magazine the In them. embraced women kidnapping - inpig rprig h css o uhrte and authorities to cases the reporting kidnapping, onships, and moral conduct. One of the letters sent letters the of One conduct. moral and onships, Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan 38

111 ily was another very important topic in in topic important anothervery was ily

oung women, who was working in workingwas who women, oung - re also not paying the bride the paying not also re price. The short story is about the the about is story short price.The more information on the rubric rubric the on information more

82, no (1961):20 2 82, writes - price, even though he he though even price, -

kidnapping was was kidnapping in the letter that that letter the in - 21 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan

- price price - CEU eTD Collection role and role important very a education gives Abdyrakmanova that see can we example this Through situation. desperate in is she that feels she education no has she since and divorced t able not was she sick was she because that saying with concludes she then And opinion). her ask an for advice toherof write and to inorder auntie women letters that theAktiken, isa woma another married husband her month these in that and month two for hospital the in treatment get to had 20 (1961): 4 no 84, Ayaldary 113 that rather but women, Kyrgyz on imposed merely were laws and policies the that imply problems. justif a as worse) even behavior the made which Communists, were husbands their that emphasizing (by ideology Communist the used and concerns their voiced they husbands, their of behaviors the of issues the raise and husba their of behavior immoral the with comply affair whom hean waswere Communists and havingmoral. thattheirwasnot behavior the on emphasis an also is there letter this In village. the of Council Soviet the of head a was with affair an had he woman the and affair another had husband her that out found she child fifth her to birth gave she after husba her of attitude the children three had she after and married got they that says first She husband. her of behavior immoral her and of family story the tells Toksobaeva S. by in sent letter The Shamyraliev. Tukai named marry her and thebehavior husband. of to had she way the approve not does she that is letter the in makes she point Another

Zulaika Abdyrakmanova «Je Yidon Jok, Je Chyidon Jok” (I have neither home, nor education) education) nor home, neither have Chyidon(I Je Jok” «JeJok, Yidon Abdyrakmanova Zulaika o finish her education and had to get married, and because she was sick she she sick was she because and married, get to had and education her finish o t s la fo te etr sn t te aaie ta wmn i nt at to want not did women that magazine, the to sent letters the from clear is It abo talks also rubric same the to sent Letter claims that at least if she if least at that claims Through the examples provided above we can see that the magazine did not did magazine the that see can we above provided examples the Through n. She is asking an opinion of Aktiken (the rubric is set up the way the up set is rubric (the Aktiken of opinion an asking is She n.

has been has

fact that both the husband and the woman with woman the and husband the both that fact

educated she would be able to live happy life. life. happy live to able be would she educated 39 ication for them being able to voice their their voice to able being them for ication

nds and in order to launch a discussion discussion a launch to order in and nds t h imrl eair f man a of behavior immoral the ut nd, Shamyraliev, has changed and and changed has Shamyraliev, nd, Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 113

CEU eTD Collection the work of Zhensovety with regard to the following issues: involving women in in women involving issues: following the to regard with Zhensovety of work the of lot a received which topic important very Ayaldary e their in themselves participate did women 117 116 16 (1962): 7 no 97, Ayaldary conditions) the improving for (Time Tiish” Tysylyygo “BardykShart Baigeldieva, F. see also 7 e mothersconditions working improvingthe qualification, improvingthe cinemas, and clubs lectures, suchas in events participation 115 114 neighborhood. the wit Zhensovet the example, of women with working are they how small and within neighborhoods formed being also are Zhensovety the way the about talks Morshinina, more and more that and factory their in promotions get to women help to able was Zhensovet the factories sewing the of one in how demonstrates she First points. interesting two makes women where Zhensovet, particular a of work the emphasizes and city the in active were Zhensovety Morshinina O. Frunze. in Zhensovety the I Birinchi “Bizdin 1961 in published article the in done is it as Zhensovety of activities the in participation participating inpoliticallife). (attendi life public in women involving and science healthcare, childcare, women, of conditions working the developing production,

Ibid, 17 Ibid, “BizdinBirin Morshinina, O. ofZhensovety, work the in involvement women’sactive suchas: arguments same thewith primarily Articles achievements),” first (Our Iigilikter “BizdinBirinchi Morshinina, O. In Zhensovety oe articles Some

does not present the Soviet Unionand the Soviet itsdoes present policies as not atop Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

oe ae etn it pstos ht eur qaiiain Secondly, qualification. require that positions into getting are women were able to open sewing classes within the factory the within classes sewing open to able were tc. See M. Eroshenko, “Jakshy Demilge” (Good Level) (Good Demilge” “Jakshy Eroshenko, M. See tc. igilikter” (Our First Achievments). This article discusses the work of of work the discusses article This Achievments). First (Our igilikter”

115

chi Iigilikter (Our first achievements),” achievements),” first (Our chi Iigilikter icse te novmn o wmn n ter active their and women of involvement the discussed h the help of mothers in the neighborhood was able to open a open to able was neighborhood the in mothers of help the h 114

the work of the Zhensovety (Women’s Councils) was a a was Councils) (Women’s Zhensovety the of work the

the author describes various spheres in which which in spheres various describes author the

attention. Articles in the magazine portrayed magazine the in Articles attention. acpto. n te words other In mancipation. 40 ng lectures, clubs, listening to reports, reports, to listening clubs, lectures, ng

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Aayaldary Kyrgyzstan 116 - down approach. . Morshinina furtherMorshinina .

83, no 3 3 no (1961)16 83, 83 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan , no 3 3 no (1961)16 ,

105, no 1 (1963): (1963): 1 no 105, 117

For -

CEU eTD Collection positions; however she acknowledges that it is not enough. She discusses the way way the participation political discusses active women’s childcare, as such issue, She this with deals Zhensovet enough. not is it that acknowledges she however positions; mo that demonstrates Borubaeva Kyrgyzstan. of part South the in Councils Women’s the of problems the and successes the discussed the buildings ofthe that sure make also Zhensovet of members The playground. the at children after watch to order in turns take Zhensovet the of members and mothers and children, for playground 120 Ayaldary 119 to 118 dedicated part a had regularly also Zhensovety on Articles alone. mothers working a 1963 of year the In successeswereto achieveZhensovety. able they inorwith through working by organized events the in of work particular issue. cruci was it thus argued, underage Borubaeva girls, young for sentenced were people eight marriage. that mentioned Borubaeva and law, regithe underagein fightingthe marriages are they how and girls young of education the to attention of lot a paid article her in also Borubaeva discussed. were women towards attitudes feudal where conference, regional towards attitudes feudal against fighting and

I women’sactivism),” the increase (Let’s Jogorulataly Aktivdyylygyn “Ayaldardyn Borubaeva, B. “BizdinBirin Morshinina, O. bid

An article written by B. Borubaeva, the head of the Alai region’s Zhensovet Zhensovet region’s Alai the of head the Borubaeva, B. by written article An Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan the in participate did actually women that clear is it these like articles Through Working MothersWorking 95, no 3 (1962):3 3 no 95, the 120

Zhensovety. The case of underage marriages is very closely linked with the education of education the with linked closely very is marriages underage of case The

neighborhood arecleanneighborhood and everything order. isin

oe ee atce ad neves oue o te odtos of conditions the on focused interviews and articles seven lone

Women in the magazine put a lot of effort in order to participate to order in effort of lot a put magazine the in Women chi Iigilikter (Our first achievements),” achievements),” first (Our chi Iigilikter

Zhensovety and examples also show what kind of work and and work of kind what show also examples and Zhensovety

paid a lot of attention to the conditions of working mothers. working of conditions the to attention of lot a paid

on, through making them responsible under the underresponsible them making through on, re and more women are employed in high high in employed are women more and re

41 women

al for the Zhensovety to work on this this on work to Zhensovety the for al 119 Aa Zesvt lo ed a held also Zhensovet Alai . Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan 118

83, no 3 3 no (1961) 83,

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 17

CEU eTD Collection idea of giving birth in the specialized hospital, however after some time and being being hospi and the time about some informed after however hospital, specialized the in birth giving of idea the to hesitant were first at that acknowledges she Hospital, Maternity the of situation t this upon touched the readers by magazine the to in sent letters the of One Dom/Roddom). (Rodilnyi Hospital was numberconce one day of number insufficient The issues. mothers’ working 122 121 is there mothers, working help to lot a done has government the though even that claims of lack the support of because children, have they once face women problems the discusses letter the of author The mothers. working household kolkhoz.” chores women of for the the lessen to order in built “was which bakery, communal a built kolkhoz the that is articles her in describes Yumatova that successes the of One chores. household the and kolkhoz particular her in women of successes describes she all of First too. mothers working of issues the discusses also would help women which transportation a for request their to respond while not administration, did authorities local the that the claiming of and factory the of directors the of names the lists sti were women some Thus at. worked women the that factory the from far too was however location the that claims Chudiev kolkhoz; particular a of women for built was Hospital Maternity The Hospital.

A. T. Yumatova, “Bizdin Turmushubuz ( “BizdinTurmushubuz Yumatova, A.T. Hospital),” Maternity Yiy(Kolhoz Torot “Kolhozduk Chudiev, Ysy One example were the hospitals in the villages and particularly the Maternity Maternity the particularly and villages the in hospitals the were example One One Yumatova, A.T. kolhoz, “Communism” the of head the by written article Another

rm h gvrmn i trs f idratn ad day and kindergartens of terms in government the from

of the letters sent by a reader of the magazine also addresses the problems of of problems the addresses also magazine the of reader a by sent letters the of to get from factory totheto get Maternity Hospital. rn, asgovernmentalto health well andrn, as related issues support.

a, oe wr mr egr o ie it i te Maternity the in birth give to eager more were women tal, ll unable to get access to the hospital treatment. The author author The treatment. hospital the to access get to unable ll opic. The author of the letter, Ysy Chudiev, describes the the describes Chudiev, Ysy letter, the of author The opic.

122 Our life),” Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary 93, no1 (1962):3 no1 93, Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Ourlife),”

Aisha Satarova a mother of ten children. She She children. ten of mother a Satarova Aisha ir concerns regarding the kindergartens and and kindergartens the regarding concerns ir 42

- care centers and kindergartens and centers care Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

121 - ae etr. Satarova centers. care

82, no 2 2 no (1961):17 82,

CEU eTD Collection at first hesitant, as in the case of the new Maternity Hospital, however once they they once however Hospital, Maternity new the of case the in as hesitant, first at mothers working of lives the make to action took working for conditions the and mothers. have agitation of not lack do include they which so, because do activities, to opportunities public any in involved not are women becau done. be to lot a still 53 Press,2004), 126 125 124 (1963):18 123 for Euro monstrous” “appeared it them for since concern, main the became it Bolsheviks for however power, cameto Bolsheviks beforethe much discussed unveilingwasof issue w clear Harris Colette as authors such example For backwardness. of sign foremost and first the being very are Asia Central Soviet authors by described the of women the modernize to Soviets the of reasons The (mostly Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Orientalism understoo

Colette Harris, Harris, Colette Ibid Ibid (Mother EneBayandait “Baatyr Abdyldaev, Abdymanap

einn o te oit ue h ms bcwr wmn n h cuty ad veil and country, the in women backward most the rule Soviet the of beginning se they could not leave their children.could leave their not they se

also makes this perception of Muslim women by the Europeans (Russians) very very (Russians) Europeans the by women Muslim of perception this makes also Through the examples provided above I tried to demonstrate the fact that women women that fact the demonstrate to tried I above provided examples the Through While analyzing the women’s reaction that is represented in the magazine magazine the in represented is that reaction women’s the analyzing While ie h dsuss o te sw oe wo ee eld Se rus ht the that argues She veiled. were who women saw they how discusses she hile

represented as participated) or resist to the policies and laws of the Soviet Union. Union. Soviet the of laws and policies the to resist or participated) as represented peans it was a sign of restriction and lack ofhumanity.restriction was it peans asign of andlack 125 d the benefits; theyd thebenefits; were their able rights from toclaim the authorities.

Control and Subversion: Gender Relations in Tajikistan in Relations Gender Subversion: and Control as o as 123 I also paid attention to as what were their reasons to participate participate to reasons their were what as to attention paid also I

h as gvs ope xmls f oe wo et hi jobs their left who women of examples couple gives also She rientali

st . The Central Asian women were considered from the the from considered were women Asian Central The . 124

Another concern expressed by Aisha isthatAnother concernexpressed by 43

heroine is talking),” istalking),” heroine easier. These women might have been been have might women These easier.

(Lond

on and Sterling, Virginia: Pluto Pluto Virginia: Sterling, and on Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

126 , since ,

106, no 2 2 no 106, CEU eTD Collection havestill towork onwomen’s issues. sti Union, Soviet the in solved was the after kept were Zhensovety the question woman the that declared Stalin after even And 1930. in Zhenotdel of dissolution where region only the was it backward most Since Asia. Central of women the perceived government Soviet way the of sign another also is Zhenotdel of dissolution Ayaldary 129 128 127 plac and names their also but Party, the of part were they that said was it only the in were who husbands Not activities. the in participate to wives their let not did also emphasized however Party, Communist especial author The cinemas). or reports lectures, as: such Zhensovety by organized (events life public the in participate day as such region. the in solved P be to were still that problems discussed authors the article the Republic. Soviet Kyrgyz of Council Supreme the to elected were ar region, the of women successful most the listed first Kyrgyzstan, of part South the in women the discussed which articles, the of One activities. particular these in Zhensovety of lot a references “feudal“feudal toKyrgyzstan’s women. past”and attitudes” towards are to there however, Kyrgyzstan; of women the describe to used “backward” bac Kyrgyzstan in women other considered they whether themselves, described and defined roblems included the little number of women of number little the included roblems ound various spheres, from women who fulfilled their jobs in kolhoz and women who women and kolhoz in jobs their fulfilled who women from spheres, various ound

U. Abdyg U. Done!), (Well Kyz” “Azamat A.Sadirov, see Also MaryBuckley, kward or used this language in the magazine the in language this used or kward Against this background I tried to analyze how women in the Kyrgyz magazine magazine Kyrgyz the in women how analyze to tried I background this Against the after republic, Asian Central the in only left were Zhensovety that fact The Mag

81, no 1 (1961):1 1 no 81, ulov, “Ayaldar Arasynda Ishtoony Jakshyrtabyz (Developing the work among women)” among work the (Developing Jakshyrtabyz Arasynda Ishtoony “Ayaldar ulov, azine paid a lot of attention to the public life of women and involvement of involvement and women of life public the to attention of lot a paid azine - cares and kindergartens and resistance of husbands to let their wives to to wives their let to husbands of resistance and kindergartens and cares Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union Soviet in the Ideology and Women

the government saw the Soviet Central Asian women the the women Asian Central Soviet the saw government the ll it was mentioned that the Central Asian republics republics Asian Central the that mentioned was it ll 127

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan - 44 leaders, not sufficient number of facilities facilities of number sufficient not leaders,

at all. It is very rare to see words such as as such words see to rare very is It all. at

(USA: The University of Michigan Press, 1989, Press, ofMichigan University (USA: The

82, no 2 (1961): no (1961): 17. 2 82, 129

In the second part of part second the In es of living living of es

128 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan clubs,

125

CEU eTD Collection sent in by the readers. the by in sent and reports the through women the by judged much very was This husband. her of because Zhenotdel the by organized were that activities social the in participate to able not was who one the was magazine Kyrgyz in woman backward The “backwardness”. feudal past and attitudes. backwardness of signs as regarded was life public the in participate indicated. were occupations and Revive) to (Started “JandanaBashtady” Arzymatova, ArzymatoA. see Also 131 Ayaldary 130 bride the regarding policies InImotherhood,also andpart the discussed this public life. top have the to reacted women way the analyzed I the resisted or embraced Kyrgyzstan of women the how and whether waschapter the of question main Theanalysis. my guide to Orientalism Conclusion how describe women were a treated(feudal to cases in used only was backwardness And country. the for working and education an getting modern, were they that rather but backward, were 1960s early the in Nevertheless emphasized. always ther rhetoric magazine’s was backward, considered were which wh presentsome areas isstill it against. andshouldbefought in but passed, already has state Kyrgyz the which backwardness of signs the as referred

See also A. G. Kardamanov, “Leilinin Kubanychy (Leili’s Happiness),” Happiness),” (Leili’s Kubanychy “Leilinin A. Kardamanov, also G. See Abdyg U. ere the issues concerned the so the concerned issues the ere edl tiue wr ue i te aaie s sg o o sy or of sign a as magazine the in used were attitudes Feudal Orientali

In this chapter I used two theoretical frameworks such as top as such frameworks theoretical two used I chapter this In 81, no 1 (1961):1 1 no 81,

ulov, “Ayaldar Arasynda Ishtoony Jakshyrtabyz (Developing the work among women)” among work the (Developing Jakshyrtabyz Arasynda Ishtoony “Ayaldar ulov,

st language was not used in the magazine frequently, however in cases cases in however frequently, magazine the in used not was language st va, “Jandana Bashtady” (Started to Revive) Revive) to (Started Bashtady” “Jandana va, 131

e was never mentioned that women of the Soviet Kyrgyzstan in Kyrgyzstan Soviet the of women that mentioned never was e

Bride ttitudes towardsttitudes women).

- kidnapping, bride kidnapping, 130 - h at htteemnwudnt e hi ie to wives their let not would men these that fact The called crimes based on customs, the feudal attitudes attitudes feudal the customs, on based crimes called Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan 45

- price and polygamy were also always also were polygamy and price

emancipation process. In the first part part first the In process. emancipation Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary 81 Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan 97, no 7 (1962): 17. no (1962): 7 97, - - down approach, and down down approach and and approach down

97, no 7 (1962): 17. And A. 17. 97,(1962): 7 no - kidnapping, kidnapping, nonym of of nonym

, no (1961):19 , 1 letters letters Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan

CEU eTD Collection dissatisfaction with the immoral behavior of men. Letters sent by the readers, interviews interviews readers, the by sent Letters men. of behavior immoral the with dissatisfaction (the themselves for of of t using also terms and in working concerns) mothers’ rights work the demanding the and in fighting of participating terms actively in also of Zhensovety, terms in or customs”, on based “crimes a demonstrated was it example for As government. Soviet the by offered emancipation the embraced indeed who women of lot a were there that magazine the from clear is t it that is conclusions presented the of One magazine process. emancipation the how see to tried I ra was backwardness that is conclusions the of One magazine. the by used was Orientalism how see to tried I chapter Inthe Orientalism. of example perfect is republics), Asian Central (the backward the other the and government) (Soviet modern for theSoviethowever, government, thismodernizing line ofthought, identify project important very a was women Asian Central of modernization The region. Asian Central ofthe attention towomen a payspecial government the population, theSoviet did part backward most the as Asia Central of women and country, the of part backward most the as republics Asian Central the saw government Soviet the Since Orientalist. as considered be could republics Asian Central the and government Soviet the between rela the why discussed have I manner. what in so if and magazine, the of rhetoric the in Orientalism the used either magazine the way the at looked have I where analysis, butratherwas from imposed above, theoppos emancipation the that suggest not does magazine the that conclude can we Thus men). of behavior immoral of (case benefit their for ideology the used even and process, the in the see not did who themon imposed was that somethingasemancipation women of number a were there that demonstrated articles and Secondly I also used the concept of Orientalism to guide the second part of my my of part second the guide to Orientalism of concept the used also I Secondly ite. 46

e atcpto o wmn n their in women of participation he bove in terms of fighting against the the against fighting of terms in bove , but ratherthey cooperated activelybut , he ideology in order to voice their their tovoice ideology inorder he rely mentioned in the the in mentioned rely ing itself as as itself ing tion tion

of of CEU eTD Collection the wayresisted intheemancipation women process. of mentioning no almost was there magazine the in however participate, indeed women emancipa women to referred not was themselves, butratherdescribe“feudalwomen. toattitudes” the towards it mentioned was it when however, overall, magazine

In this chapter I tried to demonstrate the women’s reaction to the Soviet Soviet the to reaction women’s the demonstrate to tried I chapter this In tion of women. It was clear from the examples provided in the chapter that that chapter the in provided examples the from clear was It women. of tion

CEU eTD Collection Ayaldary activelyin participate not did women that and them on imposed was emancipation women’s that suggest they i.e., model, top the to according there emancipation women’s of process the discusses Asia Central participated magazine present magazine Conclusion further chapter. discussedthird inmy have I which implementation, their in active were and rights their of aware were who women e as presented were Women women. towards attitudes feudal the against fighting caseof the in asconcerns, differentwith presented waswoman Kyrgyz the aspects other worker. woman the and motherhood both Ayaldary to regard with identity women’s of these in participation women’s religion, and woman childcare, worker, woman the motherhood, included which emancipation, women’s of Ithat Said issues conce context, Asian gender Central the at looked also I 1917. in Bolshevik of component Russia in Revolution the from starting Union, Soviet this way. in magazine Kyrgyz in women the of some about wrote it if or message, similar a spread Eas population the of part backward most the as there women the and Union Soviet the of part “backward” most the as Asia Central regarded Moscow in Bolsheviks the that establishe have Scholars analysis. my guide to Orientalism of concept the used also I Second, t ”, “enlightened ”, . Analyzing this literature helped me to frame my questions that I have mentioned above and and abovementioned Ihave that myquestions frame to me helped literature Analyzing . this

tried to answer inmy toanswer tried and chapters. second third topics and their representation their and topics ,

In my thesis I have analyzed the representation of Kyrgyz women in the Kyrgyz Soviet Soviet Kyrgyz the in women Kyrgyz of representation the analyzed have I thesis my In In M namely so called top called so namely h Kry wmn to woman Kyrgyz the Soviet the to reacted women Kyrgyz how explore to wanted I ; ? frt chapter, first y clearly did not portray these two identities as conflicting with each other. However other. each with conflicting as identities two these portray not did clearly C Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan hapter n addition In in

the or resisted theemancipation process resisted or 2 ih against fight - backward” orientalist fashion. I wanted to find out if out find to wanted I fashion. orientalist backward” I was able to establish what the main is main the what establish to able was I

theory and practice and theory also I

the their emancipation. In my analysis of the Kyrgyz magazine Kyrgyz the ofIn analysismy emancipation. their ulc lif public - rning women’s issues. issues. women’s rning down approach coined, by Sheila Fitzpatrick, and Orientalism by Orientalism and Fitzpatrick, Sheila by coined, approach down ieaue Review, Literature

in early 1960s. My main questions main My 1960s. early in its its analyze ygztns so Kyrgyzstan’s . n o te ocuin o te hpe ws ht oe of some that was chapter the of conclusions the of One e. readers were in were

how .

and then I tried to highlight the main changes in the in changes main the highlight to tried I then and n w And line with the Soviet overall ideology, as in the case the in as ideology, overall Soviet the with line 48 acrig o h junls contents, journal’s the to according ,

provided provided - called .

A lot of the literature about women in Soviet womeninSoviet literature about A lotofthe hat as introduced also I

were feudal attitudes towards women and and women towards attitudes feudal bif itrcl akrud n the on background historical brief a sues were for the magazine in terms terms in magazine the for were sues

h main the

were my my topics topics : - initiated emancipation. initiated ducated, hard ducated, – how

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan two all in typical “West typical in all did discuss main the magazine the Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan theoretical ed -

working working women women

- n the in down down ,

in d -

CEU eTD Collection that young girls finish their education and participate in lectures, listen to reports and join the the join and reports to listen lectures, in participate and education their finish girls young that bride of cases the reporting through was participated bride as such women towards attitudes feudal the against fighting actively were Zhensovety, in active were Women women. offeredwasto that emancipation embracedandthe support did women of lot earlya the 1960s in top first analysis: my guide to theo frameworks two used I chapter and this In articles magazine. the letters, in topics the various analyze on women of to interviews able was I magazine. the through process, emancipation qu main Kyrgyzstan wrot who women the were who research to also but itself, magazine the including only not research substantial more do to like would I research further the For limited. was research my of scope w important considered women readers the were caseswhen theonly reasons hard My that women themselves actively emancipation participatedinthe process. o imposed was women of emancipation Soviet the that suggest through opinions their divorce they which the of help the with organiz were that clubs

conclusion is the following, the is conclusion - e for this magazine, who were the editors, and how and editors, the were who magazine, this for e working, however never mentioned that Kyrgyz women were fully emancipated. One of the the of Oneemancipated. fullywere Kyrgyzwomen that nevermentioned however working, In Through my research I was trying to give some voice to the women of the magazine, be itbe the magazine, of women the to voicegive some trying to I was researchThrough my IThenconcept used have guide Said’stheanalysis. to ofOrientalism of the part second

for this still incomplete emancipation incomplete still this for Women clearly thought that this was a very important issue and were able to express to able were and issue important very a was this that thought clearly Women estion of the chapter was whether and how women cooperated in or resisted the the resisted or in cooperated women how and whether was chapter the of estion that . or the authors authors the or

meant chapter I have looked at the way women reacted to the emancipation process. The The process. emancipation the to reacted women way the at looked have I chapter

ubns evn ter ie ad hlrn ihu ay upr afte support any without children and wifes their leaving husbands magazine ed by the Zhensovety. Another very interesting f interesting very Another Zhensovety. the by ed letters sent to the magazine. magazine. the to sent letters a of notion of the articles. I wanted to make sure that the main topics that these these that topics main the that sure make to wanted I articles. the of

kidnapping, bride kidnapping, started ere Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

discussed in my thesis. However, it is a small project and the the and project small a is it However, thesis. my in discussed

(“Eastern”) a

discussion discussion - down approach, second Orientalism second approach, down w 49 ere - backwardness was used in themagazine. usedin backwardness was

pri

about the “feudal attitudes” towards women; these these women; towards attitudes” “feudal the ce and polygamy. One of the ways women women ways the of One polygamy. and ce -

kidnapping, another way was making sure sure making was way another kidnapping, always portrayed women as educated and and educated as women portrayed always h cnet of contents The they s they men’s so men’s aw n women from above, but rather but above, from women n

the emancipation of women of emancipation the - called h mgzn de not does magazine the inding was was inding

immoral behavior immoral

It was clear that that clear was It that

women women

retical r the the r , by by ,

CEU eTD Collection Buckley, Mary BruceBride inBrides: Grant,“The Traffic LynneAttwood, Bibliography InnessaPushkareva, Natalya. “Armand, Novikov Hobsbawn, Eric Gafizova, Alexandra.”In Natalya.“Kollontai Fitzpatrick, Sheila Corcoran “History”. Harris, Kamp, Marianne Press, 1989. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3567387.pdf?&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true Anthropologist, 689, 107,(2005): 1999 Studies, Identity 33 and 20 of 2007 Journals Haan, Abacus, http://www.president.kg/ru/kyrgyzstan/istorija/ Virginia: Communism. PressBudapest CEU and 2006. York: New Centuries Moveme and New Colette, Colette, a, Natalia. “Communism asa, aVision“Communism and Natalia.In Practice.” - - Women’s Feminisms: and Movements Easter,andSouth Eastern Central, Europe, 19 Nantes, Yvonne 16. Budapest and New York: CEU Press 2006. York: Press16. Budapest CEU 2006. andNew President of Kyrgyz President of Maria Bucur, Daskalova, Maria Krassimira 202 th . .

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“Revisionism inSoviet“Revisionism History

. Seattle and London:Seattle and University Press, ofWashington .

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48, 48, London and Sterling,

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th ): 77

and 20 .

- London 91

- th 257. .

CEU eTD Collection Zheng, Wang Tonkiss Richard. Stites, Said, Esenbekov, A.“Ayaldardyn Er Eroshenko,Demilge” M.“JakshyLevel) (Good Ysy.Chudiev, Torot Maternity Yiy(Kolhoz Hospital),” “Kolhozduk Borubaeva,B. “Ayaldardyn AktivdyylygynJogorulataly increasewomen’s (Let’s the Baigeldieva,“BardykShart Tysylyygo F. for (Time Tiish” improving conditions) the Baigeldieva,“Adiletty F.Ta Ashyraliev, T.“Enenin Tilegi” (Mother’s Wish) Arzymatova, Bashtady”A. “Jandana toRevive) (Started ChyidonZulaika.Abdyrakmanova, YidonJok, Je “Je (I Jok” neither have h Abdylova, Ainagul!)Burulkan. “Azamatsyn, Job, Ainagul!” (Good Abdyldaev, “BaatyrBayandai Abdymanap. Ene Primary sources

Edward QuarterlyThe China SealClive 1860 Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Korynyshy” at (Newperspective women’s and their liberation rights protection) (1961):17 Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Ayaldary 16 97,(1962): Kyrgyzstan (1961): 19. Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary , Fran - 193. , . .

Orient “Creatinga Feminist Socialist Cultural Front: “Analyzing Discourse The women'

, Princeton: Princeton1991. University Press,

245 Ayaldary(1961): 20 84, alism - 260. .

s liberation movements liberation inRussia

lap”Treatment) (Fair

New VintageBooks, York: 1979

204, (2010): 827 106, (1963): 18. 106, 84, (1961):21 84, (1962):3 95, London: Sage 1998 kindigi Jana UkuktarynKorgoo Jana Jany Kamkordugunun kindigi

. ”

I n

Researching Society and

849 51 t” (Thet” mother Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Aayaldary .

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary : feminism,andbolshevism, nihilism, Women ofChina .

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Kyrgyzstan AyaldaryKyrgyzstan 83, (1961):6

is telling ais telling story)

105, (1963): 7 105,

110, (1963):17 110,

ome, nor education) 1998, ed

(1949 97, (1962): 17.

- ited by 1966)

Kyrgyzstan activism),”

85, . 82, ”

CEU eTD Collection Jumaliev, “MeenetkechJapar. (Hardworking Kelin” Woman) KadyrjanJoldoshev “Chon Enenin Kairatyna Nebereler Syimyktanat” (Grandparent’s Happiness Izmailov, A.“Chynchyl AkNiettyy (BeingBoluu” jana andModest) Honest Toksomba Sadirov, Done!), A. (Well “Azamat Kyz” I.Polyakova, “Jany P. House Adamdyn Yiy” for Jany (New Person) New Petrash,Ayaldar Y.“Islam Dini A.“SotOsmonkulov, Joobuna by Tartyldy (Punished theCourt),” Morshinina, O.“BizdinIigilikter Birinchi achievements),” first (Our Mambetahunov, Asan”Lecturer) A. “Lektor the (Asan Kulumbaeva,Z. (Azimkan Tilegine Jetet reach “Azimkan will goals),” her Kubatbek, A. “Jyrgalyn Kayipova,you“Chon Yrynbyby Yrakmat”(Thank very much) Kasymbekova,“Chyn Jyrokton K. (Best Alkysh”Wishes) Kardam,Kubanchy” “Leilinin(Leili’s A.G. Happinness) Kalykov,Yi K. “Baktyluu Kyzaev, Angeme (Short “Kichine Story),” Shurubek. 20 in Successesgrandchildren) of their Ayalda 107, (1963): 19. (1963):21 (1961):21 (1961)16 84, (1962):21 Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary 18

eva, S. “Ejeme Ishenip…”eva, “Ejeme you S. Faith (With in (Aunt) ry

93, (1962): 9.

–

Beiish, Kuuralyn - bylo”(HappyFamily)

95, (1962):21 95,

Jonyndo” (Islam onWomen) (Islam Jonyndo” Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

- Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Tozok” (Happiness in Heaven, Hell isWaste) Tozok” (Happiness inHeaven, 52

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Ayald Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Ay Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan 82, (1961): 17. 82, (1961): Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan stan Ayaldary

105, (1963): 11. Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

96, (1962): 14. 96, ary Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary 82, (1961):20

aldary

83, (19 61): 21. Kyrgyzstan

81, (1961):19

84, (1961): 18,

94, (1962): 107,

84, (1961): 95,

81,

83,

CEU eTD Collection Yumatova,Lives) (Our A.T.Turmushubuz.” “Bizdin Varanin,Baktysy”“Enenin V. (Mother’s Happiness) Usubaliev, Tuura” O.“Ainagul, Seniki are (Aigul, You Right!)

(1961):21 (1962):23

Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan Ayaldary Kyrgyzstan

93, (1962):3 94, (1962):9

81,