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Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of March 17, 2004 -- AUCUBACEAE

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Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of March 17, 2004 -- AUCUBACEAE Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of March 17, 2004 -- AUCUBACEAE AUCUBACEAE (Aucuba Family) (see GARRYACEAE) BALSAMINACEAE (Touch-me-not Family) Impatiens Linnaeus (Jewelweed, Touch-me-not, Snapweed, Balsam) 1 Stems puberulent; corolla purple, pink, or white; plants cultivated aliens, 3-6 (-8) dm tall . I. balsamina 1 Stems glabrous; corolla yellow or orange (rarely cream or white); plants native, mostly 5-25 dm tall. 2 Flowers orange (rarely orange-yellow or white); calyx spur (colored) 7-10 mm long, curved forward parallel to the calyx sac ................................................................................. I. capensis 2 Flowers yellow (rarely cream or white); calyx spur (colored) 4-6 mm long, at a right angle to the calyx sac . I. pallida * Impatiens balsamina Linnaeus, Garden Balsam. Cp (NC, SC, VA), Mt (VA): frequently cultivated, sometimes escaped as a waif or "throw-out"; rare, introduced from s. Asia. June-November. [= RAB, C, F, G, K, S] Impatiens capensis Meerburg, Orange Jewelweed, Orange Touch-me-not, Spotted Touch-me-not. Mt, Pd, Cp (GA, NC, SC, VA): moist forests, bottomlands, cove forests, streambanks, bogs; common (rare in Coastal Plain of GA). May-November. Newfoundland west to Saskatchewan and AK, south to SC, panhandle FL, AL, and TX. Within the portion of our area where I. capensis and I. pallida overlap, the two species often occur in mixed populations. I. capensis tends to have the leaf apices and crenulations more rounded than I. pallida, but the character is overlapping and variable. [= RAB, C, F, GW, K, W; I. biflora Walter - - G, S] Impatiens pallida Nuttall, Yellow Jewelweed, Yellow Touch-me-not, Pale Touch-me-not. Mt (GA, NC, VA), Pd (NC, VA), Cp (VA): cove forests, streambanks, seepages, moist forests, bogs, roadsides; common (rare in Piedmont of NC and Coastal Plain of VA). July-September. Nova Scotia and Québec west to Saskatchewan, south to e. VA, wc. NC, TN, WV, MO, and OK. [= RAB, C, F, G, GW, K, S, W] BATACEAE (Batis Family) A monogeneric family, low shrubs, of tropical and subtropical shores of the Americas, New Guinea, the Pacific, and Australia. References: Bayer & Appel in Kubitzki & Bayer (2003). Batis P. Browne 1756 (Saltwort, Beachwort, Batis) A genus of 2 species, low shrubs, of tropical and subtropical shores of the Americas, New Guinea, the Pacific, and Australia. References: Rogers (1982); Goldblatt (1976); Bayer & Appel in Kubitzki & Bayer (2003). Batis maritima Linnaeus, Saltwort, Beachwort, Batis. Cp (GA, NC?, SC): brackish marshes; rare north of GA (but locally common). June-July; October. Se. SC south to s. FL, west to TX, and in Central and South America (apparently introduced in HI). B. maritima is alleged (as by S) to occur as far north as NC, but the documentation in unknown; there is no twentieth century evidence to place Batis in NC. The only other member of the family is B. argillicola, of New Guinea and Australia. [= RAB, GW, K, S, Z] BEGONIACEAE (Begonia Family) Begonia Linnaeus (Begonia) B. cucullata Willdenow, Begonia, is introduced from South America and escaped or persistent in e. GA (Jones and Coile 1988) south to FL (Wunderlin 1998). [= K] BERBERIDACEAE A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Barberry Family) As broadly defined here, a family of about 15 genera and 650 species, herbs and shrubs, of the temperate Northern Hemisphere and Andean South America. There has been much debate and study of whether the Berberidaceae shold be recognized as a broadly defined unit, or split into a variety of segregate families (such as Podophyllaceae, Epimediaceae, Nandinaceae, Leonticaceae). Based on molecular studies, Kim & Jansen (1996, 1998) conclude that division of the Berberidaceae into segregate families is not warranted. References: Whetstone, Atkinson, & Spaulding in FNA (1997); Stearn (2002); Kim & Jansen (1996, 1998); Ahrendt (1961); Loconte & Estes (1989b); Meacham (1980); Loconte in Kubitzki, Rohwer, & Bittrich (1993). 1 Plant a shrub. 192 Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- BERBERIDACEAE 2 Leaves ternately compound; [subfamily Nandinoideae]............................................ Nandina 2 Leaves simple or 1-pinnately compound; [subfamily Berberideae, tribe Berberidinae]. 3 Leaves simple, less than 6 cm long, fascicled on short spur shoots; stems spiny . Berberis 3 Leaves 1-pinnately compound, more than 10 cm long, not fascicled on short spur shoots; stems not spiny Mahonia 1 Plant an herb. 4 Leaves compound; flowers greenish or maroon; [subfamily Berberidoideae, tribe Leonticeae] ..........Caulophyllum 4 Leaves simple (though parted); flowers white; [subfamily Berberideae, tribe Epimediinae]. 5 Plant acaulescent; flower solitary and scapose; leaf segments 2; fruit a capsule . Jeffersonia 5 Plant caulescent; flower solitary, or cymose to umbellate, borne on a stem with leaves; leaf segments several; fruit a berry. 6 Flowers cymose or umbellate; stamens 6; berry globose, 8-12 mm long, 2-4 seeded; larger leaves with only 2 clefts that extend more than halfway to the peltate center of the leaf (thus the leaf divided into 2 halves, the other sinuses shallow) ............................................................ Diphylleia 6 Flower solitary; stamens 12-18; berry ovoid, 25-70 mm long, many-seeded; larger leaves with 5 or more clefts that extend more than halfway to the peltate center of the leaf (thus the leaf fairly evenly divided into multiple lobes) .................................................................... Podophyllum Berberis Linnaeus (Barberry) (also see Mahonia) A genus of at least 500 species, shrubs, of North America, South America, Asia, Europe, and n. Africa. References: Whittemore in FNA (1997); Loconte in Kubitzki, Rohwer, & Bittrich (1993). 1 Leaves entire; flowers solitary or 2-4 in umbels; spines mostly simple . B. thunbergii 1 Leaves bristly-serrate; flowers 5-many in racemes (sometimes the racemes umbelliform); spines mostly trifurcate (some simple or bifurcate). 2 Leaves with 1-9 (20) bristles on each margin, the bristles 3-6 mm apart; berries ovoid (6-9 mm long, 6-7 mm broad), 5-10 (rarely more) in an often umbellate raceme; petals notched at apex . B. canadensis 2 Leaves with 18-36 bristles on each margin, ca. 2 mm apart; berries ellipsoid (8-10 mm long, 4-5 mm broad), 10-20 in a raceme; petals obtuse at apex ............................................................ B. vulgaris Berberis canadensis P. Miller, American Barberry, Allegheny Barberry. Pd, Mt (GA, NC, SC, VA): rocky woods, forest openings, glades, usually over mafic rocks (such as diabase) or calcareous rocks (such as limestone), sometimes along fence- rows in sw. VA (presumably spread by birds); uncommon, rare south of VA and in VA Piedmont (GA Special Concern, NC Rare). April-May; September-October. A broad Southern Appalachian-Ozarkian endemic, not occurring in Canada (the epithet a misnomer): scattered and local in VA, WV, KY, TN, NC, SC, AL, GA, MO, IL, IN, and sc. PA (where apparently now extirpated). Along with B. vulgaris, B. canadensis has been subjected to organized eradication programs because of its serving as an alternate host for wheat rust (Puccinia graminis). [= RAB, C, F, FNA, G, K, S, SE, W] * Berberis thunbergii Augustin de Candolle, Japanese Barberry. Mt (NC, SC, VA), Pd (GA, NC, VA), Cp (NC, VA): rich forests, old fields; uncommon, introduced from Japan. March-April; May-September. This species is immune to wheat rust; it is probably now the most commonly encountered barberry in our area. [= RAB, C, F, FNA, G, K, S, SE, W] * Berberis vulgaris Linnaeus, European Barberry, Common Barberry. Mt (NC, VA): disturbed areas; rare, introduced from Europe. April; September. This species, once widely cultivated and established in North America, serves as an alternate host to wheat rust and has been subjected to eradication programs for over half a century. It may no longer occur in our area. [= C, F, FNA, G, K, SE] Many other species of barberry are used horticulturally in our area. Though none appear to be established at this time, the possibility of encountering species other than the three treated above should be kept in mind. B. julianiae Schneider is especially commonly planted in hedges and landscaping. Caulophyllum Michaux (Blue Cohosh) A genus of 3 species, herbs, with a relictual north temperate distribution (e. North America, e. Asia). The only other species of the genus is C. robustum Maximowicz, of e. Asia. References: Loconte in FNA (1997); Stearn (2002)=Y; Loconte & Blackwell (1981, 1984, 1985)=Z; Uttal (1985); Brett (1981); Loconte in Kubitzki, Rohwer, & Bittrich (1993). 1 Carpels 3.5-5 mm long, averaging 4 mm; style 0.8-1.5 mm long; sepals 6-9 mm long, usually purple; terminal leaflets (5-) 7-9 (-10) cm long, (4-) 5-7.5 (-8) cm wide; main inflorescence with 4-18 flowers; first leaf 2-ternate or 3-ternate . C. giganteum 1 Carpels 1.3-2.8 mm long, averaging 2 mm; style 0.3-1.0 mm long; sepals 3-6.5 mm long, yellow, yellow-purple, or green; terminal leaflets (3-) 5-7 (-8) cm long, (2-) 3.5-6.5 (-10) cm wide; main inflorescence with 5-70 flowers; first leaf 3-ternate or 4- ternate............................................................................... C. thalictroides Caulophyllum giganteum (Farwell) Loconte & Blackwell, Northern Blue Cohosh. Mt (NC, VA): rich forests; rare (NC Rare). 193 Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- BERBERIDACEAE April-May; July-August. C. giganteum is more northern in distribution than C. thalictroides, ranging south to VA, nw. NC, ne. and nc. TN (Chester, Wofford, & Kral 1997), and c. KY. This species blooms about 2 weeks earlier than T. thalictroides where they grow together. The combination of sympatry, morphologic distinctness, and phenologic separation of the two taxa argues for recognition at the species level. [= FNA, K, SE, W, Y, Z; C. thalictroides -- RAB, F, G, S, in part; C. thalictroides var. giganteum Farwell -- C] Caulophyllum thalictroides (Linnaeus) Michaux, Common Blue Cohosh, Green Vivian. Mt (GA, NC, SC, VA), Pd (NC, SC, VA), Cp (VA): rich forests; common (rare in Piedmont and Coastal Plain) (SC Rare).
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