Lo Sviluppo Del Brand Activism Nella Società Americana: Da “Epic Fail” a “Comunicazione Dell’Anno” Relatore Chiar.Mo Prof

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Lo Sviluppo Del Brand Activism Nella Società Americana: Da “Epic Fail” a “Comunicazione Dell’Anno” Relatore Chiar.Mo Prof Dipartimento di Impresa e Management Laurea magistrale in Marketing Cattedra di Comunicazione di Marketing e Linguaggi dei Nuovi Media Lo sviluppo del Brand Activism nella società americana: Da “epic fail” a “comunicazione dell’anno” Relatore Chiar.mo Prof. Paolo Peverini Candidato Pagano Vincenzo Matricola: 714591 Correlatore Prof. Luca Balestrieri ANNO ACCADEMICO 2020/2021 Lo sviluppo del Brand Activism nella società americana: Da “epic fail” a “comunicazione dell’anno” INDICE 2 INTRODUZIONE 4 CAPITOLO I: IL BRAND ACTIVISM. GENESI ED EVOLUZIONE 7 1) La nascita del Brand Activism 7 2) Gli obiettivi del Brand Activism: il bene comune e la customer loyalty 12 2.1) Le forme di Brand Activism: “progressivo” e “regressivo” 14 2.2) Le aree di applicazione del Brand Activism: sociale; legale; business; economia; 16 politica; ambiente CAPITOLO II: IL BRAND ACTIVISM NELL’ATTUALE SOCIETA’ 19 AMERICANA 1) Il Brand Activism: evoluzione del fenomeno nel contesto internazionale: dal Brand 19 Activism al concetto di Political Activism 1.1 Varie forme di Partecipazione dei Brand nel mondo della politica 24 2) Decadenza del capitalismo e cittadinanza digitale: le nuove sfide del mondo 28 immateriale 2.1 Capitalismo collaborativo e capitalismo della sorveglianza 36 3) Economia, società e politica nella grande America 39 3.1 100 anni d’America: Dalla grande depressione al Green New Deal 41 3.2 La grande corruzione di un’America piena di speranze 44 3.3 Il bene comune come fine ultimo del Brand Activism: come rendere di nuovo 48 grande l’America? 4) Il Brand Activism e il movimento Black Lives Matter 52 4.1 Il Brand Activism di Nike: da “Revolution” a “Just Do It” 60 2 CAPITOLO III: L’INFLUENZA DEI BRAND NELLA SOCIETA’ 66 ODIERNA 1) Dal concetto di purpose a quello di action 66 2) Come il Brand Activism può orientare i consumi 71 3) Millenials, Generazione Z e Brand Activism: comunicare con le nuove generazioni di 78 consumatori 4) La Brand Reputation: i principali fattori che influenzano il giudizio dei 82 consumatori. Avere voce nelle controversie aiuta o danneggia il marchio? 4. 1) Casi in cui il brand activism ha sortito effetti positivi 86 4. 2) Casi in cui il brand activism ha sortito effetti negativi 90 CAPITOLO IV 94 1) Quando il Brand Activism fallisce e quando sortisce effetti positivi nei confronti del 94 pubblico 1.1) Il Case study Patagonia 97 1.2) Il Case study Pepsi 115 1.3) Social media listening 149 DISCUSSIONE DEI RISULTATI E CONCLUSIONI 162 1) Research Question e Metodologia 166 2) Implicazioni per la ricerca 170 3) Implicazioni manageriali 170 3) Limiti e gap per la ricerca futura 171 SINTESI 172 BIBLIOGRAFIA 177 SITOGRAFIA 182 3 APPENDICE 1: Social Media List. Excel 189 Introduzione Il presente elaborato intende illustrare la delicata e complessa tematica avente ad oggetto il Brand Activism, fenomeno che vede i Brand scendere in capo e prendere posizione nei riguardi di un particolare problema di natura politica, sociale, economica o ambientale che affligge la società contemporanea, per contribuire al perseguimento del “bene comune” e far conoscere ai propri stakeholder la propria posizione su questi temi, ingaggiandoli emotivamente (P. Kotler, C. Sarkab, 2018). Il fenomeno ha subito un’elevata diffusione negli ultimi anni in quanto i consumatori, grazie ai social media e a Internet sono più informati e più sensibili rispetto al passato ed esprimono giudizi non solo sulla qualità dei prodotti che intendono acquistare, ma anche sulle delicate tematiche che affliggono la nostra società e chiedono anche ai Brand di prendere posizione relativamente agli stessi valori in cui essi credono. 4 Questo comporta un rafforzamento del concetto secondo cui l’impresa non costituisce un soggetto autonomo a sé stante, ma va considerata all’interno del contesto sociale, politico, culturale in cui agisce in quanto, impresa e ambiente circostante interagiscono continuamente e hanno bisogno l’una dell’altro. Inoltre, la reputazione di un Brand è continuamente sottoposta al giudizio del pubblico per quanto riguarda i seguenti fattori: l’impatto sull’ambiente, le modalità di reperimento delle materie prime, il rispetto degli standard per la tutela della salute e sicurezza dei lavoratori, il coinvolgimento in questioni sociali e politiche ((Porter, 2006)1. Pertanto, lo scopo del seguente elaborato è quello di analizzare il fenomeno in una maniera il più esaustiva possibile partendo, innanzitutto, dalla sua nascita ed evoluzione. Successivamente, si illustreranno gli obiettivi che il Brand Activism intende perseguire e i soggetti cui esso intende rivolgersi. L’elaborato proseguirà con una descrizione di casi concerti di Brand Activism proiettati nell’attuale contesto socio-politico internazionale. Inoltre, attraverso una qualitative research si cercherà di comprendere la considerazione che il pubblico ha relativamente al coinvolgimento dei Brand nelle questioni sociali e politiche che affliggono la nostra società. L’obiettivo della presente disamina è, dunque, quello di dimostrare che nel corso degli anni è aumentato notevolmente l’interesse da parte del pubblico – in particolare le ultime generazioni – verso quei Brand che assumono comportamenti “virtuosi” nei confronti delle principali tematiche socio-politiche che affliggono la società. Rispetto al passato, infatti, la società attuale grazie ad internet e ai social network ha subito profonde trasformazioni che ne hanno mutato gli equilibri e i valori e di conseguenza i consumatori – in particolare quelli appartenenti alle nuove generazioni dei Millennials e Generazione Z –, hanno innalzato in maniera considerevole il livello di aspettative nei confronti dei Brand, anche perché i consumatori sempre più diffidenti nei 1 Secondo il teorico ed economista M. Porter, impresa e società sono due realtà tra loro integralmente interconnesse e, pertanto, non si può studiare la missiondi un Brand prescindendo dall’analisi del contestodi cui esso fa parte. In tal senso, Porter M.., Kramer M. R. (2006) Strategy and Society. The thing between competitive advantage and Corporate Social responsibility, HBR. 5 confronti delle istituzioni e dei governi “incapaci di risolvere le piaghe che affliggono il pianeta”, grazie alla condivisione delle informazioni, hanno sviluppato un nuovo modo di relazionarsi alle problematiche e si rivolgono ai Brand perché li ritengono in grado di contribuire al “bene comune” chiedendo ad aiutarli a difendere gli stessi valori in cui credono (fenomeno del consumer activism). In particolare, le istanze di azioni concrete a favore della società promanano dalle nuove generazioni le quali, rispetto al passato, attraverso l’utilizzo di internet e dei social media sono informate real time su quanto accade intorno a loro e mostrano maggiore sensibilità verso la necessità di migliorare l’ambiente in cui vivono. Pertanto, esprimono apprezzamento non solo verso quei Brand che forniscono prodotti di qualità, ma che mostrano un’immagine di sé “socialmente responsabile” perché sostengono il cambiamento e sono coinvolti in questioni sociali e politiche di particolare delicatezza che coinvolgono l’intera società. Emerge, pertanto, un concetto di “responsabilità sociale” del Brand , che indica la sua capacità di relazionarsi ed interagire con i diversi stakeholder con cui entra in contatto – sia interni che esterni – mostrando le proprie intenzioni e i propri obiettivi e condizionando, in tal modo, scelte e comportamenti di carattere politico, sociale, culturale, economico in relazione all’immagine che un Brand assume nei confronti dell’ambiente e della società (Duse, 2009). In particolare, un’azienda può mostrare il proprio impegno nei confronti di un problema di natura politica, sociale, economica o ambientale sono i più disparati: campagne pubblicitarie, pubbliche dichiarazioni, donazioni a enti benefici, interazioni social etc. Ma tutto ciò agli occhi di un pubblico sempre più esigente e diffidente, non basta. Ulteriori elementi che devono caratterizzare l’impegno di un Brand sono, infatti, la sua autenticità e trasparenza. In altre parole, in prospettiva strategica, una campagna pubblicitaria o una pubblica dichiarazione deve essere seguita da fatti e i fatti devono essere coerenti con la storia, l’identità e i valori del brand perché il rischio di essere etichettati come ipocriti e opportunisti è dietro l’angolo. 6 Questo perché il pubblico, in particolare le ultime generazioni , forti del potere dei social e sensibili verso le principali questioni sociali, politiche, culturali da un lato sono sempre di più diffidenti verso l’advertising tradizionale dall’altro pretendono che la posizione assunta da un Brand relativamente ad una determinata questione non sia in sostanza, una mera operazione di Woke washing. Il rischio, dunque, è che l’attivismo, specie se ha ad oggetto tematiche dal forte impatto sociale, si possa trasformare in un “effetto boomerang” con conseguenti perdite di immagine e di profitti. Pertanto, attraverso la descrizione dei principali Case Study si cercherà di comprendere quali possono essere le conseguenze negative (epic fail) e positive in termini di immagine e reputazione nei confronti del pubblico di un Brand Activism su determinate cause sociali, politiche e ambientali. CAPITOLO I: BRAND ACTIVISM. GENESI ED EVOLUZIONE 1: La nascita del Brand Activism Il Brand Activism è un fenomeno che ha avuto grande risonanza negli ultimi anni, rappresentante l’evoluzione naturale di precedenti teorie che hanno ad oggetto la posizione e le responsabilità che un Brand assume nei confronti
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