N'reader Ardenk Progressive Tamil Grammar

A COMPAN I ON RE ADER

’ A r d e n s

Progressive Tamil Grammar

V O LUME I

CON S I S TI N G OF

I Com an on E x e c s es to th e G a mma llust at n th e . p i r i r r , i r i g su ccess v s i e rule .

’ I I . E a s sto es b e n Boo k I of P e T m l P s e a d in y ri , i g op s a i ro e R g

B ook w th notes ansla ion and ef e enc es to th e G amm a . , i , tr t , r r r r

The Rev. A . H . A ARDEN M. ,

’ M i si t or te ea t Chn at Colle e C a b id e La te Fellow o the a d a s Un ve n s Lec e g , m r g ; f r r y ; f y r ur r

a t th s i t a b i e in Ta mil a nd Telugu e Uni ver y of C m r dg .

’ ‘ ’ ‘ tho o A o essive el G a a Tel Read e etc . A P o essive Au r f P r gr T ug u r mm r, ugu r, , r gr

’ a i l G a a T m r mm r .

‘ PUBLI S H ED AN D sonn BY T H E SOCI ETY FOR PROMOTI N G CH RI STI AN

KN OWLEDGE 17 CH URCH STRE ET VEPERY m om s . , , ,

1 9 1 4

3 » or 5 shilli Price Rs . 5 ngs

( A ll rig h ts res erve d . )

P R E F A C E

’ TH I S book is intended as a Companion Reader to the Au thor s

r . t o ar Progressive Tam il Gramm a It consists Of w p ts .

PART I gives a series o f EXERCI SES in ill u stration Of the successive r of r m m r u m m ules the G a a , and should be st died at the sa e ti e . i r e mm They conta n nothing but wo ds and sent nces in co on use . u n m r r mm They will enable the st de t , whilst aste ing the G a ar , to gain at the sam e time a considerable knowledge Of Tamil words and phrases .

‘ ’ PART II consists of the S H ORT STORI ES given in Pope s Tamil ’ adin Book r of Prose Re g , the copy ight which the Author has ’ P . B r m r m Dr. r purchas ed f o ope eing taken f o native sou ces , they

re S m of r r m rm a excellent peci ens o dina y Ta il , and fo a most u t useful introduction to the lang age . N o es are given to explain re erences are m any difﬁculties , and constant f ade to the para

f r m m r . A tra ns la tion is graphs o the G a a added . It will be

u r ﬁ r r to r m fo nd a p o table exe cise f equently select passages f o it , r m m m r and ret anslate the into Ta il , and then co pa e them with the original text .

It is hardly necessary to remark that the study of a living language m ust be pursued in a somewhat different manner to one l r that of a dead , especia ly whe e the student is no t a m e re

m m r or m . For r child , and ti e is o e less li ited this eason , the r is of i Autho Op nion that in studying a living language , th e u s e

trans la tion , mm m is in m a of a especially at the co ence ent , , ost c ses , m S n o ut r advisable . The ti e pent in looki g wo ds in a dictionary w r ou t m u and o king the eaning Of a passage , tho gh an excellent

r t is r r m exe cise in i self , gene ally bette e ployed in committi ng vocab ularies and passages of the new langu age to memory an d thus sto ring the m ind with words and idioms which c an be r r r which s h u ld be u n eadily ep oduced , and o p t i to pra ctica l use on ever o sible cc n y p s o asio . T r v r t essi hough a t anslation ob iates , to a g ea extent , the nec ty f r di tiona r u r o a c y , yet if the st dent is to gain any conside able

o n u r to m r kn wledge of the la g age , and tho oughly aste such a ‘ ’ r as fo r ﬁr The P a ncha ta ntra wo k , , instance , the st book of , m for . . . ere (one of the s ubjects set the I C S exa ination , ) it will long be necessary f or him to provide himself with a Tamil

r . Fo r r r dictiona y this eason , the Autho has not thought it a s a a la r t i d advisable to s upply peci l voc bu y to h s Rea ing Book. It m a n o n n on u only i poses additi al expe se the st dent , and as a

n r m u u r r ma r se dictio a y st event ally be p ocu ed , it y as well be pu cha d

u n ﬁ r . at once, and the f ll be e t Of it eaped

URB R UG H . . N . C O O , A H ARDE

A ML N 18 2 RE T A V ER 9 . G , C O MP A N I O N E X E R C I S E S

’ Arden s Progressive Tamil Grammar

R T I P A .

B —The m r r r t r r to r N . . nu be s inse ted in b acke s efe the pa agraphs ’ of Arden s Progressive Tamil Grammar.

rn i r . When lea ing a liv ng language , it is of p imary import ance to commit to memory a considerable number of words in

' mm to r m co on use ; and so lea n the , that it will be no eﬁort to r a m m For r ec ll the at once to ind . this eason all the vocabularies

r r mm to m given in these exe cises should be ca efully co itted emory . ﬁr r r v r The st fou exe cises consist of ocabula ies only, and are ﬁ r rr in con ned to such wo ds , as have occu ed the pages of the mm r r ad Gra a which have been al e y studied .

EXERCISE I

FT ER r d r r 29 Of r mm A ea ing to the end of pa ag aph the G a ar, following vocabulary must be committed to memory f rom) (2 9) a tree 607 5 the hand ' 6 a s» a stone a rms the leg

Lorrair a stag w om b the mind 6 L169 Ma tiger a village (2 4) a cat daily hire j ! LSs-ir a ﬁsh a tax

’ c Qu rb 1 4 r d Q u a sar 5 q / ( ) b ea gold u /rcu milk u éa tb a side 2

‘ f' 2 Q LD/TI ( 8) buttermilk LBezirsorsb lightning 2 1 L Q L, ( ) salt a r sed: ti me 5 (g m/w eir a son G a r den (2 4) murder 5 a ﬂ ower Q u iet-Lb mercy emu a bag G LI ® GIDLD greatnes s

EXERCISE II

v r m mm m m r TH E following ocabula y ust be co itted to e o y , 2 mm r having read to the end Of paragraph 5 of the Gra a .

Q u asar (4 3) a woman qa ﬁ tamarind ' - cumu lu s57 a boy mms raseir t rees 19 6ir%vr (4 7 ) a child man y; (4 6) rain a physician a king s w ag a cow a jackal a jungle

a street a fra id) a way fruit a knife leather money

charcoal curry

EXERCISE III

TH E r m mm te m m r two following vocabula ies ust be co it d to e o y, a t r r f r r m r f e having ead to the end O Chapte I of the G a ma . Ga m es (5 4) a god 7 W a book 7 a m an éa ﬁ ( 82) a saddle 5 7 a rra yb asrra air a watchman silk

' f mdfifi s szir a merchant u g s r (61) cotton ' encode fl (82) a native teacher cflfifg r seed ‘ a mother J a son a daughter a rr/134 2!

m 43v 5 8 a wo an 7 (5 . ; ( ) 1 e ra nLQ (63) a witness a

c r 5 /1?m 2 8 a ount y ( ( )

' a pollos station LI lULD a L m Lh an assembly

e m u an assem bly

EXERCI SE IV

Eraw aif t man / he , tha .

w ir m n ez a . Q he , this

67 611651 1 5 man ( ) which . m she , that wo an .

sh e m , this wo an . ercv eir (15 ) which woman

you it , that thing .

mas fem . n . they ( . ) 6 Q5 it , this thi g they (neuter) e rg ( 1 5 ) which thing ?

e /56 ad ectiva l e l . that ( j )

this (do . ) d 6T 15§ (15 ) which ? ( o. )

1 5 d rain er 4 111570 there .

tévc a r Q he e . ems/ Ga; ( 15 ) where ?

ﬁ Ll lJL . a / SL in that way

/ . Q ua19. in this way 15 f ram e. ( ) in which way how

S ingula r I mpera tives

Q u rr go (thou) Gus /KB

' a m come ( thou) u saarw

“ 14 9. read or learn (thou) Gem; 4

EXERCISE V

e r r a e r TH E two following exercises must be l a nt , whilst e ding Chapt

r mmar m . m r . II . of the G a , on the co bination , etc Of Ta il lette s

r r r In all succeeding exe cises , it is p esupposed that all the wo ds in the preceding vocabularies have been thoroughly committed to memory .

r m r 0 . are The few brief ules a ked A , B , , etc which given in the

r are - r te r mm r following exe cises , all epea d subsequently in the G a a with fuller explanations .

m r la st. u le. ( A. ) R In Ta il the ve b always stands le v r to be t tw o B u . ( . ) R In English the e b often stands be ween r r n is or is not nouns , o a p onou and a noun , to state that one the — — other ; as Tha t is a s tone Tha t is not a stone. In the cor n when ositive v r is respondi g Tamil sentence , p , the e b usually ' m when ne a tive r m evsu entirely o itted ; and g , the wo d / is used

r m r r a ss — ] f or all gende s , nu be s , and pe sons ; as G ag

5 6s a sueu. c / Read the following exercise ; and write out an English trans n f tr is latio o it . A anslation given at the end , with which the u r r translation made sho ld afte wa ds be compared .

m . 2 tT l ) . m 611 6 3 1 m LD Lh e e spa 3 s a l o 5 ( ) ( ) / ( ) « l 3 5

4 w szir sea m a rre 5 i a a ah aneven. b d . 1 5 w eér c / ( ) Q / (fl e a/ 5 j fi er fr LDIT5 65L 6 fl m/re a s a r o 7 r ir a air ds ewés si s é eu. c a w e ® ( ) (g . / ( ) /

fl ir Le a s h. 8 rmer GT T m a ch l 9 a Gd e sues . ; a Q u u) ( ) fi G / ( ) fi g c /

l . 1 T 1 2 661 ip er) 0 an 1 1 e rszir Q Q . 67 c a ( ) c /g ( ) Aug ( ) massif a m aa ir e .

Trans la tion

1 r . 2 r ( ) That is a t ee ( ) That is not a t ee . ( 3) He is not a m r 4 this man m 5 m er e chant . ( ) He ( ) is a watch an . ( ) That

m . 6 Mson tha t chant is y son ( ) y is not an accountant . ( 7) She ( m u r 8 this m m wo an) is my da ghte . ( ) She ( wo an) is not y i n r 1 r. 9 s ot . 10 is ﬁsh 1 daughte ( ) This b ead ( ) That a . ( ) That m u 12 M is y ho se . ( ) y son is an accountant . — B . r a m N . T ansl te the English back into Ta il without looking mos t im or tant r m the mm at the book . It is p to do this f o co ence m n as r tra n la t Ta e t , it is a good exe cise both in s ion and in mil i in wr t g . ~ - m a Wu C . ”r aw § W 5

EXERCISE VI

ﬁ . C . u le . r n v ( ) R A que stion is exp essed by af xi g the owel cg Bead and transla te the following ? P 92 ’ 2 W /r r . { u . 3 mnu ( 1) Q5 mm) . ( ) M a a ( ) Q5 eucv

0 4 l w eir R aff Loes ? 5 tarszir 67 51 509. a a 6 r r . 92 c c Qg Pa a , ( ) / @ ( ) l 6 ‘ ‘ ma szir 67 657 massif . ar ; a /ﬁzu rr Ib ﬂ lUlT? ( ) c /g ,

? v P r . 90 92 . 7 J s =a uu m /r a sp en/r P r . 91 92 . 8 a e a a , ( ) ug y , a a , ( ) /g

' 2 9 l u evew r aﬁhu a ? 9 9 0 J uu meuev: 5 6K) . 9 . a : 8 . / ( ) c /g , u ,

10 r 1 1 6 1 651 a m é a ? 9 2 1. e ma ) : u se . . a c g ] 4 ( ) ) c / yg ( ) 1 @

' ’

12 g m/ air a m asa seréucu: e a rszir a i ri s essir . ( ) y c / s g

Trans la tion

1 2 S do ? 3 do ( ) It (this) is a dog . ( ) I this a g ( ) This is not a g ; 4 b e ur ? 5 not m son : it is a j ackal , ( ) Is yo son ( ) He is y this I r d m an m . 6 I s or ? 7 S ( ) is y son ( ) that a jackal , a dog ( ) that b ea , 9 or or a stone ? (8) It is not b read : it is a stone . ( ) I s that a cow , 11 a tiger ? (10) It is not a tiger : it is a cow . ( ) Is he an

accountant ? (12) He is not an accountant : H e is a m er chant .

N B —~ r m . . T anslate the English back into Ta il , without looking at

the b ook .

E XERCI SE VII

m r r d TH E th ree following exercises ust be ead , whilst ea ing

r r 1 r mm r . pa ag aphs 97 to 5 5 of the G a a , on nouns

r r r 128 Before doing this exercise lea n to the end of pa ag aph .

— i a r civ a (1) Decline in fu ll the nouns w ag sé and u gi rb. (2) Read and Tr anslate the following

1 ma a la és G es /rQ 9 3 2 a rra b a rra i eswﬁé) . ( ) g g ® , d , ( ) y

3 m m zu emu u rré) 4 meafl emm u Lo ser ? ( ) gfi g i Wmfig . ( ) fi g m s 9 ’ 5 eb a f éo 6 m i a m /réu 7 a ccurate; 5 » éi . a r u . ( ) mg; u fi fi r ( ) g fi ( )

m /ra w i a em S Q l sp ) u m dish 8 J u tu E a . i u . g j c a g (g ( ) c /g gg g / (3) Tr anslate into Tamil

h 2 m n . (1) Give (it) to t e disciples . ( ) A o gst the physicians ’ ’ 4 hm . (3) Through your son s fault . ( ) The watc an s wages ’ ’ r i ? 0 (5 ) In the physician s books . (6) Is that you d sciple s book ( ) M - Vm c M ¢ y m c z , 2 7 0 3 8

’ m . 8 T t is not Lit. I t is (7) No . ( not y disciple s book) ( ) ha ’ ’ 9 m r r ? 10 v my son s dog (B) . ( ) Is that the e chant s t ee ( ) Gi e 12 1 (it) to the boys . ( )

EXERCISE VIII

m ther i her a r u l . The e s t e re d (D) R e English idio , , is exp esse in Tamil by the Single word and the negative is express ed by the single word Read and translate the following :

’ EGE s e m a e 2 mm) a t riu m /r? 1 / u . ( ) Q ( ) 0 ,

’ s 2 /r 9 2 9 4 u a gléudsu. 3 a IHJGa . . 5 ( ) g / ( ) ( )

a ma sh R / la/ G’s; a rma evﬁ Le / eform r? 6 a m sb dcv. 7 C , ( ) c l ( )

E 2 6657 67— 0 r ® 88 8 z r. . n u ) a uuafm . ( ) uu ?

' ’ r — — 9 /H/ G a E u e an or E uél eb dw . 88 . 10 ] C , ( ) Q u Q ( ) Q5 1 ' 1 m G u /rszir araim) . 1 emu svdsv. 2 u J ss a ) . c / ( ) Q ( ) e

Tra ns lation

( 1 r r 2 r do r ? 3 ) The e is a cow he e . ( ) Is the e a g the e ( ) There

4 r m r i. . r . not s r is n is not a dog the e ( ) The e is ilk he e , , The e o r 5 Are r r r ? 6 r are milk he e . ( ) the e t ees the e ( ) The e not trees

r i . r r r r . e T r a e » 7 m the e , , he e no t ees the e ( ) The e is (so e) salt

r . 8 ? 9 r r 10 the e ( ) Is that salt ( ) The e is no salt he e . ( ) Thi s

11 T r 12 . is not gold . ( ) he e is no bag . ( ) It is not a bag — N . B . r n m T anslate the E glish back into Ta il , without looking

at the book .

EXERCISE IX

1 i $IT® a. m ail r ( ) Decl ne in full the nouns jungle , e the stomach ,

rea ch silk , and a day .

2) Translate into Tamil z

1 r are r 2 r are ( ) The e no gigs he e . ( ) The e no kings in those

r . 3 GO 4 count ies ( ) to the house . ( ) This is not a side wall . 5 m m ( ) A ongst the ﬁshes . (6) Give (it) to the w—ork en (A) . 7 T r not u 8 Are re not s ( ) he e is a book in the ho se . ( ) the tones 10 in the w (9) There are ten cows in the jungle . ( )

not . 1 That is a book (1 ) There is not a book . 7

EXERCISE X

TH E three following exercises must be read whils t l earning r noun i r mm r r r 15 ] 1 8 the p o s n the G a a , pa ag aphs to 8 .

’ Ru l A r v r in a cc sa t (E) e. t ansitive e b takes an object the u t ve r of neuter r ma ca se. When howeve the object is the gende , it y b e put in the nominative case .

Read and translate the - following

’ ' 1 6 Iii/Tamal e; esrrev a rm es e; G esrr® 9 3 2 ( ) Q } fi m cg . . ( ) ' ? ear/flex) g am esa sir g azin g /r 3 gl féc ai m m u /f a dr ( ) c / fiQ ' ’ fie ev m u tu eivcs efr w 12 1 4 a . . 5 ( ) a d ( ) @g fl air

“ m/m mmm tu 8m . 6 fli u xrufj c a m rm m ru m a (g g 5 ( ) Q fi Cg l g g / esg a; 7 m em 61, “ G et/rG . u s é; 8 earn ( ) fi f 4 n n ( ) ;

9 9 f ' a £ 69 a afarQ) . 7 . J g a}a e L é) efi a efr ev g cg 4 ( ) / fi o q n . ' ' 10 /é anfl ex) weve» £ 651 5 6} evaN UJ/r ? 1 1 15 5mm ( ) Q fi g r / Q ( )

35" 12 G g fib / 5 61} t 5 ( ) fi fifi easel axing /r?

2 (1) Gi ve this dog to the watchman . ( ) Is there an account ant in that village ? (3) Are there not physicians there ? or Are there no physicians there ? (4) Ther e are not (any) boys s —or— r are in this hou e The e no boys in this house . (5) This is ’ . 6 r hi my son s cat ( ) Give this upee to s son . ( 7) Give this m—ar— v m m 8 money to the Gi e the this oney . ( ) There is a

r . 9 r are r tige in the jungle ( ) The e no tige s in that jungle . — — (10) Are there not good ﬁsh in this river or Are there no good ﬁsh in this river ? ( 11) Is not that a good cat ? ( 12) Are there (any) rivers in that coun try — ’ i T m B . Tr t N . anslate the English back nto a il , wi hout looking at the book .

EXERCI SE XI

u le T m motion towards a n ob ect r (F) R . In a il , j is exp essed by r r the da tive case but if that object be a living c eatu e , the simple

' d ffix m ev or 3 613 v 1. 9 dati e cannot be use , but the a Q fifi Q 5 5 1 65

r m 1_Lh a lace. (f o ,@ p ) 8

Commit to memory the follo wing vocabulary

’ - - c re py r . airsm es mr&7ret m rr e yeste day Q p g to day, @ to o ow .

a nr rziys eir m Q UITE <5 6§T qg co e (ye) , go (ye) . Read and translate the following

l aim . 2 I? C rr 3 lg £ L ®é§ ( ) ( ) ( ) u . ( ) ( )

u fr 9 3 d 4 ft? ? G u n 5 I? Graft G . , ( ) ( ) M ( ) ( ) ai ' rr 6 andem? lf b eset eu t e m é G u / . éo . L) vT m afij fifi ( ) ( ) cg g ’ ' g Q a a éz es 8 ir m/ fins GT GDT ar L w eir. (B gnrés J n gg ( ) g , i

8 9 ' rr 1 m l sb ev . /r 5 . eir é m eira m afib gfig g u (Eu . ( ) Q m g fl fl fl

‘ - ? / t 1 a Q J/i5 I O el san w a rd 5 G as K) . l l c r /35 53 a am E Q ( ) e / g C5 ( ) y , ﬁﬁ / ’ ’ 13 et as G ese D. 12 m eu es&1r n a r e§ as eg cg ( ) Q e l g ® ( ) ’ ’ a m u éi G mb a 14 a t a r gL Cd £ 1 eir. ni tr%rré@ w ipw g r m a cg u ( ) Q

4 “) m /TGes emr s tair 9. 1360 t Translate into Tamil

1 - m rr 2 him - ( ) Go (ye) to his house to o o w . ( ) Go (ye) to to day .

3 m m - m rr 4 m u m ( ) Co e (ye) to e to o ow . ( ) Co e (tho ) to y house

- 6 5 u m r . to day . ( ) Give (tho ) two cows to this e chant ( ) Give (ye)

r - I r c at 8 ten t ees to those workmen to morrow . (7) s this you ( ) m r 1 Ar are r . 9 re 0 e These not thei sons ( ) These a y child en . ( ) there good ﬂ owers in that jungle

EXE RCISE XII

u le . T m i err (G) R When a a il sentence conta ns an int ogative ,

g the sign of a question is not used . In such sentences the m i r e m Ta il equ valent of the ve b to b is often o itted . Commit to memory the following vocabulary

N ew s ff r w a /rear m G u m afr a thing , an a ai , g he ca e , gg he

n /r r G a ea . went , g he did Read and translate the following ? ( l) a na l/b a tm an 67 1157 0 63? ( 2 ) cu m} (3) 111 /n 7 4 ° 7 9 . 619 t ? i ( ) J/g j 1. 66m 6 g armen (5 ) a l gn;

at u 6 a a l me m g ul L er; (g cg ( ) e / n r ug ? 9 rr 1 6 . 7 n u u r u u m m a rr/Hu m G imGeq /rﬁ m Qg ﬁ gg ( ) c / a r g l . 7 9 r 2 . 663TL JT? 1 . 8 u u r u u m t ear Hu mer/m a) w 7 o / . 1 ( ) c l g eg d 5 . 9 an/i m ; é G as/rQ . 181 ( ) G ol m i e .

1 Q Le a n 7 9 n c ra , ( 0) n ? 1 . ( ) m err G a uges/reﬁt ? ( 12) G engw aiawra eér Gm devm cu Grab

/r G m é: G a b mair 14 w rb e t g /r@? ( 1 3) g y ; Gra n/ Lg. g ? ( )

- m m tu mereBr m é a rts /rein 1 5 5 . ® cg caj ‘ Translate into Tam il

1 . 1 2 ( ) There is no one in that house 75 . ( ) Whose boo ks are 3 r are the m r ? 165 . 4 these ( ) Whe e e chants ? G . ( ) Whose son

b r . 18 5 r is e ? They are all his daughte s 3 . ( ) All those wo kmen are m 6 m y sons . ( ) Has the watch an gone to that village ? (7) Has th e accountant done that work (8) Gi ve two books to each

b o . 18 9 his own r ? 10 y 5 . ( ) Has each done wo k ( ) He did all r r 183 that wo k yeste day . .

EXERCISE XIII

Ta n following exercise must be read whilst lea rning the adjective:

r mm P r . 189 in the G a ar. ( a as to Commit to memory the following voc abulary

u mor L u m 81 rm e rg beauty , ( g g ( ) fo , b auty , ﬁ justi ce ,

' aﬂ em mer rh r s G uJ/rasQ lu air r man LMG t u t , faith , a wo thy , a bull ock .

Read and tran slate the following

i a m . P r 186. 2 ( 1) w j g eér enw ev cir. B a a ( )

/r m tu Ma 4 as oven 3 m a e m an . morw w rf arr w . ( ) g y gg ma ( ) J/

m tin 5 l 155 1 IrGereir mé wm m a m n? 6 es% u s e at /r? e 5 m g ( ) e / , ( ) W “ ' /r ? 169 7 ) UGBDT OL DGZD fl m é es ( I. L U em fi g fi gg . ( ) G S cg

ﬁev ev 9 z w eir t a r ew ' G a rrG 1 9 2 . 8 ev d r if} a s eir. a c a . ( ) Jy ? ( ) C / /gn

9 82 eiv rfl a freara j efr st em. iv 1 3 . s e fi . J ‘Q/ fi /gg y

" 12 ( 11) g ym /f a ct 5195 9 61”e a m mmm w . ( ) ' ‘ ? 13 1 1115 Ln/rL emm u rr/ie uLb . am_ tu qﬁtu ﬂ u 1 5 5 . ( ) 4 1 1 n

i a m m i ? G 9 9 1 4 a l a ﬁév G it uwr 5 . g; ® 69605 1 1 . ( ) g / ' 1 9 2 1 99 w 8 . ( 15 ) 4 611657 or anges £ 1 u tr/iesag mh a ggu epdra r air . .

Transla tion

m 2 are not d (1) That merchant is a good an . ( ) They goo

3 r . 4 people . ( ) Thei house is a goo d one ( ) Is that cow a good one ? (5) Are those bullocks good ones ? (6) I s this the jungle 2 10

? 7 v me t m . 8 ust m an path ( ) Gi e hat oney bag ( ) He is a j . 9 m 10 m ( ) She is not a beautiful wo an . ( ) That wo an is not

. 11 are r r r 1 2 beautiful ( ) They not t ustwo thy pe sons . ( ) Is this 1 r 14 his new house ? ( 3) This bu llock is bette than that . ( ) Who

m r m —L itera ll - m m is the ost wo thy of the y A ongst the , who is rt man ? 15 m r m the wo hy ( ) He is o e handso e than I . — N . B . r m T anslate back into Ta il , without looking at the book

EXERCISE XIV

E r r m r r TH th ee following exe cises ust be ead , whilst lea ni ng

r I of r mm r numera ls os t ositions . Chapte V the G a a , on , p p , etc

H ule v r to ha ve is r r T m ( . ) R . The e b f equently exp essed in a il

b £ 4 55d by a dative case , followed y or by if the sentence be negative.

Read and translate the following

m és é 2 3 s a cote . ( 1) g g at sn eer” ? ( ) ta. ( ) a ;

’ o a /ra é 4 9 4 s ca m/ 5mm w es l L! u am oeiarm fr? 1 9 2 . 0 g cg cg , ( ) ( t a i ) 5 ui em oion a rr s /ra m m g . ( ) Q p ay ' ’ 6 eBIrL L Geu u et eseserr en 1 4 8 7 m w u lé ( ) a fi d» . . ( ) fifi g g

' Lo/rCDa eir si zin g ”? 8 ) 9 a/5 5 J/rerrra és tset se éuga . ( ) Q ( ) g l , Q j g

am 1 0 a a tr g tr? Q at . ( ) Q flifi fi so

' ' 7 r 1 1 o /3 55 G e ev weve ) 85 m m? 12 re at . ( ) c l 5 , fi fifi ( ) g

Transla tion

H as ? Lit r to (1) the accountant a knife ( . Is the e a knife the 2 — — — r accountant ( ) Yes or H e has (Litera lly The e is) . (3) H as that workman (any) money ? (4) Has not the watchman — — (any) money or Has the watchman no money ? (5) There r are are me chants in this village . (6) There not (any) cows in — — the jungle or There are no cows in the j ungle . (7) Has the 9 ? . Lit r are . physician (any) bullocks (8) N o ( . The e not) ( ) That r 10 Are r r king has not a nice count y . ( ) the e (any) good t ees in this country ? (11) Are there not (any) good ﬂ owe rs in that

— - country or Are there no good ﬂ owers in that country ? 12 N o ( ) . — B Tr t T m it t the o . N . . ansla e back into a il, w hou looking at bo k

12 — (Literally I t happened in the one thousand eight hundred and

ei ht - six th r g y yea ) . — N . B . Tr te i T m i . ansla back nto a il , w thout looking at the book

EXE RCI SE XVI

r COMMIT to memory the following vocabula y .

m ru b 5 5 0 5 /ra Lb O u /ﬁu a onkey, g a place , , s joy ,

rrGai-m eir r h e G a v . g eat, gave , gi e ye

Read and translate the following

@ a nr merr 2 3 2 2 C u m. 1 GTGSTG é . ( ) @ qy . ( )

7 2 4 2 m 5 5 u Lb 1 . 0 (3) Q dMQL Lb Lb L QLb w ig /w eir. ( ) q5 q/ 9 Q§ b e filg GdTQ LD@6\J G u /fitu r /£7 (Du /fl u a a 5 L L . . ( ) g g ag (g 6

’ 2 m m . 6 a m /f esevﬁu i e ré 3 8. 7 67 651 5 ( ) c l f ﬁ t g g ( )

611 5 Lb dv 5 /5 5 %7r 5 ®5 a ® 1r657 2 3 9 . 3 4 Q 1 C§ u 5 5 5 3 ( )

u 2 4 3 9 m ewés u 5 5 m mrrﬁg ub . ( ) cg M5 7 ® 1r 2 4 6 5 5 0 5 1r s m/ru 5 G 5 1r 5 5 ezin . , q r r

Translate into Tamil

- 1 m d . 2 m r r m rr ( ) Go with the to ay ( ) Co e with you fathe to o ow . r are r r 4 r are ( 3) Outside the house the e two la ge t ees . ( ) The e ten r 5 Are r m n monkeys upon that t ee . ( ) the e (any) o keys on that house ? (6) There are no monkeys o n this t ree ? (7) He came

- r m r r . 8 m me m rr f o his fathe yeste day ( ) Co e to to o ow .

EXERCISE XVII

Tu n ﬁve i r m r rni follow ng exe cises ust be ead , whilst lea ng er V r mm r im rati e m od t Chapt of the G a a , on the pe v o and enses of verbs .

A Conversa tion

B —To r r r ar r 26 N . . be ead afte lea ning to p ag aph 8 of the

Grammar.

a a 3m V c bu l r . 1 ai u Lb s r r o y m a language, Q s plea u e , desi e ,

G enr en b n ew es m 5 0 5 1 5 7 65 r r g a little , /fi uch , 5 a b othe , m c’ r , u fra m fi e r u /r /fi r m n a siste fifi an of c , p ofession , Q a cle gy a ,

69 a uu sir r $9 but , ﬁ a fathe . 13

' A igi 61 l 5 5 L8 2 61 2 67 . ( .) , gb ,

’ B G5 t Q /fi5 u u m m eu ( .) fifi B A. 5 l u /rsma a L m5 d m uy r? ( ) ( n r ® Q fi 9 5 B . u /t frsir. 169 . ( ) s fi ,

A. rziz 4 0 ( ) O5 g s @rb 2 .

B . O a m enb u L G 65r é> u mi 5 Q m 5 5 e y ( ) ég al ‘ ; gg® Q ,

s; 1 9 9 2 4 . o J au w . 4 g ig fi q , H A 94 0 5 5 5 G5 5 a fr . ( . ) 6 m5 /fi eir eubru ? B J ‘ W . WG G Q E I Lb 0 65 1 5 0 5 /r /fi5 Lb ® 2 3 9 1 & WbT . ( ) Q fi Qfi (5 4 5 @ .

A ru b amu u 5 uu 5 a ®u a 5 m . o 67 657 53 1 ? 1 5 0 ( ) e 5 @@ @ 5 § .

B 1 5 0. ( , )

Transla tion

re r T m ? (A. ) Whe did you lea n a il

e rn m r . (B . ) I l a t it at Ca b idge li T m ? Li (A) Do you ke the a il language ( t. Is it a pleas ure to you ?)

Lit. a r (B . ) Yes . ( It is a ple su e) . r ? (A. ) Did you lea n Telugu also : B . r T m e e r T u ( ) I lea nt a little but I like a il b tt than el gu .

Lit. T m m r ( But although one sees elugu , Ta il in uch pleasu e . ) r r and r (A. ) Have you (any) b othe s siste s

v two r r r r . (B . ) I ha e b othe s , and th ee siste s ’ r r r (A . ) What is you fathe s p ofession

B H e r m . ( . ) is a cle gy an

EXERCI SE XVIII

A Conversa tion

—To r r r to r r B . 2 7 N . be ead afte lea ning pa ag aph 8 of the mm r Gra a .

ca b ula r . a ur5 Lb aQeiv5 rrm b r Vo y dwelling , habitation ; , g eatness ;

fin efl fi g m neatness , eness ; gfi anything curious or showy ; ‘ G ee/r d r ; , efl ex) m or fi a st eet a building a te ple , church ; 5 nd» a hall ; entra Lb a week ; @@ u 5 & 69 daily charge

5 m} m d m w m . f r r 0 6 fir s ; ; L e (2 5 5 o boa d ; (5 , st cla s about / any 7 9 — A $1} 2 . or a me ( .) ( more stiffl y n ]; u a brw gfii ?) 14

B u /r5 u L u a ar f éu ( . ) , ﬁ Q

/ A al r ﬁ u m r ? 1 5 . ( ) c /g

- ‘ a g B Jeeves a9 u 165 tr67§7 . 169 m ni16 s; eiv tnrm/rw 5 Lb ( . ) , ( ) i g @

1 117 667 5 /ru 5 Lb m a brca. 19 3 2 3 9 . 0 7555 u @ , (The Englis h r word shop is translite ated . ) (A) 4 9 7 G u rﬁu u LLm eaN Lo/r?

B G u rfiu u u m m rt /reir. 9 5 5 mm} Q Lb u f aaezmu /nfi u b ( .) g ( ) fi l

Gu i 2 10 .

? (A) u L u emgfﬁsi) G5 5 Qu frear in ﬁ rm /r

m u rrm 5 5 l i7 e. 6bbT@ 657 677 67 61) B ne m u; G - u . _ a 6ir . 611 . i ( ) L / 5 § 4

' ' b ' 7 5 u rniasQ uL et /7 5 96s g en 5 G 5 u na r . 18 1 “ ,6m Q , G /Q 5 Q g , 9 1 9 4 1 9 , .

° r /65 13 u u u m f év 661 69 9 s mr7 667 5 L u u tér5 sir (A) c y , g ﬁ l 5ﬁ

. —IT? 2 . 603TL

B G a G u /ﬁu u LLu Gaw5 /7 36wL Lb uasi !) 69 697 5 e ( . ) g / , Q 4

' 2 9 II UT 5 Lb g a brfa 1 9 2 3 . LD G L u 6b . 9 @ . (The English word hotel is r r t anslite ated) .

° ° 3 5 657 6mmuJ/r667 L u 6v5 6rﬂev emu etea eﬂ 67 5 7 5 7 ? 19 3 (A) (9 , 9 (g , 1 9 0 .

B sir és ai m /7 17 a37 u 1 u r u) : 1 69 611 17 57 ( . ) Q y g § § ( g 4 / i 5 4 4 @ 5 @ B Lb u g J 2 .

Transla tion

(A) Where do you live

v . (B . ) I li e at Bath (A) Is that a nice place

Y es r are r ﬁne r . (B .) ; the e la ge houses and shops the e (A) Is it a large town

r are fift - n (B . ) Yes the e about y two thousa d inhabitants . (A) Are there fine buildings i n the town r are r fine u n : r (B . ) Yes , the e seve al b ildi gs (but) the chu ch is finer than them all . ( A) Are there other showy buildings in the town

T r r r - or r v r (B . ) he e is a ve y la ge town hall , and two th ee e y extensive hotels .

r ﬁrst- t ? A . ) What is the daily cha ge in the class ho els

o r or ﬁ ru . (B. ) Ab ut nine upees a day , fty pees a week 15

E XERCISE XIX

— r 294 mm r B . To r a r r r r . N . e d afte lea ning to pa ag aph of the G a a

: V ca bu la r . a wa rd» v r ummy e ra m o y hea en , ea th , G a table , / p

® ITQ LD/b m a r m ﬁ 5 r LJ Lb n. a oo , a eld , § a lette , bQ a ango,

n a mr /r a n? or u . a loa , a bank , a tank pool , qﬁ new Translate into Tamil

w th 289 . God created the Heaven and e Earth . o r z . 2 17 289 He sei ed both the books , . o ? 168 290 . o Did the merchan t destroy his own house , x u Both the merchant and his son perished . 239 . n c 290 . He fed the cows in the j ungle . o c Yesterday the cow graz ed in th e jungle .

q r 293 . He did that wo k well . o o Will they do that work to - morrow

D‘ Is it raining ? 293 .

HO . 2 He put the book on the table 94 . HH 2 4 Did he abuse the physician 9 .

M- m H To morr ow I shall put that table in this roo .

EXERCI SE XX — N . B To r r r to r r 308 r mm r . , be ead afte lea ning pa ag aph of the G a a Translate into Tamil L 29 ift up that child . 7 . th He lifted up e child .

- m rr i r s To o ow I will g ve you ten upee . r 2 Why a e you weeping 98. Did ﬁ er 298 they lough the eld yest day . Wh ? 2 y didst thou laugh 99 . tr r r 299 He planted ten ees in thei ga den . .

t r m 01 . He is lying down in hat oo . 3 r r r 302 Did he w ite that lette yeste day . 2‘ 302 When did he steal those bullocks . m r l u . 308 The e chant ca led the acco ntant . ? When did it happen 304 .

13 ? 30 . . When did he tell it to you 8

EXERCI SE XXI TRAN SLATE into Tamil

1 . r l r re 31 . I saw fou a ge t es in the jungle . 0 1 6

w Did you see the physician yesterday ?

w r ur n 3 10 . Yeste day she ate fo ma goes .

x - u I u l . 22 saw ten b llocks in the j ung e to day 3 . n r 328 c Did they kill the tige ? . z

s . 329 He sold hi new house . m r t for ? 29 Did the physician ask the e chan a loan 3 .

c . 1 She stood upon the bank of the tank 33 . o c m . 336 He has beco e a physician .

10 . r n to 183 337 . Yeste day they all we t the village . , 11 ou u ? 382 r . . When shall y go to thei ho se 2 m me r f O 1 . o r . 338 2 8 228 They ca e to on the fou th ctobe , 3 , . m m u 13 . When will you co e to y ho se 338. 14 Are m n ? . they all co i g — B . r no N . The e is necessity to give any exercises on Chapter

VI . r mm r x m i re r of the G a a , on Syntax , as the e a ples in t a ve y m r full and nu e ous .

EXERCISE XXII

TH E two r m r a r r m following exe cises ust be e d , whilst lea ning f o paragraph 387 to 404, o f the Grammar on the I nﬁnitive mood and verba l participles . Read and translate the following

' 1 5 a sm em asdr 69 . 3 7 4 ( ) £ ® 6§r Grab gﬁ m u a l 4 69 .

2 r ss Ln/rQQa dr o w i es m r_ u m eu ssm a ? 3 7 4 . ( ) g a c l @ ' 3 Loo/£75 51}w i a w m u m w a dr ncueua m? ( ) ﬁﬁ g r c /

r 4 (f r/85 a r tu rru} sna /f ? 3 7 3 . ( ) , gfi g (5 ) mswfl Gr aham? 3 2 2 7 2 09 6 6 14 6 mm fl ufilngpl. 3 3 . ( ) , n g g , , ' - 7 u Q oéa r cb Loosail ufl l . ( ) j fi G eg flw

8 lﬁLB aLb ata 3 89 ( ) q g q Q qﬁ mg . .

fi l l 4 9 1. 1 u [atfl l i b fi b . 02 . ( ) n q g fl qg g c m

1 0 £ 7? 6 3501 5 d aﬂ 4 02 ( ) 035 g ﬁy . .

l l [w eir [str m/ra m ( ) e a

12 m rratssfmgm w a : G s név 3 08 3 89 ﬁ s . u. ( ) (g l g ,

' 13 IBITGM5 621 11 66 l u an : LQQ/rb es Lo g -sir ( ) 151 g g , gia — g 0 11 30 69 a Gm eﬁr Grafr a§r. 3 5 6 3 9 0 3 1 0 ﬂ , qy , , . 1 7

Trans lation

t T ar hese houses e not ours . s u Are these bullocks theirs ? o ’ c Are not those trees the merchant s ?

A- n Which way did you com e ’ a Lit r What o clock is it ? ( . What is the hou m o . Lit . r m It is half past ten ( Ten and a half hou has beco e) . r r r Lit « It is a qua te to eleven . ( . Ten and three quarters r h hou as become) . m ten 8 . Lit . r . It is twenty inutes to ( To st ike ten there are m e twenty inut s) .

9 . m . Lit v r It is twenty inutes past ten ( Ten ha ing st uck , m twenty inutes have elapsed) . H ow r ? 10 . long is it since you went the e n r 11 , It is four m onths si ce I went the e . m 12 . Tell the groom to co e . m r 13 . r f or m He said I cli bed up the t ee , to pluck g ass y

young calf .

~— m . i T N B . r t T anslate back n o a il , without looking at the book .

EXERCISE XXIII

READ and translate the following

’ ’ . 1 m é asesrra a v g d /13 7 1 4 9 691; 619 13 ( ) mg ra 15 ( , 4 65 g

1 61103 d 2 3 7 3 97 $9. 5 ( , , ' 655 61) m as 3 62 Q ni' u m r et (2) 4 611 67 19 (mag ( ) g g g cg é 5 65i;

' 6 1 1”s 611 n lamp u és G a mL Lo LJ

' f' u r LrLSl m a nia /rah @%7 nu eu6ir q pcg a rg fi a rmis Q ' 9 1 6 ) G u I5? 6T !5 7 Lb m a a irah 17 5 g , n / @ ri ( , ’ fl (3) m mfi fiu dfl Q aa firm /ru a m (g u m) gpqg sown/ 1 90 69 m a ] 2 09 1 5 afiL G [Qu r u a u ri a ( , ( 9 , n fi fi

’ 119 63 m a uﬁl/nG a rr®§fg Gg a a ég a rb G u fr@ 65r 9 69 ﬁcg mél m u m u és

’ a nna- 19 o/ri L fD asss st em brCB a /r , Eg g g @@ , Q

- e rrefi a fl m f et d 2 3 8 ! rsEr a b a a &wr fig g ( , g fi fi

’ - ’ ’ ru mm a n w er fr an si GssnLG 5 m os drc a r G Q g g , {fi cg ’ ' “ fl a w/5 a m w rQ u fni Z — lg ca ‘ég , fl g 3 18

a ah m u amu m cir a fl m fi é st uin astrzfitu fim g g cg e /Q ) ; g g ”— QQJ WIH LJQ LJGdT 6T63f @63f

Trans la tion

1 The r re r m r 399 ( ) owne of the t e hea ing the noise, ca e unning ( ) f out o the house . (2) The elder of them f or his ﬁve f anam s (small coins) bou ght u r r m r ou t r s ga cane efuse, and ca e , and pou ed (it) , and sp ead ( it)

so u m . The r about, that the ho se ight be full younge one bought m Lit . and so a candle ( a wax wick) , and ca e and stuck it up , put it r r that it shone eve ywhe e . (3) A certain physician put two thousand rupees into a bag ; and sealed it ; and gave it into the hand of a certain j udge ; and went into another country After a few days he came back ; and asked sa f or th e bag ; and received it . When he opened it he w that r so n him there was coppe only and ( ) he went to the ki g , and told r h e r all his m atter. When the king hea d it conside ed with r Lit himself f or a little time and then he add essed the physician ( .

him m r m e. looking at ) , and said Go ho e , and send you bag to r I will enquire into yo ur matte .

B — r T m w N . . T anslate the last piece back into a il , ithout looking at the book . EXERCISE XXIV

r m u r r r m TH E three followin g exe cises st be ead , whilst lea ning f o 4 439 of r mm r R v r paragraph 05 to the G a a on elati e pa ticiples , and n participial nou s .

Read and translate the following

- ’ 611 169 1 o a / 6.55 67} iz c a G amiQ 0 369 . ( ) c l s m

3“ 2 m 5 a il s? 0 611369 555 /ra %sr é; ea EJLQQ . ( ) Q fi G ‘ a 3 6117 6 617 61® a 1 é m L dv m ; é; G a m®. ( ) 4 9 q g ® ® 5, q j fi fi fl

ir 62 3 (4) fgféfl $677 (g raésfim Qg fi @? . ’ i a t GrimGss ? (5 ) iii/f air a m écg éi 0 a rn fi fi f as/TMQ J/i m u tu eir 3 5 2 . (6) s wa g /£7 G fi m) 67 661 607 G a li a /rub? (7 ) m anag e} ( g u n ’

' ’ GZDlLI ) m é rra r. 8 657 an u f c u /r mGTGIQ r. u ‘5 ﬁ y cg h g ( ) ﬁ ‘

4 i him . . It s not well to tell all that the physician said

5 . m an r This is a who always speaks the t uth .

6. r ne him The e is no o who has seen .

7 . m . Lit. By seeing his face , y head has been wounded ( a

wound has fallen on my head) . — N . B . Tr h T m t e . anslate back into a il , without looking at book

EXERCISE XXVI

Tm usnars into Tamil ’

1 . I s this the boy who f ed the cows in the jungle yeste rday ?

2 co . The w which I gave to the accountant is graz ing in the

2 . ﬁeld . 90 3 The m r h a m . e chant who lives in that house s so e good 3 6 bullocks . 7 . 4 m r m ﬁ t his . The e chant to who I sold that eld gave it o son . 1 4 0 32 1 . 2 68 . . 9. 97

5 m r . What is the na e of the village to which he went yeste day ? 4 10 . r r m f or 6. He gave ten upees to the wo k en doing all that 4 2 r 36. 1 . 3 . wo k . 83 9

m r . 436. 3 1 7 . Was it just to give the ten upees only 7 .

8 r m . 294 . . It was not ight to abuse the in that way

9 . me for m m v to He asked (so e) oney to gi e the physician .

438. 329 . m 10 . ? What is the good of gi ving the physician oney 403 .

EXERCISE XXVII

TH E three following exercises must be readfwhilst learning par a graphs 440 to 469 of the Grammar on afﬁxes to Relative partici r ples , and ve bal nou ns . Read and translate the following

Conversa tion

ni d 1 ? m Ga draga dr a més (A) Q g 1. g

Q ld f Q lr 7 ﬁ Q / pﬁ ? 3 3 .

B a a iva) : am u t 3 7 1 . . a ( ) e r/Q s l g 21

(A) 15 637 q a gg r o) ﬂ gpﬁ 5 60 .

' Q G 7 B s a t uu mL ®Lh 1665f / lil 67 uSl és oair. 4 0 . ( . ) g Cy c qg ﬂ

’ u a m q m a m u és G ese af Gu /r a mot a nu s : (A) G ﬁ g , g ? 61 657 637 4 06 4 5 5 . ,

’ — — B . u G or m m és u 1 12 611 1 15 ( ) fi m g , n ’ (A) a l /fieoi sr ufilé) igfi a gg gg w g n fié)

B u siroaﬂ a eoéru a l é) ( .) g or n ﬁ

rw’ ’r 2 18 Q ag ﬁ d . .

’ ffi 0 5 56 5 Gu /rQ n a mé o m ma ? 4 3 6 (A) fi g 5 9 9 7 n / g g Q fi . 9 5 6 B d m é rrair. 1 9 . ( . ) fi fi g ,

' 9 : Q (A) 4 61 61 ; n a méscg e C mQﬁ i 14 65 65 569 aJIra /rQQ t a a tru ? 1 7 2 1 7 9 3 7 6 , , .

' ' ‘ B Q Gfb Q /f u fi' ssasa r ( . ) ﬁ g r

’ 6 67 36? rt u rro és u /res i mr f (A) £ 1. q Q fifi i cg u (B ; fi a flfi ficg a; 9 5 6 3 8 , 0 .

w a m et u ri /rs r si) fre; B . v c u m CEu ( ) c /a g s e / ﬁﬁ

a mé zman ) 199 6163 ? (A) cﬁ G u .

° B Lu osi/f airw a ®15 69669 619555 H Q J u ms; aﬂ ub ( . ) g y QQ5 Q 7 G qﬁ q

Q sir 2 4 2 . Gp .

Trans la tion m A . Do the questions in this exa ination appear to you to be difﬁcult ?

. N ot r fﬁ n t r B ve y di cult and o ve y easy .

. r A Have you ans we red well ? (Lit . Have you w itten the answers well

B . v r as . Lit . f ar I ha e answe ed , as well I could ( As as it was me possible by ) . r ex ami A . How old we e you , when you passed the last ? Lit nation ( . What was the age to you — — . or I a Lit The 1 B Seventeen w s seventeen . ( . age of 7 was to me . ) r ? A . In what place we e you in the list — — B I . . Twelfth or was in the twelfth place i ? Lit A . Do you like going to Ind a ( . Is going to India pleasure to you 22

i w L t r . Yes . ( . It is pleasu e) > Have you any friends or relations there ? o o r r I have f iends , but not elations . > c When have you settled to go to India ? u e r r O r I pu pose to go next yea in ctobe . > Where would you like to go ? u o Mr r I hope to go to adu a o Tinnevelly .

EXERCISE XXVIII

READ and translate the following

' N r a — G 5 1r6t ar@ r r l G as/f ar o When , the ve bal pa ticip e of

r ﬁ m m r m is p e xed to the verb a to co e , the exp ession eans to

r n . Lit. i m . r ﬁ b i g ( Hav ng taken , co e) When it is p e xed to the — r G u m o or . ve b to g , the expression means to take to take away

Li m 6T ® r r t . v . m v ( Ha ing taken , go) So eti es 5 §L the e bal pa tici

67 ® r ﬁ . ple of to take up , is also p e xed

1 fli d dv ss m (Eu /rub ( ) Q fi q g fi g; , 7 Pr enre-65 m m 14 5 95 5 5 5 55 5 a nr. ( onounced G )

2 a? ga in ; m m lfil iu r QD g w a fim cn G 5 1r6atr®c u m ( ) c p g qpfi fl , / gfi (3) g ym /65 69 G 5 L ®C50 651 0 6my Mg u mfi 4 5 9 9 5 , .

x 6 ® fi a r 5 G LD/r 4 3 5 a é9 u g 7 c a g i 5 l ? to be ( ) < g m / @ , fi / u nderstood . ) m t m 69 4 60 5 69 6 5 65 w fi w m s £ 21 . ( ) 5 5 g p ga 9 . (6) m r 5 5 /ro 6ir 69 L 4 69Q56g 7 a rc/5 6m5 a9769 n dv '

anm lﬂlé nnnQ 2 9 2 2 3 7 . c / g Jl/ g , Q/ ,

Translate into Tamil

1 r . ( ) I did the wo k , as well as I could 2 him r r ? ( ) Why did you gi ve his wages , befo e he did the wo k

3 v me ﬁve r r . ( ) He ga e upees , as soon as I had done the wo k 4 m m him r ( ) He told e to co e to , afte I had told you the whole matter .

5 m far r . ( ) I like Ta il , as as I have ead it 6 e r m ( ) I stay d the e , until he ca e . m 7 m m . ( ) I ediately he ca e , I went away to the village

8 T r r e m m . ( ) ake away this wate , and b ing m so e ilk 2 3

EXERCISE XXIX

READ and translate into English the following passage from V111 r G r . L the Chapte of the ospel acco ding to St uke . N otes are given below .

° - 19 631 1 1611 a Ge rziz 1L _69 69 1 671 Q a 1.

° ” 31 <9s5 6znrrsis 1f1 (Eu /1 0 691 11 11 w a /5 5 671 61 6ir /1 c ] cg ; gg qy

' 4 1 131 11 1 q G zr /15 671 @6zn 9 19 1. 1 1; u 5 1 1. 1 e 119 69 1 5 45 @ g ,

‘ fij fim nu m fl qy tgimi 5 5069

1 m m é) fi w é 1 115 1. ) g wfifigg mfi g 4 1671 671 ” a li Lor /13 7 Gu nQ Lb g n a :5 q

39 6116117 11 GI Q L9 /l' 5 677 21 671/1 5 11 156917 c 1 GP @ c / 1 5 9269 5 5 651 (9 5 11 165 699195 ) q 5 1—0 661 4 6217671

5 671 m m sotrm /rﬁ al 671 11 611115 57 1 m/ 5 g y ﬁgw c / 4 “ ' u rrrf 5 y— a zis 5 67r 6795 5 111 5 12) —61 601 ra 611115 671 f g e / u u ré 5 5 179111 1L11JL C9 111 11 0 11 11 ? 10 5 11 13 15 m g , {5 ( ) 1 4 C5

° w 5 ml 5 1_1_367r az 5 76115 7 12) Q 5 @ @ C / 65 ” ° — ' u raﬁp cw GT GdT4 ?I gDQ5Q JQ J/I GL JI Q5Q JII 675 11 69 6795 ®5 11 5 w

° 1_ 11 115 67r

N 1 2 r 2 . P r . S r . TE . P 55 47 496. P . 17 305 . O See a a , , (2) a a (3) a a

P r ” 3 10 4 “ a 579 4 9 . 65 373 . n 336 9 (4 ) a a . , (5) , , (6) , , 31 — “ r r 7 0, 5 79 3 36. 392 Lit . ( ) , (8) , When he said Whe e is you

? 5 30 . 33 1 999 940 s7e 915 939 489 5 39 . faith (9) (10) . (11) , , . (12) , , ,

EXERCI SE XXX

TH r r n E th ree following exercises must be ead , whilst lea ni g r V of r mm r v r ﬂ Chapte III the G a a , on negative , passi e , e exive and

r causal ve bs . Read and translate into English the following passage f rom the L 15 th Chapte r of the Gospel according to St . uke

- For e o f r . N . B e s e . not s , the end the exe cise

/T i 59@ Log /mg ésg (g m a l iv 5 67969 @%YTUJ6U6Z;T 5 5 1j1u 3631 (291611 5 5 g c ﬁ

° ' ? ’ ' 61 661 5 671 u) 14 1131 601 5 67 631 5 0 5 11 0 69 6331 0911 - 61 6131 7 6111 ® Q5 655 r Qj

fi d r 5 31 civ m au ) L1 15 Jy fi u g. 5 g fi 2 4

’ Q d ﬁ és G 5 1 ®5 5 11 65L 5 69 1611 5 71 5 C§1j119 5 31 14 @36111u 67 69 69 11

( 1 5 695 1 2) 5 15 6115 4 15 2 5 5 5 65 q u d.

u ru) 67 0 5 76731 11711 115 5 11311 1111 é5 1 631 1b 14 6331 66719 6131 G , 4 c5 5

dv m u 51 15 611 1 5 5 7 5 5 5 169 1 5 1 65 15 5 15 31 cg ﬁ 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4

9 5 69 5 1 19 651 1 16 (2 5 5 G 5 ) 395 5 4 , 4 5 5 , Q 4 5 1 651 605611149 5 )

5 7 69 w éx) 5 5 1 m t 1. 4 165 (25 5 5 5 1 (5 51 6 79 g g a fl fl fi 91L 9.

5 4 11 661 5 1 651 611 31911 6511 111 5 9 6 5 11 65 1 1 4 1 5 31 . 6 5 5 1 69 6136 4 5 (5 5 4 5 (

m m l Q L9 65T 5 G ub5 u 1 1. g I U 63UIQ %YT @ 5 c /Q @

' 5 671 6711 5 1 119 631 119 zﬁa d u ams r m 5 5 4 eg

5 1 09 11905 165 11 661 9 <1§5 1Q 1m 4 67115 4 Q 15 <§5 0 5 11 5 5

5 969 5 9

N r ms r . 3 76. 362 65 6. 406 5 01 . o See pa a (9) , (3) , (4)

6. 181 489 . 946. 5 7 99 , (5 ) (6) (7) and ( 5 +

9 1 to . 449 1 5 1 336 . 3 3 , . ( 8) begin (9) (10) 7 .

175 474 . (11) ,

EXERCISE XXXI

TH E r m . L following is a continuation of the passage given f o St uke ,

r in the previous exe cise .

- B . For r . N . notes see the end of the exe cise

5 115 131 0 677916 Q u 1r 5 16731 1 4 15 3 5 5 g , 4 ( )

’ anm zu 5 1 5 95 5 1 0 11 61 35 1 0 111 11 Gu as d 115 1u /r631 Q 5 5 cg g 5 , Q ‘ u 1r@ @@5 @pg l6/r@@ 5 11 Q Gp sir 1611 661

' 7 4 67 16 7 67 d (Bu /1 11. 69 9 , ( )

61 14 11 5 11 u rgig éscsj (50 6 5 b 1 1 5 153 0 5 11}

° m 11 4 0 5 651 Q a ﬁ<2m69 a rhcgpa m zu (5 113 6731 61 65114 11 9 5 11 69 69 51

14 1 1 969 - 1611 651 5 5 661 6 5 . 695 5 1rmﬁ5 1 ” — 91Q55 1 @ 5 61 651 36711 61 651 8 u 651 (7) 61 5 314 11

° 9 5 11 69 5 9 6r 16 7 D QUL CD 5 5 11 5 116 11 5 1 @ § q/ , r 5 .

5 15 1 1 11 5 5 ) 5 1 LbGu rrG 5 1 6m1_ 1u 5 5114 6131 4 £ , Q Q§ 5 4 Q 5

5 1316111 5 5 67131 @ Q 5 1 5 51 4 n Q5 , 4

' 9 5 11 5 97 CD 5 13631 3 5 5 Q G TJ fl GiT MWfi d T 5 11 135 1 , 4 (9 , , g fi @ 5

0 1611 5 Q : u r 5 5 90 1 11 10 11 5 113 m at 0 651 5 g ® 5 4 , cg (5 25

m m m u 11111 3 631 Ulf 6 Q /LZ) g y (5

11 651 m —6T ai1 1 1 61 6511 1 9 5 11 6116v1j1u ®a 1 5 16 1. 1 r 11 5 5 1 C5 5 d ;, ' ' gz L mu fr 5 1315 511 651 m u 5 5 11 11 6mn c / epg 5 5 gﬁ

' ° G rmrasQ ( 13) 94 1 111165 611 611vQ7 5 6m5 5

1L ® w afir 6711 5 5 Gmm 5 m 1h 5 11 63) 5fi Q @ fi 5 5 q ,

° 5 @ 5 @L1 G u r ®11§7 5 61n G 5 11 @5 5 5 6111 61111195

1 1 1 115 5 611 . 15 11 111 Q 5 168 11 61 1611 119 1I1 4 5 5 q 5 g , 5 5 Q5

’ /1 21 61 651 mma @u w av 111179 11 631 mu m m (Pu 1. @ @ Q 5 5 ; q f

661 l 6 5 11 1_o Lhu a m5 11 6661 5 119 115 5 11 ( ) . @ 113 Q@ 1 1j1u 1; ” 1_ 11 6z}r 4 11314 19 3 11 1 5 1611 115 6111 G5 fn_11§1Q@ 115 611

N rms 4 11611 651 is 9 5 11 6169 r o (1) 7 the subject of seve al lines below : between the two words comes the substance of what he 345 33 4 . 5 . 38 210 5 90. 3 6 3 8 r 83 3 3 3 . said , (2) , , (3 ) , , (4) Afte (Bu /1 11) translate 67 651 8 14 651 several lines below : between the two

r m of he sa r wo ds co es the substance what would y to his fathe . 3 246 5 3 . 485 438 5 32 . 5 28 4 89 253 . 5 32 (5) , (6) , , (7) , , (8) .

45 5 378. 3 10 . 397 95 . 5 32 . r G15 /1 5 Q (9) , (10) (11) , (12) (13) Afte ' (65 6) take 67 661 Qy 651 several lines below : between these two words m r w r r 345 3 co e the wo ds hich the fathe said to the se vants . , 5 3 .

1 . 484 494 37 2 . 5 9 485 5 34 . 5 80 (14) . (15 ) (16) (17) , , (18) .

EXERCI SE XXXII

TRAN SLATE into Tamil (1) Is he not learning his lesson ?

- m (2) I shall not do that work to orrow . r 3 2 (3) Has he not written that lette ? 0 .

302 . (4) Do not speak in that way .

d m me. 2 5 H e di me 94 4 . ( ) not give the oney , but abused , 77 (6) I shall not give an y wages to the m an who does not r his wo k well . r r (7) They a e not telling the t uth . (8) Will he not give you the bag

(9) I have not seen the letter which h e wrote . m 10 r . ) She was not in the oo , when he said it

- (11) Do not come to m e to morrow . 12 i th e did iv him ( ) I w ll give you knife , which I not g e to . 4 26

E XE RCI S E XXXIII

TH E mu rn three following exercises st be read , whilst lea ing I X mm on r di Chapter of the Gra ar , Auxilia y verbs , Con tional sentences , etc . Translate into Tam il

1 u D ? Ans . . ( ) Q es . oes he want those books No

(2) Y ou m ust write that letter well .

3 m u not u 1 him m . 460 . ( ) He st go , ntil have given the oney — (4) Are y ou able to do (or Can you do) all that work before six o ’ clock

5 I 29 . ( ) cannot lift this child . 7 6 mu not ou t n ( ) They st go , before they have lear t their

lessons . (7) May I go to him to - morrow ? (8) May he bring m e those trees to - morrow ? (9) Y ou have done things which you ought not to have done ;

and you have not done things which you ought to have done.

EXE RCI S E XXXIV

EAD R , and translate the following

1 L19 u/re gm u aiarm ﬂ G a s /retr 695 1131 1 ( ) s Gn l y 5 m ﬁ é G5 i1 u ®w szfar®i 3 00 3 86 J/ ‘ ( , ,

’ z a tb rrsb w rrG rr /éy Gmﬁu . 5 1 6 4 7 0 . fu rr G ﬁ , g gg Q @ g , ( y has the same meaning as e rg ) when joined to one it m eans any .) ' . 2 a m é Ga maan rtu m rrcv G MT/E) Gas 4 9 8 1 7 9 ( ) cg g g g g ag @ ( , ,

gz a m/ra a} C E L L /rev G a nGéa mrrLLGg eér. 5 16 4 7 5 c /Q , , . ' ” 3 & L @W Gu /rLLL Irsv (Em od u /rair ( ) , b

ir sir. 3 06 5 1 6 a s . qy ,

' 4 o a J/f s eir fi fl b u o G a b efi ( ) c / g g g; j g ,

n b Lg f ﬂ w m r é é 4 92 c w é eq ® C§ ( , q ® @ ” : — ' m m 2 3 2 . c r /65 c s 3 0 cr6514 v 5 y , a c ( )

a ti n Tra nsl o .

1 L . i m m c n ( ) iterally Hav ng ade uch onsideratio , whatever is — a ne . r a c u ﬁtting to do , th t o must do i e. Afte h ving ﬁrst aref lly

I N D E X O F S T O R I E S

The Ascetic and the Fisherman .

The Spendthrift and the Miser .

The Inattentive Listener .

The Foolish Sons .

The Shepherd and the Singer .

The Thief in the Cocoanu t Tree . Who can ﬁll the hou se at the least expense ?

The Merchant and the Blockhead . D A Weighty iscourse . E The Blind Men and the lephant . P The foolish otter . F x The o and his Creditor .

How to satisfy the Manes .

How to catch Fish . a m How to govern kingdo . m P How uch is lenty . Let m all Four co e .

The Necessity of a knowledge of the Colloquial . P The Way to preserve eace is to be prepared for War . m The editative Horsekeeper . Whose Face is u nl ucky ? c t ff All the villagers u o their Noses . m P H o w to ake a eople contented and prosperous . ou m Are y polite to Me , or to y ﬁne Clothes . Which is the Mother of the Child ?

The learned b ut foolish Brothers .

The too obedient Wife . Who is responsible for the mischief caused by the Cat Y ou Give what like .

The Man who insisted upon strict Rights .

How long was the Bond . r The Feathers sticking in the Hai .

The ﬁrst Trial of the Rival Ministers . m The three I ages .

The V ague Words interpreted . d ' Ju ging of Others by O ne s self .

The unpractic al Pedants . R m K ish nan m r J How a a beca e a Cou t ester . Y ou m a to m m c annot ake Barber beco e a Brah in . Who will take care of my family?

The much enduring Thief .

Fr iendship sworn in the Dark . Whose Horse is it m u A odest req est . m ’ M ud . Going to wash , and s earing one s self with u D the The coveto s isciple, and expectant Teacher . ﬁi i The over o c ous Servant . What if the Cat shou ld eat the Hatchet ? m m D The eddleso e onkey .

t - O u of the frying pan into the ﬁre . x m u A good Ma i cheaply bo ght . u The l cky Soothsayer . old m an u on The who co ld please no e .

When is a stone a stone . E A S Y S T O R I E S

FROM

Pope 6 Tamil Prose Reading Book

R T I I P A .

— m f B . u o N . The n bers in the notes refer to the paragraphs

’ mm n are Arden s Tamil Gra ar . Additio al notes added after the n translatio . 1

67 165 a uSlm /rtr/Lb l éﬁ vlrﬁ ( l) g crg 5 16191 1e 67 175 5 66111

1 7 (B /r bG /r Gw Ga) G u 661 . u u g ®5 Lb u L_ 6v 661 c an165 1@ c / , ) £ 1 11 661 3 5 16191 1 11 9 ®5 Lb z_ 6113661 67 09119 0 61 66 19 4 5 5 u u g a ig g ; GTUQ LI /Tg 5 661 11 j 61 661 U é? ﬁ Lﬂ b L9 6v 5 5 1111 G i/ 0 611 661 6 / @ , u } ( ) 1 4 m 78 4 9 . P 4 6 1 8 or s . . 7 . 5 . 35 3 32 1 N (1) See para , (z ) ara (3) , . (4) ,

48 34 16. 6 . 2 5 . 5 5 6 (5) , (6)

5935 ®5 wq5 1m 661 9 65 9 5 615 661 5 5 1 1 95 1 5 5 L 667 “ ’ ? - / UL . 5 u / / . Lu 61 1 (l) Logo g. 13 u 9 i u nu 61 661 (y 66

“ 61 661 L61 5 Ln mrr5 u>

9 ’ 61 661 C/y 661 (50 661 9 5 15 1 0 65 16 Q u u qrar 0 5 115 5 15 — 6r661qy 661 ” Q L_661 6i> 1611 661 9 119695 9 0 5 31 67 661 cg5® 5 9 31

OT E S . . 329 35 3 . 320 5 34 . 320 N (1) See para , (2) , (3) , 379 5 10 m 8 6 1 2 4 , . 4 3 5 7 . 5 6 49 . 5 46 4 ( ) (third exa ple) (5) , (6) , ( 7) , 75 . 35 2 387 (8) , .

’ LE: Q sg ués n u /67 5 611 5 14 69 5 5 1 11 ? C5 5 q @ g 5 1 5

’ ’ a u G Q as m (Bu /1 5 661 m n Gu /r g g g ( g g

° (5 5 GT QQGZDMJQ J/ﬁ GZlTQ LDQ W19%61 L1 u 11 5

a uc ﬁ i aﬂ a _1_ 0 661 6 1 69 69 11 Lb 57 661 16 g j g cg 4 59

661 (p g /1

0 5 11 617 9 L Q 11 5 UL . 9 5 /( Q Q Q

O T ES . . 139 348 2 9 4 6 8 . 5 . 389 406. 3 3 . N (1) See para , , (2) (3) , (4) 7 2 58 . 1 3 . 95 2 5 5 94 98. (5) (6) (7) , (3) ,

’ ‘ ‘ {55 11 1171 1631 Q 5» a j lrlhém ﬁ g a r

(BL/ 9 Lb G L/fr 1 e_> 661 19 1611 5 6 3 ( 611 661 63) 1 , ) v ’ ”’ a ) GlLJ/1 5 QLLJ661 112 — 61 661 661 fi gfié c 2, 5 qy 3 1 1 1 5 9L 66 695 11 611 6695 5 1; 66) L_ 61 05n 56 3 , 5 22511 L ; G’ W 11 661 Qy g m EQJ 5 ” Q u1661 ’— m w 6@ 61 631y (50 5 65 <2 Q 669169 m w fig n} G H Q?)

° Q QLJI B 61 6614 11 6195 661 L1 u L L_ 11 661

2 2 2 15 201 . 248 N or ms . a . 5 6 4 5 5 . 1 3 (1) See p ra , (2 ) , , (3) ,

427 368 2 15 173 381 5 36. 294 301 5 80 . (4) , , (5 ) , , , (6) , , ( 7)

9 LJ/TL 6 65T 5 L 5 11 11/6g 1 l 5 969 5 @ ( ), ( 5 15 1535 Lb u /1 L9_@ 661 G 61]@ 5 661 Li> G5 L ®

’ mi5 w fifilc w (Eu /1 a m 6 r fi mg tu air , w g 5 Q5 q g ' 1696314 11 c1;m u mbig fif Q 5 Lb 19 5 Gfi Lb Lgl L0 63) 3 769 ” ” “ WG I — f q 661 61 6614 11 67 5 61 6669 67 661 g /q qy uD? 4 5 §~ 6ra 1 32

' 8 61 5 1 Lnréa uﬁlc ev (zy 115 67r ( ) w 9 05 I O L @5 5 611 5 9 611 1 7 (3 5 1 6661 5 (25 11 5 61 5 5 7 , 4 @ Q } 55 9 69 1 ( ) ° lii 19 66159 111W11 Ln6u O 5 5 § L3®u 11 5 5 § 1 ( l l ) . Q ﬁ 611 16 0 61 m 12 5 5 , g

m ew 4 1 6 11 6 611 4 19 4 967 5 5 4 4 55 g wW 1

3 29 . 331 397 . ms . 190 . 5 61 N r . o ( 1) See para (2) (3) , (4) 292 m a 18 1711 6 646 4 76. (5) , , (8) (7) (3) a

° of 61 661 a11 m m subject @ , several lines below : between the co es what 4 1 4 36 34 3 3 . 0 . 6 9 2 . 5 5 6 38 97 . 6 he said . (9) (10) , . (11) ,

240 5 3 . (12 ) , 7 (13)

gaqgmy m m ru 9 5 661 5 1 113 1 55 0 61)

5 11 161 1_661 5 6 1 0 Lom) 9 @ ﬁ@ 4 , 6

1911 1 «9 & 5 9 1é 5 L L1 5 695 11 5 61 4 1 15 , 4 Q5 g 4 , 5

G _ 1 a : 667 5 61) 2 661 916 161 61) 1 . Q 1_ 9 9 9 ( ( q5 4 5 5 , 5 Qp b fi 611 165 11 661 11 11 5 5 11 1 661 14 11 115 5 ( 4) “ ! LM5Q661 ®L669 4 6661 0 6661 11111 661 i 5 661 5 < L _5 d1 éJ ULDLQQ/éw 61 570 661 661 4 C5 q @ q Q 1 , “ “ f L — 4 ! Ln 5§®5 > 160 61 661 qy 661 . Q 5 fi ' ” 11 661 imfl fi 611 QG 119661 ; 5 ® 1fiu 1r5 11 ? Mfi fl 5 Q/ Q5 , Q 5 1 r

1. 11195 11 5 Lb Q u mb aﬂ e lrair m r . . 399 . 149 465 5 66 m 6. 23 No s (1) See para (2) , , exa ple (3) 7 .

656. 1 0 89 3 4 9 3 . 60 5 60 70 5 36. 48 5 6. 4 ) (5) , (6) , , , (7) 9, 7

@@6i1 661 u ﬁgy ﬁ n b Q I JW6 65T 6616115 5 65 165 d 4 611661

65661 5 5 5 11 15 1 19113 7 m a® ( C5 4 7 15 @ 5 @ ' ° u a 69 11 W mm 5 09455 7 619L 61> L_ IQ ﬂMJL) u a ﬁg r ' e neug as 61 661 ®u 1r 3611 5 61111 cg Q5 5 , @ 4

5 61190 61) x 6 6ﬂ 661 g 16 7 u m 5 m61971 5 1. 16661 _Lb 9 17 5 1. Gn5 g 5 @ @ , 1 5 33

11 5 16 5 651 1115 0 5 11 5 @d u @ 0 655 5 15 611 1 9 5 1 15 7 5 q O w g pg 611 n 5 111 161Q 5 1 165 7 ar 15 19 5 5 11 9 5 5 5 1611 5 11 651 5 mv u m ran; m/ , 5 @ Q

5 65r 11 1 14 19 11 651 . 11 1111 14 11 115 5 15 675 1195 1 5 5 11 C§ 4 a 55 5 5

1 5 5 611671 611 651 0 14 11111 15 1 5 1 4, Q

266 4 2 17 . 2 16. T E S a . 209 5 60 . 168 36. 4 N O . (1) See p ra , (2) , , (3) ( )

. 0 577 . 611 11 7 or 5 . 397 390 42 5 38. 292 5 91 . 39 5 (5 ) 7 , (6) , (7) , (8) 5 5 Q ,

2 1 594 601 3 70 . (9) 7 . (10) , ,

° 195 1 0 5 1 0 5 fr5 a1 ® 2 611111) ,

“ 5 51 1 0 11 m 0 11 0 111 5 5 5 5 14 11 1 11 1. 1 14 1 6a> 661 2 3 @ 5 , 5 5 Q§ 4

14 1 4 157 611 } w 651 611 9 119765) 1 1 09 5 0 5 11 5 51 9 59 , gag; @ 51 5 5

8 5 1 5 1. 145 Q0 6» gag}; 0 5 15 16 5 5 90 5 ) 14 095 5 75 7 611 515 115763) Qq mQQ5m 11 5 11 61970 61) 5 11 61) ﬁ L Q u ? — 651 5 1 6r5 1 @651

0 5 11 14 12) 61 1165 1 0 14 11 ! 9 651

19 0 5 ) Q 5§ 14 5 51 15

— 651 651 11 611 3 1 61 qy QQ51_ 4 5 14 —“ u m 15 65 5 D 0 14 11 Q/110 u 11g (8) Q 165 14

UM 0 5 6 0 11111 —61 651 0 14 Q 5 @ 2911 , @

° 5 611 61 651 14 5 51 C1u 1 _14u 0 611 111 4 9 1. 5 51

(912) 61) 0 5 69 11 0 5 63169 11 5 0 5 ®5 L 1 _ 4 59 9 53 5 Q C§ @ 5 , 9

111 11 11 — 61 6 1 1 ® 1 5 > 5 1 L . 1u 4 54 , 5 9

° 611115 611 0 5 14 1 119 1 5 6v 4 5 4 Q

71 1 1 1 575 75 0 5 11 65 1G : 15 44 ,4 , 5 ,

5 1 5 1 111 61) o 115 611 0 115 5 5 1 1 114 11 11 15 9 0 5 ® 611 M. m 5 14 1 1 4 (g 6 55, ( Q q ( )

OT S . 4 6 45 0 301 . E . a . 489 5 Vu m N (1) See p ra (2) , , (3) lgaris for

i . e m 3 1 61 . 9 . Lit . , inﬁnitive , with e phatic See (4) .

f 634 . 4 u m a 236 01 . V S w , 301 . 5 , (6) (7 lgaris for u fered blo [ ( ) )

61 6 7 m ar 635 560. 397 456. 381 532 489 (5 4 5 ; co p e , (8) , (9) , , . 5 34

i u 55 5 : V . s (3 5 1 3 5 20 498. (10) 7 , , (11) ery idiomatic It eq ivalent to 1 0 . 3 é 645 . 5 5 36 , 6 i G e sb w /r g ab . . (12) , 13 77 5 . 5 ﬁ g See para ( ) '

6 5 i 5 m 5 uJ/rev 620 94 . 5 94 46 . G (14) , and ,

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2 5 5 25 67575 Q 5 /ra isr® {Qa r a r 5 (5 5 , qy

16 a m5 a ﬁév 0 14 55 9 5? ﬂ w sif 0 5 5 5 5 5 @Q5 5 e l (5 5

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' u L_t_ fr67r

. . 190 352 5 61 . 266 5 32 . 65 6 5 36. NOTES (1) See para , , (2 ) , (3) , 8 1 4 9 33 . 460 5 62 . 167 368 5 34 . 3 1 . 2 7 3 9 5 . (4) , (5) , (6) , , (7) (8) , 80

Q 5» 3 14 5 5 5 5 Gerri/5 5 7 fé ( 5 65 9 , @@ g ' r ®5 rra ar@ I . at a ur5 a r tu rrga r a uu u u r/r5 5 (Ea / a ir ( ) c /

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G u rrzémavr a ar sér. c l a g ar qy raw , g cg (g qg ' 5 rr9ev 5 9 u rr/r /rar 5 Q U/r LQ 5 5 1. Li 5 5 9 05 ﬁ n 5 e§m5 m u 5

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(5 5 5 1661 Q 5 0 5 e_m5 @ {511 “ 61 661 0 5 5 15 661 16 11 5 5 1661 7 q , 5 @ (5

5 5 61137 ® 0 11 1111 5 99 0 5 11 1 111 u 17 1 5 3611 1 5 1661 1 0 17 1 1 5 ) 14 35 1 5 1; . 4 c5 , 5 , 9 1

“ 5 95 ) 0 11 10 61) 5 11 0 631 0 u 17 @ 661 £ 5 0 11 6315 5 617 0 5 15 1167 15 Q0 61) 1616675 165 1 5 5 Q 5 C5 5 5 6361 6336115 C5

11 5 5 11 115 611 c 5

629 329 89 w s . S ee . 4 5 5 7 . 3 465 N e (1) para , , (2) , ( ) ,

5 37 . 5 28. 436. (4) (5 ) (6) (7) (3)

’ ( 9) 1611 667 is the subject (437) of the participial noun a s g ;

is the b b 0 5 17 6615 7 7 435 380 which o ject governed y 5 . . (10) ,

492 . 5 94 404 623 . 5 36, (11) , ,

5 115 1157069 11116 @1 6367 @ (93 6674 11 l5 d 5 163111 5 n @5n11 9 @ (5 6111 671 16119 u Q

G 5 1 ﬂ u u 1_ @ 5 1 16 0a11r® @m 11 5 @5 6r 5 5 1 ( I )

5 1 Q 5 1 9 1510 61) 9 7 61) 1_ ar 667 5 0 6 Q 5 ) IEF317 15 6 17 0 Q5 5 51 1 5 .g p 5 Q 5 ® (95 637

690 369 111 667 113 1 0 5 u 1 5 0 5 17 6) 9 @ 1 n 5 5 65 , Q5 4

97 1 8637 16 16631 m u 5 5 1a> 1r5 631 1 61) 6 1 ﬂ . 1 16 59 5 , q g , 1 @ ' 0 11 661 631 0 5 1 Q 65 16119 $4 n5 1. Q w u)

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' Q 5 ' 61 661 u QQ61) 1 1 6361 633195 0 5 11 Q 5 ® , ” u m 16 0 5 1 667 —61 5 37 11 0 5 11 65 61911 1 5 @ , 4 g

5 6 1 5 1 7 65 5 15 13 1 11 1 0 111 160 661 6 6 1 1 5 5 , 4 5 5 5 , 7 64 2 5 4 5 5 119117 11 15 [ ] @65 1619

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T RANS LAT IO N O F

TH E

EA S Y S T O RI ES

— r h mar Lit tands N B The m to th e a a ra s of th e G a m . s . . nu b ers refer p g p r . f or lite rall y .

1 . THE A SCETIC AND THE FI SHERMAN

An ascetic who did not destroy life (a ) went along the b ank of a certain pool . When he was going along , a fisherman caught a fish in the pool . The ascetic addressing ( b) the fisher ‘ ’ ‘ ’ — Alas l ou ? man , said when will y ascend the bank Sir, ’ shall b I b he replied , I ascend the ank , if fill my asket

a Lit kill an L ookin a t N r s . I o e ( ) . Who did not y life . g . t ’ a ddres in and b e so answers to the English expression s g, will translate d throughout this b ook (c) The point of the ‘ s to ry lies in the fac t that the Tamil expression to ascend the ’ ’ ba nk to et a ven has also the idiomatic meaning g to he . The ascetic considered the taking of animal life to b e a great s in t r ; and he intended to ell the ﬁshe man , that he would not get to heaven , if he took the lives of the ﬁshes .

T 2 . THE SPEND HRIFT AND THE MISE R

i r r A certain spendthrift asked a m se for a loan. He eplied ' ‘ ’ i i ? c i How w ll you settle the loan aga n I will ollect it , sa d ‘ b ’ he , month y month out of my wages , and pay it . The miser replied Bef ore thi s ought you not thus to have collected it for ’ ‘ ? r — I n you rself (a) . The S pendth ift answered did not k ow ’ ‘ ’ ‘ b it b . r anything a out ( ) If so , said the mise , I will make ’ for I you know , will not give you a loan : go away . After wards th e spendthrift began to save money

a Lit E . as NOT S ( ) . Before this (time) indeed w not your (you)

- - r b ? b Let I thus collecting for you self eﬁtting ( ) . was not know ‘ 0 Let . th r ing it at all ( ) . To collect The point of e sto y 11 82 — is this if a man can in the future save part of his wages to r l pay money to another pe son , he could equally wel in the a p st have done so , to provide money for himself .

3 L . THE INATTENTIVE ISTENER

A cert ain teacher was instructing (a) his disciple . While he as w doing so, the disciple , seeing a rat which was going to enter ts r i hole , was intent upon it . As soon as the teache had ﬁnished —‘O ! ’ ? teaching , he said disciple has all entered The disciple '

i b . replied All has entered , the ta l only has not entered ( ) il b e Therefore , in this way w l the wisdom which one teaches b to lockheads .

' a L lura l N or s s . t . ( ) i . Was teaching learning to The Tamil p b denotes various kinds of learning . ( ) The po int of the story ’ is the double application of the expression to enter .

L 4 . THE FOO ISH S ONS

’ A certain teacher came to a disciple s house ; and whilst he ‘ a — O ! was making a few remarks ( ) , he said disciple which is b ’ ? the b est ( ) of your four sons He replied Behold , my lord ,

(one of them) has mounted upon the thatched house , and is twirling a ﬁreb rand ; this very one is the b est of the (sons) that ’ I have The teacher said What sort of fellows are the ’ r I i n other th ee and plac ng his ﬁnger on his ose , he heaved r u a sigh , and grieved saying Is it eally th s

m t r a Lit . e b Li . No s . ( ) Wh n he was saying a few words . ( ) A

r . o to me wo thy one ( ) Amongst those which are ( ) .

5 . THE SHEPHERD AND THE SINGER i A certa n singer sat in a street verandah , and sang a song , i his i a sway ng head from s de to side . ( ) Many people were

. n listening The a shepherd , who was going along the road , stopped there ; and having looked (at the singer) for some time b b b he kept so ing , and wept unceasingly ( ) . The people who i were there . thinking that he was weeping with del ght , said ? ’ Why are you weeping Do not weep . The shepherd replied ‘ — alas l c these convulsions attacked ( ) a sheep in my ﬂock , and d it drew itself up in contortions ( ) , and did not survive in spite ' r ff r e b ut . 1 b ec ause of eve y e o t ( ) ; died 1 am weeping , iU) these

0 . d i b approaching to self . ( ) Small coins ( ) In Tam l the ver use to come is often used , where in English we generally the verb — o o and do so a nd o. to g . In English the common idiom is g , s — i do so and o a nd come. The corresponding Tamil diom is s ,

E E L 8. TH M RCHANT AND THE B OCKHEAD

b a A lockhead accompanied a merchant ( ) , and went a journey to another village As they were going along , owing to great darkness coming on , the blockhead laid himself down on t Th e d the road in a cer ain plai n . merchant laid himself own near (him) under the shelter of a shrub . When things were ’ thus , the blockhead s leg struck against the leg of some thieves d who were goi ng along the road . (Thereupon) a thief sai ‘ ’ What is this ? It is like a block . The b lockhead getting

Ge t ! ! - b angry , said along get along Would your house lock b e f an lying down properly , having tied up ﬁve ams also in its Lit waist . . The thieves seized him and extracted the money ; and off when they were going , they said amongst themselves ‘ ’ or ? r Will this money pass , will it not pass (The eupon) the b —‘ ! blockhead , pointing out ( ) the merchant , said Ah is my ? money of that sort If necessary , with regard to its passing r or not passing , behold the e is the merchant : show (it to Then the thieves stole a hundred pagodas also which the mer

ﬁ. chant had , and went o Therefore b y associating with b lockheads evil will come with out fail .

r m . a Lit. a ter r b Lit i No s ( ) f a me chant . ( ) . Hav ng shown and pointed to .

9 . A WEIGHTY DISCOURSE

A certain man was reciting the Ramayanam in the b azaar street . Then a woman of the shepherd caste , thinking that her b a r stupid hus and would get wisdom ( ) , add essed her husband , ‘ ’ off — Go b r Rama anam and sent him , saying ( ) , and hea the y . a d i Thus he went , and stood stooping down , n leaning his ch n on 0 t d t his crook . ( ) Then a wag amongst the bys anders ( ) moun ed on his b ack . The shepherd having thus sustained the burden r i r until the ecitation was ﬁn shed , afte wards went home . His ’ r in him a k wife add ess g , said What was the Ram yanam li e ? 85

—‘ t He replied Oh dear me ! It was no ligh thing . There w as ’ ‘ ' ! s he e d the b urden of a man . What asked , and she gri ve

at his stupidity .

a Lit. Norms . ( ) That wisdom would come to her stupid hus L t b d 7 . c i . b and . ( ) See note , story ( ) Resting his cattle stick

b eard tum . d Lit. r r against his s p ( ) Amongst those that we e the e .

LI E L 10 . THE B ND MEN AND TH E EPHANT

b b a r on Some men , lind from irth ( ) had met togethe in e place b b Being desirous to inspect an elephant ( ) , they esought an

- t elephant keeper . He stopped the elephan , and said Go and ’ ’

. b inspect it Saying All right , one blind man inspected it , y le r b b feeling its g . Anothe lind man inspected it y feeling its

b m an b its . trunk . Another lind inspected it y feeling ear Another b r blind man inspected it y feeling its tail . Afte they h ad thus e i r complet d their nspection , and gone on thei way , they began to tell to one another the nature of an elephant .

Then the one who felt the leg , said An elephant is like a ’ r morta . The one who inspected the trunk , said An elephant ’

. is like a pestle The one who felt and inspected the ear, said ’ An elephant is like a winnowing fan . The one who felt and

’ is inspected the tail , said An elephant like a besom . Thus they talked so as to disagree one with another , and went ab out continually squab b ling .

In this sort of way are the decisions (b y means of their respec r tive eligious books) of many sectarian disputants , concerning the incompreh esib le nature of God h l rm . a Lit. Birt b ind . 6 Lit No s ( ) men ( ) . Having a desire , ’

. c Lit saying We must inspect an elephant ( ) . Many secta a a rtici ia l n un and s b t rian disputants also deciding ( p p o , u jec of the verb r u b by means of thei respective religio s ooks , the G od — nature of , which does not reach to the mind Is in this

way .

11 . L E THE FOO ISH POTT R .

I n a certain village a certain potter was gaining his living b y

making pots and pans , and putting them in the kiln , and selling

. a them The servants of a cert in palace often came to him , and to ld him to give them pots and pans ; and annoyed him ; and i u ivin rice for m took them away , w tho t g g the p ( the ) . 86

When things were thus , one day the potter , seeing a servant r r coming , went into a palmy a g ove , and hid himself . The ser vant went into the house ; and looked ab out ; and saying (to ’ I - himself) As the potter is not here , can come to morrow b he departed y way of the palmyra grove . The potter seeing r r him , was afraid , and ose , and stood up , and emained , as if he were examining a palmyra tree The servant not knowing ’ he was (a ) said Why are you looking at the tree ? He who . —‘ replied I am looking to see if this palmyra tree will be fit for ’ a plough l (b) . The servant said You f ellow ! you a re a ’ potter ! Would a palmyra tree ﬁt for a plou gh l The ’ potter replied Who told you of my b eing here ? (Then) the servant said—‘Are you yourself the potter ? Come along 1' him and he went and seized him , and without giving ( ) the price , he made the potter carry away for him the pots and pans upon d his own head ( ) .

k a o Therefore , bloc heads , lthough standing in a ﬂo d , will wander ab out for water to drink

it . r m . a L u No s ( ) Not knowing him , saying He is s ch an ’ b b it. one . :( ) I am looking , saying Will this palmyra tree ’ be ﬁt for a plough ? (c) The point of the story is somewhat necess ar ih sertion r lost in English , owing to the of the a ticle . / it g off r ( d) L . He caused pots and pans to e carried on the ve y

r . 6 Lit r head of the potte himself ( ) . For (thei ) thirst .

FOX 12 . THE AND HIS CREDITOR A certain crafty fox which had b een b eaten ab out in the wind b r e a nd rain , and had not o tained any food for two or th e days

a h b a ( ) , staggering with hunger , went fort for food ( ) , pair of r r leather shoes, which a certain ﬁrewood selle had fo gotten , and left some days previously under a banyan tr ee in the

road along which the fox was coming , had been soaked in the

e i a. rain and well sodden , and were suitable for the purpos ( . to

eat) . The fox looked at the shoes and b eing desirous to eat n them , and thinking that the ow er of the shoes was somewhere ‘ ir d or r , S , If you will kin ly give one of othe in the place said g ’ these shoes to (satisfy) my hunger, I will give (you) a fanam . d n d r Then a go , without assumi g any human form ( ) eplied ‘ ’ r on rm I i n it e . Ve y good those te s, w ll gra t ( ) 87

as As soon the fox heard that, it joyfully ate one of the shoes b and when its hunger was appeased , and it was a out to go , it said (to itself) If I stop any longer it will come to paying the ’ fanam . And (so) it ran very quickly for a long distance , and r having entered a g eat and thickly wooded jungle , it sat down in concealment . The god standing there in the likeness of a i man , said Where s the fanam

t was The fox gave a s art , and afterwards , while it running n away , it was knocked about amo gst thorns and stones and s o trees and shrubs ; and it got wounded in its eyes and legs , b that the blood ﬂowed down ; and eing very tired , and having d no strength to run , it sat own in concealment under the shelter

b . r . . , of a shru The credito , who did not leave it (i e the fox) ’ ? Th e stood there too , and said Where is the fanam fox ‘ ’ replied What fanam ? The g od said You made an agree ’ for tha t Th e r ment the shoes , fanam . fox eplied That is ’ ’ ! b Was ? good Had that fox a lind eye (f ) its leg lame No , ‘ ' ‘ . so :r G et said the god If , eplied the fox , it was not I . away ! ’

r u r The god ma velled at its c nning , and disappea ed .

rm a Lit. b b S t No s . ( ) Food not having been o tained . ( ) ee no e

d 7 . c Lit. n b , story ( ) This fox looki g at those shoes , y a desire which says I must eat them —thinking as follows— the owner of this shoe is somewhere or other in this place , said Sir , ou for if, having favour on me , y will give me one of this (pair) my ’

u I . d Lit. n h nger , will give you a fanam ( ) Bei g one without

Lit . Lit. b a . I i n . a ody . ( ) have granted it (f ) Bl nd ess of eye

1 3 . HOW TO SATISFY THE MANE S

Once u pon a time when the mother of a reigning king was ‘ ’ h — f a s e I or . dying , said have a great desire a mango ( ) But

b e . efore the king could call for it , and give (it to her) , she di d b e Afterwards , having waited for a few days , summoned the i she Brahmins , and sa d (to them) My mother died , just when ’ had a great desire for a mango . What can I do in the matter ?

b . H er b ( ) They replied Spirit will o tain her desire, if you b e one cause a thousand pieces of fruit to made of gold , of ’ hundred ounces each , and give them to a thousand Brahmins . (c) The king thus caused them to b e made ; and on the anni versar d y of her death , he made a presentation (of them) ( ) 88

' h n K i was in J t r nt Then T e nal Rama shna , who the k g s es e , we , ‘ to — I and called all the Brahmins his house, saying (to them) am now waiting to do a little b eneﬁcial act in reference to my mother : you must kindly oblige After they had gone inside , b e shut the street door : and seated them in the house in rows and (then he) brought a b randing iron which b eforehand he had S ire ! put to heat in the hearth , and said when my mother was — I b dying of convulsions , she said shall survive by eing brand — e b ut b . . ed ( ) , efore the branding could be done , she died (f) h e b t In order therefore that s may obtain liss , please receive his ’ b b randing with a calm mind . He (then) randed a few persons : i (whereupon) they slipped away , and came running , and compla ned to the king . The king sent for Rama Kishna ; and scolded him ; and asked ’ him What h ave you done ? He replied Just as you gave ’ to these (Brahmins) what your highness s mother asked for , so a (by) giving to them what my mother lso demanded , I have b ’ b caused her to obtain liss . (g) The king eing ashamed at this , remained silent .

a Lit r r m . No s ( ) . Fo merly at the time at which the mother of a

w as certai n king who was ruling his country , dying , she said ‘ ’ b Lit. I am desirous upon a mango . ( ) My mother died together with a desire for a mango fruit : what can I do for it ?

i eﬁected That des re will be for that spirit , if you cause to be made 1000 fruit with gold , with a hundred and hundred

Lit. d Lit. . e palame . ( ) On the day on which she died ( ) By

Lit b . . Lit. I b a b rand . (f) . O tained heaven (g) have made liss h r to come to e .

14 . HOW TO CATCH FISH

b o b o b A certain cultivator had a y . As the y was a lockhead i a r that could not learn anyth ng ( ) , the fathe addressing him , ! b b i said My b oy although you have ecome a g child , you

- have not even the least intelligence ; to day go , and at any rate ‘ ’ b o — catch some ﬁsh The y replied All right ; and went ,

in r . and dug , and broached the tank fou or six places The

. r i his water of the tank all went away Then , g oping w th hand in the middle of . the tank , in a place which was (all) mud and

a wate r, he c ught seven or eight ﬁsh , and brought them , and put them b efore his father. 89

The father thinking that after so long a time he had acquired a thus much intelligence at any rate ( ) , somewhat cheerfully ‘ a — ! d not s id Well , my lad Why were you tired ( ) , and did ’ come for your food this afternoon ? He replied The water of the tank did not go in a little timw ‘What do you mean ? ’ said the Father (e) . (Then) the boy told him the fact of his b k having caught the ﬁsh ( y) brea ing through the tank (f ) . The b ru i Father eatin g himself on the head , said Have you ned ? ’ my family and falling down , and rolling over , he wept ; and

- not r b y reason of the tank water having gone , the crop did g ow so f that year , and ( ) he suf ered (great) loss . Therefore , loss will always come through a child who is a blockhead .

rm . a Lit . 6 S No s ( ) To whom learning did not come . ( ) ee ‘ d c L i — t . i Story 7 , note . ( ) Saying After so many days th s ’ h as d L t much intelligence at any rate come . ( ) i . Why were ? Li 6 . you with fatigue ( ) t What thing was that ? (f) L it. He i told the circumstance by which he had caught the ﬁsh , hav ng b roken through the tank .

15 . HOW TO GOVERN A KINGDOM

t a A cer ain prince , who had got himself crowned king ( ) as r s oon as his father died , desi ed to expend money on useless undertakings ( b) . Then ( 5 7 3) as there was not wealth in ab un in his dance treasury , he sent for the prime minister , and sai d

—4 - to him Because the tax money (c) which the people of our r b country pay to us yea ly , comes in little y little , the treasury has not been filled for even a single day . Therefore , now I want to fill the treasury (by ) levying taxes more largely upon dr various commodities , wet and y cultivation , houses , groves , and such like things and (by) punishing those who do e not pay (the taxes) , and causing their prop rty to be sold , and (by) exacting b eforehand the taxes on the rice- fields f or twenty ’ r ? years togethe . What is your opinion

r ! G b The Prime Mini ster replied , Oh g eat king raciously e pleased to listen to the request which I make , without getting angry (d ) ; if you cause advance to b e given b eforehand to the poor cultivators who have not the means to plough and to raise a

r0 c p, and if you thus cause them to get a crop . and if you collect

i - and if this (advanced) money together w th the tax money , you thus contin ue to receive it little by little from the cultivators 12 90 b an the i y this me s cultivators , and through them the king , w ll b n c ow . o tai proﬁt . For if you give a grass, etc , and pet it , and not ir do milk it , and (if you then) cut its udder with the des e of getting at one time all the milk which is drawn for a month will even a little milk be obtained ? Moreover a king has the name of Raja h b y reason of his pleasing his people z and the ’ name of K ing by reason of his protecting men . (7) the Prime in a similar Minister manner produced many other arguments .

' n Thereupon the king s so was turned by it , like a horse which is turned by a bridle , and continued to rule in accordance with the word of the Prime Minister .

rm . a L i No s ( ) t. Who had made for himself the royal title Li ’ b . anointing . ( ) t When a certain king s son desired to make

0 Lit. expenditure on things in which there is no use . ( ) By the

- i d Lit. L . tax money com ng in . ( ) istening , being gracious In a tici les the text this is the ﬁrst of a long series of p r p , concluding with the conditiona l f orm . (6) Lit. Saying The whole of the ’

Li ca lled . t. milk is wanted . (j) The name Rajah

L ? 16. HOW MU CH IS P ENTY As a certain merchant was coming from the west country with b a ags of sugar loaded upon ten bullocks ( ) , one of the b ullocks b ( ) frisked about on the road , and threw down a sack . Then the merchant called a bo y who was feeding a b ullock there b and esought him , saying Brother , if you will with me lay hold it of this bag of sugar , and hoist on the bullock, I will afterwards ’ ‘ ’ . b o give you plenty of sugar All right , said the y , and accord

in l it . n ef g y hoisted up Then the mercha t gave him a ball sugar . l : i t ’ The boy said This is a ittle g ve me plen y of sugar . The ’ ‘ . merchant gave him a little more This too , said he , is a ’ little ; give me plenty . ( But) however much the merchant gave

d in . ( ) , he disputed , and spoke this way

n The a traveller, who had come there , made a contrivance , as

l . e fo lows Taking up less sugar in one hand than in the other ( ) , and showing the boy the sugar in both hands , he said Brother ' , thi s h o w i s tha t say how much is , and much Then (7) the boy

’ T ha t i t : this . t replied is a l t le is plenty Since his is plenty , ‘ ' r b e oﬁ said the t aveller , take it , and The b oy took it with

a i . shame , and went away without spe k ng

h the merchant b y his clot , and dragged him along , and went to the

il . e judge of the v lage , and told it to him The judge who had h ard , : ou r and known it all , said All right just as you say if the f ’

ask b a . come , and for it , the merchant will give the g Then hear

b . ing that , they went away a ashed

m a Lit. Nor s . ( ) As four men , having met together, were going

n . b Lit. i along , travelli g to a certain village ( ) A quarrel hav ng

0 Lit. d Lit. arisen one to another . ( ) Which appears . ( ) To

u b e . a Lit. gether with a seal . ( ) I will ca se it to Spoken by them

t J . L it. (f) Li . ust as he was there (9) When he said The h t Li . merchant says You not Speaking , I will not give etc . ( ) r N ot Speaking any hind ance .

TH E umcmssm z c mA K O LE D E on TH E 18. N W G COLLOQUIAL A certain Tamil man who lived in the South country having

was a . no livelihood , in much distress ( ) Then , thinking that (b y) going to the N orth country at any rate he would get a r livelihood , he set out , and one day he ar ived at night at a rest n b house , in the road alo g which he was going , which elonged b to a certain village in the Telugu country ; and (there e) halted .

e A certain Telugu man , who liv d in the North country , being l b in troub e for food , and other things , ( ) said (to himself) n (By) goi g to the Tamil country at any rate , and taking service , ’ I shall get a living . (So) taking a spear in his hand , and get b b ting his meals ( y) egging in each village , he too reached the

- rest house on the same night and lay down (to sleep) .

b n When the Telugu man rose at day reak , and , with the i ten cl his 6 tion of going south ( ) , took up Spear , it caught ( ) in the ear - ring hole of the Tamil man (f ) who h ad come from the south ; ’ and so he cried out (in Tamil) My ear ! my ear l §I n Telugu It is not It is not ! i and b e seized hold tightly u n u of the spear . The Telug man cried out (i Telug ) It is ’ ! ! a mine It is mine and tugged away at the spe r . While the i u two were thus d sputing , the one not nderstanding what the

other said a certain man , who knew both Telugu and Tamil , b e spoke so as to understood by them both , and separated them .

Therefore they came to the conclusion , that when a man does

not know the language that passes current in a country , it is a

mistake to say If we go to that country , we shall get a liveli 93

b r hood and so they oth went away to thei own country .

all v Hence it is an advantage to , to learn the language of e ery country . L r m . a it. No s ( ) When a man who was in the south country , was

ff b . L it su ering trou le , a livelihood not being to him ( b) . Being

' one . c Lit. n to whom there was trouble ( ) The ight of that day . — ‘ ’ Lit . d Lit . I e ( ) Saying must go south , ( ) By reason of the

. e the spear having caught (f) The large hol in lobe of the ear ,

na . L it made for the insertion of an or ment (g) . The speech of

to . h Lit. the one not being understood the other ( ) Therefore , — thinki ng the language w hich/ pas ses current in a country not b s G eing known , that which say oing to that country , we shall ”— get a living , is a mistake .

1 TH E WAY ro PEES EEV E I S TO BE 9 . / PE ACE PREPARED momWAR / ' not czin A certain king , g that there was not much money in ‘ e a his r m — I the tr asury ( ) , addressed P i e Minister , and said have conquered all my enemies , and subjugated their countries ;

m e e . s o all the kings pay , tribut and I have not now a single re enemy . Therefo , why should one cause useless expenditure

. b (by) keeping up all these armies (By) dis anding them all , ’ you will ﬁll the treasury .

is no t u The minister replied This a good scheme . If o r b enemies seize ( ) the opportunity of our dismissing our armies ,

u s . and come to battle , defeat will then befall Therefore we must not let our armies go ’ (Then) the king said When

. m an army is required , I can get one If only there is oney , ’ t everything comes to hand . The minis er replied Although we do expend money , armies will not be obtained when we want them . For if , with the desire of collecting ﬂies at night time d ( ) , we heap up sugar, and even beseech the ﬂies (to come) , will and w ? they come , s arm upon it Therefore, if we still maintain ' ’ ill f ear w . The our armies , our enemies , and be in subjection ’ king said This is very true : and he acted in accordance with the word of the minister .

b e r m a . Lit. No s . ( ) Seeing much money not to in the treasury .

Lit . 0 L it . L (b) . Seeing the opportunity ( ) etting go our hold d it —J (hand) on our armies is not proper . ( ) L . Saying We ’ must collect ﬂies . 94

2 E E E 0 . THE MEDITATIV HORSEKE P R

° When a certain king w as grieving about the death of his state i hor se (a ) a certain nobleman said (to him) Sir , if you w ll i b send me , I will go to the country of Arabia , and w ll ring (you) a

’ , good horse . So the king gave (him) the money required for it 0 5 b and sent him . He went to the country , and ought for ten thousand rupees a horse which possessed more swiftness : and good qualities than the horse which the king formerly had (b) .

c When he had turned his steps homewards ( ) , and was going

- i e w d . back , he stayed at n ght in a c rtain rest house mid ay ( )

w a s w as Then , as that place one in which there a fear of robbers ,

his is he addressed horsekeeper , and said There a fear of rob

so . b ers here : you must not sleep , but must remain awake If , t for this purpose , you medi ate upon some great matter you ' n will not fall asle ep (f) . Havi g thus put him up to a dodge l (g) , he himse f lay down (to sleep) .

a t b When , the second watch , the no leman again awoke , and ‘ ’ — ? ! - 4 said Horsekeeper , are you awake Eh he replied Yes ’ ? ' — sir . What are you meditating about said the nobleman ‘ h — I — w as ( ) . He replied was thinking who it that made and ’ ’ t sk ? crea ed so many stars in the y All right , said the noble

: and . man , keep awake in that way then he went asleep At the third watch he called the horsekeeper in the same ? ’ ‘ manner , and said Now what are you thinking about Sir,

‘ ° h e I — e n said , am considering who was it that dug this oc a and ’ where did he put the soil ? Thereupon the nob leman replied

All right . Be vigilant ; and he lay down (again) . Then (5 73) the horsekeeper also in turn forgot himself for a m and b b little ti e , and slept : before he awoke , a ro er took away

. w the horse Afterwards the master a oke and said Horsekeeper , what are you thinking about ? ’ The horsekeeper replied ‘ i . Sir, the horse itself has been stolen away ( ) I am thinking whether you will go , and carry the saddle and other articles that ’ ‘ l " . A as l remain , or whether I myself must carry them said ‘ ? ’ the nobleman , has the horse indeed gone And he came —‘ running and looked ; and grieved saying I have been trick ed and (then he) went off to the king .

Lit b hi i ms a . s b or . N ( ) A out state horse dy ng . ( ) End the

c Lit. L his c u sentence here in English ( ) ooking at o ntry .

b e sub se caused him to taught all the arts and sciences , and him quently appointed as his prime minister .

m . a Lit r . b Lit. No s ( ) Stretching out and looking . ( ) The

0 Lit . doorway having hit on his head . ( ) A wound having d Lit fallen on my head . ( ) . In this way whatever men see his

? 6 Lit. face , to all of them what and what evil will not happen ( )

. Li The keeping on earth is not right (f ) t. There , just as he

7 d . h Lit was . (g) See Story , note ( ) . The doorway struck i Lit the king on his head . ( ) . Kill me , after I have seen the

k Lit . king . ( ) I have come saying, I can afterwards give my I Lit head , having asked, saying , etc . ( ) . Having slept , having ’ L it n m . . b awoke . ( ) For my head to go ( ) The point of the oy s b e b question is as follows If I must killed , ecause , by seeing ’ b my face the ﬁrst thing , the king s head got a low , what must b be done to the king himself, since y my seeing his head the

ﬁrst thing , I have to die

22 ALL LL G . OF THE VI A ERS CUT OFF THEIR NOSE S

There lived in a certain village a man whose nose was cut off

a . b ( ) Not being a le to bear the mocking of many who saw him , t n a s . he devised withi himself a cer ain plan , and did follows

On several occasions , remaining j ust as he was , he gazed up b intently into the sky ( ) , and , while in this way his tears over ﬂ o d b and we , and his ody shivered trembled , he stammered and 0 L ! e spoke, saying ord of the earth The I love , and praise , and adore . Graciously give your divine hand to this poor ff . I wretch , who lies su ering in this sinful world To what can compare the brilliancy of thy divine b ody ? ’ Then address ing the people who were standing round him , he would pity ‘ — ! ! L r them , and say Oh people Behold ook, I p ay you at the ! deity standing (over there) . Alas you are passing away your time , standing (there) to no purpose . b i b Some persons eliev ng it , fell at his feet , and egged him saying You must make the god visible to our eyes also . ‘ Then ( 5 73) the man whose nose was cut off replied - Will the ? can l god be easily perceived You see him , if you , ike me , are ’ off without a nose . After they had thus cut their noses , they did not see the god ; and (so) they found out that the man d had deceived them ( ) . But thinking that those who had noses e is b would mock them also ( ) , they said The god fully visi le ! to o ur eyes . By a little loss how great gain have we ob tained 97

’ W i ! n d hat del ght we experience Believi g it , in a few ays all off the villagers cut their noses .

b ad b r Therefore, one who is in a way , will la our to d ag others also into it .

m a L oﬂ r it. man No s . ( ) A whose nose was cut , who lived in b Lit a certain village , not being able to bear , etc . ( ) . Raising 0 himself up , and looking . ( ) It is necessary to begin a fresh n at L it se tence here in English , ( ) . They found out saying ‘ h ’ L it u s . 3 T is man has deceived ( ) , Thinking saying ’ Those who have noses will mock us .

2 H L 3 . O WTO MAKE A PEOP E CONTENTED AND PROSPEROUS

A certai n king through covetousness imposed an excessive etc aetera a government share on the wet crops and dry crops ( ) , which were raised amongst his people ; and (imposed) a tax on o n blighted grain that had withered away , and dusty land which b was no use ploughing ( ) , and on bushes and trees that gave no fruit ; and he collected the money in excessive portions ; and as money gradually became less , he inﬂicted too great penalties c on his people , and was thus ruling tyrannically ( ) .

The people of the country being grieved thereby , and not o n having rice water to drink and clothes to put , were getting a dislike to the king , and were setting their desires upon the

- . king of another country The Prime minister knowing this , — as . reﬂected follows Evil will hereby befall our king When , is through ignorance, a king stepping into an evil , the Prim e minister forsooth is the man to reprove him , without considering

- even the loss of his own life . So the Prime minister spoke as b i to the king follows Sir , oth the thing which s placed d upon a stone ball which is rolling along , ( ) and the crown which is placed on the head of a king who is not in harmony

his . b with people , will not remain Hence y being out of harmony with the people of your territory , you will forthwi th lose the kingdom . You must put a dam , before the tank ’ b ursts . In this manner , he spoke in various ways .

‘ ’ ‘ But how, said the king , Shall I get the good will of the

- people (e) . The Prime minister replied If (5 66) you give b advance to the cultivators who have ecome impoverished , and 13 98

0 ‘ cause them to till (the land) and to get a cr p , and if you take as and the tax in such a manner to allow them to get a crop (f) , if you treat the poor and the rich alike and if you abolish great punish ments and excessive ﬁnes , and thus protect (them) . the good will of the people, and gain to yourself will ensue .

A gardener will afterwards forsooth get good fruit , who has

ﬁrst manured the sprouts , weeded out the weeds , watered with ’ good water , put a hedge , and (thus) protected them .

b e h The king hearing all this , and knowing it to true , ( ) b egan to act in this manner . Therefore , a king without a good

- i Prime minister is like a traveller without an eye ( ) .

m a r Lit. . t No s . ( ) Wet and dry cultivation ( b) Li . Which

b . c Lit Was having ploughed , they a andoned ( ) . making for

s . him elf a crooked sceptre . Which is running , rolling L t e i . t ( ) How will the consent of the people come ? (7) L i . So

as . L it to be suitable to producing a crop (g) . If you think

. t is the poor to equal the rich ( h) Li . Knowing saying (It ) ’

i . Lit . truth . ( ) They are alike

24 L . ARE YOU PO ITE TO ME , OR TO MY FINE CLOTHES

he When a certain learned man went to a certain town , heard

a about a generous man in the place who feasted travellers ( ) .

e . Thereupon he went to him in his old garment , and wait d The generous man not only did not give him any assistance , but did not even give him a place to sit down (b ) . Thereupon the learn 0 and ed man ( ) went away distressed , on the next day , having b d u h e orrowed ( ) a beautif l garment , put it on , and went there again .

saw i As soon as the generous man him , he treated him w th respect ; and seated him near himself ; and engaged in conversa tion (e) . Then as soon as he had sat down to the meal with his guest (j) , the learned man took up a morsel (of food) , and put

his Th e it on garment . master of the house , seeing this , asked w h him why he did this (g) . Then he ans ered ( ) When I came b yesterday in an old garment , I did not o tain any meal whatever i ! ( ) . Now by reason of my coming well dressed , behold I have

i . obta ned a nice meal Therefore , is this food provided for my sarment or for me Thus he made answer : and then the

100

‘ r Hencefo th we will go to a king who lives in a distant country , and we f our will divide the presents which come to us through and the display of our powers , afterwards we will go to our ’ home . The second brother of them said We three must divide the money which comes through the learning which we have b la oriously acquired Our fourth brother is a dunce, who

has not learnt . Therefore it is not beﬁtting to give him a ’ d share . ( ) . b —‘ The third rother said Oh brothers , our fourth brother is a man wh o has not studied : nevertheless b e is a clever man in b u worldly matters . Kings carry on usiness thro gh those who

n c . n u derstand worldly matters ( ) On this account , Ki gs exalt

them . Therefore we will not let him go , but invite him also , ’

u s . and take him with , and give a share to him also

When they had all agreed thus , and the four were going along saw together , they a tiger lying dead in the jungle , and the three learned men said We will try on this tiger the science ’ which causes the dead to live . Then the unlearned one rebuk

is . I f ed them , saying It not proper to make trial on a tiger ’ u s t it comes to life (f ) , evil will thereby befall . The hird b rother also said , that they ought to listen to him —J The others through the pride of learning , replied Are you b ? !’ — ‘ also a lockhead Eh and despising them , they began to

th e . e revive tiger Then the two said If one s es evil men , ’ so ? so one must keep at a distance . Is it not And ( ) they ran

. As as tw away , and climbed up a tall tree soon the other o b brothers had revived the tiger y their incantations , the tiger seized and killed them .

. a t Nor ms ( ) Li . If you ask What was that which they medi

Lit. b s a . 0 L What the eldest rother id (was) ( ) it . n b d Lit Which we have learnt , taki g trou le ( ) . The

e L t. giving a share to him is not ﬁt . ( ) i There is business to

. Li kings by those who know worldly matters (j) t. If life comes

Lit. b . to it . (g) We must elieve his word

2 7 . THE TOO OBEDIENT WIFE

r r b his d h As a ce tain foolish se vant used to eat wife aily, s e —‘ thought within herself ( a) I must tea ch some good sense (6) 101 to b i u an b this lockhead , who , w tho t y good cause , eats me , when ’ I have not committed any fault While s h e w as thinking b e sh e thus , one day beat her as usual . When asked him why no t o he thus beat her , he replied I beat you , because you do d ’ ‘ ’ ‘ d . sh e ( ) any one thing as I tell you Henceforth , said , I a s b will do just you tell me . When I do so , you must not eat she and abuse me , but be kind to me And made him f take an oath (to this e fect) . ! Afterwards , he one day called her , saying Woman ‘ ? ’ Woman (or Beat ! Beat (f) . Where are you going

She came running , and beat him with a stick . When he said ! — What have you done, woman (or Beat ) (f ) She beat him ’

as . once again , and said I have done just you told me Another day when sh e was giving some rice to her husb and ’ h ! ! or on a plate , e said Woman a rice husk on my head ( ‘ Beat , spit on my She beat him once , and Spat upon his r head . One day afte wards he said Put (or curse) this ’ s h e money in the house . Then continued to curse , saying ‘Money of an idiot ! Money of a blockhead ! Money of a dunce !’

Afterwards , having noticed all these things and understood off his hi them , he felt ashamed ; and leaving anger , he treated s w wife politely , and acted in accordance ith her advice (g) , and ff became a good man . Thus an ignorant man will su er humili ation even at the hand of his wife .

N r ms a L it Wh n . I o . . e ( ) she thought , etc t is necessary to b Li b t. reak up the sentence in English . ( ) I must cause good Li I t ha in don . 0 t. no v e wisdom to come ( ) g even a little fault . Li sa an n e n d t. e Lit . ( ) By your not doing (it) , as I y y o thi g . ( )

m n . . Lit Be on my side (f ) The Tamil word has two eani gs (g) .

Behaved , listening to her wisdom

L 28. WHO IS RESPON SIB E FOR THE MISCHIEF CAUSED BY THE CAT ?

r Fou men carried on in partnership a trade in cotton . In b e b in order that rats might not ni bl g the bags of cotton , they

. d n s o a t reared a cat Whilst oi g , ( ) , hey portioned out its four b b eau tiﬁ legs , one to each person ( ) , and each adorned and ed w as his the leg which respective share , with ankle rings , chains , b ells , and s uch like things . 102

i r on When th ngs we e thus , the cat got a wound one leg and so n b r i ( ) the ow er of that leg ound ound it an o led rag .

When the cat went near the hearth , it caught ﬁre from the ﬁre

o n . ran off u the hearth Thereupon , as the cat , and fell pon the bags of cotton , the bags caught ﬁre , and were burnt up .

O n r seeing this , the othe three (partners) presented a com b Mar d h i i a e a plaint efore (the judge) y R ma , in order that he might recover for them the loss at the hand of their partner who had wrapped on the oiled rag, and hand it over to them . The j udge summoned the defendant ; and made an investigation (d) . Perceiving that the complaint which the plaintiff s had made w as unjust , because (their partner) had not done it wilfully he f and addressed the plaintif s , gave his decision as follows

‘ ’ As the cat s leg on which the defendant wrapt the oil rag , w as the one which had the wound , it did not help it to walk . Such a loss arose owing to the cat having walked by means of the legs belonging to you three , which were not wounded . ’ ’ (Therefore) you three must make good the defendant s loss .

J a s e ust an elephant heaps soil on its own head , the thr e plaintiffs sought out for themselves a further loss in addition to I n w what had already b efallen them (f ) . accordance ith the old — saying G o d is the helper of the helpless the defendant , ff who had su ered great grief , became very joyful , (on) seeing ’ G own that the decision , through od s assistance , was in his favour (g) .

r m a Lit. . 6 Lil . t e No s . ( ) When they were rearing it ( ) A Li n 0 t . s pective leg to a person . ( ) A wound fell to the cat upo

d . e Lit. o ne leg . ( ) Break up the sentence here in English ( ) By his his (reason of) there not being doing it , mind knowing (it) . t (f ) Li . Together with what ﬁrst came , they sought for them Lit selves loss still further . (g) . Seeing the fact of the decision b eing , etc .

L 29 . GIVE WHAT YOU IKE

his A certain man , at the time of death , gave into the hand of a a banker , who was on intimate terms with him ( ) , ten thousand pagodas which he possessed ; and said After my son has ’ grown up , give him what you like of these pagodas . Then the banker took them , and deposited them in his house .

104

’ acee t n will not p another one . And he took an oath in the ame

t . lalan of the dei y On hearing this the Ve was much troubled .

Mri adhei a y Rama thought the matter over ; and told them

- to come again to morrow ; and sent them away (f) . Then he Vel la as secretly sent for the a n, and spoke to him follows ‘ - c You must not come to morro w (to the court) . At the entran e

to your house pile up some old pots at the side of the door , and

simply keep the door closed . As soon as the Mohammedan the sa has comes (to court) , I will y to him Your opponent not ”

. an d : i him ff come So go , and call , fetch him and I w ll send o

(to you) . He will come in haste , and open the door . Then , all b the pots will b e roken . Then weep and say He has b roken the pots which have continued to ex ist from the days of our n a cestors and raise an outcry , and tell the neighbours . Whatever —“ I arrangement he proposes (g) , say want my pots, and come ’

and elalan . ﬁle a complaint . Then he sent the V away

Velalan Next day after it had happened in this very way , the b came (to the judge) , and said He has roken my pots which ’ have continued to exist for a long time . I want my pots . Then Mri h i ad e a a y R ma addressed the Mohammedan , and said ‘What say you to this The Mohammedan replied The ’ h elephant and the pots are equivalent to each other ( ) . The j udge illustrated in the case of the Mohammedan the saying ’ A dense blockhead will lose the wealth that he has in his hand .

m a cl . b Lit . . 0 Nor s . ( ) See story 7 note ( ) Took as a loan ( )

Lit . d L it. or . To display a village parade ( ) The reality fact

e L it. . L it . which had occurred . ( ) Spoke reconciliation (f) He ’ - . Lit said Come again to morrow (g) , Although he say any h Lit. arrangement whatever . ( ) It goes all right to the elephant a nd the pots .

1 L G 3 . HOW ON WAS THE BOND A certain cultivator had received from a certain merchant a

loan of one hundred pagodas , having written and given a bond t d (for it) . Af er some days had passe , the merchant asked back ‘ — - the loan . The cultivator replied To morrow morning I shall l be on the garden hill beyond the village . If you wi l bring the off b b ond to that place , I will pay oth the principal and the ’ interest . 105

n b n . In accordance with this , the mercha t took the o d The

cultivator received it ; and as if looking over it , he tore it up , and put it into a ﬁre which w as kindled at his side ; and said There is no necessity to give it to you ; and told him to go

r r ~ away . The merchant b eing g ieved , told the matte to Mari adh y ei Rama (the judge) .

The latter summoned the cultivator , and asked him why he ‘ a r — I had torn up the b ond ( ) . To this the cultivator eplied b ’ b neither took a loan from him , nor did I tear up the ond . ( ) .

The judge then called the merchant privately , and asked him a what was the length of the bond . He replied that it w s a span long . The judge then told him to say , when he questioned him i a b ( n court) , that it w s a cu it long

u (Afterwards) the judge s mmoned the merchant to the court , —‘ and looking at him sternly , said Do not tell an untruth . ’ ‘ ’ ‘ w as b ? What the length of the ond Sir , said he , I am ' was b cu b it s len th telling the simple truth . It a ond of a i g . The u r c ltivato tells a lie when he says that he did not tear it up , nor ’ d ’ receive the money ( ) . (Thereupon) the cultivator s wrath b eing aroused , he said hastily Sir , even before your very self he is telling a lie (in) saying that the b ond which was a Span long , was a cubit long . In any other place how many lies will ? ’ he not tell The judge hearing this , said If you did not write and give a bond , and receive a loan from him , how did you know that it was a span long ? ’ Then the judge punished the cultivator for telling a lie , and gave an order that h e should ff pay o the interest and the principal to the merchant . The cultivator was an illustration of the saying The wisdom ’ of a hasty man is limited .

m a Lit. ou r Nor s . ( ) Asked him saying Why did y tea up the

’

b Lit . w as b ond . ( ) There neither my receiving a loan from ‘ ’ ’ a b 0 Lit. s him , etc . ( ) When I ask you , y a cu it s length , thus is the judge told him . It necessary to break up the sentence in

d Lit. English . ( ) There was not my receiving the money , having

torn up the bond too .

3 2 G . THE FEATHERS STICKIN IN THE HAIR

’ a A female neighbour ( ) stole (another) woman s fowl , and killed , and ate it up . The owner , who had noticed that the ’ r b fowl which went into the woman s house , did not eturn ( ) , 14 106

to went the thief , and asked her saying My fowl most ’ h as certainly came into your house . What become of it ? d Then ( ) , as the thief persisted in saying that she had never Mri h a d ei a even seen it , the owner went to ya R ma , and ﬁled a complaint .

When he summoned the thief and questioned her, she per h sisted in saying that s e had never even seen the fowl . Owing

u to there being no witness , the j dge ordered the two women to go home (e) .

e When they had gone a little distance , he addressed thos who s o were near him , and speaking that the thief might hear , said ‘ a woman having stolen and eaten up a fowl , and having put a feather of it on her head , stands in this court , and goes and she b persists in saying that knows nothing a out it (f) , Do you perceive her boldness

u The thief , immediately these words fell pon her ear , gently felt her chignon with her hand . On seeing this the judge told t b ( hem) to seize the woman , and ring her (to him) . Then , t having revealed the heft by ( the words of) her own mouth , he took from her a suitable ﬁne , and gave an order that she should give a fowl in exchange to the owner of the fowl . On that very day thief believed the saying to b e true Shall falsehood stand and conquer truth

a L u . b Li r m it. t. No s . ( ) A neighbouring female ho seholder ( ) ’

0 Lit. ? The fowl s going and not returning . ( ) It is which Li W e ff d t . o ( ) hen she asked , 5 7 3 , ( ) End the sentence here in

Lit. . English , 397 , (f) I know not

L L 33 . THE FIRST TRIA OF THE RIVA MINISTERS ’ Wi One day the King s fe brought another man , and recommend ’ A a i s a ed hi m to the king for pp j post ( ) . The king asked her if ’ i b she he had Appaj s a ility . To this replied I think he may ’ ‘ ’ have even more . We will however make a trial , said the king , and then he gave the man leave to go . b ’ n Afterwards , one night ( ) in the harem the king s i fant was playing with him , and hawked and Spat upon his breast and face , r c and kicked him with its legs . After sun ise ( ) the king sent for A a i s the man who had come for pp j post, and addressing him , said At night some one came and hawked and spat on my

nd i . breast and face , a k cked me with his legs What must I do

108

r an ordina y man . The man who does not conceal the thing b ut r which he has heard , pou s it out openly , like the hole which ’ issues out by way of the mouth , is a low fellow . In accordance A a i c and with this (decision) , pp j wrote upon ea h image , told off (the king) to send them .

off The king was greatly delighted , and sent them to the

Emperor .

rm a Lit. . b Lit. No s . ( ) Saying ( ) A man like which of these

- r man . 0 Lit . L is a ﬁ st rate ( ) ike the going away within .

G 35 . THE VA UE WORDS INTERPRETED

A a i As the King and pp j were going along a village road , one of three women looked at a field which a certain man had ’ b e b ploughed , and said This will suita le , for the face . ’ —4 b e Another said This will suitable for the mouth . Another ’ l b e b e i said This wi l suita le for a youngst r . When the k ng A a i a asked j what was the meaning of hat they had said ( , pp w— ) he replied What they say is as follows What they say is fit aff for the face , is land which is fit for yielding a crop of s ron .

What they say is ﬁt for the mouth , is land which is ﬁt for

- sa planting betel leaf creeper . What they y is ﬁt for a young ’ ster , is land which is ﬁt for putting in young cocoanut trees .

r Hearing this , the king sent for the three women , and enqui ed b e at their word of mouth , and ﬁnding (it to the case) , was b greatly delighted ( ) .

m . a N or s ( ) Lit. When he asked saying What is the mean ’

. b Lit ing of what they have thus said ( ) . He rejoiced greatly

in his mind .

36 J G ’ L . UDGIN OF OTHERS BY ONE S SE F

One day the King addressed the Barber , who was shaving r him , and asked Are all in this town in comfortable ci cum stances ? ’ Then the barber replied Even amongst those who are ever such poor people , there are not any who lack gold ’

a . the size of a lime . ( )

a 1 r A a 1 When the king looked at App j who was nea him , pp j its considered (the matter) for a short time ; and then , without e his b : b eing known to th barb er , he sent one of servants ( ) and ’ examined the b arb er s pouch : and took (out of it) gold the size 109

e . h ad of a lime , which was in it ( ) After the barber gone away , A a i w a pp j showed it to the king, and informed him that it s on t account of i , the barber had Spoken thus ; thinking that what he had , the world had , and that what he had not , the world had A a i not . pp j then said to the king If you keep this (lump of d gold) carefully ( ) , and if you ask him , as you asked him just now, for another shave , you can ﬁnd out what he will then ’ say . b When the king thus asked the bar er for another shave , the latter said Even amongst ever such great people , there are th not any who , except outward display , possess gold e size of a ’ A i u . a lime fr it Then the king addressed pp j , and praised him , saying It would be a very difﬁcult thing in any country to

’ b - o tain a prime minister who has wisdom like you . Then the king gave b ack the gold to the barber .

r m a Lit . N o s . ( ) To whom there is a deﬁciency for gold of the

b Lit. i . 0 s ze of a lime ( ) A certain one , his servant . ( ) It b at Li . is necessary to reak the sentence here in English . ( ) t r Having taken ca e of , (and) having put .

37 . THE UNPRACTICAL PEDANTS

In the north country ﬁve men met together , namely A logician , who from the age of ten to the age of thirty had i —a r studied log c only g ammarian , who had learnt grammar

—a —an only bard, who had practised music only astrologer , — who had read astrology only and a physician , who had in esti ated i b v g med cine only . ( ) When they were taking counsel together to go to another country , and to obtain some money , rr and to ma y , they said The King of Vellore gives to learned ’ c s ee men whatever they require, ( ) ; and so , in order to him , they took with them an escort as far as that place . Then they dismissed those who had come (with them) as an escort ; and ’ wen t to the King s Court ; and each displayed his ability in his respective science .

A a i The king addressing pp j , praised them , and said These ’ ‘ a - I are very clever men . To this App ji replied think they b e as may as great blockheads in worldly matters , they are clever ‘ ’ m n ‘ in their respective sciences You ust , said the ki g, Show ’ ‘ A a i — I me their stupidity . pp j replied will do so ; please dis ’ - to da o . d . miss them y , that they may go and get their fo d ( ) The 110

i A a i i king accord ngly dismissed them . Then pp j , without the r and knowing it , sent some servants , and told them to go watch what took place .

: and w Of the five men , the logician went for some ghee hen b h e he had o tained some in a leafcup , and was coming home , th e looked at cup of ghee, which was in his hand , and said to th e himself Is the cup the basis of ghee , or is the ghee the basis of the cup ? ’ Having considered the matter for a long n th e time accordi g to rules of logic , and not solving the doubt , Tb en he turned the cup over . seeing all the ghee flow out , he came to the conclusion that the cup was the b asis of the ghee ; and (so) he arrived (at home) . G l The rammarian went to get some curds , and heard a mi k — ‘ maid calling out Curds , oh lengthening out the final letter

0 to ten quantities . Then he quarrelled with her for a long n ! time , and said Stupid woma You are pronouncing contrary 0 to grammar , giving too many quantities to the letter , which ’

n . t a has two qua tities only And so getting in o a r ge , he returned home without getting any curds .

hard c The washed some ri e , and put it in a pot , and hearing b e the bu bling sound with which it boiled, ( ) he beat correct : r time to it but owing to its not keeping co rectly with his time , he got angry , and smashed the rice pot .

The astrologer went to pluck some leaves (for plates) , and when he had climbed up a tulip tree , he heard a lizard squeak ing ; and knowing it to b e a b ad omen for ascending or descend

af tervx ing , he remained there a long time , and ards came down without anything .

The phy sican went to buy and b ring some vegetab les ; but knowing the b ad qualities which were in each vegetab le accord ing to his medical rule , he rejected them all , and came back

- a empty handed (f) . App ji knowing all this news from the

’ men whom he had sent , despatched some servants by the king s r i orde (g) , and summoned those ﬁve men , and quest oned them

h . v ( ) Then the king , ha ing asked them to relate all the things that had happened , was astonished , and praised and extolled a i App j .

rm . a Lit . b off No s ( ) Who were , etc . ( ) End the sentence here in E c Lit. r i as or nglish ( ) Acco d ng they desire need .

1 12

3 9 . YOU CANNOT MAKE A BARBER TO BECOME A BRAHMIN

ur ' One day the king was sleeping till four ho s after dawn (a ) . b That day was the day on which he shaved ( ) . The barb er there fore came , and seeing (the king) , shaved him gently on the b ed , without interrupting his sleep and (then) went away . When ’ oﬁ his sleep had passed , the king got up , and looked in the mirror . The king saw that he had been shaved very neatly (d) ; and w as b so he greatly pleased , and sent for the arber , and said ‘What do you want ? ’ He replied—J My Lord ! you must ’ please make me to become a brahmin . The king summoned all the b rahmins , and said If within six months you do not b b r cause this barber to ecome a rahmin , and put him in you rank , and eat with him , I shall conﬁscate all the free lands ’ which have been made over to you .

b u t e All the brahmins were grieved ; outwardly consenting ( ) , the hi they invited and took with them barber , and caused m his th e always to take bath three times (daily) , and to carry on and and eternal ﬁre , and the evening worship , the prayers pen

s . m anc e , and all other matters Then at the end of six onths , — ‘ the king said (to himself) I must see the barber also sittin g ’ so in the brahmin rank , and eating with them ; and he was going to the Brahmin village (g) . Thereupon the Brahmins Tennal a went to R man , and wept .

Upon this Rama said to them Do not b e afraid . I will ’ make a devw e and save you . Then in the presence of the king Tennal Raman tied a rope round the neck of a b lack dog , and dragged it away ; and having dug a sacriﬁcial hole on the b b ank of a tank which was in the vicinity of the rahmin village , he got four brahmins ; and told them to perform a sacriﬁce . Then he himself made the dog which h e had brought to bathe ; and then dragged it along yelping ( h) ; and he went rou nd and round the hole ; and again took and dragged the dog ; and made i t bathe , and go round the hole to the right .

w as n While he doi g thus , the king came ; and asked him why he was treating the dog in this way (i) . Tennal Raman replied— ‘I am going to make this black dog (to b ecome) a ’ —‘ ! ! white one . The king said Oh stupid fellow In any place whatsoever will a b lack dog b ecome a white one ? It 113 will not (b ecome Raman replied When a b arber is b becoming a brahmin , is it a wonder for a black dog to ecome ’ t ? r in a whi e one As soon as the king hea d that , he reﬂected ! o his mind , saying Quite right I have sp ken without taking ’ thought ; and ( so) he did not go to the b rahmin village ; b ut b s came to his fort ; and sending for the bar er , he sati ﬁed him off in another way ; and sent him . On hearing this , all the

Brahmins rejoiced .

r m a b b L i Lit. . t. No s . ( ) Dawn having ecome ( ) On that

c . n day it was the day on which he shaved . ( ) Lit Not allowi g d L i t interruption of sleep to come . ( ) . The fact that (the barber) ha d done the shaving very neatly became known to ’

Lit . him . (e) Lit. Saying All right . (f ) Whilst they Lit were continuing to cause him , etc . (g) . When he ‘ ’ h - o L wa s L it b ow w w . i it. going ( ) . As it cried out ( ) Asked saying Why are you treating the dog thus

4 LL L ? 0 . WHO WI TAKE CARE OF MY FAMI Y

One day the king perceiving Tennal Raman to be greatly ? ? ’ grieved , said Why are you grieving What do you want T nn l m e Then e a Raman replied Sir , the astrologers tell that I shall die in one or two months (a ) but I have not been think ing anything of death . I am grieving because after my death there is no one to support my family like me The king ‘ c — faithfully promised him , saying ( ) Do not fear in the least ab out that . I will protect your family ten times more than you . Is this a great thing for me (to do)

h Tennal a n T en , from that day forth , R ma made a pretence as if his sickness was gradually increasing ; and one day made so some device or other , that all believed that he was dead . hi r Then putting s money , jewels , and vessels which we e in his box in another place , he got into it himself .

r Immediately the king hea d the report of his death , as

’ there w as a rumour that there was much wealth in Raman s b e and house , there then sent some servants ; and gave them orders ; and told them to bring quickly the money chest of his

. e house As soon as they had thus ( ) brought it into his palace , the king with avidity opened the box ; and on looking into it , — ‘ he s a w Tennal Raman and said Hullo ! They said that you ’ a r . ru i were dead R man eplied Can I die , t st ng you ? Is it 1 5 11 4

’ not you yourself who are the protector of my family ? The b king a ashed , remained silent .

’ rm . a Lit r s a il No s ( ) . The ast ologers y to me You w l die . b Lit . 0 Lit . ( ) Saying to myself there are no supporters , etc . ( ) ’

d Lit. i Said faithfully . ( ) The report which said He s dead . e Li ( ) t. In this way .

4 1 . THE MUCH ENDURING THIEF

a n b ean One evening ( ) , a thief was hidi g himself in the shed of

- - b to the house of a certain shop keeper . The shop keeper elonging the house went to wash his hands ; and perceiving traces of a

’ b his thief s presence ( ) , told wife to bring him a big brass pot full h b and . s e of water When accordingly rought it , gave (it to him) , h r and n e took it from her ; and kept ga gling spitti g on the thief . was After all the water expended , he told her to bring again a pot of water ; and kept gargling and spitting . Thereupon his wife asked Why do you thus gargle and

’ ? sh e spit to no purpose When said this , he gargled , and spat

h . n on her four mout fuls of water Seeing this , and thi king that b madness had seized her hus and , she was afraid ; and ran out into the street ; and calling out , she collected many people ; and then went inside .

- They came to the shop keeper , and asked What is the matter with you ? Have you gone mad Why did you ’ gargle and spit on your wife ? To this he replied Because

I who married her at ﬁve years old , and endowed her with a pagod s , and till now have kept her in happiness , have now her she spat upon four mouthfuls of water , would not endure it ; but came and told you . I have not conferred any beneﬁt on the b eanshed h im man who is under this ; nor do I know . This being the case , I have kept gargling and spitting upon him two r whole po ts of wate . This he has endured . If you would k as d . know whether this is true or false , him in proof of it ( ) Thereupon they said (to themselves) He has made this device to catch the thief ; and so they arreste d the thief (e) .

r m . a Lit. rt . b Lit No s ( ) On the evening of a ce ain day ( ) . r b Lit Seeing a t ace y which there was a thief . (c) . What to ! n se ? d Li you Has mad ess ized you ( ) t. If you must know

‘ e r or e Li . this (to b ) t ue false . ( ) t They seized him as a hand

. An i nin a t ful id om mea g to rres .

1 16

and L r ou He addressed the king , said My o d , If y look at r m t his horse from the Fo , it appears like the horse of the villager b u t Arr k r if you look at it from . (it appears) li e the ho se of the ’

b . i was b e polygar ( ) As the k ng a very intelligent person , ‘ r perceived that he had spoken trickily , and that by saying f om ’ Fos m his R the , meaning was , BEFO E the Polygar came and stole a — b it , and that the face of the horse was s of old and that y ‘ ’ r Amr — r m saying f om , his meaning was Am m he had come and

o . stolen it , and that the tail had b een newly u t So the ln ng ' approved of the Komati s wisdom , and gave his decision in i favour of the v llager .

Norms . (a) Lit. Saying to himself (b) In Tamil the and in ront same word is used for place for time , and means f d and bef ore . Similarly the same word means behin and af ter f wards . It is very di ﬁcult to reproduce the same in English ; b u t on the play upon the dou ble meaning rests the whole point b r of the story . The a ove translation is not quite satisfacto y ; b ut it is an attempt to keep up the play on the words .

4 4 . A MODEST REQUEST

rtain w as b A c e Komati who always a poor man , and lind from b irth , and unmarried , performed penance for a long time in —‘ reference to a certain deity . The deity reflected thus As he ' K oma ti l i n is a , how many gifts will he ask and thinki g that to he ought make a fixed agreement beforehand with him , he —‘ said Oh Komati ! I am very delighted at your penance ; ask any one gift that you want . If you ask more , I shall not grant ’ —‘I f it . The Komati reflected as follows was saying (to mysel ) that I should receive many gifts ; the God has (now spoken in ’ this way ; what shall I do in the matter ? And then addressing L the deity , the Komati made the following request My ord ,

I make a request in accordance with your divine will . It is enough if you grant me this one gift only (namely) , that I . may ’ die after having seen with joyous eyes (a ) my grandson s grandson live in a house of seven stories . and eat milk and rice ’ out of a golden dish . The deity graciously granted (his r b b equest) in that very way ( ) , eing delighted at his cleverness , b b s ecause in asking thus , he had o tained for himself the e things , t and r namely , weal h , the happiness of sons g andsons, a full age ,

s i r . a lofty hou e, eyes ght, and all othe gifts 117

— — l a Lit. or Nor ms . ( ) So that my eye may rejoice ( 390) Whi st

b Lit. my eye rejoices ( ) Made grace (or favour) , grant

ing in that very way .

45 G G G ’ L . OIN TO WASH , AND SMEARIN ONE S SE F WITH MUD

fre A certain householder , who for twenty years had daily

nted a a que ( ) the co urt of the P ndya King in the town of Madura , ’ w as th e b . and had got the king s favour , going along road ( ) Then the hand of a cert ain man who was comin g hurriedly along i him and so in the opposite d rection , struck against ; he said ‘You fellow ! You blockhead ! Ought you not to have given place (to To this the man replied Ought you not to 1’ have gone on one side , you son of a dancing girl

The householder immediately addressed the king , and said

A certain man has insulted me , saying You son of a dancing ’ girl ! Then the king replied Ought you to regard this as anything that can aff ec t your dignity (c) ? On hearing this the householder said Oh great king ! it appears as if for some cause or other your favour towards me l n i d . is fai i g , who have for a long time wa ted upon you ( ) You off must not let the man thus easily . You must summon him ,

’ and examine him in your court . The king laughed , and sum moning the man said (to him) Ought you to call this great ’ man the s on of a dancing girl (e) ? To this he replied ‘ w as When I going along in a hurry , he met me . Then my ” o hand struck against him . Thereup n he said You blockhead ! Through anger at this I said You son of a dancing girl ” The the king addressing householder, said He says that the fact

h . t at he said so , is true Now what more must be done ? Tell

. u so ke l me Thereupon the ho seholder p , and made the fol ow ing request What this man said yesterday in the street in . h as d which many people were walking , to ay been proved in your very court Please to cause the drum to be bea ten every n where in the town , proclaimi g that from this day forth no one — son must say that such and such a man the of a caste woman , — who is at the court of the great king is the son of a dancing

girl The king gave orders accordingly . Everyone hearing b the eating of the drum , thought that he was the son of a

dancing girl . 118

r Therefo e , when foolish people go to bathe , they smear them selves with mu d .

a Lit. b . Nor ms . ( ) Who had een continually going and coming i n c Lit. (b) Lit. While he was goi g ( ) Is the regard ng t thi s as a thing to your greatness proper ? (d) Li . Who have

e L it . waited upon your presence . ( ) Ought you to have spoken L saying Oh son of a dancing girl (f ) it . Any one to name ‘ — - (65 9) such an one saying Son of a dancing girl is not proper .

L X 46. THE COVETOUS DISCIP E , AND THE E PECTANT TEACHER

to A certain Teacher used come yearly from a great distance ,

. th e and visit his disciple for a present Whenever he came , disciple used to tell him civilly that he had not anything in hand , and then used to say to him politely I will give (you some thing) next year . Show favour to me , and going away (now) ’ r come again . Afte wards one time he sent him away saying ’ ‘ n I will cer ta i ly give you something next year .

The Teacher came , saying (to himself) He will without fail ’ give (me something) this time . The disciple rising up at once , ff o ered him a seat , and after his teacher had sat down , he waited L upon him , and then said My ord , stop ; and I will quickly fl ’ t o . . re urn , and start you Then he himself went and took his food Afterwards h e brought a box ; and pu t it in front of the teacher ; i a d a nd t and opening it , put his r ght h nd insi e ; hen drew it out h with his fist closed . Afterwards approac ing the Teacher he ’ L r . c d b said Now , my o d , arise The Teacher started , eing i quite elated , and saying (to h mself) Although for many a t t day he has kept fixing a da e withou giving (me any present) , t ’ now he has brough a handful of pagodas to give me . The

disciple also followed him . After they had gone a distance o f ’ the L four hours journey along road , the disciple said My ord , what month is this ? ’ The Teacher replied—‘T his is the month ’ Margari . The disciple showing his hand which he had kept

closed , counted on his fingers from the month Margari up to fix in a fifteen months ; and g date , told him to come in the

. a b ﬁfteenth month The Teacher entirely collapsed ( ) , and eing

u b . much pset, went away a ased

120

4 L 9 . THE MEDD ESOME DONKEY A certain washerman who washed the clothes of a large

village , kept a donkey to carry the goods , and a dog as a guard

to his house . When things were thus , one night six thieves h a came in the pitch darkness to b reak into his ouse ( ) . Then

the dog which was there remained quiet without barking . The donkey said Oh dog ! Why do you remain silent ? Thieves ’ have come to steal in our master s house , and are lurking a within . If all the valuable garments which are in our ch rge ’ ’ o ﬂ l . go , the master wil grieve To this the dog replied ‘ Donkey ! they have thus come to steal many times . Then I

barked repeatedly , and roused up our master . The thieves ran

ff . o . This you too know Our master has not the good sense to

s b . recognize this kindne s ( ) Therefore if they enter and steal ,

’ ’ is ‘ so . . let it be It no concern of ours This time at any rate , ‘ ’ — u said the donkey , I will bray and rouse up our master a d s b e an n o it g to bray like the sound of thu der . The thieves b were lurking on the other side . The washerman eing unab le

to bear the braying , arose ; and came running ; and abused the ! ’ donkey , saying Bloated donkey and beat it with a stick ,

so as to break its loins and then lay down in a rage .

The thieves again came , and entered within ; and having taken b y handfuls and tied up for themselves all the clothes and

off . jewels , went The dog , which had seen all this , addressed

the donkey , and said Although I told you , you did not listen . You have seen the beneﬁt which our master has done for the

beneﬁt which you did (to him) . Nevertheless it has come about

thus by your doing the work which I do . Therefore each one

must do his own business . If one man does the business which ’ r anothe man is doing , it will come to pass thus .

r m . L t No s (a ) i . Came to make a hole into his house . In he India thieves dig through the mud walls of t houses . (b) t i The quality (or disposi ion) w hich recognizes this k ndness .

- 5 0 . OUT OF THE FRYIN G PAN INTO THE FIRE h A ouseholder having got a Pariah slave , asked him what ’ h ‘ m l “ w a s a . e Peru a . his name ( ) Sir , replied , My name is Vaishnavite As the householder was a , he did not like to call this Pariah b y the name of Perumél (b) ; so he asked him 12 1

' ‘ ? ’ Will you take another name He replied Sir , I can do

’ ‘ ’ b e . u s o ; but some expenditure will incurred How m ch , ‘ ’ ? The said he , will be incurred Pariah replied When my te n father was alive , he gave me this name , expending pagodas

n . and te bushels of rice , and giving food to four Pariah villages It would incur an expenditure double as much as the former ’

now . expenditure to reject it , and to give another name His master having agreed to this gave him twenty pagodas and

. c th e twenty bushels of rice Having re eived it , Pariah lived u comfortably pon it for some months , and then gave himself

Grea t Perum cil his . the name of , and returned (to master)

V aishnavite The addressing the slave , said What name ’ ’

? d . have you gone and given yourself ( ) Sir , he replied , ‘ the name which I have now gone and given myself is Grea t

P er a mal. r w as . The master hea ing that , much ashamed Therefore simpletons b y their useless perversity agree to cause useless expenditure .

rm a L it —4 ? No s . ( ) . Asked him saying What is your name b L ( ) it. Not agreeing to call this Pariah saying

P erumal . c Lit is a name of Vishnu ( ) . In accordance with this

d Lit. ( ) You have come , having given yourself what name

5 1 G X L G . A OOD MA IM CHEAP Y BOU HT A certain man having written on a palmyra leaf the following a m sentence ( ) The act of him who does not exa ine and look , — b n ou t will cause sorrow wandered a out in a large tow , crying n in each street the price , and saying This is one thousa d ’ rt a r n pagodas . A ce ain prince who w s prepa i g to go to a ‘ — I the great war , said to himself will gain beneﬁt of this ; and so he gave one thousand pagodas ; and bought the leaf . Having unsheathed a dagger which was hanging up in his b o edro m , he put the leaf within the scabbard ; and then sheath

b r . ed the dagger ; and hung it up , as it was efo e (Afterwards) he went to war at a great distance off ; and having carried on war for r r the sixteen yea s , he gained the victo y ; and returned home .

son b r The whom his wife rought forth , who was p egnant e when he left , was (now) sixt en years old She and this r son we e lying down together on a couch . Seeing this , and his had r ur h e d thinking that wife got a pa amo , rew out the 16 122

dagger which he had formerly hung up , to stab them both .

it w . Then the writing which was inside , fell do n Picking it up , and seeing it to be as follo ws ( c) The act of him who does not — examine and see , will cause sorrow his rage subsided , and he I d thought within him self will patiently ( ) look , and examine ’ this matter . When b e examined into the matter he found out that the person who was lying at the side of his wife , was his son ,

Then he was ﬁlled with unbounded joy , and said My thought (e) to kill to no purpose my precious s o n an d my wife was ’ b e averted (f ) forsooth by this m agical sentence . And then it i praised , saying That wh ch I gave for this writing was not ﬁ ’ a suf cient price . I might have given still more .

m a L r . it. L it . No s ( ) The sentence which says . (b) There L i e 0 t. had become an age of sixteen to the child , etc . ( ) Se ing h t e d L it . fact that it was saying , etc . ( ) . Bearing , sustaining L 399 2 . (e) it. My thinking or the fact of my thinking . Lit (f) . Failed .

2 5 . THE LUCKY SOOTHSAY E R A certain man used to obtain many great gifts (by ) telling

r soothsaying to the king . Then a c e tain woman belonging ‘ to the next house seeing thi s , and not being able to control a her feelings ( ) , addressed her stupid husband named Thum —‘ mudi Pattan , and said C c somewhere or other and learn ’ — b soothsaying and tying up a undle of rice , she gave it to b him . The lockhead to ok it ; and went away ; and (afte r) n eating it up near a tank , lay dow in the shade of a tree which w as . s o b s aw there While doing ( ) , he a rat which was scoop — ‘I ’ ing out a hole , and said saw a rat scoop out a hole . ’ Seeing an owl which was wa tching upon a. white ant s hill —‘I ’ ’ he said saw an owl watch o n a white ant s hill . Seeing —‘ ’ I l t e . a palmyra tree , he said saw a ta l palmyra re stand ’ Seeing a deer which was running , he said I saw a deer run . — ‘I Having learnt his lesson , he went home, and said have c been and learnt soothsaying ( ) . That night when he and his wife were together in the sleeping l apartment , a thief came ; and was digging a hole into the wa l of the house . Then the wife said to her husband You must ’ speak the soothsaying which you went and learnt . Then he said

1 24

r for n going out togethe amuseme t , the king plucked a little h ’ b h ’ t uma fruit on the river s ank , and without t e soothsayer s it knowledge he kept concealed in his hand , and asked the ’ is ? soothsayer What this The latter , thinking that he w a s

caught , said Having escaped there and having escaped here , ’ Thuma a ttan P is caught . The king hearing that ; and think

ing that he had found out that it was a thuma fruit , was very delighted ; and gave him all the gifts that he wanted ; and sent

him away .

m a L t r . i . hearin . b Lit No s ( ) Her mind not g it , 401 ( ) . Whilst

n . c Lit. d d L . it . he was lying dow , 5 7 3 ( ) See note , story 7 ( ) n All over the tow spread his renown , which said The block ’ head is one who tells soothsaying as the truth really is . ( e)

L it . . it About it going without appearing (f ) L . Were like those t who knew nothing . (g) He mean Will the king cut off my ? ’ h Li nose or my tongue for not keeping my promise ( ) t. ‘ — H e thie Saying (to themselves) is speaking , knowing ou r v ’ L i it . to ing . ( ) Without a punishment us, 604 .

3 LD L L 5 . THE O MAN WHO COU D P EASE NO ONE

i r A certa n old man who kept a ho se , went along having e w mount d on it himself , and making his child of t elve years old

to walk. Those who saw it said He is a great sinner . He

goes along making an innocent child walk , and he himself ’

. he off mounts the horse Then got the horse , and went along , —‘A having mounted his child upon it . Those who saw it said

tottering old man ought forsooth to mount on the horse . He

has put on it a child who is able to run along , and he himself is ’ ! e h . H ow u e walking unj st this is Aft rwards went along , v the having mounted himself , and ha ing put the child also on

it . horse . Those who saw said This is not their own horse e For this very reason these two persons have mount d it together, ’ Let ! a b saying come what may ( ) , afterwards they oth got

s l . down , and went along , making the hor e wa k Those who saw it said Thes e are people who have never been in good circum b ’ stances and ridden on horse ack . Then they tied the four

th . legs of e horse , and slinging it on a pole they carried it along out i r Those who saw it laughed , and cried H the to we have known a horse carrying a man : Men carrying a horse is a r r as wonder On hearing these things, the owne of the ho se , 12 5

i they did not agree to any one way , sa d The world has many ways - and afterwards he acted according to his own inclina

a Lit. Let Norms . ( ) it go in any way whatever .

5 4 . WHEN IS A STONE A STONE When two b lockheads went into a certain temple to pay their ‘ — - in - ! homage to Siva, one of them said Brother law They call God ? it Swami . Is this very thing the Swami ( ) It is a stone ’ ‘ ‘ ! oﬁic er r — surely The temple hea ing this , said Do you insult ’ ! off the Swami And having beaten him well , he sent him .

b - in- r Aft er undergoing this , he and his rother law went togethe

o . into a certain house , and t ok some food Noticing that there

- ln- ! was a stone in the food , one of them said Brother law ’

in b r . in There is a stone the oiled ice On hear g this, the one b r who before had been eaten got very ang y , and said You fellow ! senseless chap ! Do not say a stone . Did not you see — me just now b eaten ! Say a little Swami . Stupid and he as a gave him two slaps , hard as he could ( ) , As he had received r so two good slaps , he said Hencefo th I will not say

r m a Lit . n . 6 No s . ( ) As far as his ha d got ( ) By reason of his having well suffered the two slaps .

c x — s . P . . . PRE S S , v mmr , ra ve ns 1914