DOCSLIB.ORG

THE POPULATION GENETICS of TWO TEMPERATE RAINFOREST TREES, LAGAROSTROBOS Frankunll (Hook F.) Quinn (HUON PINE), and ATHEROSPERMA MOSCHATUM Labill

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE POPULATION GENETICS of TWO TEMPERATE RAINFOREST TREES, LAGAROSTROBOS Frankunll (Hook F.) Quinn (HUON PINE), and ATHEROSPERMA MOSCHATUM Labill THE POPULATION GENETICS OF TWO TEMPERATE RAINFOREST TREES, LAGAROSTROBOS FRANKUNll (Hook f.) Quinn (HUON PINE), AND ATHEROSPERMA MOSCHATUM Labill. (SASSAFRAS). BY ALISON SHAPCOTT Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Tasmania Hobart. July 1993 DECLARATION: This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any University, and contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text ~~ A. Shapcott. page ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS : I would like to thank the following people: - My University supervisors, Jim Reid and Jamie Kirkpatrick; - Members of my NRCP steering committees, Mick Brown, Steve Harris, John Hickey; and Jayne Balmer, for their advice and encouragement; - Georgina Davis for field assistance and artwork; - Gavin Moran for electrophoresis recipes; - Mike Battaglia, Brad Potts, Greg Jordan, Leon Barmutta, and Rob Wiltshire for statistical and computing assistance, and Myron Zalucki(Qld Uni), Jane Hughes, Doug Ward and Mark Kingston (Griffith Uni) for computer programs, and Carla Catteral for computer access; - Murray Baseler, Islay Robertson, Peter Bird, Peter Brown, Parks and Wildlife archaeologists, Johnathon Marsden-Smedley, Mike Peterson, Richard Shapcott and Isabel Shapcott Mark Neyland, Phil Barker, Jenny Read, Brian Thompson, John Hunter, W. Jones, and others, for collections, site locations, or field assistance; - Jean Jarman, Kristen Williams, Rene' Vaillancourt and many others. I would also like to thank the Department of Plant Science at the University of Tasmania for the use of facilities and the Department of Parks and Wildlife Hobart for financial support as well as the Forestry Commission Tasmania, Department of Conservation and Environment Victoria, and the N.S.W. national Parks and Wildlife Service for co-operation. I gratefully acknowledge the National Rainforest Conservation Program for funding of both my salary and project costs, without which this thesis would not have been possible. page iii TABLE OF CONTENTS: Acknowledgements iii Abstract 1 General Introduction 3 Chapter 1 : Seedfall in Huon pine its dispersal and establishment. 11 Introduction 11 Methods 12 Results 15 Discussion 23 Chapter 2 : Reproductive, sex and size structure of Huon pine stands. 28 Introduction 28 Field Methods 30 Data Analysis 32 Results 36 Discussion 45 Chapter 3 : Population genetic analysis of Huon pine sites. 54 Introduction 54 Field Methods 55 Laboratory Methods 57 Statistical Methods 59 Results 64 Discussion 82 Chapter4: Variation within and among Atherosperma moschatum populations.89 Introduction 89 Field Methods 91 Electrophoretic Methods 92 Statistical Methods 99 Results 102 Discussion 118 Chapter 5: The spatial genetic structure of Atherosperma moschatum stands. 126 Introduction 126 Methods 127 Results 130 Discussion 137 General Discussion 141 References 154 Appendix 1 : Study sites 172 Lagarostrobos franklinii sites 172 Atherosperma moschatum sites 180 Appendix 2: Huon pine height distributions at the study sites. 186 Appendix 3 : Huon pine genotype frequencies 188 Appendix 4: Sassafras genotype frequencies 191 page iv ABSTRACT: The population genetics of two temperate rainforest tree species endemic to south eastern Australia were studied. Both species are long-lived and members of ancient families. There are parallels between the two species even though one was a gymnosperm and the other an angiosperm. For example, both species reproduce both vegetatively and sexually. Lagarostrobos franklinii (Huon pine) (Podocarpaceae) is mostly dioecious and wind pollinated, while Atherosperma moschatum (sassafras) (Monimiaceae), is monoecious or dioecious and insect pollinated. Both have potential for long distance seed dispersal, L.franklinii by water and A. moschatum by wind. The population genetics of both species was studied from stands throughout their geographic range using isozyme analysis. Most genetic diversity was found within rather than among sites. Genetic diversity among sites was low but generally consistent with expectations for each species (Hamrick and Godt 1979). Atherosperma moschatum had much more diversity among sites than Huon pine, with its mainland sites differentiating significantly from its Tasmanian ones. In Huon pine, most differentiation was found in isolated sites. Diversity within sites was also low in Huon pine but was much greater in sassafras. The structure of genotypes within stands was examined using spatial autocorrelation. In both species trees of like genotypes were found to be clustered at short distances. This genetic substructuring was found regardless of population size, density, distance from other stands, level of inbreeding, history, etc. Most sites deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expectations with deficiencies of heterozygotes, and high levels of allelic fixation, and were effectively inbred. The size structure and floristics within stands were investigated and used to assist in the interpretation of the patterns of genetic variation, inbreeding and stand dynamics found in each species. There was much variation in size structures and regeneration modes between sites in both species and neither appeared to require large scale disturbances for regeneration. The two species varied in the relationships between site environmental/ecological similarity and genetic similarity. In both species there was as much diversity in genetic variability and size structure in small isolated stands as there was in stands within larger assemblages. page 1 The proportion of trees contributing to the reproductive population, as well as the proportion of each gender type within that population, were estimated for Huon pine stands. On average thirty percent of Huon pine trees greater than one metre tall were reproductively active in the mast year recorded, and overall there were equal proportions of male and female trees. The relationships between reproduction and gender expression, with size structure, density, floristics, inbreeding and genotypes were investigated. Stands were also compared to identify if there were geographical or climatic trends in the distribution of these characteristics. Reproduction was found to increase with increasing tree size and also with more open canopies. Sites with similar proportions of females were found to also have similar species compositions. The distribution of reproductive trees and gender types within stands was investigated using spatial autocorrelation. The results were compared with genotypic distributions within the same stands. Although there was no direct correlation between gender type and genotype, both genotype and gender type were clustered at the same spatial scale, suggesting that such clustering may have a strong vegetative component. Huon pine seed production was estimated at one site and seed dispersal was investigated. Very large quantities of seed were shed. Seed dispersal laterally was negligible, but potential for dispersal down water courses was great as it stayed afloat for extended periods. Huon pine seed germination was investigated both in the field and under experimental conditions. Germination generally was slow, and with a low success rate. However seed in the field germinated at particular daylengths (regardless of temperature) in two consecutive seasons. Both species showed evidence that vegetative reproduction and localised pollen and seed dispersal have led to the development of family clusters, leading to inbreeding, and local fixation of allelic proportions. However infrequent long distance gene flow has probably reduced population differentiation. The population viability of each species was discussed. page2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION : The conservation and maintenance of biodiversity implies not only the maintenance of species and ecosystem diversity, but the diversity within species (Hopper and Coates 1990, Lacy 1988). The diversity within species may give flexibility to adapt to changing conditions and to survive major perturbations such as disease, or may be the source for future new species (Ellstrand and Antonovics 1985). In this era of increased domestication and genetic manipulation of species, it is also important that the range of genetic variation in natural populations be conserved and understood (Brown 1978, Hopper and Coates 1990). As there is not time to study each species, conserving and understanding the dynamics of, for example, major canopy or habitat forming species may ensure survival of much of their dependent biota (Boyce 1992). In order to determine the viability of a species, it is important to understand how the species functions at many levels, from individuals, to stands and populations and how each level interacts (Boyce 1992). Viable populations can adapt to changing conditions and recover or re-establish after major perturbations (Shaffer 1987, Boyce 1992). Information that may assist in the determination of species/population viability includes its regeneration patterns and requirements, and age structures (Boyce 1992, Lande 1988). Regeneration is influenced by ability to reproduce, the relative importance of sexual and vegetative reproduction and by seed germination requirements (Lande 1988, Harman and Franklin 1989). The viability and survival of offspring may depend on their genetic makeup, especially if the species is under strong selection from a changing environment (Brown 1989, Coates 1992, Ennos 1989, Muona
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Environmental Impact of Building Dams Aswan Dam the Aswan Dam, Built on the Nile River, Was an Enormous Feat of Engineering and Planning
    The Environmental Impact of Building Dams Aswan Dam The Aswan dam, built on the Nile River, was an enormous feat of engineering and planning. Lake Nasser was created as a result of the ooding of the dam’s catchment area. Some important cultural heritage sites were taken apart, and rebuilt at Abu Simbel in order to avoid them being ooded by the project. Other sites were not saved and remain under the water. The Gordon Dam Gordon River in Tasmania, Australia. Built in 1974 The Gordon Dam was built for the purpose of providing hydroelectric supply. Water is fed down a 183 m drop to turn turbines that are located under the ground below the dam wall. A proposed second dam on the Gordon River, the Franklin Dam, was never built due to strong opposition from community and environmental groups. The Tasmanian Wilderness Society ran a campaign from 1976 -1983 to save the pristine wilderness from environmental damage. The leader of the Tasmanian Wilderness Society, Dr Bob Brown, later became a member of the Tasmanian Parliament, an Australian Senator and the Parliamentary Leader of the Australian Greens political party. Murray River The Murray River ows for over 2500 km across eastern Australia to its outlet on the coast in South Australia. It forms part of the border between New South Wales and Victoria. During the early to mid 1900s, a series of dams, locks and weirs were built on the river. These disrupted the natural ow of the river and allowed fresh water to be available for irrigation to Australia’s largest food growing region.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Female Conifer Cone Fossils, Morphology and Phylogenetics
    DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EVOLUTION OF THE FEMALE CONIFER CONE FOSSILS, MORPHOLOGY AND PHYLOGENETICS Daniel Bäck Degree project for Bachelor of Science with a major in Biology BIO602, Biologi: Examensarbete – kandidatexamen, 15 hp First cycle Semester/year: Spring 2020 Supervisor: Åslög Dahl, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Examiner: Claes Persson, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Front page: Abies koreana (immature seed cones), Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Sweden Table of contents 1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 2 2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Brief history of Florin’s research ............................................................................... 3 2.2 Progress in conifer phylogenetics .............................................................................. 4 3 Aims .................................................................................................................................... 4 4 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 4 4.1 Literature: ................................................................................................................... 4 4.2 RStudio: .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination Drop in Relation to Cone Morphology in Podocarpaceae: a Novel Reproductive Mechanism Author(S): P
    Pollination Drop in Relation to Cone Morphology in Podocarpaceae: A Novel Reproductive Mechanism Author(s): P. B. Tomlinson, J. E. Braggins, J. A. Rattenbury Source: American Journal of Botany, Vol. 78, No. 9 (Sep., 1991), pp. 1289-1303 Published by: Botanical Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2444932 . Accessed: 23/08/2011 15:47 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Botanical Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Botany. http://www.jstor.org AmericanJournal of Botany 78(9): 1289-1303. 1991. POLLINATION DROP IN RELATION TO CONE MORPHOLOGY IN PODOCARPACEAE: A NOVEL REPRODUCTIVE MECHANISM' P. B. TOMLINSON,2'4 J. E. BRAGGINS,3 AND J. A. RATTENBURY3 2HarvardForest, Petersham, Massachusetts 01366; and 3Departmentof Botany, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Observationof ovulatecones at thetime of pollinationin the southernconiferous family Podocarpaceaedemonstrates a distinctivemethod of pollencapture, involving an extended pollinationdrop. Ovules in all generaof the family are orthotropousand singlewithin the axil of each fertilebract. In Microstrobusand Phyllocladusovules are-erect (i.e., the micropyle directedaway from the cone axis) and are notassociated with an ovule-supportingstructure (epimatium).Pollen in thesetwo genera must land directly on thepollination drop in theway usualfor gymnosperms, as observed in Phyllocladus.In all othergenera, the ovule is inverted (i.e., the micropyleis directedtoward the cone axis) and supportedby a specializedovule- supportingstructure (epimatium).
    [Show full text]
  • Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: a Systematic Map
    Review Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map Anastasia-Ainhoa Atucha Zamkova *, Katherine A. Steele and Andrew R. Smith School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, UK; [email protected] (K.A.S.); [email protected] (A.R.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Frost tolerance is the ability of plants to withstand freezing temperatures without unrecov- erable damage. Measuring frost tolerance involves various steps, each of which will vary depending on the objectives of the study. This systematic map takes an overall view of the literature that uses frost tolerance measuring techniques in gymnosperms, focusing mainly on conifers. Many different techniques have been used for testing, and there has been little change in methodology since 2000. The gold standard remains the field observation study, which, due to its cost, is frequently substituted by other techniques. Closed enclosure freezing tests (all non-field freezing tests) are done using various types of equipment for inducing artificial freezing. An examination of the literature indicates that several factors have to be controlled in order to measure frost tolerance in a manner similar to observation in a field study. Equipment that allows controlling the freezing rate, frost exposure time and thawing rate would obtain results closer to field studies. Other important factors in study design are the number of test temperatures used, the range of temperatures selected and the decrements between the temperatures, which should be selected based on expected frost tolerance of the tissue and species. Citation: Atucha Zamkova, A.-A.; Steele, K.A.; Smith, A.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Podocarpus Has a fleshy Enlarged Stem with the Seed Capsule Attached
    Some members of the Podocarpaceae It now seems as if the general lock down is being eased across the country and I am looking to do other things than write these notes which seemed helpful eleven weeks ago but hopefully soon will not be so. Not quite a bakers dozen but one more than a S.I. preferred unit. Also I must get on with the June FACTT Newsletter which I like to think is as eagerly awaited as these notes. This note is about a family, members of which are found in fossils of Gondwana times and now in those countries which formed the original landmass and some other countries. Podocarpus has a fleshy enlarged stem with the seed capsule attached. It is easy to see the possibility of birds spreading the seeds, unlike Nothofagus where the seed is less likely to be spread widely one would think. Regarding the movement of continents it needs to be mentioned that a million is a very large number. If, as Australia is presently doing, a landmass moves 70mm a year in just 1 million years; a short period of time in geological terms; the distance traveled is 70km. Australia is moving so fast in fact that GPS can’t keep up. Some people think that taxonomists fall into two broad categories - Lumpers and Splinters. Lumpers tend to say -Well the species are so similar they are in fact one. Splitters on the other hand tend to the view that the fine details represent sufficient differences to recognise they are different species.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Geoconservation Values
    Geoconservation Values of the TWWHA and Adjacent Areas 3.0 GEOCONSERVATION AND GEOHERITAGE VALUES OF THE TWWHA AND ADJACENT AREAS 3.1 Introduction This section provides an assessment of the geoconservation (geoheritage) values of the TWWHA, with particular emphasis on the identification of geoconservation values of World Heritage significance. This assessment is based on: • a review (Section 2.3.2) of the geoconservation values cited in the 1989 TWWHA nomination (DASETT 1989); • a review of relevant new scientific data that has become available since 1989 (Section 2.4); and: • the use of contemporary procedures for rigorous justification of geoconservation significance (see Section 2.2) in terms of the updated World Heritage Criteria (UNESCO 1999; see this report Section 2.3.3). In general, this review indicates that the major geoconservation World Heritage values of the TWWHA identified in 1989 are robust and remain valid. However, only a handful of individual sites or features in the TWWHA are considered to have World Heritage value in their own right, as physical features considered in isolation (eg, Exit Cave). In general it is the diversity, extent and inter-relationships between numerous features, sites, areas or processes that gives World Heritage significance to certain geoheritage “themes” in the TWWHA (eg, the "Ongoing Natural Geomorphic and Soil Process Systems" and “Late Cainozoic "Ice Ages" and Climate Change Record” themes). This "wholistic" principle under-pinned the 1989 TWWHA nomination (DASETT 1989, p. 27; see this report Section 2.3.2), and is strongly supported by the present review (see discussion and justification of this principle in Section 2.2).
    [Show full text]
  • Reimagining the Visitor Experience of Tasmania's Wilderness World
    Reimagining the Visitor Experience of Tasmania’s Wilderness World Heritage Area Ecotourism Investment Profile Reimagining the Visitor Experience of Tasmania’s Wilderness World Heritage Area: Ecotourism Investment Profile This report was commissioned by Tourism Industry Council Tasmania and the Cradle Coast Authority, in partnership with the Tasmanian Government through Tourism Tasmania and the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service. This report is co-funded by the Australian Government under the Tourism Industry Regional Development Fund Grants Programme. This report has been prepared by EC3 Global, TRC Tourism and Tourism Industry Council Tasmania. Date prepared: June 2014 Design by Halibut Creative Collective. Disclaimer The information and recommendations provided in this report are made on the basis of information available at the time of preparation. While all care has been taken to check and validate material presented in this report, independent research should be undertaken before any action or decision is taken on the basis of material contained in this report. This report does not seek to provide any assurance of project viability and EC3 Global, TRC Tourism and Tourism Industry Council Tasmania accept no liability for decisions made or the information provided in this report. Cover photo: Huon Pine Walk Corinna The Tarkine - Rob Burnett & Tourism Tasmania Contents Background...............................................................2 Reimagining the Visitor Experience of the TWWHA .................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • AEES Newsletter
    The Editor: Kevin McCue AEES is a Technical Society of AGSO Canberra ACT 2601 IEAust The Institution of Engineers [email protected] Australia and is affiliated with IAEE fax: 61 (0)2 6249 9969 Secretariat: Barbara Butler [email protected] 2/2000 AEES Newsletter Contents and committee members were considered and decisions President’s Perambulations ......................... 1 taken on the content of the next draft. AEES 2000 Conference & AGM ……………. 1 Elsewhere in this newsletter you are invited to The Society Website/email list .................... 2 apply for a research scholarship or register for post- Nuggets from the Newsgroup .............…….. 2 earthquake activities. These invitations derive from Earthquakes in Australia, 1999 …….……….. 3 our AGM in Sydney last year. Recent strong motion recordings ………….… 3 Letter to Editor ..................…………..……. 5 Bill Boyce Obituary –Dr Malcolm Somerville ………….. 5 Forthcoming Conferences.....................….... 7 Report: 12th WCEE ………………………….. 7 AEES 2000 Conference and AGM New Books and old …………………………… 7 Earthquake Engineering Research Scholarship .. 8 The conference theme: Dams, Fault Scarps and Earthquakes. The theme is broad enough to be of interest to PRESIDENT’S PERAMBULATIONS engineers, geologists, seismologists, emergency managers and planners. Along with about 2,000 other delegates, including 30 or so from Australia, I attended the 12th World Venue: Conference on Earthquake Engineering in Auckland The main lecture theatre at the Geology from 30 January – 4 February, 2000. The conference Department, University of Tasmania in Hobart. was very well organised and the offerings ranged over key-note speakers giving state-of-the-art addresses on Date: topics of interest, theme sessions with speakers, Wednesday 15 to Friday 17 November 2000 poster sessions, plenary sessions on the Turkey and Taiwan earthquakes, a public debate on our effectiveness in reducing earthquake risk and several Conference dinner: social events.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Day Power Station
    Power Station Open Day Saturday 24 November Inside Gordon Power Station Come and see inside the Gordon Power Station What Community open day – a chance to see the station, learn about hydropower, talk to our people, and take a guided tour. Bookings essential - details at www.hydro.com.au When 10am to 4pm, Saturday 24 November Lunch and refreshments available at Pedder Wilderness Lodge Where Gordon Power Station Gordon Dam Gordon River Road, Strathgordon There is limited parking at the power station. Shuttle buses will Gordon Power Station is our largest power station, located in collect ticket holders from Pedder Wilderness Lodge. Tasmania’s picturesque south-west. It is the only power station in Please note: Guided tours will involve accessing parts of the station this catchment area. by climbing up and down stairs. As this is a working power station, This power station is located 183 metres underground and is and for safety reasons, there is no disabled or wheelchair access. supplied with water from Lake Gordon through a 137 metre verticle shaft. Safety requirements Come along on a tour and find out how we turn water into electricity. For safety, visitors to Gordon Power Station must wear long Our people will be on-site, with activities and information trousers, long sleeves and sturdy booths. closed-in, flat heeled shoes. Mandatory Personal Protective Generation Hydro: with a cool hands-on learning area, there will Equipment (PPE) will be provided. be activities for young and old. Long sleeves Water management: come and talk to the team and learn how we manage the water in our storages to ensure our power Long trousers systems remain secure.
    [Show full text]
  • Hobart Derwent Bridge
    LSC DH NF LSC LSC TW BO NN DONAGHYS HILL LOOKOUT NELSON FALLS NATURE TRAIL LAKE ST CLAIR THE WALL BOTHWELL Pause for a break on the road and take the Stretch your legs and make the short climb to Australia’s deepest lake was carved out by glaciers. It’s the end This large-scale artwork is lifetime’s work for self- Established in the 1820s by settler-graziers from Scotland easy walk to a lookout point over buttongrass see a rainforest cascade. point of the famous Overland Track, one of the world’s best multi- taught sculptor Greg Duncan, who is carving the stories (with some notable Welsh and Irish connections) this town plains to see a bend of the upper Franklin day walks. Spend an hour or so in the Lake St Clair Park Centre, of the high country in 100 panels of Huon pine, each has more than 50 heritage-listed buildings. It is the site River – on the skyline is the white quartzite where you’ll learn about the region’s amazing geology, fascinating three metres high and a metre wide. of Australia’s oldest golf course, on the historic property summit of Frenchmans Cap. Lake Burbury flora & fauna and rich human heritage. ‘Ratho’. ‘Nant’ is another of the town’s heritage properties TO THE WEST: explore wilderness, Lake St Clair and the source of acclaimed single-malt whisky. TO THE EAST: follow the Derwent Queenstown QU Nelson Falls discover wild history LH NF Nature Trail LSC down to a city by the sea THE WALL Bronte Park THE LYELL HIGHWAY WR Derwent Bridge TW Linking the West Coast with Hobart, the highway you’re on ST crosses the high country of the Central Plateau and runs Strahan through the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex VIII Casestudy0510 Kin
    IEA Hydropower Implementing Agreement Annex VIII – Hydropower Good Practices: Environmental Mitigation Measures and Benefits Case Study 05-10: Water Quality – King River Power Development, Australia Key Issue: 5- Water Quality Climate Zone: Cfb: Marine West Coast - Mild Subjects: - Heavy metal pollution from ongoing mining activity Crotty Dam - Sulphidic rock - Old tailing dumps - Low level of oxygen caused by thermal stratification Effects: - Prevention of the heavy metal polluted inflow into the reservoir - Sealing and revegetation of old tailing dumps - Aeration of water discharged downstream Project Name: King River Power Development Country: State of Tasmania, Australia Implementing Party & Period - Project: Hydro Tasmania 1983 - 1993 - Good Practice: Hydro Tasmania 1983 – 1993 Key Words: Water Quality in Reservoir, Heavy Metal Polluted Inflow, Water Aeration, Timber Salvage prior to Impoundment 1. Outline of the Project The King River Power Development is located in the southwest of Tasmania shown on Fig. 1. The Project, with an installed capacity of 143 MW, contains two dams, one 83 m high and the other 20 m high, a 7 km long headrace tunnel, power station with a single generator remotely controlled, 50 km of 220 kV transmission line, and some 36 km of road works. The lake created by the scheme has been developed to support both recreation and fishing and is of benefit to the whole west coast community of Tasmania. The construction works commenced in 1983 and was completed in 1993. The main dam, Crotty Dam is a concrete-faced gravel and rock fill embankment. The fill is local river gravels from the King River floodplain' upstream of the dam.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Clark, Catherine Margaret
    ABSTRACT CLARK, CATHERINE MARGARET. Genetic diversity and phylogeography in a Tasmanian rainforest conifer (Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook f.) Quinn Podocarpaceae. (Under the direction of Dr. Ronald Sederoff and Dr. Thomas Wentworth). Genetic variation in Huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii), a Tasmanian rainforest conifer, was estimated using several marker systems and two spatial scales. Genealogy based methods were used to infer population history of eight Huon pine stands based on chloroplast DNA variation. Chloroplast nucleotide diversity (π) was low (0.00093± 0.00006) in a multilocus haplotype generated by three universal chloroplast primers (trnS-trnT, trnD-trnT, psbC-trnS). Five haplotypes were identified; two were€ widely distributed but the most frequently occurring haplotype was found only in trees in the western portion of the range. Genetic differentiation among populations was significant and showed a high degree of structure (GST = 0.26077 p ≤ 0.00001). Pairwise comparisons between populations revealed significant structure between the southeastern and northwestern watersheds and significant isolation€ by distance€ ( p ≤ 0.0220). Nucleotide variation was also assessed in segments of three nuclear genes, 4Cl (4- € coumarate: coenzyme A ligase), ITS2 (intergenic spacer region of ribosomal DNA) and G3pdh (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase). A total of 1,154 base pairs were sequenced from 79 individuals (158 alleles) representing seven geographic locations. Estimates of nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00089 ± 0.00007) and theta (θ) (0.00061 ± 0.00031) were low for the combined loci and similar to chloroplast estimates. There was a higher level of variation at the 4Cl locus (π = 0.00167 ± 0.00014) associated with recombination. Nucleotide diversity for nuclear loci was highest in the subalpine Mt.
    [Show full text]