GRAMB

Faculteit Natuur en Techniek Campus Melle Professionele bachelor agro- en biotechnologie

A comprehensive inventory of the flora of Iracambi, Rosário da Limeira, Brazil

GRAMBRAS Frerik

Bachelorproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de titel van Bachelor Agro- en Biotechnologie

Academiejaar 2011 – 2012

Promotor: B. Mouton

GRAMB

Faculteit Natuur en Techniek Campus Melle Professionele bachelor agro- en biotechnologie

A comprehensive inventory of the flora of Iracambi, Rosário da Limeira, Brazil

GRAMBRAS Frerik

Bachelorproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de titel van Bachelor Agro- en Biotechnologie

Academiejaar 2011 – 2012

Promotor: B. Mouton

1 Abstract

In the Atlantic rainforest, extended along the Brazilian coast form Rio Grande Do Sol to Rio Grande Do Norte, there is a huge problem with fragmentation of the forest. People cut trees illegal, under unsustainable conditions. This leads to deforestation worldwide. Some organizations like Iracambi stand up against this and start reforest the pieces that they can buy. Iracambi is located in the buffer zone of the Serra do Brigadeiro State Park, a conservation area administrated by the State Forestry Institute and supported by a consultative council, in the mountains of southeastern Brazil. Iracambi engages in managing natural resources, developing sustainable communities and researching ecosystems in order to save the forest. To know which trees occurs and grows in the area of Iracambi, inventories started of many regions like trails and plots. Inventories are collected and listed up here. Furthermore the evolution of a trail in the area is followed up.

2 Word of thanks

The last two years I learned a lot about the vegetation of Europe, more exactly the one in Belgium. Although there are a lot of areas in Europe which are also interesting to explore, my preference was to go overseas and get involved in a project about the Rainforest. Because the problem about the deforestation of the Rainforest is also a worldwide problem with sometimes a lot of media attention, it was a dream for me to take part in such project. The search to find a project which was interesting enough took a long time. After a while I found a lot of non arranged material of inventories in the Iracambi area. By assemble everything and working on the field I learned a lot about the Rainforest deforestation-projects and the trees of Brazil. I was able to discover some new fauna and flora. I could test the theory and practice of the last study subjects. Therefore I want to thank the school which helped me with the administrative mill to give me the opportunity to go overseas and to succeed in this internship. More specifically I would like to thank Mr. Bart Mouton, my mentor, who helped me with this thesis, gave me advice and informed me when necessary. Special thanks to the Iracambi-organization for the very nice reception during the stay. They helped me in expanding my understanding of the Brazilian vegetation, especially the Rainforest fauna and flora and gave me everything of information that I needed. Last but not least I would like to thank my parents who give me the opportunity to study a very interesting item and to advise and assist me anytime possible.

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3 Table of contents

1 Abstract ...... - 4 - 2 Word of thanks ...... - 4 - 3 Table of contents ...... - 5 - 4 List of abbreviations ...... - 7 - 5 Introduction...... - 8 - 6 Iracambi ...... - 9 - 6.1 Amigos de Iracambi ...... - 9 - 6.2 Research Center ...... - 9 - 6.3 History...... - 10 - 7 Inventories ...... - 11 - 7.1 Introduction ...... - 11 - 7.2 Inventory of Marcelo Mendes ...... - 11 - 7.2.1 Background information ...... - 11 - 7.2.2 Location of the plots ...... - 12 - 7.2.2.1 Table ...... - 12 - 7.2.2.2 Map ...... - 13 - 7.2.3 The inventory results ...... - 13 - 7.3 Inventory of Jazmeet Dhaliwal ...... - 14 - 7.3.1 Information background ...... - 14 - 7.3.2 Location of the trails ...... - 15 - 7.3.2.1 Map ...... - 15 - 7.3.2.2 Plan of conduct ...... - 16 - 7.3.3 The inventory results ...... - 16 - 7.4 Inventory of Jeffrey E. Ott ...... - 16 - 7.4.1 Background information ...... - 16 - 7.4.2 Method ...... - 17 - 7.4.3 The inventory results and conclusions ...... - 18 - 7.5 Following up work “Mata Sozinha” ...... - 20 - 7.5.1 Introduction ...... - 20 - 7.5.2 Method ...... - 21 - 7.5.3 Density results ...... - 21 - 7.5.4 Comparison Jeffrey E. Otts project and conclusions ...... - 21 - 7.6 Most common types ...... - 24 - 7.6.1 Syzygium malaccense ...... - 24 - 7.6.2 Rapanea family...... - 24 - 7.6.3 Piptadenia gonoacantha ...... - 25 - - 5 -

7.6.4 Solanum family ...... - 26 - 7.6.5 Senna multijuga ...... - 26 - 8 Conclusion...... - 28 - 9 List of figures ...... - 29 - 10 List of tables ...... - 30 - 11 Literature cited ...... - 31 -

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4 List of abbreviations dbh: diameter at breast height

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5 Introduction

The Iracambi Research and Conservation Center, located in the mountains of Minas Gerais, Brazil, was established with the goal of promoting sustainable development and reversing deforestation trends in the Atlantic Rainforest region. In order to accomplish this goal a lot of projects were introduced. One of this projects is a comprehensive inventory of all the forest in Iracambi. Therefore volunteers and workers of Iracambi compiled many inventories of plants. Because all these inventories were done in different ways, at different times by several people, no summary text with all the tables of the inventory was made.

The Atlantic Rainforest is internationally recognized as a biodiversity-hotspot where numerous endemic species are threatened by habitat loss. An estimated 84-89% of the region has been deforested leading to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Consequently, the Atlantic Rainforest has received considerable attention from conservation-minded individuals and institutions, including many who have worked to restore forest ecosystems on deforested lands (Tabarelli, 1999).

Iracambi, through its research program and reforestation projects, has sought to implement forest restoration in the mountainous interior of southeastern Brazil. This is not a straightforward task, given the ecological and socioeconomic complexities of this region. The rugged mountain landscape surrounding Iracambi is currently a mosaic of forest fragments and agricultural land in various stages of degradation. Most of the original forest has been cleared, but some forest patches have regenerated following timber extraction or agricultural abandonment. The Iracambi region has a history of occupation by small landowners focusing on coffee cultivation, though coffee has declined while pastureland has increased in recent years (Breton, 2012). These conditions present certain challenges for forest restoration, but also suggest potential opportunities for creative restoration strategies. Restoration efforts in this setting might be facilitated by utilizing natural regeneration processes as much as possible, and by finding ways to make restoration economically viable for landowners. For example, a inventory of all the plants and trees can give a lot of information about which trees are pioneers, are difficult growers, gives enrichment of the soil, regenerates easy, … It can tell if the trees can be used for planting on deforest land.

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6 Iracambi

Iracambi is a non-governmental organization. It’s a community of people across the world whose main objective is to make the conservation of the forest more attractive than its destruction. They want to see the Atlantic Forest restored, with thriving communities living in a thriving landscape. Their goal is to conserve the forest while keeping in mind the people who live in the Iracambi area. Maintaining biodiversity, improving rural incomes and finding better ways of land management are all the things that they strive to accomplish. Their strategy is to work with the local community to generate awareness of land degradation, identify land management problems and find solutions. Everything goes towards this goal; from environmental education to GIS, from trail management to medicinal plants, from building projects to database management, from planting trees to open days. 6.1 Amigos de Iracambi Amigos de Iracambi is the headquarters of Iracambi. It’s a non -profit organization that is located in Rosário da Limeira, Minas Gerais. It spearheads the work in managing natural resources, developing sustainable communities and researching ecosystems. The specific objectives are: Promote the conservation of the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, particularly in the region of Rosário da Limeira, Minas Gerais; support research at the Iracambi Research Center into finding better ways of sustainably managing forest lands, while generating forest-based income that will raise local living standards and encourage landowners to conserve their land; support activities of the Iracambi Research Center that raise awareness on the forest conservation issues among local people (especially young people); work with local farmers to implement better ways of caring for the land, and to share research findings with the scientific community and the general public(s.a.). 6.2 Research Center The Iracambi Atlantic Rainforest Research Center informs our work and is based on a working farm in the Atlantic Rainforest zone near the village of Rosário da Limeira, where their ideas are put to work. The Research Center campus consists of: a central dormitory, the computer lab/classroom a small field laboratory, a central dining hall, Figure 1: r esearch center a nursery of forest seedlings, a system of trails to allow access to the forest(s.a.). The forest research area consists of 200 hectares of rainforest in different stages of regeneration: partially logged primary forest; - 9 -

secondary forest over 25 years old, regenerated on partially cleared land; recent regrowth of less than 25 years old, regenerated on partially cleared land(s.a.). 6.3 History The origin of Iracambi consists of 3 farm areas that are located in the area that is now called Iracambi. The first farm was located nearby ‘Casa du Bajo’ that later on listens to the name ‘Casa Grande’ , the house of Robin and Binka Le Breton (the two directors of Iracambi), and was called Lower Iracambi. In this area there was a big fire in 1985-1986 that destroyed a lot of native vegetation. From then on Robin and Binka tried to recover the vegetation and the trees. Other parts of the area were used for cattle raising Figure 2: Lower Iracambi (Wheat, 2012) and fish breeding.

Another area, where now the research center is located, was used for mixed farming. The farmer of the area kept dairy cows and harvested corn and coffee- beans until 1980 when he sold his land. This farmer lived there another three years but left the land abandon. The area around this land remained untouched so that forests could grow unlimited. This area is called Iracambi Centro.

The last of the three areas located in the upper part of Iracambi is called Graminha. This is the second highest, with an altitude of ±1500 m, mountain in the Iracambi area. It was a wooded area that exists of native forest. A part of this forest was cut for making charcoal. This is the residue, an impure dark grey form of carbon, that you can get out of the tree by heating the wood in the absence of oxygen. The use in Brazil of the charcoal is as fuel for guzzling machines because it’s cheap. Other parts of this forest were cleared to plant coffee. In 1990 they started to convert this coffee plantation into Eucalyptus forest.

These 3 areas were joined in 1990 by Robin and Binka who bought the territory. From this moment on they started to reforest some pasture lands and former woodlands to counter the fragmentation of the Atlantic rainforest. In 2000 they started the research center where they pass on and improve their knowledge about the nature. Robin and Binka used the lower and Centro of Iracambi pastures for raising dairy cows until 2005 when they stopped with producing milk. In 2007 they closed the farm completely(Breton, 2012).

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7 Inventories

7.1 Introduction To have a complete image of the parts of forest that are located in Iracambi, the research center started a project for the volunteers and researchers to inventory pieces of land. Every volunteer and researcher had his own method to inventory trees and made a report in their own way. In the chapters below you can see the different inventories that people made in the time that they were here. 7.2 Inventory of Marcelo Mendes 7.2.1 Background information Marcelo Mendes is a forest engineer who studied in Viçosa at the Federal University of Viçosa. When he came to Iracambi after his education he became the coordinator of a management plan for use of medicinal plants in the Iracambi area. One of his projects in this management plan was the inventory below of some forest nearby the Iracambi Center. He made this inventory in 2006. The goal was to have a very good idea where which trees are located so that others could easily find the right trees to collect leafs, bark, seeds, etc. for medicinal purposes.

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7.2.2 Location of the plots The areas or plots were chosen because Robin Le Breton (director of Iracambi) told him that there were medicinal trees . After a better look in the areas Marcelo found, just like Robin said, a lot of interesting trees that he identified so he started to look for easily recognizable places in the forest such as openings, big trees and trails which are close to the midpoints of the plots. The points, coordinates that are chosen are listed in table 1. 7.2.2.1 Table The position and the altitude of the plots were determined by using a GPS-system: the Garmin GPS 12. They were converted to X-Y coordinates by the site: www.hajo.net that has a program for it.

Table 1: location plots Plot number Coordinates Altitude (m) X: -42,543429 A1 777,759 Y: -20,930688 X: -42,543129 A2 797,252 Y: -20,928488 X: -42,543622 A3 827,967 Y: -20,929202 X: -42,543429 A4 929,969 Y: -20,930688 X: -42,542147 C1 801,676 Y: -20,928767 X: -42,541514 C2 825,324 Y: -20,928993 X: -42,540168 C3 857,043 Y: -20,929272 X: -42,543429 J1 811,813 Y: -20,927518 X: -42,544191 J7 959,254 Y: -20,927518 X: -42,543756 N1 763,492 Y: -20,927142 X: -42,543756 N2 764,604 Y: -20,926697 X: -42,545194 N3 778,701 Y: -20,926874 X: -42,543413 N4 Y: -20,925983 806,715

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7.2.2.2 Map

Figure 3: orientation plots in Iracambi

7.2.3 The inventory results On the plots there are about 650 trees that were inventoried. Most of them are labeled with a number on a square that is attached with a nail or staple, the results you can find in table form in attachment 1: labeled trees at the end of the work. Other trees, that were not labeled and Marcelo inventoried during his measurements, are listed up in the table beneath. In the inventory the height and the circumference of the tree was measured. The height was estimated. The circumference of the trees were measured with a tape-measure. Figure 4: tape-measure

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To identify the trees, Marcelo used his own knowledge and the following books: Lorenzi, H., Brasilian trees A Guide to the Identification and Cultivation of Brazilia Native Trees, vol.1, 4 th edition, Nova Odessa, SP: Instituto Plantarum, 2002; Lorenzi, H., Brasilian trees A Guide to the Identification and Cultivation of Brazilia Native Trees, vol.2, 2th edition, Nova Odessa, SP: Instituto Plantarum, 2002; Corrêa, M. P., Dicionario das plantas uteis do Brasil e das exoticas cultivadas, vol.1, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Impressa Naciona, 1926-1978; Corrêa, M. P., Dicionario das plantas uteis do Brasil e das exoticas cultivadas, vol.2, Rio de Janeiro, ,RJ, Impressa Naciona, 1926-1978; Corrêa, M. P., Dicionario das plantas uteis do Brasil e das exoticas cultivadas, vol.3, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Impressa Naciona, 1926-1978; Corrêa, M. P., Dicionario das plantas uteis do Brasil e das exoticas cultivadas, vol.4, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Instituto Brasileiro de desenvolvimento floristal, 1926-1978 Corrêa, M. P., Dicionario das plantas uteis do Brasil e das exoticas cultivadas, vol.5, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Instituto Brasileiro de desenvolvimento floristal, 1926-1978 The unlabeled trees Marcelo only identified. He didn’t measure them. Table 2: unlabeled trees

Plot nr. Scientific name Family J1 Hymenaea courbaril Fabaceae J1 Costus spicatus Costaceae J1 Syagrus romanzoffiana Arecaceae J1 Guarea guidonia Meliaceae J1 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Verbenaceae A1 Sparattosperma leucanthum Bignoniaceae A1 Pothomorphe umbellata Piperaceae A2 Pothomorphe umbellata Piperaceae A2 Piper aduncum Piperaceae A2 Solanum paniculatum Solonaceae A2 Pothomorphe umbellata Piperaceae A2 Casearia arborea Flacourtiaceae A2 Baccharis genistelloides Asteraceae J7 Piptadenia gonacantha Fabaceae J7 Aegiphila klotschiana Verbenaceae N1 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae N2 Jacaranda puberula Bignoniaceae N2 Euterpe edulis Arecaceae

7.3 Inventory of Jazmeet Dhaliwal 7.3.1 Information background Jazmeet Dhaliwal is a student at the university of California where she studies biology. She was the person that led the inventory in 2004 and made the tables that you can see beneath.

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Jazmeet Dhaliwal made an inventory with some local farmers and other volunteers of the important trails in the Iracambi area. She worked together with some people to label and identify the trees who are around these trails. Furthermore there where Brazilian volunteers Íon Araújo Sant`Anna, Jean Carlos Ferreira and Renan Kamimura; students of forestry in the federal university of Lavras (city in Southern Minas Gerais state). They helped Jazmeet with labeling and especially identifying the trees because Jazmeet hadn’t the know -how of the Atlantic rainforest trees. Furthermore 2 local farmers, Joel and Olavo, helped Jazmeet with labeling the plants on the High trail and the Nature trail. The other 2 trails were done by the volunteers and Jazmeet. The plants on the Waterfall trail where not labeled but just marked. All the plants around the other trails where labeled and marked. 7.3.2 Location of the trails 7.3.2.1 Map

Figure 5: orientation trails in Iracambi

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7.3.2.2 Plan of conduct The first job for the workers was marking the trees along the roads with pink or yellow ribbon so that Jazmeet and the 3 forestry students would know which trees to label. The labels were cut out of aluminum cans and formed square pieces. On these squares of metal the number of each tree was stamped with a metal number bar (see figure 6). These squares of cans were nailed or stapled on the trees. Then al Figure 6: number bars the numbered trees were identified and written down on pieces of document. 7.3.3 The inventory results The tables of the result can be found as attachment 2 at the end of the work. 7.4 Inventory of Jeffrey E. Ott 7.4.1 Background information The Atlantic Rainforest in the vicinity of Fazenda Iracambi has been extensively cleared for agricultural purposes. Some cleared areas have reverted to secondary- growth forest following abandonment. One such patch of secondary-growth forest, which will be referred to here as “Mata Sozinha,” is located on Iracambi land on the hillside above “Casa Sozinha”, a house used by Iracambi volunteers in the former area of Lower Iracambi . The hillside faces south and is easily viewed from “Casa Grande,” the house of Robin and Binka Le Breton. The elevation of “Mata Sozinha ” ranges from approximately 700 to 800 meters. “Mata Sozinha” is bordered below by cattle pasture, wetland vegetation, and older forest growth near a stream of running water. The upper edge borders cattle pasture along a ridgeline and merges into older forest. The forest vegetation of Mata Sozinha has developed since the time that the Le Bretons arrived at Iracambi in 1989. Photographs taken by the Le Bretons upon arrival demonstrate that the land occupied by “Mata Sozinha ” was predominantly pasture(figure 7). Details of its land use history prior to this time are unknown. The forest above the patch was intact in 1989, although selective wood extraction had occurred. Under the ownership to the Le Bretons, forest vegetation was allowed to regenerate. Aside Figuur 7: "Mata Sozinha" 1989 from a limited amount of tree planting by Everaldo, a local resident, this regeneration was unassisted. In January-February 2002, a study was initiated with the purpose of documenting the floristic composition and vegetation structure of “Mata Sozinha ”. (Ott, 2002)

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7.4.2 Method A narrow winding trail was cleared through the central portion of “Mata Sozinha ”. Portions of this trail followed existing pathways as found in the forest; other portions were cut in an arbitrary fashion. The trail was linked to form a transect line approximately 660 meters in length. At intervals of 20 meters, measured by careful pacing, wooden posts were placed as markers. The posts were labeled according to their distance in meters along the transect from the origin (0, 20, 40, etc.). The origin of the transect is located next to a large rock at the edge of “Mata Sozinha ” opposite the ridgeline. GPS coordinates of markers, forest boundaries, and other features were taken and incorporated into the Iracambi GIS. Two types of data (density of trees and cover of plant types) were collected in a belt transect 5 meters wide, divided into 2 zones of 2.5 meters from the central axis of the trail. Each belt transect interval was assigned a name according to its position between marker posts ( 0-20, 20-40, etc.) and its position to the left (L) or right (R) of the transect line, as viewed looking away from the origin.

Table 3: vegetation type cover Figuur 8: starting point trail For each left and right segment of the transect (excluding the cleared trail in the middle) the percent of canopy cover was visually estimated for ten plant cover categories, as shown in this table. The canopy cover of each category was estimated individually so that overlapping canopies were accounted for. Standing dead plant material (which was especially common in the bracken fern and vine categories) was included along with living plant material in these cover estimates. The averages and standard deviations were calculated by using the midpoint of each cover class as a numerical value. This method is based on the method of Daubenmire, R., A canopy coverage method of vegetational analysis, Pullman Washington: , 1959.

Figuur 9: ending point trail

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Table 4: inventoried trees For making this table a bamboo pole 2.5 meters long was used to determine which trees were rooted in the belt transect. Tree trunk diameters were gauged using a wooden attachment at the end of the pole with notches 5 cm and 10 cm in length. Trees with a trunk greater than 5 cm dbh (diameter at breast height, 1.3 m above ground level) were counted and grouped by size class (5-10 cm or >10 cm at 1.3 m). If a tree had multiple trunks at 1.3 m, only the largest trunk was used to gauge the diameter. Species identification was attempted for each tree included in the survey count. Identification resources included the marked trees of the Iracambi Nature Trail, botanical books at Casa Grande, the UFV herbarium in Viçosa, and the knowledge of Iracambi volunteers and local people. They were unable to determine the scientific names of all the species encountered, but they were able to assign local common names to most of them(Ott, 2002). 7.4.3 The inventory results and conclusions

Table 3: vegetation type cover (Ott, 2002)

Frequency of Cover Classes Average St. Dev.

6- 26- 51- 75- 96- 0% <1% 1-5% 25% 50% 75% 95% 100% Dicots

Woody >1.3 m high 1 0 0 0 1 7 19 33 6 74,1 18,5 Woody <1.3 m high 1 0 0 3 29 26 7 1 0 29,9 17,7 Herbaceous (on 0 5 28 30 3 0 0 0 10,1 8,8 ground) Vines (above ground) 1 1 22 32 10 0 0 0 14,3 11,6 Monocots

Grass 0 4 17 37 8 0 0 0 14,1 10,6 Marsh Lily 2 64 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0,3 1,9 other 3 63 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,1 Ferns and fern allies

Bracken Ferns 20 4 9 11 12 5 4 1 21,4 27,1 Broad Ferns 63 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0,9 5 Ground Ferns 4 51 8 3 3 1 0 0 0 1,5 5,6 Tree Ferns 57 4 4 1 0 0 0 0 0,4 2 1 This refers to woody dicots canopy cover that are above or below 1,3 meters from the ground. 2 Refers to Hedychium coronarium , a member of the Zingiberaceae family. 3 Other monocots, like palm-like plants and bromeliads. 4 Refers the most to species in the division Lycopodiophyta .

The category with the greatest cover (mean of 74%) was the woody dicots canopy cover above 1,3 meters height. Thirty-nine segments of the belt transect had cover of this category (woody dicots>1,3 m) greater than 75%, while only one segment had cover less than 26%. The woody dicot canopy less than 1,3 meters high averaged about 30% cover and occurred with greater than 75% cover in only one segment. Grass and herbaceous dicots at ground level had relatively low cover, averaging about 14% and 10%, respectively. These results suggest that the taller - 18 -

canopy layers have developed to a point where the lower canopy layers have been moderately suppressed. The taller canopy layers were not uniformly developed throughout “Mata Sozinha ”, rather there were numerous breaks in the tall canopy where shrubs, grass, ferns and/or other low plants had high cover.(Ott, 2002) Bracken fern cover averaged about 21% but ranged widely from segment to segment; e.g. 10 segments had cover greater than 50% while 20 segments had no bracken ferns. Patches of dense bracken fern were most common on the upper slopes of “Mata Sozinha ” near the ridgeline. Low ferns and lycopods ( Selaginella species) were prominent in the understory of a few segments. Hedychium coronarium and an unknown large fern with coarse leaves together dominated a few adjacent segments where the transect crossed a wet seep area. Vines, especially Davilla rugosa were common throughout the transect, and averaged about 14% cover.(Ott, 2002) Table 4: inventoried trees (Ott 2002)

Scientific name 5-10cm dbh >10cm dbh Total %5-10cm %>10cm Var:Mean 1 Aegiphila lhotskiana 2 0 2 0,54 0,00 0.97 Apuleia leiocarpa 6 0 6 1,63 0,00 2.24 Aspidosperma parvifolium 4 0 4 1,09 0,00 0.94 Bathysa meridionalis 5 1 6 1,36 0,86 1.58 Byrsonima sp. 23 9 32 6,27 7,76 1.27 Campomanesia sp. 16 1 17 4,36 0,86 2.86 Cecropia sp. 2 2 4 0,54 1,72 0.94 Cinamodendron axillare 7 3 10 1,91 2,59 8.05 Cupania vernalis 16 0 16 4,36 0,00 3.38 Cyatheales 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Dalbergia nigra 3 0 3 0,82 0,00 0.95 Eugenia involucrata 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Garcinia sp. 14 1 15 3,81 0,86 1.04 Genipapa americana 9 4 13 2,45 3,45 1.11 Jacaranda decurrens 10 0 10 2,72 0,00 1.05 Jacaranda puberula 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Jacaranda sp. 3 0 3 0,82 0,00 1.62 Jacaranda sp. 2 0 2 0,54 0,00 0.97 Jacaranda sp. 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Jacaranda sp. 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Jacaranda sp. 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Jacaranda sp. 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Jacaranda sp. 17 0 17 4,63 0,00 1.33 Luehea sp. 6 3 9 1,63 2,59 1.53 Machaerium nyctitans 2 0 2 0,54 0,00 0.97 Maprounea guianensis 3 2 5 0,82 1,72 2.12 Ocotea velutina 12 0 12 3,27 0,00 2.15 Piptadenia gonoacantha 69 48 117 18,80 41,38 8.34 Platycyamus rednellii 4 0 4 1,09 0,00 0.94 Rapanea ferruginea 24 3 27 6,54 2,59 1.41 Senna macranthera 10 2 12 2,72 1,72 1.15 Senna multijuga 3 3 6 0,82 2,59 0.91 - 19 -

Solanum mauritianum 4 0 4 1,09 0,00 2.44 Solanum pseudoquina 4 1 5 1,09 0,86 1.32 Stryphnodendron sp. 1 2 3 0,27 1,72 0.95 Stryphnodendron sp. 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Stryphnodendron sp. 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Tabebuia sp. 3 0 3 0,82 0,00 0.95 Tibouchina candolleana (cv.) 12 3 15 3,27 2,59 3.31 Tibouchina mutabilis 28 24 52 7,63 20,69 2.02 Unknown specie 1 2 0 2 0,54 0,00 0.97 Unknown specie 10 0 1 1 0,00 0,86 0.98 Unknown specie 11 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Unknown specie 2 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Unknown specie 3 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Unknown specie 4 9 2 11 2,45 1,72 1.38 Unknown specie 5 1 1 2 0,27 0,86 0.97 Unknown specie 6 2 0 2 0,54 0,00 0.97 Unknown specie 7 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Unknown specie 8 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Unknown specie 9 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Vismia sp. 13 0 13 3,54 0,00 2.34 Zanthoxylum sp. 1 0 1 0,27 0,00 0.98 Total living trees 367 116 483 100,00 100,00 Dead trees 21 4 25 Total all trees 388 120 508

A total of 367 living and 21 dead trees were recorded within the transect belt area of approximately 3300 m 2 (660 m by 5 m). Of the 367 living trees, 88 (24%) had one or more trunks with a diameter greater than 10 cm at dbh (1.3 m above ground), while the remained trees had a diameter of 5-10 cm at dbh. Table 4 lists the frequency, percent frequency, and variance to mean for each species, as identified by scientific name. The most frequently encountered species is Piptadenia gonoacantha , which accounted for 24% of all living trees and 41% of the living trees greater than 10 cm diameter. The species of Tibouchina mutabilis are following with 11% of all trees and 21% of the trees greater than 10 cm. Both these species had variance to mean ratios greater than on e, indicating that they aren’t evenly distributed along the transect line. 7.5 Following up work “Mata Sozinha” 7.5.1 Introduction To characterize the composition of “Mata Sozinha ” and see how the zones in the belt transect are evolved, further monitoring of the canopy coverage is done in 2012. No work or inventories were done between the 2 studies at the hillside so that the forest grew undisturbed.

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7.5.2 Method The narrow winding trail that was cleared through the central portion of “Mata Sozinha” , in previous work, was search again and refreshed so that the correct zones in which the segments are distributed can be measured. The measurements and the calculations of the canopy cover are exactly the same as in the work of 2002. 7.5.3 Density results Tabel 5: vegetation type cover (Grambras, 2012)

Frequency of Cover Classes Average St. Dev. 6- 26- 51- 75- 96- 0% <1% 1-5% 25% 50% 75% 95% 100% Dicots Woody >1.3 m high 1 0 0 0 0 13 26 20 7 68,6 19,5 Woody <1.3 m high 1 0 0 0 17 26 20 3 0 41,9 20,3 Herbaceous (on ground) 0 7 0 7 3 23 23 3 59,6 30,3 Vines (above ground) 7 7 26 23 3 0 0 0 8,4 9,2 Monocots Grass 10 20 20 16 0 0 0 0 4,8 6,2 Marsh Lily 2 53 3 3 7 0 0 0 0 1,8 4,8 other 3 56 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,1 0,2 Ferns and fern allies Bracken Ferns 53 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 0,2 0,6 Broad Ferns 4 56 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 2,3 5,6 Ground Ferns 5 49 0 7 3 7 0 0 0 5,1 11,9 Tree Ferns 59 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0,9 3,3 1 This refers to woody dicots canopy cover that are above or below 1,3 meters from the ground. 2 Refers to Hedychium coronarium , a member of the Zingiberaceae family. 3 Other monocots, like palm-like plants and bromeliads. 4 Refers the most to species in the division Lycopodiophyta .

The category with the greatest cover (mean of 69%) was the woody dicots canopy cover above 1,3 meters height again. Fifty-three segments of the belt transect had cover of this category (woody dicots >1,3 m) greater than 50%, while the rest of the segments covers a 36-50% canopy. The woody dicot canopy less than 1,3 meters high averaged about 42% and covers in the most segments about 26-50%. Herbaceous dicots at ground level had relatively a high cover of 60%, that is about 20% more than the woody <1,3 m. The canopy layers were not uniformly developed throughout “Mata Sozinha”, r ather there were breaks in the forest where shrubs, grass, ferns and/or other low plants had a higher cover although not to any great extent like you can see in the table. 7.5.4 Comparison Jeffrey E. Otts project and conclusions When you lay the two averages of the two tables next to each other you see some changes in canopy cover. To determine the probability that an observed difference between the averages of the two samples was caused by chance a t-test can be used.

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The t-test is a parametric statistic test that shows us if the 2 averages are significant. If the probability, that a difference has arisen by chance is less than 5% (p < 0.05), it is called the difference is significant. Then you can tell if the average of the canopy cover for each category of 2002 has increased or decreased compared to the canopy cover of 2012. In excel you have a formula (T.TEST) to calculate this, this is the easiest way to do the T-TEST. It consists of four arguments; Matrix 1, Matrix 2, Sides and Type_number (Figure 8). Matrix 1: is the data from 2002 that consist of every percentage canopy cover of each belt transect interval (left and right, in total 66 pieces) in a plant category; Matrix 2: is the data from 2012 that consist of every percentage canopy cover of each belt transect interval (left and right, in total 66 pieces) in a plant Figure 10: T.TEST category; Sides: indicates whether a unilateral or bilateral distribution should be used. This equates to the number of samples that will be used. ð 1= a unilateral distribution ð 2= a bilateral distribution In this case they are two different samples (2002 and 2012) so the number is 2; Type_number: is the type of test you want to implement. ð 1= paired t-test (when the 2 samples are dependent on each other) ð 2= two samples with equal variances (they are independently) ð 3= two samples with unequal variances (they are independently) Because the two samples are independently of one another (2002 and 2012): the two samples were done by 2 different persons at different times so the accuracy can be questioned so the extent to which differ from each other can be big the best type to take is 3.

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Table 6: result T-test Averages p-value significance 2002 2012 T.TEST Dicots Woody >1.3 m high 74,06 68,61 0,1031 >0,5: insignificant Woody <1.3 m high 29,89 41,94 0,0004 <0,5: significant increase Herbaceous (on ground) 10,08 59,63 0,0000 <0,5: significant increase Vines (above ground) 14,28 8,36 0,0016 <0,5: significant decrease Monocots Grass 14,10 4,82 0,0000 <0,5: significant decrease Marsh Lily 0,28 1,80 0,0190 <0,5: significant increase Other 0,02 0,08 0,0417 <0,5: significant increase Ferns and fern allies Bracken Ferns 21,37 0,21 0,0000 <0,5: significant decrease Broad Ferns 0,86 2,35 0,1097 >0,5: insignificant Ground Ferns 1,48 5,05 0,0298 <0,5: significant increase Tree Ferns 0,45 0,89 0,3573 >0,5: insignificant They are 3 categories of plants that are insignificant (Woody >1,3 m high, Broad ferns and tree ferns) so the difference between the two averages of 2002 and 2012 are more likely coincidence. Furthermore the herbaceous has increased the most of all followed by the woody dicots less than 1,3m. These assumptions suggest that the lower canopy layers like herbaceous takeover the high woody canopy layers. So the forest that suppressed the lower parts in 2002 is making place for new younger species to grow at this time. So you can conclude that the forest at the hillside of “Mata Sozinha” have developed from the mature phase into the rejuvenation phase. To know which the 5 phases of forest development are, here a sort explanation: Table 7: forest development phases Young phase Exist of brushwood pioneer herbs and spices. Dense phase The trees start banding together The trees grow strongly in height and the canopy is Discontinuation phase closed The trees have reached their maximum height and the Mature phase forest is more diverse and more transparent In this phase the trees die very slowly. Herbs, shrubs Rejuvenation phase and young trees can develop, there occurs natural regeneration on. (Boer, mei 2011)(p.248-249)

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7.6 Most common types With all the tables as reference you can see in Table 8 the trees that are most commonly found in the Iracambi area were the inventories are done. Table 8: common types Scientific name Quantity Annona cacans 12 Genipapa americana 12 Ocotea velutina 12 Psidium guajava 13 Casearia sylvestris 14 Aegiphila klotschiana 14 Psidium family 15 Casearia family 17 Vernonia family 18 Gochnatia polymorpha 32 Senna family 49 Solanum family 61 Piptadenia gonoacantha 66 Rapanea family 69 Syzygium malaccense 95 In the chapters below you can find some more information about the most common species. 7.6.1 Syzygium malaccense Syzygium malaccense , commonly known as Malay apple or Pommerac , is a species of flowering tree native to Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra and Java) and Vietnam. It has been introduced throughout the tropics for many years. Malay apple is a strictly tropical tree damaged by freezing temperatures. It thrives in humid climates with an annual rainfall of 152 cm or more. It can grow at a variety of altitudes, from sea level up to 2,740 m. The tree can grow to 12 –18 m in height. It flowers in early summer, bearing fruit three months afterward. In Costa Rica, it flowers earlier, with ripe fruit in April. Coffee growers use the species to divert birds.(2012) 7.6.2 Rapanea family The most common specie in the Iracambi area of this family is Rapanea ferruginea : Morphological characteristics: The tree has a pyramid shape crown and ornamental structure. Height 6-12 m, open narrow crown, the trunk is cylindrical and slender with a diameter of 30-40 cm and a bark that is thin, smooth and grayish. The leaves are simple, leathery with a length of 7-9 cm and a width of 2-2,5 cm and a rusty, hairy undersurface. The flowers are small, yellowish and are gathered in the axils of the leaves in small groups. The fruit is a globular drupe with a black color that rips during the months of October-December. Wood: The wood is light, easy to cut with a medium texture. It has a low resistance and is therefore not durable when exposed. Uses: The wood is used for internal work such as stays, beams and charcoal. The fruits are avidly devoured by various species of birds, which makes it useful for mixed planting in reclaimed and protected areas.

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Ecological information: Evergreen, halophyte, selective hygrophyte and pioneer plant. It thrives on slopes by streams, occurring in altitudes above 2000 m and yields annually a great quantity of viable seeds. Seed harvesting: Harvest the fruits directly from the tree when they ripen, this by cutting the fruiting stems. Strip the fruits from the stems and set them to dry in the shade. It is not necessary to hull the fruits, they may be used directly as seeds. One kilogram of fruits contains about 49500 units of seeds. Storage viability is short, not over 3 months. Seedling production and development: Set the fruits to germinate, as soon as harvested with no treatment, in seeds beds with an organic-clay substrate in light shade. Cover the seeds with a fine layer of sifted substrate and water twice daily. Sprouting occurs in 30 to 60 days and the germination rate is low. Transplant the seedlings to individual containers when they reach 4-5 cm. They will be ready for planting in the permanent position in 5-6 months. Plant development in the field is fast; it reaches already a height of 3-4m in 2 years. (Lorenzi, 2002) (p.268) 7.6.3 Piptadenia gonoacantha Common local names in Brazil: Pau-jacaré, jacaré, angico-branvo (São Paulo state), monjoleiro, monjolo, icarapé (Bahia state),casco-de-jacaré. Other botanical synonyms: Acacia gonoacantha Mart., Piptadenia communis Benth., Pitycarpa gonoacantha Brenan. Morphological characteristics: It is a slightly spiny plant with a height of 10 à 20 m and a 30-40 m diameter trunk. When the tree is young the branches and trunk have woody longitudinal crests. The leaves are pinnate and compound. The fruit is a legume that is flat, dehiscent, grayish with 4-7 seeds, it is loved by the brown howler monkeys and other animals. It ripes during September- October. Wood: The wood is moderately heavy with a density of 0,75 g/cm³. It is hard to cut but soft to work with. It is medium resistance to attack of xylophagous organisms (herbivorous animals whose diet consists of wood). Uses: The wood is used for indoor finishing furniture frames, door panels, manufacturing of toys and packing cases. It’s among the best woods for firewood and charcoal. The flowers have high melliferous value when they blooms from the end to October to January. It’s a fast growing pioneer plant, indispensable for heterogeneous reforestation in replanting of areas for permanent preservation. Ecological information: It ’s a semi deciduous, heliophyte and hygrophyte selective plant. Rare and infrequent dispersal in the Atlantic forest and in the semi deciduous forests of the Paraná river where it is particularly common in the state of são Paulo at altitudes between 500-700m. occurs almost exclusively in secondary growth areas. Grows in rich as well as poor soils but is absent in the cerrados (vast tropical savanna eco-regions). Seed harvesting: Harvest the fruits directly from the tree when they begin to open spontaneously. Leave them in the sun to complete the process of opening and releasing the seeds. One kilogram yields gives approximately 18000 seeds. The storage viability is short. Seedling production: Set the seeds to germinate, as soon as harvested (without a treatment),in seed beds or directly into individual containers with a clay-sandy substrate and keep them in a semi-shade place. Sprouting occurs within 5-10 days and germination is abundant. The seedlings develop quickly and will be - 25 -

ready for planting out in the field within 3-4 months. The plants in the field grow rapidly, easily reaching a height of 5m within 2 years. (Lorenzi, 2002)(p.212) 7.6.4 Solanum family The most common specie in the Iracambi area of this family is Solanum mauritianum : Common names are Woolly Nightshade, Ear-leaved Nightshade, Flannel Weed, Bug weed, Tobacco Weed, Tobacco Bush, Wild Tobacco and Kerosene Plant. Other botanical synonyms: Solanum auriculatum , Solanum carterianum , Solanum pulverulentum , Solanum tabaccifolium , Solanum verbascifolium .(2012) The plant has a life of up to thirty years, and can grow up to 10 m tall. Its large oval leaves are grey-green in color and covered with felt-like hairs. The flower is purple with a yellow center. The plant can flower year round but fruiting occurs in late spring to early summer. It is tolerant of many soil types and quickly becomes established around plantations, forest margins, scrub and open land.(2012) All parts of the Solanum mauritianum plant are poisonous to humans, especially the berries. Human fatalities have resulted from the consumption of the berries. The main toxic compound is the glycol-alkaloid and solasodine, with the highest content in the unripe green berry(2012). 7.6.5 Senna multijuga Common local names: false sicklepod, November shower, pau-cigarra, caquera, alleluia, canafistula. Other botanical synonyms: Cassia multijuga , Cassia calliantha , Cassia ampliflora , Cassia fulgens , Cassia richardiana , Peiranisia multijuga . Morphological characteristics: The height is 6-10 m, the diameter of trunk is 30- 40 cm. The leaves ate compound with 20-40 pairs of membranaceous, glabrous leaflets. Inflorescence a large, open, terminal panicle with yellow flowers. Fruit is a flat, dehiscent, many-seeded legume. Wood: Light, soft and of low durability outdoors. Uses: The wood is used for manufacturing of boxes and toys, firewood and charcoal. The tree is very ornamental when in bloom and therefore used for street planting, parks and gardens in the Southeast of the country. Because of the small size and narrow shape of its crown it is particularly used for narrow streets under power lines. As a heliophyte plant it is suitable for heterogeneous reforestation in reclaimed and protected areas. Ecological information: It’s a heliophyte pioneer plant that is deciduous during winter. It’s indifferent to physical soil conditions. Characteristic of the secondary growth areas of the Atlantic fo rest. It’s rare in dense primary forests and produces annually a high number of viable seeds. Seed harvesting; Harvest the fruits directly from the tree when they begin to fall spontaneously. Leave them in the sun to dry to help the process of opening the fruits and removing the seeds. One kilogram yields contains approximately 89000 seeds. Seedling production and development: Set the seeds to germinate;, as soon as harvested, directly in seed beds or individual containers with an organic-sandy substrate and keep them in semi-shade. Cover with a light layer of sifted substrate and water twice a day. Sprouting occurs within 10-30 days and the - 26 -

rate of germination is usually high. Transplant the seedlings into individual containers when they are 4-6 cm tall and they will be ready for planting out in the field within 4-5 months. The development of the plants in the field is fast; easily reaching a height of 3,5 m within 2 years. (Lorenzi, 2002)(p.183)

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8 Conclusion

After collecting all the data of the inventories and monitoring the data on ‘Mata Sozinha’ you can see that there is a lot of diversity in trees on the Iracambi area. So the biodiversity of the forest fragments is not a problem. In the work on ‘Mata Sozinha’ you can even tell that the forest already regenerates itself naturally because the canopy cover of 2012 shows that more herbs en young trees have taking over the larger trees. The inventories that are listed up here are just the beginning of the knowledge we have about the kind of forest there is in the Atlantic rainforest of Iracambi. Now it is the task of Iracambi and his volunteers but also other environment organization to put more effort to inventory the reforest land and reforest the pieces of land that are undeveloped. From the inventories and the practical work the 2 most important species are Piptadenia gonoacantha and Syzygium malaccense , these ones occur in the most common list, because they are the most important regenerating trees in the Atlantic Rainforest area. The value of this trees lie primarily in its ecological role as a pioneer species in degraded areas (dos Santos, 2011), providing indirect economic benefits such as watershed protection, carbon sequestration, and soil remediation (Ditt, 2011).

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9 List of figures

Figure 1: research center ...... - 9 - Figure 2: Lower Iracambi (Wheat, 2012) ...... - 10 - Figure 3: orientation plots in Iracambi ...... - 13 - Figure 4: tape-measure ...... - 13 - Figure 5: orientation trails in Iracambi ...... - 15 - Figure 6: number bars ...... - 16 - Figuur 7: "Mata Sozinha" 1989 ...... - 16 - Figuur 8: starting point trail ...... - 17 - Figuur 9: ending point trail ...... - 17 - Figure 10: T.TEST ...... - 22 -

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10 List of tables

Table 1: location plots ...... - 12 - Table 2: unlabeled trees ...... - 14 - Table 3: vegetation type cover (Ott, 2002) ...... - 18 - Table 4: inventoried trees (Ott 2002) ...... - 19 - Tabel 5: vegetation type cover (Grambras, 2012) ...... - 21 - Table 6: result T-test ...... - 23 - Table 7: forest development phases ...... - 23 - Table 8: common types ...... - 24 -

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11 Literature cited

Google. [Online] http://www.google.be/. s.a.. Amigos de Iracambi. iracambi.com. [Online] s.a. [Citaat van: 24 April 2012.] http://iracambi.com/v2/index.php/about-us/amigos-de-iracambi.

2012. bioplek zoeken. bioplek. [Online] 8 mei 2012. http://www.bioplek.org/site/zoeken.html.

Acninelli, M. 2003. [Online pdf] Poverty coffee cultivation and deforestation in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest: Achieving a sustainable livelihood through education and public participation. http://www.lumes.lu.se/database/Alumni/02.03/theses/achinelli_moira.pdf

Boer, K. en Schils, C.M.G.J. mei 2011. Ecologisch groenbeheer in de praktijk. postbus 393, 6800 AJ Arnhem : IPC Groene Ruimte, mei 2011.

Braga A. J. T., Borges E., Martins S. U. 2011. Floristic and structure of tree community in secondary semideciduous seasonal forest in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Revista Arvore 35. 2011, pp. 493-503.

Breton, Robin Le. 2012. [interv.] Frerik Grambras. 22 april 2012. —. 2012. information about the area of Iracambi and the Atlantic Rainforest. [interv.] Frerik Grambras. Rosário da Limeira, 13 februari 2012.

Carvalho, P. E. R. 2004. [Online pdf] Pau-Jacaré - Piptadenia gonoacantha. Embrapa florista. http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/cirtec/edicoes/circtec91.pdf

Daubenmire, M. [Online pdf] A canopy coverage method of vegetational analyses . http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_nws/NWSci%20journal%20articles/1950- 1959/1959%20vol%2033/33-1/v33%20p43%20Daubenmire.pdf

Ditt, E. H., Mourato, S., Ghazoul, J., Knight, J. 2011. Forest conversion and provision of ecosystem services in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Land degrandation and development. 2011, 21, pp. 591-603. dos Santos, J. F., Roppa,C., de Oliveira, S.S.H., Valcarcel, R. 2011. Horizontal structure and floristic composition of the shrubby-arboreal strata in forests planted to rehabilitate a degraded area of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Rio de Janeiro : sn, 2011.

Foundation, Wikmedia. Wikipedia. [Online] http://www.wikipedia.org/.

Gaese, H., Albino, J.C.T., Wesenberg, J. and Schlüter, S. 2009. Biodiversity and landuse systems in the fragmented Mata Atlântica of Rio de Janeiro. [boekaut.] O. and Wesenberg J. Their. Diversity, florestic composition and similarity of three forest fragments in the Mata Atlântica of Rio de Janeiro. Nonnenstieg 8, 37075 Göttingen : CUVILLIER VERLAG, 2009.

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Lorenzi, Harri. 2002. Brazilian trees: a guide to the identification and cultivation of Brazilian native trees, vol. 1. Nova Odessa, SP : Instituto Plantarum, 2002.

Lorenzi, Harris. 2002. Brazilian trees: a guide to the identification and cultivation of Brazilian native trees, vol. 2. Nova Odessa, SP : Instituto Plantarum, 2002.

Marangon L. C., Soares J. J., Filiciano A. L. P. and Brandao C. 2008. Natural regeneration in a fragment of a seasonal semideciduois forest in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Revista arvore 32. 2008, pp. 183-191.

Ott, Jeffrey E. 2002. Vegetation survey of a secundary-growth forest patch at fazenda Iracambi . 2002.

2012. Solanum mauritianum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [Online] 21 January 2012. [Citaat van: 29 April 2012.] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_mauritianum.

2012. Syzygium malaccense-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [Online] 6 April 2012. [Citaat van: 29 April 2012.] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_malaccense.

Tabarelli, M., Mantovani, W., Peres, C. A. 1999. Effects of habitat fragmentation on plant guild structure in the montane Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil. Biological Conservation. 1999, 91, pp. 119-127. s.a.. The Research Center. Iracambi.com. [Online] s.a. [Citaat van: 24 April 2012.] http://iracambi.com/v2/index.php/about-us.

Welcome to the Iracambi website. iracambi.com. [Online] http://iracambi.com/.

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12 Attachments

12.1 Attachment 1: labeled trees

Height Circumference Label nr. Plot nr. Scientific name Family (m) (cm) 1 J1 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 9 19 2 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 12 38 3 J1 Erythroxylum tortuosum Erythroxylaceae 8 29 4 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 25 134 5 J1 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 17 34 6 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 8 21 7 J1 Guapira opposita Nyctaginaceae 4 13 8 J1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 4,7 18 9 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 25 128 10 J1 Peschiera fuchsiaefolia Apocynaceae 8,5 23 11 J1 Ocotea velutina Lauraceae 5 15 12 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 7 38 13 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 15 87 14 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 20 62 15 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 7 28 16 J1 Myrcia sp. Myrtaceae 8 21 17 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 19 84 18 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 19 94 19 J1 Peschiera fuchsiaefolia Apocynaceae 6 16 20 J1 Erythroxylum tortuosum Erythroxylaceae 8 24 21 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 19,5 55 22 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 8 23 23 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 11 40 24 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 19 96 25 J1 Esenbeckia febrifuga Rutaceae 4,5 14 26 J1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 9 31 27 J1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 9 43 28 J1 Guapira opposita Nyctaginaceae 5 16 29 J1 Guapira opposita Nyctaginaceae 5 22 30 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 22 133 30 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 22 60 31 J1 Aegiphila lhotskiana Verbenaceae 9 27 32 J1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 9 23 33 J1 Machaerium nyctitans Fabaceae 9 34 34 J1 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 8,5 24 35 J1 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 8 17 36 J1 Guapira opposita Nyctaginaceae 6 17 37 J1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 16 55 - 33 -

38 J1 Unidentified / 4 15 39 J1 Galipea jasminiflora Rutaceae 5 14 40 A1 Ocotea velutina Lauraceae 15 108 41 A1 Annona cacans Annonaceae 13 79 42 A1 Ocotea velutina Lauraceae 6 26 43 A1 Inga edulis Fabaceae 11 38 44 A1 Inga edulis Fabaceae 8 17 45 A1 Ocotea velutina Lauraceae 9 45 46 A1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 24 47 A1 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae 4 12 48 A1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 21 49 A1 Campomanesia xanthocarpa Myrtaceae 6 20 50 A1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 15 51 A1 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae 3,5 21 52 A1 Ocotea velutina Lauraceae 5 21 53 A1 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 3 16 54 A1 Guapira opposita Nyctaginaceae 4,5 14 55 A1 Annona cacans Annonaceae 6 20 56 A1 Unidentified / 11 56 57 A1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 15 135 58 A1 Campomanesia xanthocarpa Myrtaceae 7 23 59 A1 Trema micrantha Ulmaceae 5 20 60 A1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 5,5 15 61 A1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 9 46 62 A1 Campomanesia xanthocarpa Myrtaceae 7 24 63 A1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 6 15 64 A1 Campomanesia xanthocarpa Myrtaceae 6 23 65 A1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 11 37 66 A1 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 3 15 67 A1 Erythroxylum tortuosum Erythroxylaceae 7 43 68 A1 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 5 20 69 A1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 7 21 70 A1 Campomanesia xanthocarpa Myrtaceae 7 21 71 A2 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 3,5 15 72 A2 Aloysia virgata Verbenaceae 7 14 73 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 6 20 74 A2 Aloysia virgata Verbenaceae 7 27 75 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 7 30 76 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 3 17 77 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 6,5 18 78 A2 Cecropia holoeuca Cecropiacae 11 75 79 A2 Erythroxylum tortuosum Erythroxylaceae 5 15 80 A2 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 4 14 81 A2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 12 81 - 34 -

82 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Fabaceae 5 15 83 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 6 27 84 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 7 31 85 A2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 8 41 86 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 3,5 20 87 A2 Compomanesia eugenioides Myrtaceae 4 18 88 A2 Unidentified / 6 15 89 A2 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 6,5 34 90 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 8 32 90 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 8 26 91 A2 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 6 34 92 A2 Unidentified / 3 26 93 A2 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 5,5 23 94 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 6,5 26 95 A2 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 41 96 A2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 5 48 97 A2 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 5 23 98 A2 Erythroxylum tortuosum Erythroxylaceae 7 15 99 A2 Cecropia holoeuca Cecropiacae 11 68 100 A2 Unidentified / 11 60 101 A3 Cupania vernallis Sapindaceae 9 23 102 A3 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 23 147 103 A3 Ilex cerasifolia Aquifoliaceae 7 25 104 A3 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae 7 16 105 A3 Erythroxylum tortuosum Erythroxylaceae 7 24 106 A3 Annona cacans Annonaceae 7,5 24 107 A3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 11,5 41 108 A3 Trema micrantha Ulmaceae 7 25 109 A3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 14 82 110 A3 Cupania vernallis Sapindaceae 6 15 111 A3 Zanthoxylum riedelianum Rutaceae 5,5 19 112 A3 Cupania vernallis Sapindaceae 8 17 113 A3 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 5 14 114 A3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 11 33 115 A3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 9,5 30 116 A3 Cupania vernallis Sapindaceae 7 16 117 A3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 14 55 118 A3 Esenbeckia febrifuga Rutaceae 12 39 119 A3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 12 44 120 A3 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae 8 46 121 A3 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae 8,5 51 122 A3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 11 24 123 A3 Unidentified / 7 15 124 A3 Unidentified / 7 21 - 35 -

125 A3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 11,5 36 126 A3 Annona cacans Annonaceae 9 37 127 A3 Unidentified / 12 50 128 A3 Unidentified / 11,5 51 129 A3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 5,5 35 130 A3 Peschiera fuchsiaefolia Apocynaceae 5,5 18 131 A3 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 8 28 132 A3 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 7 23 133 A3 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 5 18 134 A3 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 6 21 135 A3 Platycyamus regnellii Fabaceae 10 39 136 A4 Lueha divaricata Tiliaceae 5 28 137 A4 Casearia arborea Flacourtiaceae 7 23 138 A4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 7,5 49 139 A4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 4,5 16 140 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6,5 25 141 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4 15 142 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 25 143 A4 Diatenopteryx sorbifolia Sapindaceae 5,5 18 144 A4 Diatenopteryx sorbifolia Sapindaceae 5,5 17 145 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5,5 16 146 A4 Diatenopteryx sorbifolia Sapindaceae 6,5 22 147 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6 38 148 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5,5 20 149 A4 Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Rutaceae 3 14 150 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6 21 151 A4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 9,5 55 152 A4 Croton urucana Euphorbiaceae 6 15 153 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5,5 24 154 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5,5 26 155 A4 Croton urucana Euphorbiaceae 5,5 14 156 A4 Psidium arboreum Myrtaceae 5,5 16 157 A4 Pseudobombax marginatum Bombacaceae 4,5 31 158 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6,5 17 159 A4 Lueha divaricata Tiliaceae 6 34 160 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 7 23 161 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6 20 162 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4 16 163 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6 22 164 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 15 165 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6 25 166 A4 Rapanea gardneriana Myrsinaceae 11 37 167 A4 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae 6 41 168 A4 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae 8 48 - 36 -

169 A4 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae 8 40 170 A4 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae 4,5 19 171 A4 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 5 15 172 A4 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae 7,5 45 173 A4 Casearia arborea Flacourtiaceae 4 16 174 A4 Casearia arborea Flacourtiaceae 7,5 43 175 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 26 176 A4 Diatenopteryx sorbifolia Sapindaceae 5,5 24 177 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4 26 178 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 21 179 A4 Sparattosperma leucanthum Bignoniaceae 3 16 180 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 21 181 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4 15 182 A4 Rapanea gardneriana Myrsinaceae 11 37 183 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 27 184 A4 Lueha divaricata Tiliaceae 4,5 28 185 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5,5 20 186 A4 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5,5 16 187 A4 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae 4 30 188 A4 Lueha divaricata Tiliaceae 3 16 189 A4 Unidentified / 9 65 190 A4 Annona cacans Annonaceae 9,5 42 191 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 5 19 192 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4,5 24 193 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4,5 28 194 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 5,5 47 195 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 3 29 196 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4 21 197 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4,5 28 198 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4,5 25 199 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 5,5 41 200 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 5 36 201 J7 Unidentified / 2,5 20 202 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4 29 203 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4,5 31 204 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4 33 205 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4,5 29 206 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4,5 39 207 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 5 38 208 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4,5 23 209 J7 Diatenopteryx sorbifolia Sapindaceae 4 16 210 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4 18 211 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4 48 212 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4,5 20 - 37 -

213 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 5 39 214 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 44 215 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 3,5 19 216 J7 Diatenopteryx sorbifolia Sapindaceae 2,5 15 217 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 5 48 218 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 4,5 32 219 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 3 48 220 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 3 18 221 J7 Psidium arboreum Myrtaceae 3 17 222 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 3 35 223 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 3,5 23 224 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 3 15 225 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 3 17 226 J7 Unidentified / 6 32 227 J7 Gochnatia polymorpha Compositae 5,5 38 228 N1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5,5 20 229 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 16 117 230 N1 Ocotea velutina Lauraceae 12 54 231 N1 Aegiphila lhotskiana Verbenaceae 5 16 232 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 4 17 233 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 4,5 23 234 N1 Cecropia holoeuca Cecropiacae 13 88 235 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 7 24 236 N1 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5,5 17 237 N1 Cupania vernallis Sapindaceae 6 32 238 N1 Annona cacans Annonaceae 5,5 18 239 N1 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 12,5 37 240 N1 Ocotea velutina Lauraceae 6 17 241 N1 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae 11 54 242 N1 Peschiera fuchsiaefolia Apocynaceae 11 54 243 N1 Unidentified / 10 59 244 N1 Cupania vernallis Sapindaceae 6 24 245 N1 Unidentified / 5 23 246 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 8 28 247 N1 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 7 51 248 N1 Unidentified / 5 22 249 N1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 19 250 N1 Cupania vernallis Sapindaceae 7,5 29 251 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 7 29 252 N1 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 6 16 253 N1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 9 28 254 N1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 20 255 N1 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 27 256 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 10 44 - 38 -

257 N1 Machaerium nyctitans Fabaceae 6 20 258 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 6 16 259 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 12 40 260 N1 Unidentified / 5,5 14 261 N1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 40 262 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 95 263 N1 Machaerium nyctitans Fabaceae 12 48 264 N1 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 7 43 265 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 9 37 266 N1 Unidentified / 8 41 267 N1 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4 17 268 N1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 6 25 269 N1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 11,5 129 270 N1 Dyctioloma incanescens 5 18

271 N1 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 20 272 N1 Platycyamus regnellii Fabaceae 273 N2 Unidentified / 5,5 20 274 N2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 15 67 275 N2 Cupania vernallis Sapindaceae 6 18 276 N2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 6 24 277 N2 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 9,5 33 278 N2 Unidentified / 6 18 279 N2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 9 45 280 N2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 5 20 281 N2 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 18 282 N2 Unidentified / 8 22 283 N2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 13 57 284 N2 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 5 17 285 N2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 5 22 286 N2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 12 76 287 N2 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 15 78 288 N2 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 9 30 289 N2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 9 43 290 N2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 4 14 291 N2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 9 38 292 N2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 8 58 293 N2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 9 44 294 N2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 11 86 295 N2 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 26 296 N2 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 28 297 N2 Ocotea velutina Lauraceae 10 63 298 N2 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 36 299 N2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 9 47 300 N2 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 18 - 39 -

301 N2 Zeyheria tuberculosa Bignoniaceae 4 14 302 N2 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 5 17 303 N2 Lueha divaricata Tiliaceae 8 51 304 N2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 7 52 305 N2 Tibouchina granulosa Melastomaceae 13 114 306 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 9 53 307 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5,5 20 308 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 9 35 309 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 30 310 N3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 7 18 311 N3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 5,5 17 312 N3 Unidentified / 6 17 313 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6,5 19 314 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 30 315 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6,5 17 316 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 9 38 317 N3 Unidentified / 5 15 318 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 31 319 N3 Jacaranda puberula Bignoniaceae 5 17 320 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 37 321 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 26 322 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 18 323 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 45 324 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 27 325 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 37 326 N3 Pterogyne nitens Fabaceae 3 16 327 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6,5 18 328 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 30 329 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7,5 20 330 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 21 331 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5,5 24 332 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 33 333 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 9 46 334 N3 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 18 335 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6,5 18 336 N3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 6 21 337 N3 Cupania vernallis Sapindaceae 4,5 17 338 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 35 339 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5 16 340 N3 Unidentified / 8 33 341 N3 Maprounea guyanensis Euphorbiaceae 6 17 342 N3 Strychnos pseudo-quina Loganiaceae 6 28 343 N3 Maprounea guianensis Euphorbiaceae 8 24 344 N3 Maprounea guianensis Euphorbiaceae 7 21 - 40 -

345 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 49 346 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5 25 347 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 37 348 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 18 349 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 36 350 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7,5 38 351 N3 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 9 60 352 N3 Machaerium nyctitans Fabaceae 8 37 353 N3 Unidentified / 4,5 16 354 N3 Cupania vernallis Sapindaceae 6 29 355 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5 17 356 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5 14 357 N3 Unidentified / 4 15 358 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 21 359 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5 15 360 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 10 50 361 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 12 40 362 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 9 35 363 N3 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 9 65 364 N3 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6 16 365 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 4,5 16 366 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 10 44 367 N3 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 9 46 368 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 41 369 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 23 370 N3 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6 16 371 N3 Aegiphila lhotskiana Verbenaceae 6 20 372 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 37 373 N3 Duguetia lanceolata Annonaceae 5 19 374 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6,5 28 375 N3 Unidentified / 6 25 376 N3 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 7 25 377 N3 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 16 378 N3 Machaerium nyctitans Fabaceae 5,5 24 379 N3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 34 380 N3 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4 23 381 N3 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 17 382 N3 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 7 30 383 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 26 384 N4 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 7 28 385 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 38 386 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 7 36 387 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5 18 388 N4 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 10 74 - 41 -

389 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 9 48 390 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 19 391 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7,5 21 392 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 33 393 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 27 394 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5,5 16 395 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 5 15 396 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5,5 20 397 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 4,5 23 398 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 8 48 399 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5 16 400 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 32 401 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 48 402 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 21 403 N4 Kalanchoe spp. Crassulaceae 5,5 16 404 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 8 34 405 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 6 37 406 N4 Unidentified / 4 16 407 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5 16 408 N4 Unidentified / 8,5 40 409 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 9 43 410 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6,5 19 411 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 8 37 412 N4 Piptadenia gonoacantha fabaceae 8 38 413 N4 Unidentified / 8 39 414 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 8 41 414 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 8 28 415 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 6,5 31 416 N4 senna multijuga Fabaceae 7 43 417 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 5,5 24 418 N4 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 7 31 418 N4 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 7 24 419 N4 Casearia arborea Flacourtiaceae 8 40 420 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 8 44 421 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 6,5 30 422 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 6,5 30 423 N4 Piptadenia gonoacantha fabaceae 5,5 15 424 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 3 17 425 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 5 20 426 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 4,8 20 427 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 6,5 32 428 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 6 20 429 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 3,5 16 430 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 7 46 - 42 -

431 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8 35 432 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 5 18 433 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 8,5 37 434 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 5,5 21 435 N4 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 7 34 436 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 7,5 38 437 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 6 34 438 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 3,5 16 439 N4 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 7 24 440 N4 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 8,5 52 441 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 6 25 442 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 6 23 443 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 8 41 444 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 4 22 445 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 7 28 446 N4 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 5 24 447 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 5 24 448 N4 Aegiphila lhotskiana Verbenaceae 6 18 449 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 9 70 450 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 7 25 451 N4 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 4,5 21 452 N4 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 6,5 35 453 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 8,5 34 454 N4 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 32 455 N4 Vernonia diffusa Compositae 8 49 456 N4 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 6 42 501 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 8 31,5 502 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 9 40,5 503 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 6,5 27 504 C1 Cecropia adenopus Cecropiacae 8 38,5 505 C1 Stryphnodendron obovatum Fabaceae 5,5 33 506 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 8 33,5 507 C1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 4,5 20 508 C1 Aegiphila lhotskiana Verbenaceae 4 14 509 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 6 21,5 510 C1 Annona cacans Annonaceae 8 49 511 C1 Platycyamus regnellii Fabaceae 4,5 20,5 512 C1 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4,5 13 513 C1 Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Rutaceae 5 17 514 C1 Stryphnodendron obovatum Fabaceae 7 53 515 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 5,6 17 516 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 8,5 25 517 C1 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6,5 17 518 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 7 29 - 43 -

519 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 4,5 23 520 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 10 55 521 C1 Aegiphila lhotskiana Verbenaceae 8 20,5 522 C1 Maytenus ilicifolia Celastraceae 5 22 523 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 10 47 524 C1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 7 35,5 525 C1 Genipapa americana Rubiaceae 5,5 19 526 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 10 33,5 527 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 9 35 528 C1 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 7 28 529 C1 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 5 17 530 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 5 19 531 C1 Unidentified / 4,5 20 532 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 8,5 37 533 C1 Aegiphila lhotskiana Verbenaceae 8,5 31 534 C1 Annona cacans Annonaceae 5 16,5 535 C1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 32,5 536 C1 Annona cacans Annonaceae 13 110,5 537 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 6,5 22 538 C1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 23,5 539 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 13 63,5 540 C1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 23 541 C1 Genipapa americana Rubiaceae 6 29,5 542 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 12 41,5 543 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 9 30 544 C1 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5 19 545 C1 Unidentified / 5 16 546 C1 Genipapa americana Rubiaceae 5,5 25 546 C1 Genipapa americana Rubiaceae 5,5 17 547 C1 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 11 42 548 C1 Aegiphila lhotskiana Verbenaceae 6,5 33 549 C1 Aegiphila lhotskiana Verbenaceae 6,5 29 550 C1 Genipapa americana Rubiaceae 5 20 550 C1 Genipapa americana Rubiaceae 5 19 551 C2 Platycyamus regnellii Fabaceae 5 25 552 C2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 7 25,5 553 C2 Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Rutaceae 4 23 554 C2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4 22,5 555 C2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 20 166 556 C2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4,5 16 557 C2 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5 15 558 C2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4 34 559 C2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4 24,5 560 C2 Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Rutaceae 5 16 - 44 -

561 C2 Unidentified / 4 20 562 C2 Senna macranthera Fabaceae 4 13 563 C2 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 4,5 15 564 C2 Lueha divaricata Tiliaceae 9 60,5 565 C2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 7 31 566 C2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 5,5 27,5 567 C2 Genipapa americana Rubiaceae 7 33 568 C2 Tibouchina granulosa Melastomaceae 4 15,5 569 C2 Machaerium nyctitans Fabaceae 5 16 570 C2 Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Rutaceae 5 15 571 C2 Pterogyne nitens Fabaceae 4,5 22 572 C2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5,5 17 573 C2 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 5,5 17 574 C2 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 4,5 20 575 C2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 17 100 576 C2 Maytenus ilicifolia Celastraceae 7 24 577 C2 Cecropia adenopus Cecropiacae 15 63 578 C2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4 15 579 C2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 13 48 580 C2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 6 41,5 581 C2 Aegiphila lhotskiana Verbenaceae 6,5 22 582 C2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 5 17 583 C2 Senna macranthera Fabaceae 12 44 584 C2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 4 22 585 C2 Maprounea guianensis Euphorbiaceae 10 53 586 C2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4,5 16 587 C2 Senna macranthera Fabaceae 5 33,5 588 C2 Stryphnodendron obovatum Fabaceae 5 21 589 C2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 5 19,5 590 C2 Unidentified / 4,5 18 591 C2 Croton urucana Euphorbiaceae 9 53 592 C2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 9 41 593 C2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 5 19 594 C2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 12 53 595 C2 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 4,5 22 596 C2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 8 30 597 C2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6 17 598 C2 Rapanea ferruginea Myrsinaceae 5 27,5 599 C2 Maytenus ilicifolia Celastraceae 5 17,5 600 C2 Unidentified / 601 C2 Cecropia holoeuca Cecropiacae 10 100 602 C3 Maprounea guianensis Euphorbiaceae 8 39 603 C3 Esenbeckia febrifuga Rutaceae 4 20 604 C3 Drimys winteri Winteraceae 12 65 - 45 -

605 C3 Maprounea guianensis Euphorbiaceae 4 18 606 C3 Annona cacans Annonaceae 8 50 607 C3 Annona cacans Annonaceae 5 20 608 C3 Maprounea guianensis Euphorbiaceae 7 60 609 C3 Kalanchoe spp. Crassulaceae 4,5 17 610 C3 Unidentified / 10 67 611 C3 Unidentified / 3 20 612 C3 Maprounea guianensis Euphorbiaceae 7 40 613 C3 Unidentified / 8 97 613 C3 Unidentified / 8 48 614 C3 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 50 295 615 C3 Genipapa americana Rubiaceae 18 50 616 C3 Lueha divaricata Tiliaceae 14 54 617 C3 Unidentified / 15 60 618 C3 Unidentified / 11 22 619 C3 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 4 22 620 C3 Lueha divaricata Tiliaceae 4 16 621 C3 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 6 31 622 C3 Maprounea guianensis Euphorbiaceae 6 20 623 C3 Unidentified / 12 64 624 C3 Casearia sylvestris Flacourtiaceae 4 15 625 C3 Melanoxylon brauna Fabaceae 10 79 626 C3 Genipapa americana Rubiaceae 8 68 627 C3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 4 17 628 C3 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 5 20 629 C3 Unidentified / 5 19 630 C3 Lueha divaricata Tiliaceae 3,5 18 631 C3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 7 29 632 C3 Casearia arborea Flacourtiaceae 5 18 633 C3 Ocotea velutina Lauraceae 7 28 634 C3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 4 16 635 C3 Casearia decandra Flacourtiaceae 6 16 636 C3 Esenbeckia febrifuga Rutaceae 4 15 637 C3 Casearia decandra Flacourtiaceae 6 16 638 C3 Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae 6 17 639 C3 Senna multijuga Fabaceae 8 29 640 C3 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 6,5 34 641 C3 Casearia decandra Flacourtiaceae 6 116 642 C3 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 6,5 41 643 C3 Piptadenia gonoacantha Fabaceae 6 23

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12.2 Annex 2 12.2.1 Trilha natureza (Nature trail)

Label nr. Scientific name Common name Information 1 Phoradendron crassifolium Erva de passerino liana, a genus of mistletoe 2 Guarea guidonia Camboata Miuda an evergreen tree 3 Tapirira guianensis Camboata

4 Byrsonima basiloba Muriçi

5 capoeira rala on the tree their grows a Vismia sp.

6 Kalanchoe spp. Folha Senta small leaves 7 Erythroxylum tortuosum Mercurin contains the drug cocaine 8 Byrsonima sp. Fum Cachorro fuzzy when young 9 Bico de Tocano

10 Stryphnodendron sp. Barba-timau produces tannins 11 Jacaranda sp. Caroba blood purifier 12 Machaerium nyctitans Bico de Pato

13 Erythrina falcata João Curto-cipo helps against rheumatism 14 Taquari

15 Cipo Cibo liana

16 Hieronyma alchorneoides Liquerana (lucurana) used for reforestation 17 Costus sp. Cana de Macacu will distinguished by their spiraling stems 18 Capa Rosa

19 Pseudobombax marginatum Imbiricu, Ibiruçu

20 Byrsonima verbascifolia Doradinho-falsa

21 Bougainvillea glabra Bunda de Velho an evergreen tree with climbing woody vines 22 Bambusoideae (Subfamily) Bambu

23 Ocotea velutina Canela an evergreen tree with glossy and elongated leaves 24 Cabralea canjerana Canjerana

25 Inga sessilis Inga Macaco, Inga ferradura used for shade on coffee plants 26 Inga sessilis Inga Macaco,inga carneiro used for shade on coffee plants / Solanum mauritianum Capoeirão, Capoeira (rala) all parts are poisonous to humans / Folha de Caete

/ Bauhinia longifolia Pata de Vaca It contains insulin / Duguetia lanceolata Pinda Iba

/ Piraguaia purifier

/ Dimorphandra mollis semente de Canafistula used for tanning

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12.2.2 Trilha alta (High trail) Label nr. Scientific name Common name Family 1 Anadenanthera spp. Angico gamba Fabaceae 2 Aspidosperma discolor Peroba Apocynaceae 3 Sorocea bonplandii Folha de Serra Moraceae 4 Machaerium nyctitans Bico de Pato Fabaceae 5 Bathysa meridionalis Pau de Colher Rubiaceae 6 Genipapa americana Jenipapo Rubiaceae 7 Campomanesia xanthocarpa Guabiroba Myrtaceae 8 Piper aduncum Jaborandi Piperaceae 9 Casearia sylvestris Espeto Salicaceae 10 Dicksonia sellowiana Xaxim Dicksoniaceae 11 Citrus lemon Limiera Rutaceae 12 Callisthene major Cavernerro, Carvoeiro Vochysiaceae 13 Annona cacans Araticum Annonaceae 14 Syzygium malaccense Jambo Myrtaceae 15 Casearia sylvestris Cafezinho-do-mato, guaçatonga Salicaceae 16 Senna multijuga Canafistula, Canjiquinha Fabaceae 17 Arctium minus Carrapicho Asteraceae 18 Esenbeckia febrifuga Três folhas Rutaceae 19 Bauhinia forficata Unha de Boi, pata de vaca Fabaceae 20A Piper aduncum Jaborandi Piperaceae 20B Piper aduncum Jaborandi Piperaceae 21 Miconia cubatanensis spp. Pixirica Melastomataceae 22 Platycyamus rednellii Folha de Bolo Bignoniaceae 23 Anchietea pyrifolia Piraguaia osa Violaceae 24 Tabebuia sp. Ipe amarelo Bignoniaceae 25 Euterpe edulis Palmito de Vara Arecaceae 26 Imbigo de negra

27 Inga edulis Anga de macaco Fabaceae 28 Cinnamodendron axillare Acamela branca Canellaceae 29 Aegiphila lhotskiana Papagaio Verbenaceae 30 Pteridium aquilinum Samambaia Dennstaedtiaceae 31 Tibouchira granulosa Quaresminha do Brejo Melastomataceae 32 Davilla rugosa Cipó Cabocolo Dilleniaceae 33 Sorocea bonplandii Folha Serra Moraceae 34 Datura stramonium Trombeta Solanaceae / Albizia niopoides angico de espinho Fabaceae / Leucochloron foederale angico de minas Fabaceae

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12.2.3 Trilha plantas medicinas (Medicinal plants trail) Label nr. Scientific name Common name Family 1 Cipó Carijo 2 Parkia sp. Fava Brava Fabaceae 3 Mercurinho 4 Sorocea bonplandii Espinheira Santa Celastraceae 5 Rapanea ferruginea Poro Roca Myrsinaceae 6 Tabebuia heptaphylla Ipe Roxo Bignoniaceae 7 Croton urucana Adrago/Sangue-de-Drago Euphorbiaceae 8 Erythrina fusca Bico de Arara Fabaceae 9 Guarea sp. Camboatã Meliaceae 10 Quarano 11 Hymenaea courbaril Jatoba Fabaceae 12 Ageratum conyzoides Mentrasto Asteraceae 13 Vernonia polyanthes Assa Peixe Asteraceae 14 Jerri Bom 15 Cipó Joao Do Rego 16 Paciflora alata Maracuja (do Mato) Passifloraceae 17 Luehea divaricata Açoita Cavalo Tiliaceae 18 Tibouchina granulosa Quaresmeira Melastomaceae 19 Echinodorus grandiflorus Chapeu de Couro Alismataceae 20 Cargaesa 21 Phoradendron crassifolium Erva-de-passarinho Loranthaceae 22 Triumfetta semitriloba Carrapichinho Tiliaceae 23 Iraguaia 24 Cecropia sp. Embaúba/árvore da preguiça Cecropiaceae 25 Piper aduncum Jaborandi Piperaceae 26 Cipó Cargado 27 Carpotroche brasiliensis Sapucainha Flacourtiaceae 28 Cura Madre 29 Phlebodium decumanum Samambaia 30 Euterpe edulis Palmito Arecaceae 31 Cascorado 32 Chiococca alba Cura Tombo Rubiaceae 33 Cipó Correia 34 Casearia sylvestris Cafezinho do Mato/guacatonga Flacourtiaceae 35 Serjania erecta Cinco Folhas Sapindaceae 36 Piper gaudichaudiano Jaborandi tremedor Piperaceae 37 Guarea guidonia Camboata Miud(a,o) Meliaceae 38 Picramnia parvifolia Cafe Bravo Picramniaceae 39 Cipó Vaquinha 40 Machaerium nyctitans Bico de Pato 41 Cipó Marmelo 42 Tanaecium nocturnum Corimbó Bignoniaceae 43 Cavela 44 Compomanesia eugenioides Guabiroba Myrtaceae 45 Vitex sp. (montevidensis) Maria Preta Rubiaceae 46 Tabebuia cassinoides Caixeta Bignoniaceae 47 Genipapa americana Jenipapo Rubiaceae 48 Cybistax antisyphilitica Lariba Bignoniaceae 49 Syzygium malaccense Jambo Myrtaceae 50 Taquara Preta 51 Pothomorphe umbellata Capeba Piperaceae / Mikania hirsutissima/cordifolia/setigera Cipó Cabeludo Asteraceae - 49 -

/ Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Gervão Verbenaceae / Bauhinia longifolia Pata de Vaca Fabaceae

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12.2.4 Trilha Cachuara (Waterfall trail) Scientific name Common name Family Information Croton urucana Adrago Euphorbiaceae Occurs in low location Machaerium nyctitans Bico-de-pato, Canela do Brejo, Espuela de Gallo Fabaceae Planted by Robin Erythroxylum tortuosum Mercurinho Erythroxylaceae Contains the drug cocaine Solanum mauritianum Capoeira (rala), Capoeirão Solanaceae All part are poisonous to humans Campomanesia eugenioides Gabiroba Myrtaceae have small yellow fruits (eatable) Apuleia leiocarpa Garapa Fabaceae Is a durable hardwood Aegiphila lhotskiana Papagaio Verbenaceae good reforestation tree (grows 4m/year) Ocotea velutina Canela (branca) Lauraceae resistant wood for construction Bathysa meridionalis Pau colher Rubiaceae produces medicine at the end of the leaf

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