EnvironmentAsia 14(1) 2021 69-79 DOI 10.14456/ea.2021.8 ISSN 1906-1714; ONLINE ISSN: 2586-8861

Eff ect of Water Quality on the Abundance of Firefl y Populations at Cherating River, , Ramdan Faudzi1, Azlan Abas1*, Nurul Wahida Othman2 and Sytty Mazian Mazlan3 1Centre for Research in Development, Social and Environment (SEEDS), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 2School of Environmental & Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 3National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Bangi, , Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: August 27, 2020; Revised: September 23, 2020; Accepted: October 12, 2020 Abstract The decreasing of fi refl y population is due to the alteration of habitats such as pollution, physical changes, and human activities that are voraciously destroying the environment. This study aims to determine the abundance of the fi refl y population, to measure the river water quality level and to analyse the relationship between the fi refl y population and the river water quality. Six sampling stations were set up along Cherating River. The photo visual method was used for the fi refl y sampling and was conducted on three diff erent nights. The water sampling was conducted at two diff erent times of day and night. A total of 243 individual fi refl ies were counted from each sampling station, with Pteroptyx bearni was the dominant species in the area. Based on Water Quality Index (WQI) and Interim National Water Quality Standards (INWQS), the water quality of Cherating River was in Class III (medium contaminated). The Pearson correlation result showed that there was a strong positive correlation between dissolved oxygen (DO) and the fi refl y population, but strongly negatively correlated with temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia nitrogen. The parameters of pH, total suspended solid (TSS) and Escherichia coli did not show any correlation with fi refl y populations. Therefore, only temperature, DO, BOD, COD and ammonia nitrogen seem to infl uence the population abundance of fi refl ies in Cherating River. To agitate the abundance of fi refl y populations, organic pollutants should be removed from the water body to prevent DO from decreasing while increasing BOD, COD, and Ammonia-nitrogen.

Keywords: Firefl ies; Aquatic ecosystem; Biomonitoring; Ecosystem services; Tropical river ecosystem; Environmental management 1. Introduction Cherating River is one of the main sites (Hazmi and Sagaff , 2018) and according to that is known to hold the high abundance of Jusoh (2012), fi refl ies were nearly extinct fi refl y population distribution (Mohd et al., from Rembau-Linggi River due to urban 2019). However, the physical environment expansion and resettlement. These problems changes, due to massive human activities that gradually worsen on each day can be are slowly destroying the natural habitat. seen through several eco-tourism sites where For example, fi refl ies diversity at Sepetang the impact has dampened the eco-tourism River has declined due to tourism activity and local socioeconomic activities while also

69 R. Faudzi1 et al / EnvironmentAsia 14(1) (2021) 69-79 led to the destruction of the firefly habitat While in Teratak River and Kuwang (Mokhtar et al., 2010). River, Sabah, anthropogenic activities at night Fireflies (Lampyridae) or also known as time contributes to light pollution that was Kelip-kelip or kunang-kunang are part of the seen as a setback to mating and reproduction largest Order of Coleoptera, from the family process of the invertebrate that depends of Lampyridae beetle, and the most commonly on the light produced by it as a signal of found species in Malaysia are the Pteroptyx communication between males and females tener and Pteroptyx bearni (Jamaluddin, 2014; (Dawood and Foo, 2016). In addition, a study Jusoh et al., 2018). The fascinating feature made by Jusoh et al., (2012) discovered that of Pteroptyx bearni is its ability to produce the population of firefly in Rembau-Linggi non-synchronise bioluminescent light between estuary, Negeri Sembilan were decreasing by individuals but congregates in high enough 30% from the original total population by the numbers to produce a spectacular display of factor of land use activities where mangrove light unlike Pteroptyx tener that synchronise area in the estuary had been intensively its light display. modified for agriculture, oil palm plantation, Firefly commonly can produce urbanization, and aqua-cultural purposes. bioluminescent light at the ends of the The problems and issues arise not only abdomen that are used to communicate, in Malaysia, in fact be fall other countries as avoiding predators and as a signal to copulate well. Studies on the firefly population that (Lewis and Cratsley, 2008; Velcoff, 2013; were conducted by Picchi et al., (2013), in Tooker 2017). On top of their incandescent Turin, Northern Italy, found that the changes beauty, fireflies are considered important in on certain geographical level from increased the ecosystem, preying upon creatures such modernization led to the decreasing of trees as slugs and snails (Shahara et al., 2017). density and excessive production of artificial Additional, firefly also is an important natural light in that area. Luciola italica and Luciola pollinator in the ecosystem (Norela et al., lusitanica found in the area showed a negative 2020). In Malaysia, fireflies can be found tolerance and a high degree of sensitivity mostly in mangrove ecosystem where trees towards light pollutions. Similar issues also like Berembang (Sonneratia caseolaris) act as arise in the Piedmont district of Maryland, the shelter during the day and the firefly will United States. Costin and Boulton (2016) display their bioluminescent light at night, as had found that the desecration of land use an addition to the variety of other mangrove had led to a widespread use of artificial light plants that grow on the riparian zone (Chan around the area, massive use of vehicle, and Su Hooi, 2012). However, some species of the ever-presence of industrial development firefly can be found living on the lakesides and that were causing a decline in numbers of highland areas which provide temperatures firefly population (45% from the original and humidity that are more suitable for their total population) from Photinus marginellus, habitat. (Nada and Salleh, 2013). Photinus pyralis and Ellychnia corrusca Studies in eco-tourism sites have species in the area. demonstrated that deforestation activities The population of firefly usually along the river banks of Kampung , associated with the water quality in their Selangor have left only a small number of respective ecosystem. This is due to firefly Berembang trees that line the Selangor River lay their eggs in crevices or loose soil on the (Nada and Kirton 2009). Similar situations ground in the tidal flood plains of the river. were reported in the eco-tourism area of Therefore, our objectives are to: (i) measure Sepetang River, Kampung Dew, Taiping, the abundance of firefly population at the Perak where the inaugural aquacultural sampling stations; (ii) measure the water development of shrimp pond in the area led to a quality level at selected sampling stations concentration of heavy metal content in the river and; (iii) analyse the relationship between the which leads to the declining of water quality abundance of firefly population and the water thus disrupting the life cycle of the fireflies quality level measured at selected sampling (Nada and Kirton 2004; Izfa et al., 2018). stations of Cherating River.

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2. Materials and Methods 2.2 Samplings and Data Collection

2.1 Research Area The photo visual method was used to collect the data of the firefly population Cherating River is located at the territorial by using a high-resolution camera (720 division of Karang River, , pixels HD) to produce an accurate in the state of Pahang, Malaysia. A total of and high-quality image (Nada, 2011). six sampling stations were selected along Overlapping images from each station Cherating River (Figure 1) and (Table 1). and an editing method were used to The selection of sampling station was based analyse the population data (Norela et al., on the distance between the six stations with 2020). The light produced by the fireflies approximately 700 meters between each was used as an index of the population. station (distance between upstream and A flash of light was counted as a single downstream of Cherating river is 4.3km) and individual. the risk of pollution, physical changes and A total of six key parameters of the human activity that occur at these locations as Water Quality Index (WQI) including per observed along the riverside on March 7 of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical 2019, one day before sampling was conducted. oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen The trees for the firefly sampling were demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen selected randomly without any specific criteria (NH3-N), and total suspended solid (TSS) but with the same trees on each station for each of Cherating River were measured. In night (Nada and Kirton, 2004). The condition addition, factors such as water temperature of trees along the riparian zone was also and Escherichia coli were present. Water observed. The sampling stations were marked temperature, pH and DO parameters were as SS (Sampling Station) from SS1 to SS6 at measured in-situ, while other parameters each selected sampling stations (Figure 1) and were analysed in the laboratory (ex-situ). (Table 1). The sampling for the abundance of The specification of river water quality firefly population was conducted on March 8, standards was based on the National 9, and 10 of 2019, during the dark moon phase Water Quality Index (WQI) and the and from 8.00 to 11.00 pm. While the water Interim National Water Quality Standards sampling was conducted within the same days (INWQS) set by the Department of but during day and night time from 8.00 to Environment (DOE) (Izfa et al., 2018). 11.00 am and 8.00 till 11.00 pm.

Figure 1. Map area of Cherating River

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A two-way ANOVA test (Khalik et al., 3.2 Water Quality of Cherating River 2013) was used by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to determine if From Figure 2, it can be seen that the there is a significant difference between maximum day temperature was 30.6°C at SS5 stations, time difference and water parameters while at night, the highest temperature was in affecting the water quality. Meanwhile, 29.3°C recorded at SS4 and SS5. The highest Pearson’s correlation test (Kamsia et al., mean value for temperature was 29.95 ± 0.65 °C. 2007) was used to determine whether there is The maximum pH value during day and night a relationship between firefly population and time was 7.5 at SS3 and 7.3 at SS5 respectively water quality level of Cherating River with a and with the highest mean value of 7.25 ± 0.25. significance valuep < 0.05 as a reference and Meanwhile, the minimum DO value during day a coefficient of valuer ( ). and night time was 2.79 mg/L and 2.6 mg/L recorded at SS4 and SS5, respectively. The DO 3. Results highest mean reading was 4.26 ± 0.25 mg/L. BOD highest value for each day and night time 3.1 Total Population of Firefly at was 3.18 mg/L at SS4 and 4.59 mg/L at SS5 Cherating River with the highest mean value of 3.84 ± 0.66 mg/L. Value for the highest amount of COD A total of 243 light spots representing during day and night time was 3.71 mg/L at SS5 individuals of fireflies were counted across and 3.21 mg/L at SS5 with the highest mean six stations along Cherating river within three reading of 346.00 ± 25.00 mg/L. The maximum days of sampling period (Table 2). The highest NH3-N reading during day time was 0.05 and lowest number of the individual recorded mg/L at SS3, SS4 and SS5 while during night was at SS6 (28) and SS4 (4), respectively. time was 0.07 mg/L at SS2. The highest mean

The firefly distribution per stations showed reading for NH3-N was 0.06 ± 0.02 mg/L. TSS that the highest was 77 individuals at SS6 highest value was 32 mg/L at SS3 and 10 mg/L which was around 31.68%. The distribution at SS2 during day and night time with highest of firefly by the day of sampling showed the mean value of 17.00 ± 15.00 mg/L. Finally, the highest count was on the first day of March 8 maximum reading of E. coli during day and with 85 individuals (34.97%), followed by 84 night time was 960.6 MPN/100 ml at SS5 and individuals (34.56%) on the third day and the 1011.1 MPN/100 ml at SS4 with the highest lowest number was on the second day with 74 mean reading of 960.60 ± 0.00 MPN/100 ml. individuals (30.45%). The highest mean value A two-way ANOVA analysis (Table 3) per station was at SS6 (25.67 ± 1.45) while the revealed a significant difference between highest mean per station was on the 8th March sampling stations and the parameters of

2019 (14.17 ± 3.08). DO (p = 0.05), NH3-N (p = 0.02)

Table 2. Total number, mean value and standard error of fireflies in Cherating River

72 R. Faudzi1 et al / EnvironmentAsia 14(1) (2021) 69-79 and E. coli (p = 0.00). Other parameters showed The result in Table 4 showed that the no significant differences between sampling values for the pH, NH3-N and TSS were stations. This indicated that only DO, NH3-N in Class I with mean of 7.17 ± 0.03 mg/L and E. coli were able to be influenced by for pH, 0.04 ± 0.01 mg/L for NH3-N, and the sampling stations between SS1 to SS6. 7.66 ± 1.95 mg/L for TSS. In contrast Meanwhile, the ANOVA analysis showed no BOD and DO with mean of 3.53 ± 0.09 significant differences between time factor and mg/L and 3.21 ± 0.22 mg/L, respectively the parameters of pH (p = 0.16), DO (p = 0.13), fell into Class III. Meanwhile, COD was

COD (p = 0.17), NH3-N (p = 0.61), TSS (p = in Class V with mean 270.42 ± 19.93 0.28) and E. coli (p = 0.16). Only temperature mg/L. When referred to WQI and INWQS and BOD showed a significant difference with standards, it was clear that the overall respective time factors thus indicates that only water quality of Cherating River is in temperature and BOD were able to be influenced Class III with WQI of 64 which was by time sampling factors between day and night. moderately polluted.

Figure 2. Mean value and standard error of (a) pH, (b) DO, (c) BOD, (d) COD, (e) NH3-N, (f) TSS, and (g) E. coli.

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Table 3. Values of Two-Way ANOVA analysis between water parameters, stations and time sampling

Table 4. Mean Values, WQI Levels and INWQS classification for each water parameter

Table 5. Correlation between Firefly Population and Water Parameters

3.3 Relationship between Firefly Population The distribution of fireflies and BOD Abundance and Water Quality Parameters were strongly negatively correlated (r = -0.84). This was a significant relationship with Apart from pH, TSS, and E. coli, all (p = 0.04). COD and firefly distribution variables showed a correlated relationship showed a strong negative (r = -0.87) and between the abundance of fireflies and water significant relationship between it (p = 0.03). parameters. Table 5 showed the distribution NH3-N had a high negative correlation of fireflies and temperature were significant (r = -0.82) with the abundance of fireflies and strongly negatively correlated (r = with a significant relationship (p = 0.05). On -0.96). There was also a positive significant the other hand, the result for TSS and firefly relationship (p = 0.01) between firefly distribution had a negligible correlation abundance and temperature. The correlation (r = 0.07) but with no significance (p = 0.89). between firefly distribution and pH was The results for E. coli and the distribution of positively low (r = 0.27) but there was no fireflies were highly correlated (r = -0.65) but significant relationship between them (p with no significant relationship (p = 0.16). = 0.60). Meanwhile, DO show strongly To support the relationship between the positively correlations (r = 0.91) with the abundance of fireflies and water parameters distribution of fireflies, and a significant bivariate data analysis (Figure 3) was also relationship at (p = 0.01). inserted for reference.

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Figure 3. Bivariate Relationship Between Fireflies and (a) Temperature, (b) pH, (c) DO, (d) BOD, (e) COD (f) NH3-N, (g) TSS, and (h) E. coli.

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4. Discussion (Kadaruddin 1998). This leads to a reduction in the amount of DO in the water due to 4.1 Firefly’s Population at Cherating River BOD and COD decomposing and oxidizing chemical and organic matter released into the A total of 243 light spots representing river (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). individuals of fireflies was counted from six However, NH3-N and E. coli showed sampling station in Cherating River. The a low mean reading with 0.04 mg/L and species of fireflies was Pteroptyx bearni as 421.47 MPN/100 ml respectively, due to identified from recorded firefly species in the minimum domestic sewage, excrement Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and organic wastes although there were Insect Museum. The highest number of domestic channels from these areas that were fireflies was obtained at SS6 with a total seen to flow directly into the river plus the of 77 (31.68%) individuals due to the area uncontrolled waste of animals that help the being far from human activity and minimum growth of bacteria that can lead to disease and disturbance such as artificial light from street water pollution (Mohd Noor, 2003). Private lamps, settlements and shop-houses. This land use activities undertaken for river bank was also probably due to the condition of agriculture purposes and the used of strong the mangrove plants along the riparian zone engine fan from boats for aquatic activities which are seen to be in good condition without caused the sedimentation at the base of the any disturbance and physical changes as per river to rise thus led to an amount of TSS observed during sampling session. reading (Ang, 2015; Sulaiman et al., 2017). Meanwhile, the lowest number of fireflies Therefore, due to these conditions, it helps to recorded was at SS4 sampling station with attracts firefly to lay eggs at the nearby loose a total of 16 individuals (6.58%) and it most soil alongside of Cherating River. probably was due to the presence of shrimp Cherating River was in Class III with breeding pond which opened on the river WQI of 64 which was moderately polluted. bank of the area. The organic and inorganic Water in Cherating River is seen as a source residues produced from the shrimp’s livestock of water that requires full treatment if it is continue to flow into the main river and lead to be used as a source of water supply to to the river pollution. According to Izfa et al. humans. However, the water source still has (2016) the presence of shrimp ponds can an economic value where it can be used for an lead to a declining in the water quality, thus aquatic breeding activity as well as beverages changing the firefly population along the river. source for livestock. In addition, there was also light pollution interference caused by the usage of spotlight 4.3 Relationship between Firefly Population installed in the shrimp pond by directing it Abundance and Water Quality Parameters towards the river bank. Frequent strong light is seen to interfere with the communication There was a strong negative relationship between fireflies (Veronica, 2018; Dawood between the firefly population and the and Foo 2016; Chalkias et al., 2006). temperature, with a coefficient of r = -0.96 as well as a significant relationship between 4.2 Water Quality of Cherating River the two variables with a value of p = 0.05. Low temperature leads to a large distribution Private developments such as settlement, of the fireflies. This was due to the highest shop-houses, restaurants, resorts, and shrimp number of fireflies obtained at SS6 sampling ponds established near and along Cherating station with 27.3°C and SS1 with 28.8°C. A River were the cause of water pollution. The negative value of r = -0.96 indicated that the discharge of chemical and organic matter higher the temperature in a water, the lower into the river had triggered some parameters the number of the fireflies in a given area. to increase and some to decrease. A large According to Iguchi (2002) and Abdullah et al. amount of DO is needed for decomposition (2020), based on the data of the study, the and oxidation of organic matter in the water estimated value of the appropriate temperature

76 R. Faudzi1 et al / EnvironmentAsia 14(1) (2021) 69-79 parameter to obtain a large number of distributions previous studies such as Shahara et al. (2017), of the firefly populations are at 27.3 - 28.8°C. Norela et al. (2020), Nada and Kirton (2004) DO indicated a strongly positively and Nada and Salleh (2013). correlation with the firefly population by the value of r = 0.91 and was supported by the p 5. Conclusion = 0.01 value. This indicated that there was a significant relationship between the two A total of 243 individuals of the Pteroptyx variables. Thus, the higher the DO in the bearni were successfully recorded with water, the higher the oxygen content which moderately polluted river water that placed in aids in the decomposition process and for Class III according to the WQI and INWQS respiration of aquatic life (Mazlin et al., 2008). standards set by the DOE. Only a few of the This can be seen at the SS6 sampling station water parameters like temperature, DO, BOD, with the DO value of 4.50 mg/l which had the COD and Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N) were highest number of the firefly distribution with found to be able to influence the number of a total of 77 individual fireflies. The estimated firefly population distributed at each sampling value of the DO parameter to obtain a large stations of Cherating River. On the whole, number of firefly populations was at the DO this study conclude that the increase of river value of 2.87 - 4.50 mg/L. pollution can lead to disruptions of aquatic A strong negative correlation was shown life especially firefly habitat. Future study between firefly population and BOD, COD should include longer sampling time for the and NH3-N with a coefficient r = -0.84 for fireflies and water quality to optimize the data BOD, r = −0.87 for COD, and r = −0.82 for collection. Other than that, future study can

NH3-N. Whereas the p values indicated that focus on other abiotic factors such as air and there was a strong significant relationship soil quality, the fertility of the riparian zone between the two variables with values of p = and light pollution at Cherating River. 0.04 for BOD, p = 0.03 for COD and p = 0.05 for NH3-N. Based on the data, the estimated Acknowledgments BOD value for obtaining a large number of firefly distribution was (4.26 - 4.32 mg/L), This study was supported and funded by

COD (251 – 269 mg/L), and NH3-N (0.01 CRIM, UKM from the GUP research grant mg/L). The highest BOD, COD and NH3-N (GUP-2018-032). reception rates were at SS4 and SS5, which had the lowest population density among all References stations with 16 individuals at SS4 and 23 individuals at SS5. It can be concluded that the Abdullah N, Asr, L, Radzi S, Musbah M, increasing values of BOD, COD and NH3-N Hazmi I, Sulaiman N. Abiotic factors parameters will lead to water pollution as well influencing diversity and abundance as reducing the firefly population in the area of congregating fireflies (Coleoptera: (Takeda et al., 2006; Shahara et al., 2017) Lampyridae) in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. However, the correlation test conducted Oriental Insects 2020: 1-16. https://doi.or between firefly population and pH, TSS and g/10.1080/00305316.2020.1757529 E-coli parameters showed that there was no Ang KH, Kualiti Sumber. Air di Malaysia: significant correlation between them. It can Satu Analisis. Malaysian Journal of be concluded that the pH, TSS and E. coli Society and Space 2015; 11(6): 98 – 108. parameters did not affect the amount of Chan SH. Special Ecology Feature: Habitat firefly population distribution at the sampling Enhancement for Fireflies. A Centre for Urban stations in Cherating River. Greenery and Ecology Publication 2012. Overall, this study agree that water quality Chalkias C, Petrakis M, Psiloglou B, Lianou parameters such as DO, BOD, COD and M. Modelling of light pollution in suburban Ammonia Nitrogen play important roles in the areas using remotely sensed imagery determination of the abundance of firefly at and GIS. Journal of Environmental the aquatic ecosystem. This is also agreed by Management 2006; 79:57–63.

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