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Home , Gliese 581, Gliese 581b, Gliese 581c, Gliese 581d, Gliese 581e

Astrobiology Science Conference 2010 (2010) 5163.pdf

LIFE AROUND A (dM) WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON . D. Schulze- Makuch1 and E. F. Guinan2, 1School of and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA, [email protected] 2Dept. of Astronomy, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA

Introduction: Red dwarfs (dM) are the , and many may be too old to be enriched common stars in the . In the solar neighborhood, enough in metals to form a terrestrial type . Nev- these cool, faint, low stars comprise over 75% of ertheless, around older, less magnetically- the stellar population. Because of their low luminosi- active dM stars should be considered a prime target for ties (~0.02% - 6% of the ’s ), the cir- possible , and may also serve as a refuge for ad- cumstellar habitable zones (HZs) of dM stars are lo- vanced, intelligent civilizations when their host star cated within ~ 0.05 - 0.4 AU of the host star. The first becomes inhabitable due to as our with possibly habitable Earth will be in a few billion from now. has been detected around Gliese 581 [1] elevating M The Gliese 581 System: The Gliese 581 planetary star systems as prime targets for Earth-like planets [2]. system is at a distance of 20.3 lightyears from Earth and hosted by a M3V star. Four planets have been detected in the Gliese 581 system of which two may lay inside the habitable zone. is a planet with about five to ten times the mass of Earth, and probably at least 1.5 times its radius. It just in- side the inner edge of the habitable zone close to its parent star [3]. Gliese 581 c completes one in only 13 days and may exhibit habitable conditions on its surface, though it more likely is subject to a run- away greenhouse effect as is [4] On the inside edge of the habitable zone away from its parent star lies , a planet about 7-13 Earth and probably at least close to twice Earth’s radius. If would be that size in our , Mars would likely still be a habitable planet in a tradiotinal sense (stability of liquid on its sur- face). The same could be true for Gliese 581d. In our view it is the most promising candidate of the extraso- lar planets detected so far to support life. Fig. 1. Red dwarf star (M-star) with a planet. Credit to Scott Engle, "Living with a Red Dwarf Program", Villanova Uni- Well outside the habitable zone are versity. with an of 3.15 days and Life on a M-star? We consider the prospect of life with an orbital period of 5.4 days. Gliese 581e is the on a planet, which is located in the habitable zone smallest planet of the system detected so far and has around a red dwarf (Fig. 1), as moderately high based only a mass of about 1.9-3.1 Earth masses. on the longevity of these stars (>50 Gyr), their con- Results The Gliese 581 system is the most intrigu- stant , and high space densities. However, ing extrasolar planetary sytem detected so far and young red dwarfs (ages < 2 Gyr) exhibit strong mag- shows astrobiological promise for at least one, if not netic-dynamo generated coronal X-ray, transition re- two, of its orbiting planets. We expect that M-Star gion Far Ultraviolet (FUV) and chromospheric FUV- planets can be habitable in principle [2,5](Table 1) UV emissions, and frequent flares. But these types of and thus detecting planetary systems and identifying radiation are easily filtered out by even a thin atmos- habitable planets around M-stars should be one of the phere and might be, at the level they would be experi- priorities in future astrobiological investigations. enced on a planetary surface, beneficial for evolution- References: [1] Selsis, F. et al. (2007) Astronomy ary innovations. Moreover, because of their low tem- & Astrophysics, 476, 1373-1387. [2] Tarter, J.C. et al. peratures (~2200 – 3800 K), dM stars (unlike hotter (2007) , 7, 30-65. [3] von Bloh, W. et al. stars like our Sun at T ~5779 K) do not have signifi- (2007) Astronomy & Astrophysics 476, 1365-1371. [4] cant photospheric Near UV (NUV) continuum radia- Udry, S. et al. (2007) Astronomy & Astrophysics, 469, tion below about 3000A. A more serious concern is 43-47. [5] Schulze-Makuch, D. & Irwin, L.N. (2008) that many dM star HZ planets are likely to be tidally Life in the Universe: Expectations and Constraints. locked (with Prot = Porb), probably do not possess large Springer. Astrobiology Science Conference 2010 (2010) 5163.pdf

Table 1. Properties of Red Dwarfs (dM) stars and their relationship to M star property Astrobiology Assessment Comments Nearly constant luminosities Beneficial for life in general This provides a stable environment for of dM stars over time scales life to form and evolve on a possible of tens of billions of years dM star HZ planet results in fixed HZs dM stars are ubiquitous, Beneficial for life in general High chance for at least some habitable comprising >75% of stars planets Long life times (> 50 Gyr) Beneficial for life in general Especially beneficial for advanced/ intelligent life There are many old dM stars Detrimental for life for planets This could mean that life on a HZ (> 5 Gyr) in our galaxy. hosted by very old (metal planet around a dM star could be much poor) dM stars. But life on more evolved and more advanced than younger (ages ~ 2 - 8 Gyr) & us at 4.6 Gyr. However, very old, metal metal rich dM stars is possible. poor, Pop II dM stars were likely not able to form rocky planets because of the paucity of metals. A low metal environment would also be problematic for the development of life. Theoretical studies indicate Beneficial for life in general Planets hosted by dM stars should be at that “Super " can eas- least as common as those hosted by ily form in the proto- solar-type stars. Even without much planetary disks of dM stars. effort, several dM stars have been In fact many have been found to host planets. found. dM stars have HZs located Possibly detrimental to life The planet can become easily tidally very close to the host star at from flares and coronal mass locked, thus global habitability would <0.1AU - 0.4AU ejections. be impossible Unlike solar-type stars, dM Beneficial for life once While UV irradiation is generally stars have essentially no pho- it is established. Ozone block- harmful to organisms, it is a powerful tospheric continua in the UV ing of NUV radiation not nec- ingredient for evolutionary adaptations (<2500Ǻ), because of their essarily needed. and might also have played a role in low temperatures the origin of life. But UV flares could help. dM stars have very efficient Harmful for life in general but Harmful, but these types of radiation magnetic dynamos resulting even a thin screens are easily filtered out by planetary at- in strong coronal X-ray, tran- out all FUV radiation < 220 mospheres and may be beneficial for sition region FUV & chro- nm. evolutionary adaptations mospheric FUV-UV emis- sions Coronal mass ejections from Harmful for life in general The effect is mitigated if the planet has dM stars can easily erode the a magnetic shield. Larger planets entire atmosphere of its dM would more likely generate stronger star planet(s) magnetic moments and higher gravita- tional acceleration to counter atmos- pheric erosion and escape dM stars flare frequently and Both harmful and beneficial to Even a thin atmosphere, such as that of emit impulsive XUV ener- life Mars, does not allow any incoming gies FUV/X-ray radiation with wavelengths <2000Ǻ to reach the surface. Some impulsive bursts of radiation could aid evolutionary adaptation through muta- tions in the genetic material though.