Marco Polo I Njegov Le Divisiment Dou Monde (Opis Svijeta): Fikcija I Fakcija U Književnoj Historiografiji

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Marco Polo I Njegov Le Divisiment Dou Monde (Opis Svijeta): Fikcija I Fakcija U Književnoj Historiografiji FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET Željana Puljiz-Šostik MARCO POLO I NJEGOV LE DIVISIMENT DOU MONDE (OPIS SVIJETA): FIKCIJA I FAKCIJA U KNJIŽEVNOJ HISTORIOGRAFIJI DOKTORSKI RAD Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Dean Duda Zagreb, 2015. FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES Željana Puljiz-Šostik MARCO POLO AND HIS DESCRIPTION OF THE WORLD: FACT AND FICTION IN THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE DOCTORAL THESIS Supervisor: prof. dr.sc. Dean Duda Zagreb, 2015. Zahvale Možda zahvale u doktorskoj radnji nisu toliko uobičajene, ali ova je disertacija zaista nastajala u izrazito neprimjerenim okolnostima - tako da ću ih, vjerujem bez zamjerke, uzeti sebi za pravo. Jer naprosto osjećam dužnost zahvaliti se Ljudima bez čije podrške, pomoći, znanja i mudrosti ona nikad ne bi bila napisana. Neizmjerno se tako zahvaljujem mojemu Mentoru, Profesoru i Piscu Deanu Dudi na samopouzdanju koje mi je dao prilikom prvih konzultacija, a bez kojega se nikako ne bih mogla upustiti u priču o Putniku i Knjizi. Premda on toga vjerojatno nije ni bio svjestan, na vrata mu je tad u proljeće god. 2012. kucala jedna od najvećih hrvatskih autsajderica. Ovdje svakako valja spomenuti da je on jedini pokazao – i to zavidni - interes za moju temu te je odmah prepoznao njenu važnost. Također bih mu se htjela zahvaliti i na knjigama koje nam je dao, a koje su me zadnjih petnaestak godina – poglavito na delhijskom Anand Niketanu i zagrebačkoj Pešči - hranile, izgrađivale i oblikovale. Nadalje, zahvaljujem se mojem Meceni - mami Zoji, na „stipendiji“ (velikodušnoj financijskoj potpori i, naravno, podršci da ustrajem) bez koje ova radnja ni u snu ne bi bila započeta, a kamoli privedena kraju. Beskrajno me zadužila, osim literaturom koju mi je pribavljala, i što sam uz nju polističku arhivsku problematiku počela sagledavati očima pravnika, a upravo su me one dovele do važnih rješenja. Zahvaljujem se svojem suputniku i supatniku Gordanu koji me je, i to upravo u onim „luzerskim“ trenutcima kad bi mi naš poštar uručio još jednu odbijenicu, upućivao prema mojem indijskom neokolonijalnom radnom stolu i tjerao da mu argumentiram svoje polističke teze - on me zapravo vraćao onome čemu jedino, uz nas i našu djecu, istinski pripadam: istraživanju i pisanju. Zahvaljujem se svojim sinovima i velikim putnicima, Stjepanu Timoteju i Marku Ivanu, koji su se za dugih zimskih večeri doslovce sami čuvali i nesebično puštali mamu da „putuje“ azijskim krajevima iz kojih su oni i sami potekli… Zahvaljujem se svojoj svekrvi Ivani na razumijevanju, pomoći, baka-servisu i na, naravno, knjigama iz knjižnice mojeg pokojnog svekra Stjepana - od kojih su se neke pokazale presudnima. Zahvaljujem se prijateljicama i „velikim majkama“: Gordani, Mirjani i Tanji koje su me ohrabrivale na mojem putu koji je, premda se činio zastrašujućim, bio onaj – sada sam uvjerena - jedini pravi. Zahvaljujem se preljubaznim knjižničarkama i knjižničarima iz „moje“ Knjižnice S. S. Kranjčević – to je knjižnica u kojoj je u srpnju 2011. god. nekako sve počelo i sve se nastavilo… I za kraj: od srca se na „profesionalnosti“ zahvaljujem jednom bivšem ministru MZOŠ-a i njegovim kalfama, jer s njima je cijela ova priča - u kojoj će se dva izopćenika sresti - i započela. Njezin sadržaj nije važan, imena njenih aktera još i manje. Važno je tek ono njeno poglavlje o povratku i „višku“. A možda i o želji da se opet putuje. U arhivima MZOS-a spavaju tako uz moju, uvjerena sam, i mnoge druge „nevjerojatne“ priče o negdašnjim hrvatskim lektori(ca)ma na dalekim istočnim destinacijama. Premda možda nikada neće biti otkrivene i ispričane, ona o najpoznatijem svjetskom putniku i najbolje skrivanom izopćeniku Mletačke Republike može govoriti i u naše ime. Sažetak Radnja naslovljena kao „Marco Polo i njegov Le Divisiment dou monde (Opis svijeta): fikcija i fakcija u književnoj historiografiji“ kroz tri poglavlja, a kako se naznačuje u prvom - uvodnom - poglavlju, preispituje činjenice kojima se književna povijest služi kada govori o ključnim točkama biografije Marca Pola (primjerice, o njegovu dalmatinskom podrijetlu, godini i mjestu njegova rođenja, o godini i mjestu njegova zarobljavanja i dr.), ali i one na osnovi kojih opisuje njegove djelo (činjenice su to koje se tiču žanra Opisa svijeta, godine njegova nastanka, jezika njegova autografa, udjela i uloge Rustichella iz Pise u njegovu nastanku, itinerarija itd.). Drugo se poglavlje tako bavi Putnikovom biografijom (kojoj uglavnom, zbog nekritičkog odnosa prema ramusiovskoj i barbarovskoj tradiciji, književni stručnjaci dodaju apokrifne elemente), a ostala dva njegovim djelom: treće poglavlje se bavi, kako smo naznačili, iskrivljenim činjenicama koje se tiču samog teksta Opisa svijeta te se analizira pripisivanje odrednice fakcionalnosti ili fikcionalnosti njegovu tekstu u određenim razdobljima – naime, Putnikov je tekst često u oba smjera služio kako bi se njime potvrdila i pokazala veličina i superiornost određene imperijalne sile: Ramusiova usporedba i odmjeravanje Serenissime s onodobnim konkurentskim (i kolonijalno superiornijim) političkim subjektima na relaciji Kolumbo-Polo ili vrijeme britanskog kolonijalizma - koje, znakovito je, i stvara poliste - kada se nanovo tekstu - koji je napisao građanin Serenissime, pokušava prvo arogantno pripisati fikcionalnost (npr. Astleyeya putovanja, 1747.), a onda opet u XIX. st., kako britanski istraživači otkrivaju Aziju, polistički komentatori pokušavaju gotovo svakoj riječi njegova Opisa svijeta dokazati fakcionalnost; u četvrtom je poglavlju u središtu pažnje prostor na kojem je Putnik u Aziji boravio, a na kojem su također fikcionalne naslage – naime, današnji istraživači koji prate itinerarij Marca Pola nerijetko Put svile poistovjećuju uopće s Polovim putovanjima (npr. William Dalrymple: In Xanadu – a Quest, 1989.; Jasen Boko: Na putu svile – Kako nam je lagao Marko Polo, 2009.) ili tek, proučavajući polističke „probleme“ (uglavnom one koje se tiču Marcova nespominjanja kineskih turističkih brandova poput Kineskog zida, lovljenja ribe uz pomoć kormorana, povezivanja stopala kod žena i dr.), bez primjerenih argumenta djelo proglašavaju fikcijom, a čine to da zapravo preko branda Marco Polo brandiraju vlastito putničko (J. Boko) ili znanstveno ime (F. Wood, D. Petrella) – u čemu su nerijetko i uspješni (npr. Frances Wood: Did Marco Polo Go to China?, 1995.). Ključne riječi: Marco Polo, Dalmacija, Venecija, Ramusio, Bitka kod Korčule, putopis, Put svile, Kina, Indija Summary The crucial facts concerning the life of Marco Polo and his „travelogue“ are being rechecked through the three chapters (chapter 2, chapter 3, and chapter 4) in this doctoral dissertation named Marco Polo and His „Description of the World“ (Le Divisiment dou Monde): Fact and Fiction in the History of Literature. Apart from exploring his Dalamatian origin in the Venetian chronicles and genealogies, the chapter two investigates the pivotal parts of his biography (a birth year and a birthplace, his outsider's life in Venice after returning from China in 1295, a date and a year of his death etc.) as well as the central role of his second biographer, editor and translator Gian Battista Ramusio (1485-1557), the Venetian politician and geographer, in the making an Italian cultural export brand of Marco Polo the Venetian (Secondo volume delle Navigationi et viaggi, De i viaggi di messer Marco Polo gentil'huomo venetiano, 1559). Furthermore, the atmosphere in which the Book was made at the end of the 13th century is the main subject of the chapter three; this chapter is also concerned with the problems of the autorship (i.e. with Rustichello da Pisa's role in the making of the Book), a hybrid genre, an autograph's „peculiar“ French language (i.e. French- Italian or Franco-Italian language) as well as with the contemporary translations of Le Divisiment dou Monde based on the various manuscripts (Marsden's, Murray's, Yule's, Ricci's, and Latham's English translations of the Travels; Moule's translation of The Description of the World; Bellonci's Italian translation of the Il Milione, etc.). Dubious and neglected parts of the Traveller's Book relating to the Silk Road, China, and return journey are being explored in the last chapter of the thesis. To the contemporary travellers Silk Road is always equivalent for the entire Polo's journey (William Dalrymple's In Xanadu – a Quest, 1989; Jasen Boko's Na Putu svile – Kako nam je lagao Marco Polo, 2009); the description of China is always the most problematical material to the Polian researches because tea, chopsticks, the Great Wall, cormorants, footbinding, etc. are not mentioned in the Book (Frances Wood's: Did Marco Polo Go to China, 1995) but the detailed description of India as well as the circumstances of the return journey of Marco Polo, his father Niccolò and his uncle Matteo (which is rather similar to Ibn Battuta's elopemet journey from Delhi) are often unjustly neglected by the sceptical adventurers who follow Polo's steps in Asia (J. Boko) and sinologues (F. Wood). Keywords: Marco Polo, Dalmatia, Venice, Ramusio, Battle of Curzola, travelogue, Silk Road, China, India SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD U FAKTOGRAFSKU PROBLEMATIKU POLOVE BIOGRAFIJE I NJEGOVA DJELA LE DIVISIMENT DOU MONDE (Opis svijeta) 1 2. NACRT ZA BIOGRAFIJU MARCA POLA 2.1. Čiji je Marco Polo? Prijepori oko njegova podrijetla i mjesta rođenja 5 2.2. G.B. Ramusio i nastanak mita o velikom mletačkom putniku i putopiscu Marcu Polu 17 3. LE DIVISIMENT DOU MONDE (Opis svijeta) 3.1. Okolnosti nastanka Knjige: Bitka kod Korčule ili Bitka kod Lajasa (Ayasa)? 28 3.2. Žanr 37 3.3. Benedettova klasifikacija autografa, apografa i prijevoda 46 3.3.1. Jezik autografa 60 3.3.2. Suvremeni eklektički prijevodi 67 3.4. Recepcija i utjecaj Opisa svijeta na političku budućnost Serenissime te na pomorski, trgovački i kulturni razvoj Zapada 75 3.5. Zaključak: Italija i Hrvatska kao zemlje Marca (Marka) Pola 82 4. ANALIZA ITINERARIJA U OPISU SVIJETA 4.1. Put svile: u potrazi za Marcom Polom 88 4.2. Da li je Marco Polo bio u Kini? 101 4.2.1. Marcove indijske misije: njegov opis istočne i zapadne Indije 111 4.3. Povratak Marca Pola i Ibn Battute 128 5.
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