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The Abdominal Wall and Hernias

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TheThe AbdominalAbdominal WallWall AndAnd HerniasHernias StanleyStanley Kurek,Kurek, DO,DO, FACSFACS AssociateAssociate ProfessorProfessor ofof SurgerySurgery UTMCKUTMCK TheThe AbdominalAbdominal WallWall The structure of the abdominal wall is similar in principle to the thoracic wall. There are three layers, an external, internal and innermost layer. The vessels and nerves lie between the internal and innermost layers. SurfaceSurface anatomyanatomy TheThe abdomenabdomen cancan bebe divideddivided intointo quadrantsquadrants oror ninenine abdominalabdominal regions.regions. PainPain feltfelt inin thesethese regionsregions maymay bebe consideredconsidered toto bebe directdirect oror referred.referred. TheThe midlinemidline inin thethe sagittalsagittal planeplane isis thethe linealinea alba.alba. TheThe laterallateral edgeedge ofof thethe rectusrectus sheathsheath isis thethe linealinea semilunarissemilunaris.. 1:Right Hypochondriac Region; 2:Right Lumbar Region; 3:R. Iliac (Inguinal) Region; 4:Epigastric Region; 5:Unbilical Region; 6:Hypogastric (Pubic) Region; 7:Left Hypochondriac Region; 8:Left Lumbar Region; 9:Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region TheThe FasciaFascia Below the skin the superficial fascia is divided into a superficial fatty layer, Camper's fascia, and a deeper fibrous layer, Scarpa's fascia. The deep fascia lies on the abdominal muscles. Inferiorly Scarpa's fascia blends with the deep fascia of the thigh. This arrangement forms a plane between Scarpa's fascia and the deep abdominal fascia extending from the top of the thigh to the upper abdomen. Below the innermost layer of muscle, the transversus abdominis muscle, lies the transversalis fascia. The transversalis fascia is separated from the parietal peritoneum by a variable layer of fat. TheThe RectusRectus AbdominisAbdominis andand RectusRectus sheathsheath The rectus muscle extends from the xiphoid process of the sternum and 5,6,7th costal cartilages to the pubic symphysis and pubic crest. The muscle is enclosed within the rectus sheath formed by the aponeuroses of the lateral abdominal muscles. Along the length of this strap muscle there are three fibrous intersections separating the muscle into four segments. The fibrous intersections are attached to the anterior surface of the rectus sheath, but not to the posterior surface. This allows the superior and inferior epigastric vessels to pass along the posterior surface of the muscle without encountering a barrier. RectusRectus AbdominisAbdominis ExternalExternal AbdominalAbdominal ObliqueOblique MuscleMuscle The external oblique muscle arises from the lower eight ribs. The fibers run downwards and forwards to form an aponeurosis anteriorly. The aponeurosis passes anteriorly to the rectus muscle to insert into the aponeurosis from the other side at the linea alba. Inferiorly the aponeurosis inserts into the anterior superior iliac spine and stretches over to the pubic tubercle, forming the inguinal ligament. ExternalExternal AbdominalAbdominal ObliqueOblique InternalInternal ObliqueOblique MuscleMuscle The internal oblique muscle arises from the lumbar fascia, the iliac crest and the lateral two-thirds of the inguinal ligament and runs upwards and forwards to form an aponeurosis. Above the arcuate line the aponeurosis splits to enclose the rectus muscle. Below the arcuate line the aponeurosis passes anterior to the rectus muscle. The inferior part of the aponeurosis inserts into the symphysis pubis. At this insertion the aponeurosis is fused with the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis muscle to form the conjoint tendon. InternalInternal AbdominalAbdominal ObliqueOblique TransversusTransversus AbdominisAbdominis TheThe transversustransversus abdominisabdominis musclemuscle arisesarises fromfrom thethe lowerlower sixsix costalcostal cartilages,cartilages, thethe lumbarlumbar fasciafascia andand thethe iliaciliac crest.crest. TranversusTranversus AbdominisAbdominis InguinalInguinal LigamentLigament TheThe inguinalinguinal ligamentligament isis formedformed byby thethe aponeuroticaponeurotic fibersfibers ofof thethe externalexternal obliqueoblique muscle.muscle. TheThe ligamentligament stretchesstretches fromfrom thethe anterioranterior superiorsuperior iliaciliac spinespine (ASIS)(ASIS) toto thethe pubicpubic tubercle.tubercle. AtAt thethe medialmedial endend ofof thethe inguinalinguinal ligament,ligament, fibersfibers areare reflectedreflected backwardsbackwards toto insertinsert intointo thethe superiorsuperior ramusramus ofof thethe pubis,pubis, formingforming thethe lacunarlacunar ligament.ligament. TheThe InguinalInguinal CanalCanal The inguinal canal transmits the vas deferens in the male and the round ligament in the female. The deep ring is the entrance to the inguinal canal on the inside of the abdominal wall. The deep ring is formed in the transversalis fascia. As the canal passes through the abdominal wall it receives a layer of muscle from the internal oblique, the cremaster muscle. At the superficial ring the inguinal canal passes through the external oblique aponeurosis and receives a layer from the aponeurosis, the external spermatic fascia in the male. The deep inguinal ring lies lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels. The superficial ring lies above and medial to the pubic tubercle. BOUNDARIESBOUNDARIES OFOF THETHE INGUINALINGUINAL CANALCANAL TheThe inguinalinguinal canalcanal isis thethe communicationcommunication betweenbetween thethe deepdeep andand superficialsuperficial ringring AnteriorAnterior wall:wall: EAOEAO InferiorInferior wall:wall: InguinalInguinal LigamentLigament SuperiorSuperior wall:wall: IAOIAO andand TATA (conjoined(conjoined tendon)tendon) PosteriorPosterior wallwall (floor):(floor): TransversalisTransversalis FasciaFascia TheThe SpermaticSpermatic CordCord The spermatic cord passes through the inguinal canal to the testis. THE SPERMATIC CORD CONTAINS vas deferens testicular artery and veins lymph vessels autonomic nerves cremasteric artery artery of the vas genital branch of the femoral nerve The fascial covering of the spermatic cord is formed by the external spermatic fascia derved from the aponeurosis of the external oblique, the cremasteric fascia derived from the internal oblique and the internal spermatic fascia derived from the transversalis fascia. TheThe FemoralFemoral CanalCanal TheThe femoralfemoral canalcanal lieslies belowbelow thethe inguinalinguinal ligamentligament mediallymedially andand lieslies medialmedial toto thethe femoralfemoral vessels.vessels. TheThe femoralfemoral sheathsheath isis formedformed byby thethe transversalistransversalis fasciafascia andand enclosesencloses thethe femoralfemoral vesselsvessels andand thethe femoralfemoral canal.canal. TheThe lacunarlacunar ligamentligament formsforms thethe medialmedial borderborder ofof thethe femoralfemoral canal.canal. TheThe femoralfemoral veinvein lieslies laterallateral toto thethe femoralfemoral canal.canal. HERNIASHERNIAS HerniasHernias WhatWhat isis aa Hernia?Hernia? AbnormalAbnormal protrusionprotrusion ofof intraintra-- abdominalabdominal contentscontents throuhthrouh aa defectdefect inin thethe abdominalabdominal wallwall OVERVIEWOVERVIEW OFOF HERNIASHERNIAS HerniasHernias occur:occur: 7575 –– 8080 %% inin InguinalInguinal RegionRegion 88 –– 1010 %% IncisionalIncisional (ventral(ventral hernia)hernia) 33 –– 88 %% UmbilicalUmbilical HerniasHernias DONDON’’TT FORGETFORGET INTERNALINTERNAL HERNIAS!HERNIAS! ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY OFOF HERNIASHERNIAS CongenitalCongenital defectsdefects LossLoss ofof tissuetissue strengthstrength andand elasticityelasticity (from(from agingaging oror repetitiverepetitive stress)stress) OperativeOperative TraumaTrauma IncreasedIncreased AbdominalAbdominal PressurePressure (heavy(heavy lifting,lifting, COPD,COPD, BPH,BPH, AscitiesAscities,, Obesity)Obesity) ComplicationsComplications ofof HerniaHernia PAINPAIN OBSTRUCTIONOBSTRUCTION BOWELBOWEL NECROSISNECROSIS PERFORATIONPERFORATION DESCRIPTIVEDESCRIPTIVE TERMSTERMS ReducibleReducible-- cancan bebe pushedpushed backback intointo thethe abdomenabdomen IncarceratedIncarcerated-- cannotcannot bebe ““reducedreduced”” StrangulatedStrangulated-- thethe tissuetissue inin thethe herniahernia isis ischemicischemic andand willwill necrosenecrose duedue toto compromisecompromise ofof itsits bloodblood supplysupply SlidingSliding-- thethe wallwall ofof thethe herniahernia sacsac isis partpart formedformed byby aa retroperitonealretroperitoneal structurestructure RichterRichter’’ss herniahernia-- onlyonly oneone sideside ofof thethe bowelbowel wallwall involvedinvolved inin thethe herniahernia cancan necrosenecrose withoutwithout signssigns ofof obstructionobstruction InguinalInguinal herniashernias InguinalInguinal herniashernias areare classifiedclassified as:as: 1)1) IndirectIndirect 2)2) DirectDirect 3)3) FemoralFemoral IndirectIndirect HerniaHernia AnAn indirectindirect herniahernia occursoccurs whenwhen aa herniahernia sacsac entersenters thethe deepdeep inguinalinguinal ringring laterallateral toto thethe inferiorinferior epigastricepigastric arteryartery andand passespasses indirectlyindirectly toto thethe superficialsuperficial ringring throughthrough thethe inguinalinguinal canal.canal. IndirectIndirect herniashernias areare thethe mostmost commoncommon typetype ofof herniahernia inin bothboth menmen andand womenwomen CAUSE:CAUSE: PersistencePersistence ofof allall oror partpart ofof thethe embryonicembryonic processusprocessus vaginalisvaginalis
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