Name ______Class ______Date ______Today’s Issues in Section 1 Turmoil in the Terms and Names South people who migrated from and Russia and settled on the Balkan Peninsula Slobodan Milošević leader who tried to increase ’s power over the rest of the policy of trying to eliminate an through violence KLA the Liberation Army Vojislav Kostunica reform leader elected president of Yugoslavia in 2000

Before You Read In the last chapter, you read about the human of Europe. In this section, you will learn about conflicts in the Balkan region of .

As You Read Use a chart to take notes on causes and effects of the Balkan conflict.

ROOTS OF THE BALKAN Though ruled by , the CONFLICT (Pages 319–320) clung to Christianity. Many What happened at the Battle of converted to . In addition, many ? Serbs fled Kosovo, where both Serbs and One conflict in the Balkans is that Albanians had lived. Kosovo became more different groups want control of the Albanian in culture. same land. The causes of this conflict In 1878, Serbia broke free of the go back centuries. Starting in the 500s, . Many Serbs wanted all Slavic people migrated from Poland the to be free of foreign rule. and Russia to the Balkan Peninsula. They also want the South Slavs to unite in They were the South Slavs. The South one . That desire helped spark Slavs included , , and . Serbs. Each group formed its own After the war, the Kingdom of the kingdom. Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed. In 1389, the Muslim Ottoman Empire To help end ethnic divisions, the king defeated Serbia at the renamed the nation Yugoslavia in 1929. Polje. The Ottomans began to rule Serbia. During World War II, and They also ruled and . invaded Yugoslavia. The Croats ruled , and ruled worked with the Nazis. Their leader . These influences created ordered the murder of Jews and Serbs. differences among the South Slavic Many other joined the groups. or the Partisans. Those were two rival

Original content © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 167 Guided Reading Workbook Name ______Class ______Date ______Section 1, continued groups fighting the Nazis. One Partisan Bosnia’s Serbs and Serbia started a war to leader, , was also a stop it. They also used murder and Communist. After the war, he became the violence to get rid of Muslims and Croats. dictator of Yugoslavia. The policy of trying to eliminate an ethnic In 1946, a new constitution set up group is called ethnic cleansing. Over Yugoslavia as a nation of six republics. 200,000 people died. Over 2 million fled The republics were Bosnia and their homes. Herzegovina, Croatia, , In 1995, the set up peace , Serbia, and Slovenia. Serbia negotiations. In December, a peace treaty had two provinces, Kosovo and was signed. Bosnia remained independent. . Croatia and Bosnia had mixed The Serbs saw Kosovo as an important populations with many Serbs. part of Serbia. But in the , mostly 1. How did the South Slavic groups Muslim Albanians lived in Kosovo. develop cultural differences? Albanians spoke a non-Slavic language. Serbia, led by Milošević tried to assert ______control over Kosovo. He wanted to wipe out the Albanian culture there. In ______response, Kosovo demanded independence. A group called the Kosovo ETHNIC TENSION BOILS OVER Liberation Army (KLA) began to attack (Pages 320–321) Serbian officials. In response, the Serbian What is ethnic cleansing? government started to bomb villages. In 1980, Tito died. Leaders from In March 1999, NATO started bombing Yugoslavia’s republics and provinces took Serbia. NATO wanted Serbia to stop the turns serving as president. violence. In June, Serbian troops withdrew Slobodan Milošević was a Serbian from Kosovo. An international court tried leader who tried to increase Serbia’s Milošević for war crimes. He died in power. He proposed the creation of prison in 2006. . Serbia would expand its In 2000, the Yugoslav people voted borders to include other lands where Serbs Milošević out of office. They elected lived. This plan alarmed Croats and Vojislav Kostunica, a reform leader, Bosnians. Then in 1991, Serbia stopped a president. However, the wars had created Croat from becoming president. millions of refugees. Poverty was In response, Slovenia and Croatia widespread. Also, Kosovo and Montenegro declared their independence. In June 1991, wanted independence from Serbia. the Serbian-led Yugoslav army invaded In 2006, Montenegro gained both republics. Slovenia quickly won its independence. Kosovo declared freedom. But Croatia had a large Serbian independence in 2008, but Serbia does not minority. Past Serb-Croat hatreds recognize it as a country. exploded in war. In January 1992, the 2. Why did Serbia’s plans alarm Croatia United arranged a cease-fire. and Slovenia? Slovenia and Croatia remained free. declared ______independence in March 1992. Bosnia’s Muslims and Croats favored the move. ______

Original content © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 168 Guided Reading Workbook Name ______Class ______Date ______Section 1, continued

Use the organizer to take notes on the conflict in the Balkans.

Event Effect on the Region 1. migration of South Slavs

2. Battle of Kosovo Polje

3. foreign rule

4. World War II

Original content © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 169 Guided Reading Workbook