ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 9:1

CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS BY E.W GIFFORD

APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL BONE ARTIFACTS

BY PHIL C. ORR

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1947 CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS

BY E. W. GIFFORD

APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL BONE ARTIFACTS

BY PHIL C. ORR

ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 9, No.1 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, E. W GIFFORD, R. H. LoWIE, R. L. OLSON Volume 9, No. I, PP. I-132, 2 figs. in text, 57 pp. illus. Submitted by editors August 24,1945 Issued November 7,1947 Price, $2.00

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND

MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CO1NTENTS Page

Preface. * * * * * x * * x 1

Introduction *0 : * * * * * * * 2 * * * * 0 Areas and sites. * * * * * * v 2

Archaeological types. * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 * * * * Use of ethnological specimens. * * * * * * * 6 * * * . Description and distribution of archaeological types * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7 * * * * 0 Exclusively ethnological types ...... 48 a 6 * * e * * * 0 Distribution of shell and bone types * * * * * * 50 * * * * * 0 Temporal relations . . * * * * * * * 52

Modern types . . * * * * * * * 52 * * * * . Delta Region . . * * * * * * * 52

Sacramento Valley ...... * * * * * * * * * * * 56

Bay Region ...... * * * * * * * * * * 57 * * *0 *0 : Southern Coast * * * * * * * 59 * * * * Californian types in the Southwest * * * * * * * * * * - .D . 61

References cited ...... Museum o Natural * * * * * * * 63

Illustrated archaeological shell specimens * * * a* * * * 0 * * * * * * - 65 . * * *0 : Illustrated ethnological shell specimens * *D * * 0 * a * 0 * * * * * * e 112 Appendix. Additional Bone Artifact Types in the Santa History.

By Phil C. Orr . . . . * * * * * * e 115

Illustrated bone artifact types. * * * * * * e 120

FIGURES IN TEXT

1. Styles of incising and grooving ...... 4 2. Styles of punctations ...... 4 CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS BY E. W. GIFFORD

PREFACE

This work is the second of a series to de- the artifacts. Mr. Allyn G. Smith aided with his scribe and illustrate the types of artifacts profound knowledge of fresh-water species. I am. foufnd archaeologically within the modern bound- also indebted to Dr. Leo G. Hertlein, Dr. S. S. aries of California and represented by spec- Berry, and Messrs. Tom and J. Q. Burch for aid in imens in the collection of the University of identifications. Mr. Steve A. Glassell kindly California Museum of Anthropology. Specimens identified the crab, of which the rattle pictured in the James A. Barr collection, on deposit at as X3bI, is made. Typing and some sorting and the Museum, have been included. counting were done by personnel of Work Projects The initial segregation of the shell arti- Administration as part of Official Project No. facts was done by Frank J. Essene, whose serv- 65-1-08-62, Unit A-15. Most of the drawings for ices became available through funds supplied illustrations were made by A. E. Treganza, a few by the Federal gnd State Emergency Relief Admin- by Norman Bilderback. istrations. Sdbsequent sorting of types was No UCMA specimens catalogued after September done with the assistance of National Youth Ad. 30, 1941, are included. At that time the terminal ministration workers: Bert A. Gerow, Evelyn V. catalogue numbers were 1-60337 and 1-64615. Num- Hansen, William C. Massey, Russell W. Newman, bers 1-60338 to 1-64000 were unused at that date. E. Margaret Tetzlaff, Adan E. Treganza, Tamie The Elmer J. Dawson collection, donated to the Uni- Tsuchiyama, and Marie V. Vidolin. Professor versity since Californian Bone Artifacts (Gifford, Bruce L. Clark gave most generously of his time 1940) was written, has greatly enlarged the series in identifying the molluscan species used for of shell artifacts available for study.

[1] INTRODUCTTION The vast majority of shell artifacts had no 9, Catlin and Higgins' ranch i mi. SE of utilitarian purpose, but probably served as or- Carpenteria, Santa Barbara co. naments, money, beads, pendants, gorgets, ear 10, SE bank of Rincon cr. mouth, Ventura co. ornaments, nose pins, etc. Some exceptions to this are shell fishhooks, the possible use of Island sites: Santa Cruz is. In text, site num- -Haliotis rims for gouges, and of shells as paint bers are preceded by C, which should not be con- and asphaltum containers. The shells most abun- fused with .the C preceding some DR sites where dantly used were Haliotis, Olivella, and clam. it refers to University of California site num- The bulk of the shell artifacts in the UCMA bers as opposed to Sacramento Junior College are from the Southern Coast, Delta, and San numbers which are indicated by S. Francisco Bay regions. Certain types, such as shell fishhooks and banjo-shaped Haliotis orna- 3, 16, 39 Forney's cove. ments, are very localized, while clam and 83, West ranch. Olivella beads are found over much of the state. 100, Posa landing. This latter fact suggests that the shell beads 103, 104, Johnson's landing. were used extensively in trade. 107, Laguna pt. All artifacts described are of molluscan 122, Willows. B4 (annelid worm tube). 131, CocIe Prietos. shell, except type 135, 138, Smuggler's cove. SITES 147, 197, 198, Prisoner's harbor. AREAS AND 154, 159, Orizaba. No maps are published in this paper because Santa Rosa is. In text, site numbero those in my paper on Californian Bone Artifacts are preceded by R. will suffice. A few new sites are referred to 11, their location 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 15, 19, 30, 32, 34, in the present paper, but precise these seems sufficiently described in this and other 35. (No names for sites.) papers referred to, without resorting to making San Clemente is. (Clemente). new maps. In any event, so far as possible ex- San Miguel is. (Miguel). act localities are recorded in the archaeological San Nicolas is. (N). archives of the Museum, and are available to ar- Santa Cat&lina is. (Catalina). chaeclogists and specialists who may desire more precise data. Miscellaneous: (Unrepresented on map 2) Santa Barbara region or Santa Barbara. Southern Coast (SCP-..-Islands and adjacent Osos San Luis Obispo co. San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Los v., map 2. Port Los Angeles, Los Angeles co. Angeles coast. See Gifford, 1940, Tecolote cr., Santa Barbara co. S of Sal, Santa Barbara co. Mainland sites: In text, site numbers are pre- Sand dunes, pt. ceded by M. from 1, Mescal is., More ranch, Goleta, Santa San Joaquin Valley (SJ).--San Joaquin v., Barbara co. Kern co. t6 San Joaquin co. See Gifford, 1940, 6, NW bank of Rincon cr. mouth, Santa map 1, in which sites 6, 15, 19 are shown. In Barbara co. present paper sites in Kings, Fresno, and Stanis- laus counties are included. 1-The following abbreviations are employed in 4, Pelican is., Buena Vista Lake. this paper: 6, Elk Grove, Kern co. SC, Southern Coast co., county 8, Goose Lake, Kern co. C, Santa Cruz is. cr., creek 14, Elk Hills, Kern co. M, mainland ft., feet 15, Elk Hills, Kern co. N, San Nicolas is. in., inch(es) 19, Adobe Holes, Kern co. R, Santa Rosa is. is., island Vista Lake site 2 SJ, San Joaquin Valley md., mound/ 33, Wedel's Buena (see DR, Delta Region mi., mile Wedel, 1941). C, University of Cali- mm., millimeter 39, Wedel's Buena Vista Lake sita 1. fornia site number. mt., mountain -40: Wedel's Buena Vista Lake site 3. S, Sacramento Junior pt., point 41, Wedel's Buena Vista Lake site 4. College site number. r., river site SV, Sacramento Valley v., valley 42, Wedel's Buena Vista Lake 5. BR, San Francisco Bay Region N,S,E,W, North 57, Stanislaus co. (Township 3 S, Range NR, Napa Region South East' 7 E, Section 29). HR, Humboldt Region West tand 87, Kings co. (3-2mi. NW of Lemoore). NE, northeastern California combinations) SSW of ML, miscellaneous locations 125, Fresno c9., (10.9 mi. Kerman). [2 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 3 150, Kern co. (1li mi. N of NcKittrick; Some locations not mapped: Sacramento; Rose- also numbered 39 by Wedel). bud ranch, nr. Hoods Sacramento co.; Dave Ray md., Alpaugh, Tulare co. ca. 2 mi. W of Tracy; vicinity of Stockton; at Delta Region (DR).--Delta region between Sac- Indian Slough, nr. Brentwood, Contra Costa co.; ramento and Stockton, to rising ground at foot Veale Tract, Contra Costa co.; Winters site 3, on of Sierra Nevada to eastward and Coast Range to S bank of Putah cr., Yolo co.; Bloom Group, Stone westward. Includes more than physiographic delta; Lake, Sacramento co. in terms of counties, Sacramento S of the American r., San Joaquin, and parts of Yolo, Solano, and Sacramento Valley (SV).--Sacramento v. from con- Contra Costa are included. All sites lie fluence of Sacramento and American rivers N to Red- below ding, Shasta co. See Gifford, 1940, map 1; also the 100-ft. contour line. See Gifford, 1940, map and 3; also Lillard, Heizer, and Fenenga, maps 1-5. Lillard, Heizer, Fenenga, map 4. S 1, Miller md., 10 mi. SE of Grimes, Schenck and Dawson (pp. 312-315) numbers and con- Colusa co. tinuation thereof: S 2, Howell's Point md., Colusa co. C 1, Cantrell md. S 3, Sandhill md., Colusa co. C 6, Johnson md. S 11, Vernon md., Sutter co. C 10, Allyn md. S 13, Mustang md., Yolo co. C 15, Old Crump ranch. Red Bluff md. 1. C 19, Old Crump ranch. Sacramento r., E bank, just below Little C 43, C 44, or C 45, McCauley ranch. Antelope cr., Tehama co. C 47, Bucker md. Redding (nr. which is a site). C 48, DeVries md. Site, 6 mi. S of Vina, Tehama co., in C 59, Koontz md. Butte co., T23N R2W. C 60, Barber md. Sites on W side of Sacramento r., 7 or 8 C 66, Old Glenn ranch mi. and 12 mi. upstream from Knights C 68, Old Journeay md. About % mi. S of C 142. Landing, Yolo co. (not mapped). Speci- C 69, Vail ranch. mens from the former from Dr. Stuart C. C 70, Vail ranch. Way, from the latter from Mr. R. B. C 80, Stockton Channel md. Bernard. 81, Woods ranch, Roberts is. Squaw cr., above Ydalpom, Shasta co. C 82, Walker Slough md. Old Johnson md., on bank of Sacramento r., C 5 mi. E. of Cottonwood, Shasta co. C 83, Ott md. C 85, Mormon Channel md. (Copperopolis road) Site near Chico, Butte co. C 86, Pool md. C 87, Martin md. Ba Region (BR).--Shores and nearer hinterland C 89, Roberts is. md. of San Francisco, an Pablo, and Suisun bays (ex- C 90, Lewis md. cept Napa, Sonoma, and Solano cos.). See Gifford, C 91, Walker Slough is. md. 1940, map 4. C 107, Windmiller md. C 109, Drescher md. Nelson (1909) numbers and continuation thereof: C 121, Goethe md. 4. 3, Sausalito. C 126, Booth md. 10, Mill Valley. C 127, Augustine md. 35, Tiburon. C 138, Hotchkiss md. 76, Greenbrae. C 139, Bagley md. 86c, San Rafael. C 140, Banta md. 123, md. ca. 3 mi. N of San Rafael. C 141, Orwood md. 2. 250a, Maltby md. C 142, McGillivray md. 1. 259, Pinole. 151, Simone md. Fernandez md., somewhere nr. 259 or 260, Sacramento Junior College numbers: inland from Rodeo, Contra Costa co. 267, nr.. Giant, Contra Costa co. S 16, Bennett md. 283, Potrero San Pablo. S 28, Strawberry md. 295, Ellis Landing. S 29, King Brown md. 298, 300, Stege. S 51, Clarksburg md. 307, West Berkeley. S 56, Mosher md. 309, Emeryville. S 60, Hicks md. 1. 316, Alameda. S 66, Hollister md. 328, 329, Newark. S 73, Von Lobensels md. 330, Coyote Hills, nr. Newark. S 85, Nicolaus md. 356, Ponce (or Mt. View) md. S 99, Deterding md. 372, San Mateo. S 100, Jacobs md. (Woodland). 387, Bay Shore. 4 ANTROPOLOGICAL RECORDS

407, Half Moon Bay. ARCHAEOLOGICAL TYPES 420, Walnut Creek. Orinda, Contra Costa co. Size is seldom given in the descriptions be- Castlewood Country Club, nr. cause it does not seem to be an essential char- Pleasanton, Alameda co. acter. Shape, perforations, presence or absence Mill Valley, Marin co. of incising, and species of shell used seem more Yerba Buena is. important. Often size veries widely. Illustra- Tomales Bay, Marin co., sites: See tions give considerable clue to the extent of Gifford, 1940, map 1; also R. F. Heizer, this variation. ME?ny types, especially of Halio- 1941d, map on p. 320: tis ornaments, are not illustrated because the 201 ,Tom's pt. only difference is in species and it seemed unwar- 266, McClure md., Tom_le.sBay. ranted to attempt species differentiation in the 242, Cauley md., Drake's Estero. illustrations. Consequently, illustrations of 232b, Estero md., Limantour's Estero. one type made from one species of Haliotis some- 275, Mendoza md., Drake's Bay. times serve also for related types made from other Dillon beach. species of Haliotis, revealing the range in size and shape of the related types. 'Napa Region (R).--Sonoma-Napa-Solano region Figures 1 and 2 show styles of incising, groov- to co'ver Sonoma and Napa valleys and adjacent ing, and punctations. Incised edges grade into Lake co.; and Vallejo-Benicia region. See Gif. serrate edges. Deep incising tends to be serrate ford, 1940, map 1. on one face dt least. Figures 1 and 2, types El and J4, show extreme serration. Parallel-line in- 236, Carquinez md., Solano co. cising (at right angle to the edge, 1 and 2 in fig. 237, Benicia md., Solano co. 1) is the prevalent type in the DR. It also occurs Oakville, Napa co. (nr. which is Goddard commonly elsewhere. In the SC region crosshatched md., from which come specimens listed incising (4 of fig. 1) is about equally common.- as Oakville). V-incising (4 and 5 of fig. 1) is related to it; crosshatching sometimes looks like V's carelessly Humboldt Region -(R).--Humboldt Bay region, done. Oblique parallel-line incising (3 of fig. 1) from Cape Mendocino N to Orick. See Gifford, is also commoner in'SC than elsewhere. On the 1940, map 1. 67, on Gunther is., off waterfront of Eureia. Orick (nr. which is prehistoric Yurok site SigonoiL. Humboldt Bay (not mapped). I Northeastern California (NE).--Cave 1, Tule Lake, Modoc co. (T5E, R46N, Sec. 10). 6 3 Lower Klamath Lake (in SE portion of which 2 'N is an N is. site). N Lower Klamath Lake (in SE portion AAAA AA.AAA?.)($j&A,. . of which is an is. site). 4 Miscellaneous Lccations ML).--See Gifford. 1940, map 1. Fig. 1. S&yles of incising and grooving. 1 mi. W of Salt Worff,-Saline v., Inyo co. Moss Landing, Monterey Bay (nr. which is a site). Carmel Mission, Monterey co. Yosemite. Carmel r. mouth, Monterey co. Round Valley, Mendocino co. Sites numbered. Dettert site 1, 4 mi. from Middletown, Lake co. Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras co. Specimens do- nated by R. B. Bernard from McKisson property on West Point Road. O'neal Cave, between Cave City and Sheep Ranch, Calaveras co. Cave 1, Tule Lake, Modoc co., in Sec. 10, T5E, R46N, Mt. Diablo Base and Meridian. Fig. 2. Styles of punctations. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 5' whole, the most delicately executed incising comes the principal difficulties in classification from SC. Usually incising is on one face of an because of great variati.on in shape due to raw edge only, rarely on two faces; i.e., obverse and material, to the-makers' use thereof, to dam- reverse. DR incising is coarse in comparison with age and reworking, to weathering, and to other SC work. Grooving (6 of fig. 1) is rare. Unless causes of deterioration after manufacture. otherwise stated, punctations or tiny pits (fig 2) are near edges of objects. They are evidently Index To Orders drilled, as are most perforations. Illustrations of type C4 exemplify methods of Univalves perforating shell, as described in the introduc- A. Whole shell as container (in part) tory text for order C. Illustrations of X types B. Tubular shell of Olivella biplicata beads show the parts of the C. Perforated shell from which derived. F. Top removed Use of the paper involves identification of G. Olive shell with top and bottom molluscan species. No attempt has been made to removed describe or picture these. Hence, if the reader H. Natural shell opening: cowry, keyhole does not know the species, recourse to published limpet apical opening, Haliotis si- works on Californian shell species, or consulta- phonal opening tion with a conchologist, is indicated, especially .I. Peripheral ring of limpet shell if the purpose is to classify shell artifacts. J. Ring (in part) Consultation of the following works (see Bibliog- L. Disk (in part) raphy) is suggested, thoi-gh the first one may be AT. Fishhook (in part) found sufficient: Josiah Keep, Keen and Frizzell, AV, Tube (in part W. H. Dall, A. M. Keen, I. S. Oldroyd. AW. Globular bead (in part) Shell types which comprise nearly complete a4d AY. Lunate-lenticular object (in part) only slightly worked shells have not been pic- See also headings Olive Shell only and tured, as these can be identified by illustra- Haliotis only. tions in conchological works, especially Keep. There may be adverse criticism of my counting Pelecypod (Bivalves) objects made of unidentified Haliotis shell as separate types from objects made of identified A. Whole valve as container (in part) Haliotis shell, since the unidentified .material D. Perforated valve no doubt 1elongs to one of the recognized species E. "Saw" of river-mussel valve in each case. Two other possible procedures, J. Ring (in part) neither warranted in my estimation, were to as- L. Disk (in part) sign the objects to one species or another ar- R. Clam trapezoidal bitrarily, or not to consider them at all. T. Rectangular ornament or bead Identification was usually made on the basis of V. Disk or oval the epidermis; unidentified Haliotis shell in- W." Triangular variably has all epidermis removed. AT. Fishhook (in part) I have tried to classify as objectively as AV. Tube (in part) possible and have largely avoided guesses at AW. Globular bead (in part) function, except in obvious cases like fish- AX. Fusiform, perforated hooks. The classification is at most fourfold AY. Lunate-lenticular object (in part) and might be roughly compared with order, fam- ily, genus, and species in a zoological classi- Olive shell only fication. The analogy could be carried farther G. Top and bottom removed by likening bone artifacts and shell artifacts X. Beads to zo6logical classes. In the section, "De- Y. Complete shell in composite artifacts scription and Distribution of Archaeological Types," the order designation is in capital letters centered on a column; the total number Haliotis onl of specimens in each order follows the captions, K. Disk or oval, perforated in parentheses. The number of specimens of each M. Lozenge type follows the typt designation. N. "Banjo" An index follows which I trust will prove 0. Pentagonal helpful in locating the orders in which various P. Trapezium artifacts and species are to be found. Use of Q. Trapezoidal the paper in manuscript by Mr. Phil C. Orr, of S. Rectangular ornament or bead Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, re- U. Triangular vealed the need and usefulness of such an index. Z. Sausage shape I am also indebted to Mr. Orr for other criticism. AA. Oval with 1 or more straight sides The forms listed under "Haliotis only" offer AB. Half-disk or half-oval 6 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS

AC. Leg-of-mutton X. Olive shell AD. Harp shape AN. Pearl or blister of Haliotis AE. Dorsal-fin shape AU. Columella AF. Teardrop shape AV. Tube AG. Fusiform AW. Globular AH. Boot shape AI. Dumbbell Holes (natural or artificial, larger than perfo- AJ. Hand shape ration) - AK. Cruoiform AL. Bird form F. Univalve with top removed AM. Hexagonal G. Olive shell with top and bottom removed AN. Pearl or blister H. Natural shell opening AO. Flat or curved rim with angle I. Peripheral ring of limpet shell AP. Crescent J. Artificial ring (various species) AQ. Trough shape AT. Fishhooks AR. 'Side-scoop" AS. Including spire USE OF ETHNOLOGICAL SPECITIENS only Clam Although the prime purpose of this paper is R. Trapezoidal to describe the types of archaeological shell artifacts, ethnological occurrences of archae- Columella only ological types are cited, because of their two- fold importance. First, they contribute to an AU. understanding of the use and function of the archaeological types, which basically is never Beads and tubes (perforated) more than conjectural for types that have not B. Tubular shell (natural) persisted into contemporary usage. Second, they C. Whole univalve, perforated give a definite terminal date for the life of F. Univalves with top removed the artifact types they represent, and thus con- H. Keyhole limpet, apical openings (in part) tribute to a time perspective in dealing with K. Haliotis disks (in part) the chronology of Californian prehistory. S. Haliotis rectangular bead (in part) Certain ethnological types unrepresented in T. Pelecypod rectangular bead (in pert) the archaeological collection are described un- V. Pelecypod disk or oval, perforated der the caption "Exclusivelyr Ethnological (in part) Types." DESCRIPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL TYPES A. Whole Shell as Container (10) wood, from R 4; missing pieces are not counted; KlaIV and Zl also in these mosaics. In some cases really not artifacts because Ethnological: Extensively used by NW Califor- used in natural state for pigment and adhesive nian groups for currency, ear ornaments, neck- containers. Probably many whole shells or laces, pendants; ornaments on dresses, on headbands, valves of bivalves found in aboriginal sites and on deerskins for dance regalia. For use as were once used as vessels, but lack trace of necklaces, see Goddard, 1903, pls. 4, 5, 29, 30; as contents. ear ornaments, pl. 10, figs. 1 and 3; as money, pl. Al. Lottia gigantea: 1. SC 1 (C 138). Con- 18, fig. 2. In ethnological specimens, no attempt tains red pigment. has been made to differentiate Dentalium pretiosum A2. Mytilus californianus valve: 1. SC 1 from imported European or other foreign dentalia (N). Contains asphaltum. introduced by traders. Ethnological: NW Californian tribes used as B3. Aletes squamigerus: 1. SC 1 (N, 1). Sec- spoons for women, also as paint dishes; ground tion about 16 mm. long. down somewhat and with loop of buckskin at- B4. Annelid worm tube: 15. SC 15 (N, 15). Six tached through perforations, they were used as to 16 mm. in length. artificial thumb nails for extracting iris fi- bers from leaves.2 C. Perforated Univalve Shell (2,123) A3. Haliotis cracherodii: 5. SC 4 (Catalina, 1; R, 2; N, 1), SJ 1 (8). SJ has siphonal open- Many were originally beach specimens collected ings plugged with asphaltum; N contains red by the Indians. Some lack spire tips, presumably pigment; Catalina and R contain asphaltum. from natural weathering before being utilized for A4. Haliotis rufescens: 2. SC 2 (N, 1; R, 1 beads or pendants. With few exceptions, all were [cottains bones of infant]). Siphonal openings perforated in largest and lowest whorl. plugged with asphaltum. Methods of making holes exemplified by C4: (1) A5. Trachyeardium quadragenarium valve: 1. punched, (2) pecked or chippe-., (3) abraded hori- SC 1 (N). Discolored by red pigment. zontally by rubbing surface of shell on stone, (4) filed with a narrow tocl, (5) drilled cylindrically, B. Tubular Shell (980) (6) drilled conically. Method 2 perhaps secondary to method 1 and represents a retouching process. Besides molluscan shells, I have included It is not always possible to distinguish conical shelly cases of annelid worms. Mollusks are from cylindrical drill holes. Moreover, the former dentalia and the vermiform Aletes squamigerus. may in many cases be preliminary to the latter. Dentalia mostly in short sections. Some "punched" holes may be due to natural agencies. Bl. Dentalium neohexagonum: 502. SC 502 Method 3 is also illustrated by D9, F5b, Gla, Glb, (Tecolote cr., Santa Barbara co., 20; M 1, 9; Glc. Some drilled holes may have been made by Clemente, 11; C 100, 454; R 2, 2; R 4, 5; R 12, drilling carnivorous mollusks. 1). Pieces vary in length down to tiny sections Whole shells with wall perforations are dis- only 1 mm. long. Seven columella ornaments tinctively SC in distribution. Four exceptions (type AU3) have bushings of short lengths of Bl; from BR, but thesE also lack tip of spire (C23b). three bushings were found in two Hinnites multi- Cl. Cypraea spadicea with body wall perforated. rugosus tubes (AV2dI) from M 1. These bushings Cla. Irregular hole near bottom: 64. SC 64 (N, are included in count. 2; R 35, 1; C 3, 42; C 100, 5; C 154, 1; C 162, 13). B2. Dentalium pretiosum: 462. SC 425 (M 1, Not known if perforated to facilitate removal of 6; C 3, 63 [with red pigment]; R, 29; R 4, 307 flesh for food or for stringing as ornaments, or [305 on two mosaics (see figures 6197b and both. When collected alive, cowry shells have a por- 6198 on p. 111); 1 as bushing in clamshell tube celaneous surface and make attractive ornaments. of type AV2b]; R 6, 17; R 19, 3 [bushings in Clb. Two drilled holes near bottom: 1. SC 1 figured Hinnites multirugosus tube, AV2dII, and (C 2). Very likely an ornament or pendant. globular beads, AWic and AW2b]) SJ 1 (39, 1), C2. Trivia californica: 1,601. SC 1,601 (Pt. Sal, HR 24 (67), NE 12 (Siskiyou co.5. Twelve spec- 16; N, 51; Catalina, 1; R, 6; R 4, 19'; R 6, 214; imens "from a Modoc grave, Siskiyou County" are R 8, 7; R 12, 27; R 30, 115; R 32, 295; R 34, 13; counted as archaeological, though one has small R 35, 40; C 3, 125; C 82, 3; C 100, 664; C 138, 1; end inserted in amber-colored glass bead, so C 162, 4). The holes seem to have been made in many obviously from period of contact of Indians with by horizorntally grinding the convex surface on an whites. Also one SC R 4 specimen has green glass abrasive substance. Some more weathered specimens bead in larger end. Short lengths are imbedded appear to have had rudely punched holes; however, in asphaltum in two above-mentioned mosaics on they, too, may have been first made by abrasion and subsequently weathered. 2Goddard, pl. 14, fig. 3; pl. 16, fig. 6. C3. Trivia solandri: 12. SC 12 (C 3, 1; C 100, [7] 8 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 7; R 34, 3; N, 1). R 34 shows horizontally ab- C21. Clathodrillia incisa: 1. SC 1 (C 100). raded opening. All others, with possibly one Punched hole. exception, appear to have punched holes. C22. Opalia wroblewskyi: 1. SC 1 (N). Small C4. Mitra: 21. SC 21 (C 3, 4 [1 figured]; C conical drill hole beside thickened lip, close 100, 10 [1 figured]; C 104, 1; C 147, 1 [fig- to base of columella. ured]; C 162, 1; N, 4 [3 figured]). Thirteen C23. Olivella biplicata. Holes by punching, adult specimens range from 38 to 78 mm. in conical drilling, horizontal abrading. Most shells length; 8 immature are about 20 mm. in length. fully adult or half-grown; a Tew young, fragile The small ones have punched holes except for 1 ,hells, perforated by punch method. Some conically horizontally abraded. For types of holes in 13 drilled specimens have perforation in second whorl large shells see discussion under C. Three large near top of lip, and may have been drilled by pred- shells lack spire tips, 2 perhaps weathered off, atory mollusks, thus supplying ready-made beads. 1 (C 104) apparently ground off. Specimens fig- C23a. With tip of spire intact: 98. SC 96 ured to show perforation techniques. After the (Catalina, 1; N, 13; Rs 1; C 3, 31; C 82, 8 C 100, paper was completed, Dr. S. Stillman Berry ex- 19; C 135, 1; C 138, 21; C 147, 1), BR 2 (Tomales amined the specimens and stated that, in addi- Bay md. 266, 2). tion to Mitra idae, some were Mitra montereyi, ( C23b. With tip of spire rissing: 101. SC 96 and the smallest ones perhaps Mitra catalinae. (M 10, 1; N, 39; R, 10; R 4, 1; R 6, 2; R 32, 1 C5. Cancellaria cooperi: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1; R 34, 28; C 3, 5; C 100, 3; C 138, 4; C 162, 2), C 197, 1). Lack spire tips (apparently beach- DR 1 (C 6, 1), BR 4 (309, 3; 329, 1). worn); 1 has punched hole, other drilled hole. C24. Cerithidea californica: 9. SC 8 (C 100 C6. Erato vitellina: 55. SC 55 (C 3, 1; C 1; R 4, 7), BR 1 (Fernandez md.), Punched holes. 100, 15; C 162, 2; R 4, 2; R 6, 3; R 8, 1; R 30, C25. Polinices recluzianus: 2. SC 1 (R 4, 1); 1; R 32, 27; N, 3). Holes punched, except one SJ 1 (13). SJ specimen apparently Pleistocene, ac- R 32 specimen horizontally ground. cording tb Clark. C7. Amphissa columbiana: 7. SC 7 (C 162, 5; C26. Cerithiopsis pedroana: 3. SC 3 (R 6). R, 1; R 32, 1). Specimen R 32 and 2 or 3 others C27. Tegula gallina tincta: 2. SC 2 (N, 2). show horizontal abrasion; remainder punched One punched perforation, other horizontally ab- holes. raded; both near lip. C8. Epitonium crenimarginatum: 1. SC 1 (C C28. Lottia gigantea: 1. SC 1 (R, 1). Drilled 100). Hole apparently punched. hole near broad end. C9. Nessarius mendicus: 5. SC 5 (C 3, 1; C C29. Megathura crenulata. With 1 drilled hole 100, 1; C 162, 3). One drilled, 2 horizontally or 2 drilled holes together ne&r 1 end. abraded, 2 pinched. C29a. One perforation: 4. SC 4 (M 1, 2; R, 2). C10. Nassarius cooperi: 16. SC 16 (C 3, 1; Perforation drilled near 1 end. C 100, 7; R 8, 8). Punched holes, except 3 or 4 C29b. Two perforations: 5. SC 5 (C 100, 3; M 1, horizontally abraded, from both C and R. 2). Perforations drilled near 1 end. Cll. Pseudomelatoma torosa: 7. SC 7 (R 8). C30. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (R, 1). A Punched holes. small specimen with small drill hole near anterior C12. Tritonalia foveolata: 1. SC 1 (Cata- edge. lina). Punched hole. C31. Fusinus arnoldi: 1. SC 1 (R 1, R 2, R 3, or C13. Tritonalia lurida: 1. SC 1 (C 3). Large R 4, 1). Perforation by horizontal abrasion. A fos- opening by horizontal abrasion. sil, according to Allyn G. Smith. C14. Tritonalia gracillima: 1. SC 1 (C 100). Nearly circular opening apparently by horizon- D. Perforated Pelecypod Shell (50) tal abrasion. C15. Fusinus kobelti: 2. SC 2 (C 100). Punched Perforations punched, conically drilled, bicon- holes. ically drilled, and made by horizQntal abrasion. C16. Acanthina spirata: 1. SC 1 (N). Hole by Presumably all pendants. Some conically drilled horizontal abrasion. holes made from the exterior may have been the work C17. Bursa californica: 1. SC 1 (N). Hole of carnivorous mollusks. punched. Large and heavy--a pendant rather than Dl. Pecten diegensis: 1. SC 1 (N). Biconically a bead. drilled hole near hinge. C18. Littorina scutulata: 55. SC 55 (C 3). D2. H:nnites multirugosus: 8. SC 8 (C 100). All Two or three have holes by horizontal abrasion, from pit L. All perforated near hinge; one perhaps others apparently punched. All have red powder on drilled, remainder irregular punched holes. them. D3. Chione californiensis: 4. SC 4 (Clemente, 1; C19. Homalopoma carpenteri: 39. SC 39 (C 162). R, 3). Clemente specimen has 2 conical drill holes Several horizontally abraded; others, punched made-from exterior; one R specimen has 1 large sim- holes. ilar hole near hinge; two R specimens perforated C20. Thais emarginata: 1. SC 1 (C 3). Hole, near hinge by horizontal abrasion, also applied to by horizontal abrasion, in second whorl in- other parts of outer surface. stead of largest and lowest. D4. Saxidomus giganteus: 1. DR 1 (C 87). Valve GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 120 mm. long, small biconically drilled hole fringe: D9, K2aII, K2aIII, U4b, VlaIII, Z2aII, near posterior edge. Apparently a pendant.. Z2aIII, Z2bII, Z3aI, Z3aII, AA2aIV, AA4aI, AC2b. D5. Clinocardium corbis: 1. DR 1 (C 141). Three Wiyot feather pendant ornaments (1-9416, Calcined hinge fragment with external conical 1-11618, 1-27068) worn by women shamans have a few drill hole/right at hinge. Probably originally Glycymeris migueliana valves attached. The feathers a complete valve used as pendant. are from condors, flickers, and jays. For full list D6. Margaritifera margaritifera: 6. DR 4 of shell artifacts on 1-9416, see ABlb. (C 87, 2; C 107, 1; C 138, 1), BR 2 (329, 2). D10. Mytilus californianus: 3. DR 2 (C 138), Fragmentary valves with biconical drill hole BR 1 (Tomales Bay 266). Perforation near hinge. One near posterior edge. One DR C 87 specimen has C 138 specimen with hole by abrasion; shell thinned 2 holes, 5 mm. apart. and polished all over. Other by both abrasion and D7. Gonidea angulata: 5. SV 4 (Butte co., 6 conical drill hole from exterior; both fragmentary. mi. S of Vina, 1; mounds nr. Chico, Butte co., Square beads of this species (type Tlc) must have 3), BR 1 (329, 1). BR found with same skeleton been made from such ground-down specimens without as D6. epidermis. BR specimen has two holes drilled from Ethnological: In 1939 specimens with conical exterior. drill hole made from outside were in use as toys Dll. Ostrea lurida: 1. BR 1 (267). Large oval among Karok children at Tea Bar, Siskiyou co. opening oQcupying nearly half the length of the (UCMA 1-50938). valve. Figured. D8. Laevicardium elatum: 1. SC 1 (N). Large D12. Protothaca staminea: 1. ML 1 (site 120, valve with punched hole made from exterior. Round Valley, Mendocino co.). Opening near hinge D9. Glycymeris migueliana: 18. SV 18 (Red- by abrasion; grinding on exterior of valve near ding md. no. 1, 18 [2 figured, showing,drilling edge. and abrading methods of perforation]). All per- forated by horizontal abrasion at top near umbo. *E. "Saw" of Pelecypod Shell (17) Recorded depths, 66 to 94 in., imply consider- able antiquity for this species which is used River mussel valves filed to produce serrate in large numbers by modern.Indians of NW Cali- edge on long thin edge of shell. Serrations range fornia. from 4 to 10 to the cm. Perhaps these objects Ethnological: Extensively used by Indians of served the same purpose as serrate bones (bone NW California. Perforated by horizontal abrasion type H, Gifford, 1940: 172). Similar objects of each valve near umbo. Attached to buckskin from Hopewellian moumds in Michigan and Indiana skirts and used as pendants on headbands. Thus, are regarded by George I. Quimby, Jr., as possi- 1-2048, Yurok woman's headband for Jumping ble tools for marking pottery,3 which they ob- Dance, is a double string of alternating tiny viously were not in the Delta Region, where Olivella biplicata and black seeds, from which pottery vessels are lacking. hang 8 Dentalium pretiosum and 8 Glycymeris mi- El. Gonidea angulata valve: 14. DR 13 (C 85, 2 gueliana valves. The dentalia are threaded with [1 figured]; C 91, 2; C 138, 5; C 141, 4), BR 1 buckskin; below each is a Glycymeris valve se- (250a). cured by a knot in end of buckskin. The seeds E2. Margaritifera margaritifera valve: 3. DR 3 and spire-lopped-Olivella biplicata are strung (C 85, 1; C 91, 1; C 141, 1). on fine iris-fiber thread. On dress fringes Glycymeris shells are often held by a lashing F. Univalve Shell with Top Removed (36,142) which passes through perforation and over edge of valve. Tip ground off, knocked off, or weathered off. Hupa specimen 1-826 is a fawnskin carried in In the spiral univalves the extent to which spire White Deerskin dance. From mouth hangs a red removed is highly variable, ranging from a small Californian woodpecker scalp "tongue." The dis- opening, made by removing topmost whorl or two, to tal edge of tongue has eight buckskin thongs on a large opening made by removing all down to the which are glass beads, seed beads, and Xero- main whorl just above top of lip. These constitute phyllum grass wrapping. Each is terminated with beads made without drilling. Removal of the top a pendant Glycymeris migueliana valve. See leaves way open for threading. Bottom sometimes Goddard, 1903, pl. 30, for manner of carrying slightly removed, but shape on whole nearly natural. deerskins. For a Glycymeris-covered buckskin Fl. Acmaea mitra: 11. SC 5 (C 100), SV 5 (S 1,2; dress, see Goddard, 1903, pl. 5, picturing a Old Johnson md., 5 mi. E of Cottonwood, Shasta co., Yurok woman; see also pl. 8, fig. 1, for dress 3), ML 1 (site 120, Round v., Mendocino co., 1). with double rows of the shells. Five SC and 3 SV had tips ground off; others too Karok buckskin dress (1-1418) has the follow- disintegrated to tell. ing types of shell artifacts attached to the Ethnological: Yurok dress (1-1016) has, among fringe: D9, E2aII, QlaIII, QlaIV, 52aII, S7aI, various objects, 1 Acmaea mitra shell at bottom of U4a, Z2aII, Z2aIII, AA2aIII, AA4aII, AE3a, AF4aI, AF4b, AF8b, AP2aI,A P2aII. See KlaIV, QlaIV, ABlb. Hupa buckskin dress UCMA 1-1417 has the fol- lowing shell artifact types p6ndent on its 3Quimby, pl. 4, fig. 1, p. 74. 10 ANTHROPOLOGICAL' RECORDS fringe; held by a loop of iri8-fiber thread site 9, Poor Man's v., Mendocino co., 1; site 120, through hole and around edge of shell. Rornd v., Mendocino co., 8). F2. Mitra idae: 3. SC 3 (R, 1; C 104, 1; C The degree to which spire removed varies from 147, 1). Two give evidence of ground-off spire mere tip to most of spire down to main whorl. Bot- tip. tom of shell sometimes slightly modified by break- F3. Conus californicus: 33. SC 33 (M 1, 1; age or abrasion, but on whole general form of shell M 6, 2; M 10, 3; N, 2; Catalina, 12; R 6, 2; natural. A few from DR C 138 show side flattening C 2, 1; C 11, 6; C 197, 4). by abrasion, and 40 or so small ones from DR C 107 F4. Olivella pycna: 885. SJ 1 (39), DR 647 have had spire tips ground off obliquely.4 Lillard, (C 6, 390; C 43, C 44, C 45, 27; C 68, 30; C Heizer, and Fenenga have treated these as a separate- 107, 76; C 138, 114; C 142, 10), BR 236 (309, type. Owuing to intergradation, I have not so treated 119; 356, 110; Tomales Bay 242, 6; Tomales Bay these and regard them as fortuitous and dependent on 266, 1), NR 1 (Oakville). the manner of holding the shell when grinding off Ethnological: Hupa specimen 1-1505 is a neck- the spire tip. This view was confirmed in 1942 in lace of 10 strands of Olivella pycna and young observing an aged Karok woman grinding off spire tips Olivella biplicata with a few white glass beads on a steel file. interspersed. 1-2334, a buckskin skirt from the Ethnological: Extensively used by modern Indians Hupa, Yurok, or Karok, has a 3-in. fringe of for necklaces, "ropes" or "chains," dress ornaments, Olivella pycna and young Olivella biplicata pendants, etc. (See D9 for description of use as around the waistline. 1-1856 is a Yurok neck- pendants on dance headband.) Yurok specimen 1-2183 lace of black seeds and small F4 and F5b, worn is a woman's headband for the Jumping Dance. It con- by a girl at first menses. sists of Olivella biplicata strung on iris-fiber F5. Olivella biplicata. string together with 4 small Tegula funebralis; two F5a. Incised, crosshatching on body whorl: 3. Dentalium pretiosum hang pendent from it. 1-2184 is SC 3 (C 100, 3 [all figured]). a similar Yurok specimen without the Tegula fune- F5b. Plain: 35,206. SC 12,306 (site in sand bralis. Both pieces have buckskin ties attached dunes S of Pt. Sal, Santa.Barbara co., 8; Santa for fastening around the head. In dress fringes Barbara region, 65; Tecolote Creek, Santa Bar- (e.g., Yurok front dress 1-1016) if the shell is at bara co., 1; M 1, 97; M 10, 15; Catalina, 17; bottom of beads it is secured [not merely by a knot, Clemente, 11; N, 2,879; C 3, 2,497; C 47, 1; C but] by an en6losing loop which passes through open- 80, 4 C 82, 6; C 83, 275; C 100, 1,257; C 103, ing in spire, out through the aperture of the shell, 164; C 104, 1; C 135, 9; C 138, 9; C 154, 21; 0 and back to the cord above the spire where it is 162, 498; C 197, 10; R, 306; R 4, 86; 'R 6, firmly lashed. A "rope" of Olivella biplicata shells 1,873; R 11, 1 R 12, 127; R 30, 8; R 32, 1,630; from the Central Miwok of Calaveras co. may exem- R 34, 376; R 35, 54), SJ-530 (4, 1; 8, 467; 10, plify a prehistoric use. See Barrett and Gifford, 1; 11, 2; 17, 1; 39, 12; Buttonwillow, 30; 40, pl. 66. The Miwok bleached the shells in hot ashes 1; 44, 1; 82, 5; 87, 8; 113, 1), DR 15,156 (C 1, (ibid. p. 251), a practice reported by Tryon 1; C 6, 2,321 [1 figured in Schenck and Dawson, (p. 633 for olive shells in Polynesia and New pl. 874]; S 16, 44; C 43, C 44, C 45, 1,365; Guinea. Yurok necklace 1-1231 is comprised of more C 56, 20; S 56, 1; C 66, 60; C 68, 6,786; S 73, than 2,500 small Olivella biplicata (F5b). A Bear 1; C 80, 53; C 82, 92; C 83, 308; C 85, 1; C 91, River Athabascan necklace (1-27136) has about 1; Byron Tract, Contra Costa co., 1; French 1,000 interspersed with blue and green glass beads. Camp, 81; C 107, 304; C 121, 50; C 126, 30; C Orchard (pp. 21-23) pictures methods of stringing 138, 3,485; C 141, 52; C 142, 99), SV 4,368 Olivella biplicata beads of type F5b. (S 1, 695; S 2, 3,054 [1 figured, p. 69]; S 3, Yurok buckskin hair tie 1-2045 has pendent 423; S 11, 81; Grindstone, 30; Little Antelope strings of black seeds, Pinus sabiniana nuts, and cr., 10; Redding, 16; 6 mi. S of Vina, 1; Old shell. Three of these strings have alternating Johnson md., 5 mi. E of Cottonwood, 58), BR Olivella biplicata (F5b) and pine nuts, 11 speci- 2,402 (76, 3; 250a, 474; Fernandez md., 153; mens of F5b altogether. Four strings on 1 end of 267, 3; 295, 1; 300, 1; El Cerri4to, 21; 309, hair tie, 3 on other end terminate in pendants, 1,113; 316, 3; 328, 163; 329, 78; 328 or 329, all of Haliotis rufescens, save 1 octagonal Hali- 13; 356, 75; 372, 28; 387, 223; 394, 15; Mission otis unidentified, a unique ethnological type (see Santa Clara, 6, Orinda, 18; Tomales Bay 275, 3; ethnological figure 9, page 113). Other Haliotis Tomales Bay 232b, 2; Tomales Bay 242, 4; Tomales types on six of the pendent strings are S2aII, U4a, Bay 266, 2); NR 244 (56, 1; 236, 158; Oakville, Z2aII, AA2aIII. 7- Vallejo, 78), HR 116 (67, 115; Humboldt co., Two Wailaki ear pendants (1-2575, 1-4382) are 15, NE 20 (Siskiyou co., 7; Modoc co., 1; Cave of soft buckskin with a narrow tab for threading 1, Tule Lake, 12), ML 64 (Tuolumne co., 5; Moke- through the ear lobe and 7 pendent strips covered luimne Hill, Calaveras co., 1; Michigan Flat, with Xerophyllum braid 9 in. long. On bottom of Eldorado co., 23; Fremont Peak, San Benito co., each strip are 2 large F5b- a total of 14 on each 1; mouth of Carmel r., Monterey co., 1; Carmel pendant. Mission, 1; Wages cr. mouth, Mendocino co., 1; Mussel Rock, nr. Westport, Mendocino co., 22; 4See Lillard, Heizer, Fenenga, pl. llb. GIFFORD: CALIFOEIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 11'

F6. Acmaea fenestrata: 1. DR 1 (C 138). Ac- H. Natural Shell Opening (1,144) companying cremation at depth of 20 in. Apex horizontally abraded. Artifaots made by utilizing natural shell open- G. Olive Shell with Top and Bottom Removed ing. Cypraea spadicea aperture, Megathura crenulata (16,488) and Fissurella volcano apical opening, Haliotis si- phonal openings. In groups 1 to 4 the shell was cut away, leaving the natural opening. This seems to bo The shapes depend upon the extent to which the SC technique primarily. Southern SJ specimens were shell has been ground down and vary from barrel undoubtedly imported from the neighboring Santa Bar- form (Gla and G2), to more or less caplike form bara coast. (Glb), and lastly to a tiny cup (Glc), on exte- Hl. Cypraea spadicea lip.. rior of which trace of sutures is only evidence Hla. Whole lip: 14. SC 14 (C 3, 4; C 162, 1; R as to its origin. Like F, G constitutes bead 34, 9 [1 figured]). Perhaps represent. stage in man- forms made without drilling. Removal of top of ufacture of Hlb. shell leaves the way open for threading. Drilled Hlb. Half lip: 10. SC 10 (C 100). Two figured, Olivella biplicata beads constitute class X. 1 with teeth, 1 with teeth worn off. Perhaps used Gl. Olivella biplicata. Olivella biplicata as saws or rasps. with top and bottom removed seem divisible into H2. Megathura crenulata apicw1 opening. 3 types according to the extent of removal of the H2a. Ring. In making these the shell was evi- shell. Gla has been ground so that one or both dently broken away, and that around the opening folds of the columella are removed, giving the ground down to the required shape. There was a finished product a barrel-like shape with great- considerable amount of horizontal abrasion too, est diameter in a median position. Glb is so as the rings are smoother and thinner than the ground down at bottom as to leave only the upper natural shell. In some this horizontal abrasion part of the lip visible, or if that is wholly re- was done in such a way as to change the form of moved to show its origin by thickened wall on one the oval to an even-ended one instead of the nat- side; usually shaped like a truncated cone or ural egg-shaped opening; specimens so treated have cap. Glc carries the process further, is uniform been classified in group J, artificial shell rings. in thickness and reveals its origin from the H2aI. Plain ring: 338. SC 333 (M 1, 7; M 6, 2; spire only by external trace of suture. Its form M 10, 23; Catalina, 4; N, 37; Miguel, 4; C 100, is that of a tiny cup with hole in bottom. 47: C 198, 1; R, 71; R 4, 3; R 12, 5; R 30, 15 Gla. Barrel-shaped, greatest diameter me- [1 figured]; R 32, 113; Ia Jolla shellmound, San dian; folds near base of columella usually Diego co., 1), SJ 5 (8, 1; 10, 1; 13, 3). The ground off: 11,705. SC 11,608 (Santa Barbara specimen figured has asphalted within it the frag- region, 1,568; M 1, 40; N, 9; C 3, 7,572; C ment of a ring with offset (H2aII) and would seem 100, 727 [1 figured]; R 2, 11; R 6, 1,641; R to indicate an ornamental use to which both types 12, 18; R 15, 1; R 32, 21), SJ 59 (4, 1; 8, 1; were put. Two specimens from M 1 are asphalted to 8 mi. S of Bakersfield, 1; 82, 56 ajority ob- flat rim of stone mortar; evidence cf at least 4 liquely ground off top and bottom]JY DR 37 (C more; spaced about 4 in. apart. 68, 36; C 107, 1), SV 1 (3 2). One site C 3 H2aII. Ring with offset: 267. SC 267 (M 10, 6; specimen is a bushing in bone spool (Gifford, Miguel, 2; C 100, 24 [1 figured: 2 notches]: R, 3; 1940, p. 179, type CC4). R 12, 3 [1 figured: 3 notches]; R 30, 144 [fig- Glb. Cap-shaped, only top of lip remaining, ured]; R 32, 85). Except for one specimen the or 1 wall thicker; whorl walls often show in- projecting offset is on small end of oval. The side: 4,711. SC 4,711 (M 1, 1,170 [l figured]; commonest form is a prolongation of the curving N, 144; Catalina, 3; R 6, 3; C 3, 1; C 100, sides to a broad tip. Sore examples have this 3,388; C 138, 1; C 197, 1). As viewed from bot- notched, as illustrated. The figure for H2aI shows tom one wall is always thicker, indicating where a broad-tipped one asphalted within a plain ring. upper edge of lip was attached to spire. H2aIII. Flat-ended ring: 57. SC 54 (M 1, 19; Glc. Cuplike bead made from spire, trace of Tecolote cr., Santa Barbara co., 13 [l figured, suture on exterior: 48. SC 37 (Clemente, 1 [fig- small]; Catalina, 2; N, 2; R 6; R 35, 6; C 100, ured]; C 100, 33; R, 1; R 4, 1; R 8, 1), DR 11 6 [1 figured]), SJ 3 (8). One or both ends ground (C 1, 1; C 80, 2; C 82, 7; C 138, 1). No thick- straight across, usually both. One from M 1 is ce- ened wall when viewed from bottom, as in Glb, mented in asphaltum and is accompanied by others which absence indicates that bead is made from plus thin flat fragments of asphaltum, which show higher portion of spire. wood grain impression, as though once attached to Ethnological: See X3bI. a slab. Probably the whole formed a mosaic on wood. G2. Olivella undatella with top and bottom H2b. Saddle- or butterfly-shaped: 84. SC 84 removed, barrel-shaped: 24. ML 24 (sand dunes (M 1, 43 [1 figured]; C 100, 37; R, 3 [1 figured, ne4r Indio, Riverside co., 24). Apparently cal- wide]; R 35, 1). This type differs from H2c in cined. Olivella undatella is a Gulf of Califor- having long axis transversely across the shell, nia species. so that it is concavo-convex, the larger ones 12 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS markedly so. Greatest length across the shell. cal perforations at 1 end. R 3 and DR specimens Suggests shape of chiton valve also. have parallel-line incised edges. Remainder plain H2c. Platter-shaped or oval: 6. SC 1 (R), SJ edge. 5 (13, 5 [1 figured]). Differs from H2c in hav- H5. Haliotis siphonal opening, incomplete. In ing long axis longitudinal instead of transverse the following types the artificer took advantage in relation to original form of shell. of the natural curvature of the shell into the si- H2d. Scoop-shaped, rounded square: 22. SC 22 phonal openings to develop a number of ornate forms (C 100, 12 [1 figured]; M 1, 10). Ground off ranging from a simple bulbots bead with virtually most at ends; C 100 specimens with sides unmod- all trace of the opening removed to a butterfly (or ified. Two M 1 specimens are cut down so that chiton-valve) form. A considerable number have apical opening is framed by narrow square only. traces of epidermis, apparently indicating Haliotis Five C 100 specimens have painted design of white rufescens and in some cases perhaps Haliotis ful- spots on orange-red background (see figure, p. gens. Usually the convexly curved inner nacrous 70) suggesting spotted'-fawn painted design of surface between two siphonal openings is included Miwok water moiety.5 J. P. Harrington (1942) in the object. The manner of cutting away the shell lists moieties (element 1242) as present in the around the openings is what produces the variation four Chumash groups considered, but states that in form. A second convex curvature is on the exte- their names were unobtainable. rior surface of the shell, but at right angle to H3. Fissurella volcano apical opening: 45. the inner surface convexity. This double convexity SC 45 (M 6, 1- N, 2; C 100, 3 [3 figured]; R 4, is most apparent in the "butterfly" forms. H5a spec- 2; R 35, 37). Specimens figured are part of a imens are plain, H5b incised. mosaic and with Olivella beads are asphalted to H5a. Plain, no incising. a Haliotis disk, figured as type L2c. H5aI. One perforation: 175. SC 175 (M 1, 1; C H4. Haliotis siphonal opening, complete. Sev- 100, 15 [1 figuredl; C 138, 1; R 1, 62 E1 figured]; eral specimens are recognizable as Haliotis ru- R 2, 10 [1 figured]; R 4, 19 [2 figured]; R 6, 10 fescens by unremoved epidermis. All others lack [1 figured]; R 11, 31 [1 figured]; R 19, 1; R 21, epidermis, but with one exception suggest this 6; R 30, 2; R 32, 17 [2 figured]). It would appear species by large size of siphonal openings. H4a that the red epidermis on the concave outer surface types lack artificial perforation; H4b types between the siphonal openings was sometimes retained have it. Drilled holes in H4b appear cylindrical. for ornamental effect, as in R 11 figured. H4a. Unperforated. H5aII. Two perforations: 69. SC 69 (C 100, 3; H4aI. Plain edge: 9. SC 7 (C 100, 1; R 2, 1l R 1, 24 [2 figured]; R 2, 5; R 4, 9; R 6, 5; R 8, 11 R 4, 1; R 11, 1 [figuredl; R 30, 3 [1 figuredl], 11 figured]; R 11, 3 [2 figuredl; R 21, 3 [1 fig- DR 2 (C 86, 1; C 138, 1). Eight show only 1 com- ured]; R 32, 6). "Butterfly" forms are common in plete siphonal opening; ninth, two. R 4 and DR this type and in such the 2 perforations are usually C 138 show epidermis and have one straight edge in the top of the "wings." Other forms are rare, but where ground off, other edges irregular; prob- 1 such, with perforations in opposite ends, is fig- ably in process of manufacture. Two R 30 spec- ured, R 11 (smallest). On the whole the shapes are imens (1 figured) have the form of Megathura much the same as in H5aI. crenulata rings (H2a), have asphaltum on exte- H5aIII. ee perforations: 7. SC 7 (R 6, 3 [1 rior, and probably formed part of a mosaic. figured]; R , 1 [figured]; R 11, 1 [figured]; R 21, H4aII. Incised edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1; R 6, 2 [1 figured]). Asymmetry is characteristic of the; 1 [figuredl). Both rectangular in general shape; majority. Figured R 21 is the larger of two roughly figured one has zigzag incising; unfigured has triangular shieldlike specimens. fine parallel lines. H5aIV. Four perforations: 8. SC 8 (C 138, 1; R 1, H4b. Artificial perforations. 2; R 4, 1; R 6, 4 [2 figured]). Seven of butterfly H4bI. One artificial perforation: 8. SC 8 (R shape (1 figured), 1 not butterfly (figured). 1, 1; R 2, 4; R 4, 1; R 11, 2 [1 figured, 4 open- H5aV. Deeply notched edges: 1. SV 1 (2), figured. ings]). Perforation presumably for suspension as This roughly rectangular specimen, of Haliotis ru- pendant, as close to one end; evidently indi- fescens, utilizes 3 siphonal openings for notches cates cord not passed through siphonal opening. and has 4 more artificial notches filed into it. Specimen figured includes 4 siphonal openings, The difference betwen the two types of notches is the remainder 1 each. apparent in figure. Near one end are two perfora- H4bII. Two artificial perforations: 5. SC 4 tions very close together. (R 2, 1; R 3, 1 [figured]; R 4, 1; R 6, 1), DR 1 H5aVI. Disk with 1 central.perforation: 8. SC 6 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1). R 4, heart-shaped, with (C 100, 1 Ifigured, small, thin>; C 138 5 [1 figured, l perforation on each side of top; heart-shaped largestl), DR 2 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 23. The two DR effect achieved by cutting across a second si- specimeas are from Haliotis rufescens, the SC spec- phonal opening. R 3 and R 6 have perforations at imens from Haliotis unidentified. Type distinguish- opposite ends, siphonal opening in middle. R 2 able from ordinary Haliotis disk beads by double includes 3 siphonal openings and had 2 cylindri- curvature of surfaces. H5b. Incised. Gifford, 1916, p. 146. Heye, 1921, frontis- H5bI. Incised, edge only or transverse, parallel piece shoWs 1 from San Miguel is. in color. lines, oval to fusiform, 1 perforation: 6. SC 6 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 13 (C 100, 3 [1 figured, oval]; R 11, 3 [2 figured, Jlb. Mytilus californianus, plain edge: 6. SC fusiform]). R 11 specimens, from single grave, 6 (M 10, 5 [1 figured, to show conical drill hole have incising on concave outer surface of shell. made from interior surface]; C 197, 1 [figured, One (figured) has red epidermis over whole con- largest, outer surface shown)). Periphery, rough cave surface, evidently for ornament; it is in- in all but 1 (smallest), suggests they are fish- cised along edges, the cuts running slightly hooks in process of manufacture. into the epidermis. The other two (1 figured) Jlc. Clam (unidentified), plain edge: 4. SC 4 have incisions running completely across the con- (C 3, 1; N, 3 [all figured]). Medium-sized figured cave surface from which epidermis wholly removed. specimen is definitely keeled or beveled. The C 100 specimens are oval; one (figured) has J2. Unperforated, artificial ring, Haliotis. a patch of red epidermis on unfigured side and J2a. Plain edge. is made from a sealed siphonal opening. J2aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 235. SC 221 (§ mi. H5bII. Incised edges, spider form: 1. SC 1 N of La Jolla; San Diego co., 1; M 1, 1; R 30, 219 (C 138), figured. One arm perforated for suspen- [1 figured)), DR 12 (C 10, 3; S 60, 2; C 69, 1; C sion. Apparently one or two more arms broken off. 107, 3 [2 figured, largest, smallest]; C 142, 3), H5bIII. Incised edges, 2 perforations: 1. SC BR 2 (309, 1; 356, 1 [figured, next to largestl). 1 (R 11), figured. Average rings about 1 in. diameter. Some of the H5bIV. Incised edges, 5 perforations: 1. SC 1 heavier ones from SC, especially those with ring (R 11), figured. One central and 4 peripheral opening off center (1 figured), may be fishhooks perforations. Crosshatched incising around edge in process of manufacture. The two DR C 142 spec- of outer surface, from which epidermis removed. imens are only slightly larger than smallest fig- Some H5bI and H5bIII from same grave (number 52) ured. of R 11. J2aII. Haliotis fulgens: 6. SC 6 (I mi. N of La Jolla, San Diego co., 3 [1 figured, largest]; I. Peripheral Ring of Limpet Shell (60) Catalina, 1; R 30, 2 [1 figured, smallest]). Cat- alina specimen has small punched opening and rough Made by cutting away greater part of shell, periphery and may be a fishhook in process of man- leaving only periphery. The natural periphery ufacture. forms outer edge of ring. None figured. With ex- J2aIII. Haliotis rufescens: 5. SC 4 (M 1, 1; ception of type (Ii), all are too small to serve Clemente, 1; R 30, 2 [1 figured]), BR 1 (309, 1 as bracelets. [figured]). [Figured pieces show range in width of Il. Megathura crenulata: 7. S 7 (C 100, 6; solid part of ring.] Fragmentary M 1 specimen was C 122, 1). Rough, sharp, unfinished inner edge; of greater diameter than either figured, about 2 almost large enough to have been worn as brace- in. lets. J2aIV. Haliotis (unidentified): 128. SC 116 I2. Lottia gigantea: 42. SC 42 (C 100, 1; N, (Clemente, 2; C 100, 35; C 135, 2; R, 11; R 2, 1 41). R 8, 52; R 11, 1; R 21, 3; R 30, 9), SJ 1 (39, 13, I3. Acmaea mitra: 1. BR 1 (356, 1). DR 10 (C 6, 3; C 69, 1; C 107, 2; C 138, 3; C 141, I4. Acmaea limatula: 1. SC 1 (R, 1). 1), BR 1 (387, 1). Range of outside diameters, I5. Fissurella volcano: 9. SC 8 (M 6, 2; M 6-30 mm. Fragmentary BR specimen looks to have been 10, 1; R, 5); SJ 1 (39, 1). even larger. One R 8 specimen is imbedded in bot- tom of asphalt "stem' which is surmounted by small J. Artificial Shell Ring (900) quartz crystal.6 J2b. Haliotis, incised edge. In this order I have placed shell rings cut J2bI. Haliotis rufescens: 3. SC 1 (R 30, 1 [fig- from the body wall of the shell and not utiliz- ured, medium sizel), DR 1 (C 139, 1), BR 1 (295, 1). ing any natural edge for either inner or outer This type is broad and heavy. Incising is short par- edge of ring. The distinction between "ring" allel lines at right angle to edge, on nacrous side. and "bead" or perforated disk is perhaps arbi- DR specimen has 2 U-shaped notches in edge, made by trary. I have regarded as rings annular pieces conical drill; possibly once perforations in a larer with large central openings, as beads those piece, subsequently worked down. DR specimen slightl] pieces with only a small opening for a thread smaller, BR slightly larger than figured specimen. or string to pass through. The figures visu- J2bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 31. SC 31 (C 100, alize these criteria. 22 12 figured]; C 135, 7; R 12, 2). One of figured Jl. Unperforated, artificial ring, non- specimens has zigzag incising on both faces; all Haliotis. "Unperforated" means that solid por- others have parallel lines, often also on both faces. tion of ring has no perforations, disregarding, J3. Haliotis (unidentified) ring, perforated. In of course, the central orifice which makes the most cases the species is unidentifiable because of object a ring. absence of epidermis. Perforations usually appear Jla. Megathura crenulata, cut from inner cylindrical, but were very likely drilled biconically part of shell: 5. SC 5 (R 35, 5). Made by en- at start. larging apical opening to shape of even-ended oval or ring and cutting away outer portion of 6Kroeber, 1908, p. 63, pl. 13, fig. 8, shows 6 shell. from R 8. 14 ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS J3a. Onea perforation. 1; R 30, 8 [2 figured, small]; N, 9 [1 figured, J3aI. Plain edge: 5. SC 4 (R 4, 1 [figured, probably to be fishhook, larger]). The ring open- small] R 8, 1; R 11, 1; R 30, 1 [figured, ings in the larger specimens show chipping or large]S, SJ 1 (39, 1 [figured]). punching rather than drilling or reaming; as in J3aII. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: largest figured. Cf. AF5aI. 4. SC 4 (C 100, 5; R 11, 1). Range in outside J6aII. Haliotis rufescens: 129. SC 129 (Port diameters, 19-36 mm. Largest has unique feature Los Angeles,j; Catalina, 1; R 4, 2 [1 figured, of incised inner, as well as outer edge, on with medium reamed hole]; R 30, 2 [1 figured, larg- both faces (parallel-line incising5. Three spec- est with reamed hole]; N, 123 [2 figured: 1 with imens have zigzag and X-incising. largest reamed hole, periphery almost cut through J3b. Two perforations. to form barb of hook; 1 with chipped or punched J3bI. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 5. hole and chipped edges, largest]). SC 5 (C 100, 5 [2 figured]). Cylindrical perfo- J6aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 5. SC 5 (R 15, rations on opposite sides of ring. 2; R 19, 1; N, 2 [1 figured, has been broken through J3bII. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 diametri- to form fishhook barb and shank]). See AT2. cally opposed perforations, incised edge: 6. SC J6aIV. Mytilus californianus: 11. SC 11 (M 1, 6 (C 100, 4 [1 figured, largest]; R 4, 2). Par- 1; M 10, 2 [1 figured, smallestl; C 83, 2 [1 fig- allel-line incising on outer edge only, some on ured, largest]; C 100, 2; C 138, 1; C 197, 1; R, both faces. Smallest outside diameter, 12 mm. 1; R 30, 1 [figured]). All have reamed holes, but J3c. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations, some have rough edges, including largest and small- incised edge: 3. SC 3 (C 100, 1 [figured]; R 3, 1; est figured. See AT2. R 11, 1 [figured]). Figures show extremes in size J6aV. Norrisia norrisii: 12. SC 12 (N, 12 [3 and extreFies in size of hole in relations to solid figured]). Of the 12 specimens 1 (figured) has a parts of ring. C 100 specimen has parallel-line large reamed hole, 1 (figured, smallest) has a incising; R specimens have crosshatched incising. drilled hole, the remainder have punched and hori- J3d. Haliotis (unidentified)., 4 perforations, zontally abraded (1 figured), more or less irreg- incised edge: 5. SC 5 (C 100, 3 [2 figured]; R ular, holes. All are cut from near lip of large 11, 2). Figures show extremes in size and some- whorl and always embody the thickened edge of this thing of range in size of central hole in rela- whorl where it is cemented to the second whorl. tion to solid part of ring. Parallel-line and This thickened edge evidently would become the shank zigzag or crosshatched incising from same site of the finished fishhook. The third and largest spec- (C 100). imen figured is presented concave side up to show J3e. Haliotis cracherodii, 8 perforations, this thickened edge. This specimen and one other plain edge: 1. SC 1 (M 1, figured). A concavo- show evidence of horizontal abrasion in forming the convex piece, showing complete green epidermis; opening. The one with small drill hole (figured) I 8 peripheral biconical drill holes at nearly assume has been drilled preparatory to making a equal intervals. larger opening. See AT2cII. J3f. Haliotis (unidentified), 11-12 perfora- J6aVI. Astraea undosa: 3. SC 3 (Clemente, 1; C tions, plain edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100 [1 figured]). 197, 1 [figured]; C 198, 1). Clemente specimen has Perfect one figured; second slightly larger but punched squarish hole. Figured specimen has reamed fragmentary. hole; moreover, has periphery ground to oval shape. J4. Haliotis (unidentified), scalloped edge, The thickened angle of the turn of the body whorl many marginal perforations: 3. SC 3 (R 11, 3 was evidently to be used as shank of hook for [1 figured]). One very fragmentary. For other greater strength. In Clemente specimen this has not scallop-edged objects from same site, see Z12. been ground, but in figured it has, as have also the J5. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 radial perfo- parallel surface ridges. The third (unfigured) spec- rations, incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R 6, 1 [fig- imen has a punched hole which has been partially ured]). Crosshatched incising. Exceptional thick- reamed. All 3 pieces are cut from flat bottom of ness of ring allowed unique radial drilling. angled body whorl. J6. "Offset" ring, unperforated. The !'offset" J6b. Incised edge, Haliotis (unidentified): 1. varies from an eccentriclike swelling on one SC 1 (R 6, 1 [figured]). The "offset" on this spec- side of the outer periphery, which makes the ob- imen is a small nib on periphery of nearly perfect ject a pointed oval, to a mere projecting nib circle. It is obviously not intended to be a fish- on a perfect ring (J6b). Probably the vast ma- hook. jority of the J6a objectg are fishhooks in the J7. Haliotis offset ring, perforated in same making. The edges of most have been chipped off plane as ring opening. The "offset" varies from an roughly, rather than ground, and the perforation eccentric swelling on one side of the outer periphery in many has been roughly punched through prepar- of the ring to an actual radiating handle, or to a atory to reaming. In order L are a number of un- triangle (see J7c). punched.,-pointed ovals (teardrop shape) with J7a. O.ne perforation. chipped edges that probably represent the earli- J7aI. In offset, plain edge: 159. SC 159 (Cata- est stage of fishhook manufacture (see AT2). lina, 17; N, 1 (figured, largest]; C 100, 4 [1 fig- J6a. Plain edge. ured, teardrop shape]; C 138, 4; R 1, 6 [1 figured]; J6aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 18. SC 18 (M 10, R 2, 27 [1 figured, shortest]; R 4, 10; R 6, 2; GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFAkCTS 15

R 8, 1; R 11, 23 [1 figuredl; R 21, 6; R 32, 31 ured]; R 32, 1). R 32 is slightly longer and slen- [1 figuredl; R 33, 22; R 35, 5). Largest is ex- derer than figured specimen. Both have parallel ceptional in size, remainder within range of incising. others figured. Jll. Haliotis (unidentified) ring with 3 unper- J7aII. Incised edge: 38. SC 38 (Catalina, 1; forated offsets: 1. SC 1 (R 32, figured). C 100, 6; C 138, 2; R 2, 5; R 4, 1; R 6, 3; R J12. Triangular Haliotis (unidentified) object 11, 8; R 21, 9; R 32, 1; R 35, 2). Range in form with ring opening and apical perforation: 2. SC and size same as in J7aI. Incising mostly zig- 2 (R 8, 1; R 21, 1), both figured. R 8 is only ap- zag or crosshatched; some parallel lines. proximately triangular. J7b. Two perforations. J13. Haliotis (unidentified) triple ring: 1. SC J7bI. Plain edge: 1. SC 1 (C 100), figured. 1 (C 100, 1 [figured)). This tiny object consists J7bLI. Eccentric offset, incised edge: 2. SC of 3 delicate rings in a row. Two projecting horns 2 (C 100, 1; R 21, 1), both figured. Cross- on the central ring suggest that there may have hatched or zigzag incising. been a fourth ring on one side of the row. J7c. Three perforations. J7cI. Plain edge: 5. SC 5 (R 11, 3; R 19, 1; K. Perforated Haliotis Disk or Oval (4,851) R 21, 1), all figured. One R 11 specimen, appar- ently drilled from 1 side only, has narrow shelf Distinguishable from rings by small size of cen- and trace of asphaltum around central opening as tral perforation (where there is one) in relation though for cementing an inset. to solid part of shell. Perhaps some of so-called J7cII. Incised edge: 6. SC 6 (R 3 1; R 4, 1; rings (J) should be more properly called disks. R 11, 2 [figured]; R 21 2 [figured]5. Two large (Some specimens tend to have 1 or more sides figured specimens (R 21) quite different, from straight or to be angular, so that the designation same grave. As shown in figures, one has 1 off- "disk or oval" is almost a misnomer; see orders set, the other 3. Four others (2 figured) have AA and AB, in which these have been placed.) Through- more or less triangular outlines. Incising: par- out I have segregated plain or unincised edges and allel, "V," crosshatched, oblique parallel. incised edges. Many Haliotis specimens lack iden- J7d. Four perforations, incised edge: 2. SC tifying epidermis, sometimes through accident, but 2 (C 100, 1; R 30, 1), both figured. R 30 speci- probably usually because ground off purposely. Some men (smaller) has narrow shelf around ring open- of the types with both central and multiple pe- ing as though forming seat for inlay; trace of ripheral perforations, from southern California, asphaltum adhesive strengthens this suggestion. suggest the possibility of the perforations rep- R 30 has crosshatch incising, C 100 parallel- resenting stars of constellations. This possibility line. is strengthened by the interest of modern Indians J7e. More than 15 perforations, incised edge: in heavenly bodies; for example, they sometimes 1. SC 1 (C 100), figured. This unique piece dam- represent them in sand paintings.7 aged, egg-shaped with large shell area around Specimens of order K which are oval differ from central opening. Three perforations at one end, order Z in that the lesser diameter is more than 12 at damaged end. Edge incised with short par- half the greater diameter; in Z the lesser diam- allel lines. eter is less than half the greater diameter. J8. Haliotis offset ring, 1 tangential perfo- Kl. One central perforation. Diameters range ration. These are thicker than J7 types, making from 2 to 65 mm. tangential drilling possible. - Kla. Plain edge. J8a. In offset, plain edge: 14. SC 14 (R 2, KlaI. Haliotis cracherodii: 98. SC 77 (M 1, 2; 1; R 32, 13 [2 figured]). C 3, 2; C 138, 71; R 4, 1; R 35, 1), SV 2 ( S 11, J8b. Incised edge: 5. SC 5 (R 8, 1 [figured, 2), BR 19 (283, 19). Diameters range from 5 to al- larger]; R 32, 4 [1 figured)). Three (including most 50 mm. Large specimens are more concavo-convex R 8 figured) have zigzag or crosshatched incis- than small ones, except for R 35 which is a tiny ing; 2 (including R 32 figured) have parallel thing 6 mm. in diameter and made from a very young lines. shell. BR 283 specimens are around 15 mm. in di- J9. Haliotis (unidentified) double ring with ameter. Two C 3 specimens are almost 50 mm. in di- perforated stem: 4. SC 4 (C 82, 1; R 2, 1 [fig- ameter. None figured. ured, larger]; R 4, 1; R 21, 1 [figured]). Edges KlaII. Haliotis fulgens: 2. SC 2 (R 6, 1; R 32, incised with crosshatching, parallel lines, and 1). Diameters, 10 and 30 mm., respectively. V's with apex to edge. KlaIII. Haliotis rufescens: 61. DR 36 (C 6, 27 J10. Haliotis (unidentified) bar with ring [1 figured in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 87b]; C 10, ends. This is a long way from "true" ring as in 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; S 60, 5; C 69, 1; C 142, J2, but it naturally follows J9. 1), SV 1 (S 2, 1), BR 24 (283, 23; 309, 1). Diam- JlOa. Plain edge: 20. SC 20 (C 100, 1; R 1, eters 9-20 mm. BR 283 specimens around 15 mm. in 3; R 2, 1 [figured]; R 6, 2; R 8, 3 [2 figured, diameter. one broad]; R 11, 3 [2 figured]; R 32, 7 [1 fig- KlaIV. Haliotis (unidentified): 795. SC 353 (M 1, ured, broad with constricted neck]). JlOb. Incised edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1 [fig- 7Waterman, pl. 25. 16 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 4; M 6, 2; Catalina, 1; C 100, 76 [2 attached type AWlb figured]; R 1, R 2, or R 4, 1 [bushing on ventral side of crab-shell rattle figured in in 1 endl of barrel-shaped, purplish stone bead; U3b1]; C 135, 1 [diameter 55 mm., largestl; C in other end is white shell bushing]; R 2, 3; R 138, 31; R, 1; R 2, 3; R 4, 207; R 6, 2; R 12, 6, 7). Diameter 2-4 mm. 1; R 21, 1; R 30, 16; R 32, 5; R 35, 2), SJ 9 KleII. Haliotis rufescens, plain edge: 3,051. (39, 6; 41, 1; 150, 2 [1 figured, terminal por- SC 2,782 (M 1, 6; Catalina, 12; Clemente, 78; N, tion of earplug]), DR 125 (C 6, 65; C 10, 8; C 16; C, 4; C 82, 7; C 100, 15; C 135, 181 [4 are 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; S 60, 8; C 68, 10; C00, bushings in AV2b]; C 138, 8; R, 1; R 1-R'3, 2,000; 1; C82, 1; C107, 14; C126, 1; C138, 14; C R 2, 257; R 4, 93 [2 bushings in AV2b]; R 6, 69; R 142, 1), BR 302 (267, 3; 283, 297 [1 cemented 8, 4; R 11 7; R 15, 2; R 19, 22),- SJ 104 (4, 8; 8, with 13bI beads on spatulate stone figured under 24; 39, 723, DR 159 (Indian Slough, nr. Brentwood, U3b1]; 309, 1; 387, 1), NE 6 (Cave 1, Tule Lake, 1; C 6, 7; C 80, 17; C 82, 109; C 83, 13; C 107, Modoo co., 6 [irregular, crude)). On 2 mosaics 1; C 138, 5; C 141, 6), SV 6 (S 1, 6).. A few are from R 4 there are 202 small KlaIV beads imbed- cylindrical in appearance, being 3 mm. in diameter ded in asphaltum with types B2 and Zl (see figs. and length both. The majority have faded to orange 6197b and 6198, page 111). Range in size par- or salmon-pink. Diameters range from 2 to 16 mm. tially shown by figures; some tiny ttiin ones Xlf. Haliotis rufescens, serrate edge: 2. SC 1 from SC only 5 mm. in diameter. BR 283 specimens (C 83, 1 [figured, small)), BR 1 (309, 1 (figured)). around 15 mm. in diameter. The earplug figured K2. One peripheral perforation. and its mate, from SJ 150, have a series of O2a. Plain edge. gopher incisor teeth imbedded in asphaltum just K2aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 8. SC 6 (C 83, 1; below the edge of the Haliotis disk. The natu- R 35, 5 (1 figured, small]), DR 1 (C 107, 1, BR 1 ral curvature of these teeth made them admirable (309, 1 (figured, large]). C 83 specimen slightly for such curved inlay. They suggest the imbed- smaller than BR 309 figured. ding of paca incisors in earplugs used by the Ethnological: Northern Pomo feathered basket Eastern Timbira of Brazil (I'imuendaju, p. 51). (1-26550) from mouth of Noyo r. has following Ethnological: Wiyot shaman s feather head ornament types of shell artifacts attached: K2aI, K2aII, 1-27068 has following types of shell artifacts at- K2aIII, OlaII, VlaII, VlaIII, AF5aIV. tached: D9, KlaIV, K2aII, K2aIII, QlaIV, S2aII, K2aII. Haliotis rufescens: 17. DR 8 (S 28, 1; Z2aII, Z2aIII, AA2aIII, AA2aIV, AF4aI, AF4aII. C 80, 1; C 86, 1, C 138 5), SV 4 (S 3, 4 (60 mm. Klb. Incised edge. diam., largest]), BR 5 t35, 2; 309, 2; 356, 1). l1bI. Ealiotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 6, 1). Ethnological: A pair of Hupa hair ornaments on .ibbI. Haliotis rufescens: 3. DR 2 (C 141, buckskin thong (UCMA 1-934) contain the following 2), BR 1 (307, 1). Slight parallel-line incis- Haliotis pendants: K2aII, K2aIII, Z2aII, Z2aIII, ing. Diameters, 22-32 .mm. AA2aIII, AA2aIV, AC2a, AC2b, AF4aI. See D9, Z2bI. KlbIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 41. SC 29 Karok dress 1-1419 has following types as pendants: (Ml, 1; C 100, 18; C 138, 3; R 4, 2; R 6, 4; R K2aII, X3aIV, S2aII, Z2aII, Z ethnological type, 35, 1), DR 12 (C 68, 5; C 141, 7 (1 large one AA2aIII, AA2aIV, AF4aI AF8a. Yurok deerskin for figured as found attached to solid steatite Deerskin dance (1-19535 has following pendants: "plug])). Figured one has nearly serrate edge. K2aII, S2a1II, U4a, ABlat, ABlaII, AF4aI. See Four tiny C 100 specimxens only 5 mm. in diameter. KlaIV, W2aI. Klc. Haliotis riufescens, plain edge, concen- E2aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 82. SC 16 (C tric rings: 4. BR 4 (309, 3 [1 figured, 4 rings; 100, 10; R, 1; R 1, 1; R 6, 1; R 8, 1; R 21, 1; also pictured in Schenck, 1926, pl. 46, along R 30, 1; R 35, 1), DR 44 (C 6, 6; S 28, 3; C 43, with another, 46 T); 372, 1 (figured, 1 ring)). C 44, or C 45, 2; C 48, 3; C 68, 4; C 82, 2; C 86, Rings are incised grooves; on 2 BR 309 speci- 1; C 91, 1; C.138, -17; C 139, 2; C 141, 1; Freeport mens nearly weathered off. Largest specimen, district, 1; nr. Isleton, 1), SV 13 (S 1, 3; S 2, slightly over 2 in. in diameter has 5 crudely 6; S 3, 4 [1 figured, largest]), BR 9 (35, 1; 76, grooved rings. BR 372 has single ring on con- 3; 309, 3; 387, 1; Castlewood Country Club, nr. vex outer surface, apparently made by a spur on Pleasanton, Alameda co., 1). Diameters range from the side of the drill. All others are freehand 10 to 65 mm. and on concave inner surface. Two specimens show Ethnological: See D9, K2aII, K6aIII, Z2bI. East- epidermis of Haliotis rufescens; 2 others lack ern Pomo feathered basket 1-408 has 6 of these epidermis, but probably from this species. (K2aIII) as pendants, also 6 pendent strings of Kld. Haliotis fulgens, incised edge, concen- VlaII and VlaIII. Northern Pomo flat braided war tric rings: 1. S 1 (C 100). Two ooncentric belt of string (1-2840) has following types of Hal- groove rings around central hole. Hole nearly iotis pendents suspended from short strings of cylindrical, but gives slight trace of biconi- about 5 VlaII and.VlaIII beads:. K2aIII, U4a, U4b) cal drilled origin. Parallel-line incising; di- AF4aI, AF4aII. See KlaIV, K2aI, ABlb. ameter 67 nm. K2b. Incised edge. Kle. Haliotis epidermis. K2bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 5. DR 4 (C 43, C KleI. Haliotis cracherodii, plain edge: 49. 44, or C 45, 1; C 87, 1; C 138, 2 [1 figured, SC 49 (R 1-3, 37; R 1-4, 1 [bushing in bead of large]), BR 1 (309, 1 [figured]). Epidermis but GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 17 little gr.oulid off, probably because shell thin- edge: 3. SC 3 (C 3, 2; R 30, 1 [figured, serrate, ner than Haliotis rufescens. largestl). E2bII. Haliotis rufescens: 52, DR 25 (S 28, K3bIII. Haliotis rufescens, incised edge: 12. 1; C 138, 24), SV 2 (S2, 2), BR 24 (3, 1; 35, SC 2 (Tecolote Ranch, Tecolote cr., Santa Barbara 4; 250a, 2; 309, 8 [1 figured, small]; 329, 5 co., 1; C 3, 1), DR 10 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C [1 figured, large]; 387, 3; Fernandez md., 1), 68, 5; C 142, 4). NR 1 (236, 1 [figured, has 2 rectangular Oli- K3bIV. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: vella beads (type X3aI) cemented in inner sur- 75. SC 15 (C 3, 6; C 100, 6 [1 figured, smallest]; face just below perforation]). Some DR and BR C 162, 1; R 30, 2), SJ 2 (15 mi. SE of Buttonwil- specimens have V-incisions instead of parallel low and 1 mi. NW of Buena Vista Lake, Kern co., 2 lines at edge; e.g., specimens from DR C 138, [1 figured]), DR 57 (C 68, 40; C 70, 1; C 107, 4 BR 309, and BR 387. [1 figured, square Olivella bead of type 13aI ce- E2bIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 90. SC 3 mented over 2 perforations on concave sidel; C 142, (C 100, 3 [1 figured, smallest]), DR 61 (C 19, 12 [1 figured, largest, 2 square Haliotis beads of 1; S 28, 2; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 4; C 82, 2; type S5aIV cemented to concave side, not over per- C 86, 3; C 87, 3 [1 figured, largest]; C 138, forations]), NR 1 (236). A second large one, found 39;.C 139, 6; C 141, 1), BR 23 (3, 2; 35, 1; with the illustrated DR C. 142, shows impression of 250a, 3; 295, 1; 309, 4 [1 figured, siall rectangular beads having once been cemented over disk]; 356, 1; 387, 9; Castlewood Country Club, the 2 perforations. Figured specimens show range near Pleasanton, Alameda co., 2), NR 3 (236, 3). of size and of spacing of holes in relation to Probably many of thicker specimens are Haliotis whole area of disk. rufescens, though no epidermis remains to prove M3c. Haliotis (unidentified), punctate design: this. 1. SC 1 (C 162, 1 [figured]). Ethnological: See ABlb. K4. One peripheral and 1 central perforation. K2c. Punctations. K4a. Plain edge. K2cI. Haliotis cracherodii, punctate design K4aI. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 1 (C 68), SV on inner surface: 1. SC 1 (C 83, 1 (figured]). 1 (S 2). Both figured; SV smaller. Punctate design suggests that on clamshell or- K4aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 10. SC 3 (C 83, naments from same site. 1; C 100, 2), DR 7 (C 68, 5; C 138, 1; C 139, 1). K2cII. Haliotis rufescens, punctate edge: 3. K4b. Incised edge. DR 3 (C 6, 2; C 43, C 44, or C 45 1). K4bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (R 2). K2cIII. Haliotis (unidentified3, circle of Longer diam., 25 mm.; shorter, 21 mm. punctations near edge: 5. DR 5 (C 6, 3; C -86, 2). K4bII. Haliotis (unidentified), incised to ser- K2d. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge, rate edge: 8. SC 3 (C 100, 2; R 2, 1), DR 5 (C 6, concentric circles: 1. DR 1 (C 138, figured). 1; C 139, 1; C 141, 3). K2e. Haliotis rufescens, incised edge, punc- K4c. Haliotis rufescens disk, circle of punc- tations, 1 or more concentric rings: 2. DR 2 (C tations near periphery: 1. SV 1 (S 2), figured. 138, 2 [both figured]). K5. Two diametrically opposite peripheral per- K3. "Button" of Haliotis, 2 more-or-less cen- forations. tral perforations. K5a. Plain edge. K3a. Plain edge. K5aI. Haliotis rufescens: 13. DR 13 (C 6, 9 [3 K3aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 5. SC 4 (M 1, 1; figured: largest, disk, and smallest]; C 82, 4 [1 C 3, 1; R 4, 1 [figured, small]; R 6, 1), DR 1 figured, large]. (C 107, 1 [figured, large]). Ethnological: A Hupa necklace (1-933) is com- K3aII. Haliotis fulgens: 15. SC 14 (M 1, 1; posed of 36 pieces of Haliotis shell drilled at Clemente, 1; C 3, 6; C 100, 3; R 2, 1; R 4, 1; opposite ends, strung through both openings so R 12, 1), SJ 1 (Buttonwillow, 1). that pieces lie and to end. In this necklace are K3aIII. Haliotis rufescens: 9. DR 9 (C 68, types KS5aI, K5aII, Z3aI, Z3aII, AA4aI. 5; C 142, 4). Ethnological: Yurok ear ornaments K5aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 18. SC 2 (C 1-2441 a and b8 comprise 2 disks and 2 pendants 100, 1; R 4, 1), DR 16 (C 6, ll; C 43, C 44, or of S2aIII type. C 45, 3; C 86, 1; Sacramento r., near Isleton, 1). K3aIV. Haliotis (unidentified): 127. SC 23 Ethnological: See K5aI. (M 1, 2; Catalina, 6; C 3, 3; C 100, 8; R 4, 1; K5b. Incised edge. R 12, 1; R 30, 2), DR 104 (C 6, 1 [figured in K5bI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 138). Schenck and Dawson, pl. 87c]; C 68, 98; C 142, K5bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 7. SC 4 (C 100, 5). 2 [1 figured, smallest disk]; C 135, 1 [figured, Ethnological: See K2aII. largest disk]; R 6, 1 [figured, elongate oval]); M3b. Incised or serrate edge. DR 3 (C 6, 2; C 107, 1). K3bI. Haliotis cracherodii, serrate edge: 2. K5c. Circle of punctations near periphery. SC 2 (C 3, 1; C 162, 1 [figured, slightly the KScI. Haliotis rufescens: 11. DR 11 C 6, 6 [1 larger of the 21). figured, small]; C 19, 2; S 56, 1; C 43, C 44, or K3bII. Haliotis fulgens: incised or serrate C 45, 2 [1 figured, large]). K5cII. Haliotis (unidentified): 32. DR 32 (C 6, 14; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 6; C 83, 1; C 86, 4; 8Goddard, pl. 10, fig. 2. C 107, 1; C 138, 2; Sacramento r., near Isleton, 4). 18 ANTHROPOIOGICAL RECORDS K5d. Haliotis (unidentified), circle of punc- K9cI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). Di- tations, each punctation in a square: 2. DR 2 ameters 54 by 51 mm. (C 138, 2, in mouth of burial 16). Evidently a K9cII. Haliotis (unidentified): 2. DR 2 (C 6, pair, because nearly identical in every respect. 1; 5 56, 1 [figuredl). C 6 specimen slightly larger Better preserved one figured. than figuired S 56. K6. Two peripheral perforations close to- K10. Four peripheral perforations close together. gether. KlOa. Haliotis rufescens, plain edge: 1. BR 1 H6a. Plain edge. (309, 1 [figured in Schenck, 1926, pl. 47m]). K6aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 2. SC 1 (C 3, 1 KlOb. Haliotis rufescens, incised edge: 2. DR 2 Ifigured, oval]), BR 1 (309, 1 [figured, disk]). (C 138, 2 [1 figured]). Pair from same burial. One K6aII. Haliotis fulgens: 2. SC 2 (C 3, 1; R has trace of Haliotis rufescens epidermis, other 15, 1). has not. K6aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 6. SC 1 (R Kll. Four scattered peripheral perforations. 11, 1), SJ 2 (8, 1; 14 or 15, 1 [cemQnted with Klla. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 2. asphaltum over orbit of Bald Eagle, figured in DR 2 (C 6, l'[figured, small]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, Gifford and Schenck, pl. 131), DR 3 (C 43, C 44, 1 [figured]). or C 45, 1; C 138, 2). Ethnological: A necklace Kllb. Incised edge. (1-105) from the Wappo of Pope v., Napa co., KllbI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 [fig- has 7 of K6aIII and 2 of K2aIII strung pendent. ured]). See H6a in "Exclusively Ethnological Types." KllbII. Haliotis (unidentified): 2. SC 1 (C 100, K6b. Incised edge. 1), DR 1 (C 138, 1). Diameters about 40 mm. The ar- K6bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 2. SC 2 (C 3, 1; rangement of holes in C 100 suggests constellations R 35, 1). One, elongate oval, has most of epi- Lepus and Corvus. dermis ground,off, other not at all. Kllc. Haliotis rufescens, circle of punctations: K6bII. Haliotis fulgens, incised to serrate 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). Diameter about 32 mm. edge: 1. SC 1 (C 3, 1). K12. Halioti6 (unidentified), 6 peripheral per- K6bfII. Haliotis rufescens: 3. DR 2 (C 138, forations, plain edge: 2. SC 1 (C 100, 1), DR 1 (C *2 [2 figured]), NR 1 (236, 1 [figured]). Three 43, C 44, or C 45, 1). Both figured. rectangular, drilled Olivella beads (1 of type K13. Three perforations in a row (1 central, 2 X3aI, 2 of type X3aIII) cemented to concave peripheral). side of NR specimen just below perforations. K13a. Plain edge. K6bIV. Haliotis (unidentified): 9. SC 1 (C Kl3aI. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (C 3, 1 [fig- 100, 1), DR 7 (C 138, 4; C 139, 3), NR 1 (236, ured]). 1). One C 138 piece from eye socket of burial. K13aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 12. SC 12 (C K7. Three close peripheral perforations, in- 82, 1; C 100, 8 [3 figured]; C 135, 1; C 138, 2). cised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 K13b. Inci.sed edge. [figured]). J K13bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. DR 1 (C 68, 1). K8. Three peripheral perforations, at least Diameter about 20 mm. 1 apart. K13bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 9. SC 9 (C 100, K8a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 2. 7; R 2, 2). Range of shapes as in K13aII. Largest DR 2 ( C 6, 1 [figured, small]; C 82, 1 Ifig- has diameters 55 by 38 mm. ured]). K14. One central and 2 peripheral perforations K8b. Incised edge. forming angle of less than 900. M8bI. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 6, 1 [fig- K14a. Plain edge: 3. SC 3 (M 1, 1 [figured; ured]). Tends to triangular form. disk]; C 100, 2 [both figured, smallest and larg- K8bII. Haliotis rufescens: 3. DR 3 (C 43, C est]). 44, or C 45, 2 [1 figured]; C 138 1). K14b. Incised edge: 5. SC 5 (C 138, 1; R 2, 4). K8bIII. Haliotis (unidentified3: 4. SC 3 (C K15. One central and 3 peripheral perforations. 100, 1; R 11, 2 [1 figured], DRi1 (C 138, 1). R K15a. Plain edge. 11 specimens have zigzag and crosshatched incis- Kl5aI. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (C 138, 1). ing. DR specimen near disk shape, 45 by 55 mm. Kl5aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 2. SC 2 (C 100, diameters. 1; R 11, 1). K8c. Haliotis (unidentified), circle of punc- K15b. Incised edge. tations: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1). Dismeter 33 mm. Kl5bI. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1). V- K9. Two pairs of perforations, on opposite incising on edge. sides. Kl5bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 8. SC 8 (C 100, K9a. Plain edge: 2. DR 2 (Indian Slough, nr. 4 [1 figured, smallest]; C 138, 1 R 2, 2 [1 fig- Brentwood, Contra Costa co., 1; C 138, 1). Both ured, largestl; R 21, 1 [figured)i. The smallest. figured: C 138 smaller. figured specimen has slightly serrate edge. K9b. Incised edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1 [figured, K15c. Haliotis fulgens, incised edge and punc- small]; C 138, 1 [figured]). Larger has zigzag tations: 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1 [figured]). V-incising on ancising; other parallel lines at right angle to edge of concave (inner) surface; punctations in edge. convex (outer) surface. K9c. Circle of punctations. K16. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 central and 4 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 19 peripheral perforations, incised edge: 4. SC 4 L. Unperforated Disk, Oval Teardro, or (C 100, 2 [2 figured: smallest and most elon- Fusiform Object 324- gate]; R 2, 1; R 21, 1 [figured, largest]). One unfigured intermediate specimen has same general Range in form from disk to lanceolate Types arrangement of peripheral perforations as larg- L2b and L2c have shell beads attached wiih asphal- est figured. tum. It is possible that other large disks were K17. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 central and 5 once similarly decorated (cf. Llb). The smaller peripheral perforations, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (C disks may have been blanks for drilling, in other 100, 1 [figured]). words unfinished artifacts. Some, particularly K18. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 central and 6 pointed ovals (teardrop shape), may have been un- peripheral perforations: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1; R 2, finished fishhooks (AT2). This class (L) is a 1), both figured. In C 100 specimen peripheral heterogeneous assemblage of unperforated objects. perforations in 2 groups of 3 diametrically oppo- U. Plain edge. site; center hole of each trio smaller than Lla. Haliotis cracherodii: 16. SC 16 (i mi. N lateral ones. In R 9 specimen peripheral per- of La Jolla, San Diego co., 1; Catalina, 1; C 3, 3 forations scattered around whole circumference. [l figured, smallest]; C 83, 2 [1 figured, larg- K19. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 central and 7 est]; C 100 1; C 198, 1; N, 7 [1 figured, tear- peripheral perforations: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 [fig- drop shape] . ured]). Peripheral perforations in 2 groups of 3 Llb. Haliotis fulgens: 13. SC 13 (C 100, 3 [2 and 4 diametrically opposite. figured: 1 long oval with 1 edge straight, 1 large K20. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 central and 2 disk with semilunar trace of asphaltum on convex peripheral perforations, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R face]; N, 8 [1 figured, teardrop]; R 2, 1; R 30, 30, 1 [figured]). 1). Except for 4 specimens (2 from C 100 figured)4. K22. Haliotis (unidentified), 5 central perfo- these have rough edges as though in process of rations, serrate edge: 1. SC 1 (R 4, 1 [figured]). manufacture. Some may be blanks for fishhooks. Two K23. Haliotis (unidentified), 5 central and 2 large disks from C 100 (1 figured) have amooth peripheral perforations, incised edge: 1. SC 1 beveled edges; the one with asphaltum trace may R 2, 1 Ifigured]). once have borne attachment as in L2b and L2c. The K24. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 central and other (not figured) has 2 drilled pits in concave 10+ peripheral perforations, incised edge: 1. SC surface as though to hold shell bead bushings. 1 (C 135, 1 [figured]). Extent of missing part Llc. Haliotis rufescens: 17. SC 17 (M 1, 1; N, sugge-sts at least one more perforation when in 3; C 100, 1; R 2, 11; R 3Q, 1). All are rough, perfect condition. Zigzag incising around edge. thick disks and ovals, ranging from 25 to 55 mm. Perforations of small size and cylindrical ap- in maximum diameter, perhaps fishhooks in the mak- pearance. ing. Their epidermis has not been ground off, K25. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 close periph- Lld. Haliotis (unidentified): 21. C0 16 (Cat- eral perforations and 1 opposite, plain edge: 1. alina, 5; C 100, 1; C 138, 1; H 6, l. [figured DR 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). egg-shaped]* R 11, 6 [2 figured, small]; N, 23, K26. Haliotis (unidentified), 7 buttonlike S.T 1 (39, 13, DR 2 (C 107, 1 [figured, shoehorn projections: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). This shapel; C 138, 1 [largest, a disk of about 75 mm. unique object has 2 of the projections perforated diameter from over orbit of skull]), BR 2 (356, and 5 with single punctations. 2 [small: 1 disk only 10 mm. in diameter]). Four U27. Haliotis rufescens, 8 to 10 peripheral Catalina and SC C 138 specimens are ovala as- perforations, incised edge: 2. SV 2 (S 1, 2 [1 phalted to bone whistles; 1 figured for bone type figured]). Apparently meant to form a pair. In- FFlc (Gifford, 1940, pp. 181, 230) shows shape. cising top and bottom, not sides. Figured bone type K2 (Gifford, 1940, pp. 173, K28. Haliotis (unidentified)1 4 perforations 214), a daggerlike object, has handle capped with in long axis, incised edge: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 disk; listed here as from C 100. [figured]). Lle. Hinnites multirugosus: 2. SC 2 (N, 2 [both K29. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 central perfo- figured]). Both much weathered; 1 from female hinge rations, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 68, 1 [figured]). of valve, other from non-hinge portion of valve. K30. Haliotis (unidentified), peripheral per- Llf. Amiantis callosa: 2. SC 2 (N, 2 [both fig- forations close together and 1 opposite, plain ured]). Uneven edge of disk suggests possibility edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). This piece is pictured in of unfinished artifact; edge gives evidence of Schenck and Dawson, pl. 8sp.- chipping as well as grinding. Fusiform piece has 1 K31. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 diametrically punctatiQn as though drill hole started. opposite peripheral perforations, 3 notches on 1 Llg. Mytilus californianus: 5. SC 5 (C 83, 3 [1 side, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 [figured]). The figured, rough pointed oval]; C 100, 2 [1 figured,^ notches were made with a drill and look like small disk). Three large, rough, pointed ovals are broken-out drill holes. perhaps fishhooks in the making. 20 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ethnological: The 2 disks are identical with MlaI. Haliotis rufescens, plain edge: 1. DR 1 wqen'sq dice used by Hupa and neighboring Indians (C 6, 1 Ifigured]). of NW California.9 Ethnological: A central Pomo woman's dance head- Llh. Tivela stultorum: 2. SC 2 (M 10, 1 [fig- dress (1-2780) has following shell artifact types ured, fusiformJ); C 83, 1 [figured]). Conv3ex sur- attached: MlaI, HlaII, Pla, VlaII, VlaIII, AM1. face is original exterior of the valve. MlaII. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 4. Lli. Schizothaerus nuttallii: 1. SC 1 (N, 1 DR 4 (C 6, 4 [2 figured]). One has end perfora- [figuredl). Fusiform. tion, 3 have side perforations. Llj. Olivella biplicata: 238. SC 238 (C 100, Ethnological: See MlaI. 41; C 135, 10 [figured: on "strap" of asphaltuml; MlaIII. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: C 138, 1; R 1 to R 3, 183; R 15, 3). Diameters 2. DR 2 (C 6, 2). range from 4 to 10 mm. Some were evidently Mlb. Two perforations, opposite. roughed out preparatory to drilling and smooth- MlbI. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 8. ing for beads. One lot of 183 from R 1 to R 3 is DR 6 (C 6, 5 [1 figured, smallestl; C 19, 1 [fig- remarkably uniform in size, diameters being ured, largest]), SV 2 (S 1, 2). All have side per- about 4 mm., all cut from main whorls. A lot of forations except small C 6 piece figured. 36 from C 100 comprises thick pieces cut from the MlbII. Haliotis rufescens, incised edge: 1. DR thick enamel area near the base of the columella. 1 (C 6, 1 [figured]). The "strap" of asphaltum figured looks as though Mlc. Two pairs of perforations (opposite), plain it might be calking from the seam of a plank edge. canoe. See type Y. MlcI. Haliotis rafescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). Llk. Norrisia norrisii: 1. SC 1 (N, 1 [fig- MlcII. Haliotis (unidentified): 10. DR 8 (C 6, ured)). Cut from-lip, where adjoins spire. See 5 Il figured, smallest]; C 19, 2; C 43, C 44, or AT2cII. C 45,1), SV 2 (S 1, 1 [figured, largestl; S 2, 1). L2. Incised edge. Mld. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 perforations L2a. Haliotis fulgens: 2. SC 2 (C 100). at 1 corner and 1 opposite, plain edge: 1. DR 1 Larger one figured from concave side to show (C 6, 1 [figured]). slightly notched ar serrate edge. Pitting near Mle. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations edge of convex side shows trace of asphaltum as (2 at one side, 10opposite, 1 in third corner), though there had been an attachment as in L2b and plain edge: 2. DR 1 (C 83, 1), SV 1 (S 1, 1 [fig- L2c. Smaller one about i in. less in diameter. ured]). Unfigured specimen about 11 mm. longer, L2b. Haliotis rufescens: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 11 mm. broader, and much more concavo-convex [figured]). Incising on concave edge only. A knob lengthwise. of asphaltum is attached to the convex side near Mlf. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations one edge. Ten Olivella disk beads (X3bI) are im- (2 on 1 side, 1 at each end), plain edge: 1. DR 1 bedded edge up in the asphaltum knob. They appear (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 [figured]). to be part of a string of beads which became ac- Mlg. Haliotis (unidentified), 6 perforations cidentally imbedded in the asphaltum. Near by, (2 pairs on opposite sides, 1 at each end), plain on the asphaltum, appears to be a basketry im- edge: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 1 Ifigured]; C 43, C 44, or C pression. See figure; also compare 12c. 45, 1 [figured, long]). L2c. Haliotis (unidentified): 2. SC 2 (C 100). M2. Two terminal knobs on long axis. Some with More ornately ornamented of the 2 is figured. Set rounded corners are lemon-shaped in outline. in its asphaltum coating are 3 Fissurella volcano M2a. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 perforation, beads (type H3) and 20 Olivella disk beads (type plain edge: 4. DR 4 (C 6, 2 [1 figured, small]; C X3bI). Probably the entire convex surface was 82, 2 [1 fiured]). once covered with this mosaic work. The second M2b. Hallotis (unidentified), 2 perforations specimen has only the asphaltum knob adhering. (on opposite sides), plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 19, 1 L3. Haliotis (unidentified), serrate edge: 1. If grdi ).. DR 1 (C 141, 1 [figured]). One face has lump of [dc.Two pairs of perforations, on opposite sides. red pigment attached, so epidermis, if any, in- m2cI. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 2. visible. DR 1 (C 6 1 [figured, less prominent knobs]; SV 1 (S 2, 13. M. Lozenge-Type Haliotis Ornament (52) M2cII. Haliotis rufescens, incised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 pictured in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 89b). All are more or less concavo-convex. Several M2d. Two perforations on 1 side, incised edge. have rounded corners and come near to being M2dI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 82, 1). lemon-shaped oval in outline. Type M3 is a half- M2dII. Haliotis (unidentified): 3. DR 3 (C 82, lozenge and parallels the half-"banjo" ornament 1; C 83, 1; C 91, 1), all figured. (N2). The half-lozenge is triangular in form, M2e. Haliotis (unidentified): 2 perforations but has terminal knobs. on 1 side and 1 opposite, incised edge: 2. DR 2 (C Ml. Without terminal knobs. 6, 1 [figured, small]; C 91, 1 [figured]). Mla. One perforation. M2f. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 perforations (1 at end, 1 at side), plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 9Goddard, pl. 19, fig. 2. [figured]). GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 21 M3. Haliotis (unidentified), halved longitu- fork only partially cut through or not at all. I dinally, 1 perforation, plain edge: 4. DR 4 (C assume these to be unfinished: 1 is pictured. The 82, 4 [1 figured, largest]). T-shaped, parallel-sided specimens were most nu- merous in SV S 2; the smallest specimens are from N. "Banjo"Type Haliotis Ornament (272) DR C 138. Whether this type is degenerate or ru- dimentary in relation to other "banjo" types is not clear. See NlaIV. This peculiar and striking type of object has NlaIII. Incised edge; more than 1 in. long: carving at one end suggesting cr'udely the keys 10. DR 8 (C 86, 1 [figured, shortest]; C 138, 7 for tightening the strings of a banjo or other [3 figured, first, third, and fourth from left]), stringed musical instrument. The bodies of the BR 1 (Castlewood Country Club, Pleasanton, Ala- ornaments vary from disk to rectangular forms. meda co.), NR 1 (nr. Vallejo, figured, second For convenience I have included various aberrant from left). forms, e.g., 16 (with incurved "horns"'), N2 NlaIV. Incised edge; less than 1 in. long: 4. (halved longitudinally, perhaps salvaged from DR 3 (C 83, 1; C 138, C), SV 1 (S 2, 1). SV S 2 broken whole "banjo" ornaments), and ring-end specimen is only one with 2 perforations. This ornaments (N3). type related to plain-edged NlaII. In classifying the types, I have disregarded Nlb. Double lateral projections. The distal the number of perforations in the end opposite lateral projections are formed by lateral exten- the forking. So far as discernible by epidermis, sion outward of the sides of the vertical "fork." all are made from Haliotis rufescens. NlbI. Plain edge: 44. DR 37 (Isleton, 3 [2 Apparently most were worn as pendants, judg- figured]; C 6, 6; S 28, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, ing from one or more perforations in end oppo- 5; S 56, 2; C 81, 1 [figured]; C 83, 2; C 85, 1; site forking; in other words, when suspended, C 86, 6 [1 figuredl; C 91, 2; C 107, 1 [figuredl; the forked portion hung downward. Certain spec- C 138, 7; Bloom Group, Stone Lake, Sacramento co., imens with large disks in types under Nla and 1), SV 7 (S 2, 4 [1 figured]; W side Sacramento Nlb give suggestion of human form when stood r., 7-8 mi. upstream from Knights Landing, 3 [1 against something with forked end down. There figured, largest]). All sufficiently complete is a faint suggestion of legs, arms, torso, and specimens show only 1 perforation for suspension. enormous head. Dr. R. F. Heizer has suggested to Three of the larger specimens include the spire me that possibly these objects represent the de- of the Haliotis rufescens from which made. Two ity impersonated in the modern "big-head" per- aberrant specimens figured lack "necks" and are formance of the Kuksu or god-impersonating cult crudely notched side and bottom; smaller from SV in the region where these objects are found. In S 2, larger from DR C 107. this performance the dancer wears a tule head- NlbII. Incised edge: 34. DR 32 (C 6, 5; S 28, piece from which radiate sticks with feathers at- 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 4; C 81, 3; C 82, 1; C tached at distal ends. These project 2 to 3 ft. 85, 1; C 86, 9; C 91, 2; C 138, 6), BR 1 (Castle- from the head of the wearer. wood Country Club, Pleasanton, Alameda co., 1), Nl. Whole "banjo"-type ornament with forked NR 1 (237, 1). The extent of incised edges is var- end. iable and ranges from virtually the entire edge in Nla. Single lateral projections. a specimen from DR C 91 to only a small length. Of NlaI. Plain edge; more than 2i in. long: 21. specimens sufficiently preserved to show the per- DR 20 (C 6, 10 [1 figured]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, forations, 5 have 2 perforations opposite the 4 [1 figured, largestl; C 82, 1 [figured: frag- forks. Incising, parallel lines at right angle to ment of forked end]; C 86, 1 [figured, smallestl; edge. Holmes (1902) pictures a specimen of this C 138, 4 [1 figuredl), SV 1 (W side Sacramento r., type in his plate 24B, upper figure. 7 or 8 mi. upstream from Knights Landing, 1). NlbIII. Incised edge and punctations: 6. DR 5 Each has single perforation in broad end opposite (C 6, 1; S 28, 1 [figured, 8 punctations]; C 138, forked end. Range in size and form shown by fig- 3 [2 figured: 1 with 4 punctations formihg square; ures. Besides the single lateral projections, 1 with 1 punctation near fork], NR 1 (nr. Vallejo, there are, at least in the larger examples, sin. 1 [figured, 4 punctations in row]). The third spec- gle vertical projections forming the sides of imen from DR C 138 has 1 punctation near fork; the the "fork." Some include spire of shell. Largest C 6 specimen has 2 punctations in vertical line in pieces not figured: One is 5i in. wide, another constricted area above fork. 7i in. long and 5j in. wide. NlbIV. Four perforations near lateral projec- NlaII. Plain edge; less than 2 in. long: 44. tions, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (Bloom Group, Stone DR 11 (near Isleton, 2 [both figured; 1 longest; Lake, Sacramento co., 1 [figured]). 1 has unfinished forked end]; C 6, 1; S 28, 1 Nlc. Triple lateral projections: 4. DR 4 (C 86, [figured: constricted "neck"]; C 138, 7 [1 figured: 4 (3 figured: smallest, slenderest, fragment of smallest]), SV 29 (S 2, 29 [1 figured: parallel- largest]). Edges without incised decoration. Small- sided, T-shaped]), BR 4 (Tomales Bay 266, 1; Toma- est figured also figured by Moorehead (p. 274, fig. les Bay 275, 3). One or 2 specimens each from DR 6). Holmes pictures a specimen of this type in his and SV show Haliotis rufescens epidermis. Four plate 24B, lower figure. Together with Nld, this specimens show perforation at broad end but the type was limited to a single mound, so far as the 22 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS

University collection is concern'ed. Three com- N3. "Banjo"-type ornament, ring-ended or plete specimens show only 1 perforation for sus- perforate-ended. pension. N3a. Single row of rings (or ring). Nld. Quarduple lateral projections: 1. DR 1 (C N3aI. One perforation in notched end, incised 86, 1 [figuredl). Edge not incised, single per- edge: 1. DR 1 (C 19, 1 [figured]). Besides perfo- foration. ration in ornamental ('notched) end, 1 also in op- Nle. No lateral projections. posite end. NleI. Disk with "handle": 1. DR 1 (C 85, 1 N3aII. Single row of rings, plain edge: 1. DR [figured]). Incised edge, single perforation, 1 (C 86), figured. Two perforations (rings) in or- "handle" forked. namental end which has notch on each side. One NleII. Pear-shaped but minus "stem": 4. BR 4 perforation at opposite end. (309, 4). One piece has 3 perforations opposite N3b. Double row of rings: 2. DR 2 (C 138, 2 [1 forked end.10 The other 3 have 1 perforation figured]). A pair from 76 in. depth. The one fig- each."1 All have incised edges. All from depth ured has 6 rectangular Olivella beads (type X3aI) of 8 ft. in area 9 of mound. glued across its narrower portion. Its mate orig- N2. "Banjo"-type ornament, halved longitudi- inally had 6, now only 3 left. The ring-end com- nally. It would seem that this particular type prises 5 openings, 2 below and 3 at end. In figured may have arisen in salvaging parts of broken specimen the central one of latter is open and is whole "banjo" ornaments. Both right and left therefore really a deep crescent. halves. N3c. Double row of punctations and holes: 2. DR N2a. Une lateral projection, perforation at 2 (C 138, 2 [1 figured]). These objects from burial plain end. 24 form a definite pair. Apparently they were only N2aI. Plain edge: 13. DR 12 (C 6, 1 [figured, punctate originally at the square end, but because broadest]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2 [1 figured, of scaling of the shell some of the punctations longest]; C 86, 5 [1 figured, next to longest]; have become holes. There is a perforation at the C 138, 4 [2 full length figured, also 1 forked rounded end of each. On the left side of one and end only]), SV 1 (W side of Sacramento r., 7 or the right side of the other is a tiny drill hole 8 mi. upstream from Knights Landing, 1). which possibly served for passage of thread to N2aII. Incised edge: 4. DR 4 (C 138, 4 [3 fig- attach the pair to something. ured]). N4. "Banjo"-type ornament, square-ended, un- N2b. Two lateral projections, perforation at forked, incised edge. plain end. N4a. One perforation. N2bI. Plain edge: 13. DR 13 (C 6, 1 [figured, N4aI. One perforation at broad end: 5. DR 5 (C small]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 86, 7 [13 fig- 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 138, 4 [3 figured]). Un- ured]; C 91, 1; C 138, 3). figured C 138 specimen of stemmed type, but larger N2bII. Incised edge: 5. DR 5 (C 6, 2 [1 fig- than either figured. The non-stemmed figured spec- ured, long]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; C 138, 1 imen has 1-cm. band of asphaltum on back across [figured]). One specimen from C 43, C 44, or C straight end. 45 is figured in Schenck and Dawson (pl. 90d). N4aII. One perforation at narrow end: 1. DR 1 (S N2bIII. Incised edge and punctations: 2. DR 56, 1 [figured]). The term "banjo" is stretched to 2 (C 43, C*44, or C 45, 1 [figured; also in include this type in the "banjo" class. Related to Schenck and Dawson, pl. 90b]; C 138, 1 [figured, the T-shaped objects described as NlaII and NlaIV. smalll). The larger gives clear evidence of be- N4b. Four perforations in row: 1. DR I (C 138, ing half of a once complete "banjo" ornament, 1 [figured]). since it is cut tbrough original drill hole. N4c. Three perforations (1 at broad end, 2 at N2c. Two lateral projections, perforation at narrow end): 1. DR 1 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 [fig- notched end, incised edge: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 1 [fig- ured in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 90c, where shown ured, 2 perforationsl; C 86, 1 [figured]). Ap- with incomplete narrow end, apparently due to pearance of bird's head. faulty retouching of picture]). N2d. No lateral projections, perforation at N5. Whole "banjo"-type ornament with narrow end narrow end. concave, incised edge: 6. DR 6 (C 138, 6 [3 fig- N2dI. Plain edge: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 1 [figured]; ured]). Markedly spoon-shaped. Intermediate in C 19, 1 [figured]). position between square-ended (N4) and incurved N2dII. Incised edge, punctations: 1. DR 1 (C "horns" (N6) types. 138, 1). Two punctations at base of neck, 2 at N6. Whole "banjo"-type ornament with incurved broad end. "horns." N2e. Four lateral projections, perforation, N6a. One pair of incurved "horns." The crescent sawtooth appearance, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 formed by the "horns" varies from a tiny affair [figured; also in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 88e3). made by drilling a single hole close to the end so as to form a notch (as in N6aI) to a broad shallow- horned crescent of bovine appearance which has been made by cutting or abrading rather than by drilling. 10 Schenck, pl. 47k. I have not split these into additional types on the Ibid., pl. 46k. basis of number of perforations. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 23 N6aI. Made by drilling, plain edge: 2. DR 2 OlaIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 117. SC 3 (C (C 138, both figured). 100, 2 [1 figured]; R 6, 1 [figured, next to small- N6aUI. Made by cutting, plain edge' 9. DR 9 est figured]), SJ 1 (33, 1 [figured, irregular and (C 138, 9 [3 figured]). The largest had 6 holes large]), DR 100 (Indian Slough nr. Brentwood, 2: C along periphery opposite "forked" end. Another 1, 2; C 19, 2 [1 figured, nearly quadrilateral]; C of equal size (not figured) had 3 holes along 6, 42 [2 figured: 1 largest, 1 small with perfora- edge opposite fork; in addition it embodies 2 of tion at angled end]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 13; C the natural siphonal openings at one side. The 80, 15 [2 figured]; C 82, 3 [1 figured]; C 91, 2 mediu=-sized of 3 figured has perforation in [1 figured, slenderest]; C 138, 3; C 141, 16 [1 end opposite horns and 1 on side. Its unfigured figured, smallest], all from 1 burial), SV 13 (S mate from same burial has same, but side hole on 1, 11;. S 2, 1; Indian camp near Marysville, 1). opposite side. The smallest and slenderest spec- Ethnological: 3 very slender examples are at- imen figured is incomplete. tached pendent to Central Pomo flicker-feather N6aIII. Made by cutting, incised edge: 10. DR headband 1-2805. On the thread above each are 10 (C 138, 10 13 figured]). Side as well as end black glass beads and white glass beads. Two VlaII perforation shown in 2 of figured specimens. Saxi&-omus nuttalli beads serve as buttons to hold Eight others have only end hole. Note that small- the tie cords of the headband. Feathered basket est figured has special hooklike projections 1-472 from the Eastern Pomo of Upper Lake, Lake where disk joins elongate portion. Largest shows co., has following shell artifact ornaments: OlaIII, Haliotis rufescens epidermis. U2aIII, VlaII, VlaIII, AF5aIII, AF5aIV. N6b. Two pairs of incurved "horns." OlaIV. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 central per- N6bI."Tongue" between crescents: 6. SV 6 (S foration: 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1). Cut from muscle scar 2, 6 [1 figured]). A uniform type. Crescents or region of a large shell. "horns" made by drilling close to edge, leaving Olb. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 5. solid "tongue" between the drill holes. SC 1 (R 4, 1), DR 4 (C 6, 1; C 91, 3). N6bII. Notch between 2 creacents, plain edge: Olc. Spur at side angle. 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1). The 2 crescents formed by OlcI. Haliotis (unidentified) spur at each side "horns" suggest the 4 claws of a woodpecker or angle, plain edge: 2. DR 2 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2 other zygodactylous bird. See N6bIII figures. l1 figured in Schenck and Dawson p1. 88g]). N6bIII. Notch between crescents, incised edge: OlcII. Haliotis (unidentified5 spur at side an- 2. DR 2 (C 138, 2 [both figured]). gle, incised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). N6c. Three or more pairs of incurved "horns"; 02. Two perforations at square end. notches between crescents formed by "horns." 02a. Haliotis (unidentified), 2\perforations in N6cI. Plain edge: 3. DR 3 (C 138, 3 [2 fig- juxtaposition, plain edge: 13. DR 8 (C 1, 2; C 6, ured]). One figured has 3 crescents, the other 2; C 80, 1 Ifigured, small]; C 91, 2; C 141, 1), SV had 4, the unfigured apparently had 5. 4 (Indian camp nr. Marysville, 2 [1 figured, larg- N6cII. Incised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1). Only estI; S 1, 1; S 2, 1); ML 1 (Shingle Springs, Eldo- e±ample is incomplete, but presumably perforated rado co., 1 [from contact burial]). at end opposite crescents. 02b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 1. N7. Four raylike projections at narrow end, SC 1 (R 32, 1). Parallel-line incising. notch on each side, perforation in broad end; 03. Two perforations, in opposite ends. incised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 03a. Plain edge. [figured in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 90f]). 03aI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). 03aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 23. SC 3 (C 100, 2 [1 figured, large, lopsided]; R 4, 1 [unfinished]), 0. Pentagonal Haliotis Ornament (194) DR 19 (C 6, 3; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 3; C 48, 2; C 80, 5 [2 figured: medium]; C 82, 1 [figured, broad- est in relation to length]; C 141, 2 [l figured, Except for a single specimen, all have the largest]; Indian Slough, nr., Brentwood, Contra Costa epidermis removed and are unidentifiable as to co., 3 [1 figured]), SV 1 (S 1, 1 [figured, almost species. parallelogram in shape]). 01. One perforation. The perforation is usu- 03b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 6. ally at the square end of the pentagon, so that SC 3 (C 100, 1; R 11, 1; R 32, 1), DR 3 (C 6, 1; C when suspended the bottom of the ornament ended 141, 2). DR specimens symmetrical in form, SC spec- in an angle opposite the square end. imens asymmetricali(cf. 03aII). Ola. Plain edge. 04. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 perforations to- OlaI. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 35, 1 [fig- gether at square end and 1 opposite, plain edge: 7. ured]). DR 7 (C 6, 2; C 80, 2; C 82, 1; C 86, 1 [figured, OlaII. Haliotis rufescens: 3. SC 1 (N, 1 [fig- largest]; C 91, 1 [figured, broad and short]). ured; of very thick shell; perforation rough, as 05. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations in though punched perhaps a circular fishhook, AT2, line lengthwise. in the making1J, DR 2 (C 86, 2 [both figured: 05a. Plain edge: 3. SC 2 (C 100, 1 [figured]; C slender 1 made from uneven portion of shell near 138, 1), DR 1 (C 141, 1 [figured, large]). C 138 a siphonal opening]). Ethnological: See K2&I. specimen smaller and damaged. I OA ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS [fig- P7. Four perforations (1 in each corner), plain 05b. Inci$ed edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1 19, 1 uredl; C 138, 1 Ifigured, small]). Both asynmet.- edge: 2. SC 2 (R 8, 1 [figured, small]; R rical. [figured)). 06. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations Q. Haliotis Ornament (1,130) i;n line across square end and 1 opposite, plain Trapezoidal edge: 1. DR 1 (C 82, 1 [figured]). 07. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations opposite, General form trapezoidal, but corners often (2 at one short side, 1 at short side slightly curved. The l at apex of angle), plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1 rounded, and sides sometimes [figured)). natural cupping of the shell usually prevents the 5 perforations specimen being flat, unless it is very small. Many 08. Haliotis (unidentified), Owing to such (1 central, 2 pairs at opposite ends), incised may be reworked broken triangles. edge: 1. SC 1 (R 1, 1 Ifigured)). difficulties it is sometimes problematical 6 peripheral and whether a specimen truly belongs in Trapezoidal 09. Haliotis (unidentified), or Triangular (U). All should 2 plain edge: 1. SC 1 (C (Q), Trapezium (P), central perforations, especially the illustrations. Some 100, 1 Lfigured]). be consulted, 010. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations order Z (Sausage-shaped Haliotis) objects may have at angled end, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 4, 1 [fig- originally been slender Trapezoids that had corners It looks as though it were once a trap- chipped off. ured)). in narrow end. ezoid, then a corner was broken off and it was Ql. One perforation new In any event, it Qla. Plain edge. redrilled near the edge. SC 18 1 as it stands now. QlaI. Haliotis cracherodii: 26. (C 135, is a pentagon [figured: broadestl; R 35, 17 [1 figured: smallest]), 011. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations 1 (3 in line lengthwise, 4th at corner), incised DR 8 (S 60, 1 [figured, squatl; C 68, 3; C 85, edge: 1. SC 1 (R 3, 1 [figured]). [figured); C 86, 1; C 107, 1; C 142, 1). Epidermis 012. Haliotis (unidentified), 6 perforations discernible on all; broadest has convex back com- (1 central, 5 at corners), plain edge: 1. SC 1 pletely covered with it. (C 100, 1 [figured]). Four of 5 sides have con- QlaII. Haliotis fulgens: 34. SC 34 (R 35, 34). cave-curvature. Rather crude, some with rounded corners and convex 013. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations sides. 6, 3Haliotis rufescens: 86. SC 1 (C 100, 1 across square end, incised edge: 1. DR 1 (G QlaIII. C C 1 Ifigured]). (figured)), DR 76 (C 6, 12; S 56, 1; 68, 3; 82, 1; C 83, 12 [2 figured]; C 86 42 [3 figured]; C BR 4 1; P. Trapezium Halioti Ornament( 138, 5), SV 3 (S 2, 2; S 3, 15, (35, 307, 1; Fernandez md., 2), BR 1 (67, 1 [figured, broad- Calaveras co., 1). These are far less elongate and are smaller est)), ML 1 (Mokelumne Hill, than the lozenge-type Haliotis ornaments (class Many cut from curved edge of shell and from curved MY. Species of Ealiotis indeterminate. Perfora- body of shell. Hence edges often far from straight. rarely in middle, never Range of size and shape shown by figures. Unfigured tions usually in corners, has sawed on side. small Fernandez md. specimen longitudinal P1. One perforation. groove in epidermis close to rough edge; evidently Pla. Plain edge: 8. SC 1 (R 21, 1), DR 3 (C 6, unfinished. -1 Ethnological: A single specimen (1-649), similar 1 lfigured]; C 82, 1 [figured, small]; C 86, 4 (S 2; in form but smaller than ER 67 figured, from Concow [figured, perforation central]), SV 1, See Z2bI, AGlaIII. S 2 2). Maidu, Round v. Reservation. D9, (1-2814) QlaIV. Haliotis (unidentified): 294. SC 97 (M 1, .1thnologicai: Woman's dance ornament C 100, 22 .for holding in the hand, from Northern Pomo of 2; Tecolote cr., Santa Barbara co., 3; shell arti- [1 figured]; N, 1 [figured, broad); R 1, 4; R 4, 1; Pinoleville, nr. Ukiah, has following 2 slen- facts attached: Pla, U2aIII., VlaII, VlaIII, R 8, 3; R 12, 1; R 30, 8; R 32, [l figured, derestl; R 35, 50), DR 168 (C 6, 70; C 19, 1; C 43, AF6aIV. See MlaI. C C 82, 22 [2 11, 1 [figured)). C 44, or C 45, 13; C 68, 10; 80, 3; PFb. Incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R C C 23 P2.. Two perforations, plain edge: 4. SC 4 (R figured, 1 smallest); C 83, 2; 85, 2; 86, [1 figured, slender]; C 107, 1- C 138, 7; C 141, 14), 2, 3 [1 figured]; R 11, 1 [figured3). BR 3 in same plane as SV 12 (S 1, 3; S 2, 7; S 13, 25, (near Niles, P3. One :corner perforation NR 2 mi. N of Monticello, flat surface, incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R 11, 1 Alameda co., 1; 309, 2), (6 thick enough to allow 2), BR 1 (67, 1 [figured, perforation farthest from [figured]). This piece is Round v., Mendocino co., 11). drilling as described. Edges of 1 surface in- end]), ML 11 (Site 120, parallel lines. ER specimen drilled fram 1 side only; weathered at .cised with oblique rectangle instead of trapezoid. P4. Two perforations in 1 end and 1 in opposite broad end, so nearly SC 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). A heterogeneous lot; range of sizes and shapes in- end.. plain edge: 1. An occasional specimen P5. Three perforations in long axis, incised dicated by figured examples.. 2, 2 [one figured]). has 1 or more sides slightly concave or convex. edge: 2. SC 2 (R Ethnological: Karok woman's hair tie (1-1811) of P6. Five perforations (4 in corners, 1 in cen- suspended ter), incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R 32, 1 [figured]). buckskin has following Haliotis pendants GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 25 from Xerophyllum braids, in 5 of which are incor- Ethnological: See Q2aIII. porated single valves of D9: QlaIV, S2aIII, Q2b. Incised edge. Z2aIII, AF4aII, AF8b. Northern Miwok forked dance Q2bI. Haliotis rufescens: 10. DR 5 (C 138, 3; plume (1-9979) has pendant QlaIV. See D9, KlaIV. C 139, 1; C 141, 1), SV 1 (S 1, 1), BR 4 (309, 1; Qib. Incised edge. 329, 3). Parallel-line incising. QlbI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (C 3, 1). Q2bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 11. DR 4 (C 86, Length 15 mm., width 9-12 mm. Short parallel- 1; C 91, 1; C 138, 2), SV 1 (W side of Sacramento line incising. r., 7 or 8 mi. above Knights Landing, 1). BR 6 QlbII. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 6, 1). (309, 1; 329, 5). Parallel-line incising. Zigzag incising. Corner missing. Length 52 mm., Q3. One central perforation, plain edge. width 16-30 mm. (where corner broken off about Q3a. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 2), figured. half way down one side). Q3b. Haliotis (unidentified): 34. SC 13 (R 1-3, QlbIII. Haliotis rufeseens: 8. DR 4 (C 6, 1 1; R 4, 1; R 6, 5; R 30, 6), DR 21-(S 56, 4; C 69, [figured, slightly concave sidesl; C 138, 3 [2 1; C 107, 11 [3 figured, small cemented to charm- figured, broad]), BR 4 (309, 2 [both figured]; stone of blue schist]; C 142, 5). 329, 2 [not figured, more nearly parallel sides]). Q3c. Haliotis cracherodii: 6. DR 6 (S 56, 1; C V-type incising on BR 309 and smaller DR pieces. 107, 5). QlbIV. Haliotis (unidentified: 27. SC 4 (C Q3d. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 107, 2). 138, 1 [figured, largest]; R 4, 1 [figured, con- Q4. Two perforations at narrow end; broad, with vex sides]; R 8, 1 [figured, slender]; R 15, 1 sides tapered throughout. [figured]), DR 23 (C 6, 12 [2 figured, broadl; Q4a. Plain edge. Indian Slough, nr. Brentwood, Contra Costa co., Q4a1. Haliotis rufescens: 1. SV 1 (S 3, 1 [fig- 1 [figured, slender); C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 ured]). [figured in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 88b]; C 86, Q4aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 24. SC 3 (M 1 2; C 107, 1 [figured, smallest]; C 138, 5 [1 1; R 4, 1 [figured]; R 32, 1 [figured smallest]5, figured, coarse incising]; C 141, 1). Some spec- SJ 1 (149, 1), DR 5 (C 6, 4; C 142, li, SV 2 (In- imens have 1 or more sides slightly concave or dian Camp, nr. Marysville 1 [figured]; S 13, 1), convex. BR 3 (250a, 3 [1 figured)j, ML 10 (Mokelumne Hill, Qlc. Plain edge, punctations. Calaveras co., 4 [1 figured, largest]; Site 120, QlcI. Haliotis rufescens, punctations across Round v., Mendocino co., 6). broad end: 2. DR 2 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2). A Q4b. Incised edge. pair 142 mm. loLg, 20-27 mm. wide, 4 punctations Q4bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 4. SC 4 (C 3, 2; C across broad end. 103, 2). Short parallel-line incising giving notched QlcII. Haliotis (unidentified): 5. DR 5 (Sac- appearance. ramento r., nr. Isleton, 1; C 6, 2 [1 figured, Q4bII. Haliotis rufescens, lower edge incised: smallest]; C 81, 1 (figured, largest]; C 86, 1). 2. DR 2 (C 138, 2). Parallel-line incising. Qld. Haliotis (unidentified), row of puncta- Q4bIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 4. SC 1 (R 21, tions across bottom, incised edge: 5. DR 4 (C 6, 1 [figured]), DR 3 (C 68, 3 [1 figured]). Mostly 2 [1 figured, longest3; C 86, 1; C 91, 1), sV 1 crosshatched incising on SC specimen. (S 2, 1 [figured, shortest]). Q4c. Punctations, plain edge. QU. One perforation in broad end. Q4cI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). Three Q2a. Plain edge. punctations across broad end. Q2aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 8. DR 7 (C 60, 1; Q4cII. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. DR 1 (C 6, C 68, 5; C 138, 1), BR 1 (328, 1). Shortest 16 1). Five punctations across broad end. mm., longest 64 mm. Q5. Two perforations in narrow end; narrow, usu- Q,2aII. Haliotis fulgens: 4. SC 4 (N, 1; R ]2, ally concave effect to sides, sometimes to bottom 1; R 35, 2). Shortest 18 mm., longest 74 mm. also. Q2aIII. Haliotis rufeacens: 24. DR 24 (C 6, 3 Q5a. Plain edge. [1 figured, short]; C 19, 1; C 59, 4; C 68, 1; C Q5a. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 142, 1). 82, 1 Ifigured, largest]; C 83, 1 (figured]; C Q5aII. Haliotia (unidentified): 14. DR 14 (C 68, 86, 4; C 87, 1; C 138, 6 I3 figuredI; C 141, 1; 2; C 82, 3 [1 figured]; C 126, 2 [both figured: S 56, 1 [figured]). Two unfigured C 86 specimens shortest, broadest); C 142, 7 [2 figured: longest, embody 1 and 2 siphonal openings, respectively. narrowest at perforated end]). Ethnological: Pomo feathered basket 1-53628 Q5b. Incised edge. has following shell artifact types attached: Q5bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 3. SC 3 (C 3, 3 [2 Q2aIII, Q,2aIV, VlaII, VIaIII. figured])l. Q2aIV. Haliotis (unidentified): 58. SC 32 (M Q5bII. Haliotis rufescens: 7. DR 7 (C 142, 7). 10, 1; C 100, 1; R 6, 1; R 30, 29), DR 24 (C 1, All from one grave. Parallel-line incising. 1; C 6, 6; S 28, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; C Q5G. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations across 68, 4; C 83, 1; C 86, 2; C 91,1; C 138 3; C broad end, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 81, 1). Length 139, 2; C 142, 1), SV 1 (S 1, 1), BR 1 b372, 1). 98 mm., width 18-29 mm. Six or 7 punctations across All lack epidermis and consequently cannot be broad end. identified. R 30 specimens from 1 grave; 1 made Q5d. Haliotis (unidentified), punctate design, from part of shell bordering siphonal openings. incised edge: 1. SC 1 (C 162, 1 [figured]). 26 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RFIORDS Q6. Two perforations in broad end. Q9a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 10. Q6a. Plain edge. SV 10 (S 13), 2 figured. All have central hole Q6aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (C 3, 1). slightly below other 2. Figures show range in this Length 38 mm., width 8-13 mm. respect and in size. These 10 specimens were do- Q6aII. Haliotis ruffescens: 48. SC 1 (R 2, 1), nated by Dr. R. F. Heizer, who obtained them from DR 47 (C 138, 47). a grave at depth of 5 ft. All were over skull as Q6aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 15. SC 8 (C though once sewed to a cap. They were found in as- 100, 1 [figured, shortest]; C 138, 1; R, 1 [fig- sociation with glass beads of 20 types and a lead ured, broadest]- R 1, 3 [l figured, slenderest]; pistol ball. Most of the perforations seem to have R 4, 1; R 32, 13, DR 5 (C 138, 5 [1 figured, been biconically drilled. longest]), NR 2 (236, 2 [1 figured, restored]). Q9b. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations across NR specimen calcined. broad end: 1. DR 1 (C 81, 1 [figured)). Q6b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: Q10. Haliotis rufescens, 3 perforations at broad 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). Parallel incising. end, plain edge: 22. DR 21 (S 28, 1; C 138 20 [2 Q7. Two perforations, more or less along cen- figured: shortest, longest]), NR 1 (236, 15. tral axis. At least 1 perforation near 1 end; NRf specimen calcined. other varies from central to terminal position. Qll. Three perforations: 1 in narrow end, 2 in Intergradation in this respect prevents breaking broad end. into types according to position of holes. Qlla. Plain edge. Q7a. Plain edge. QllaI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 82, 1). Q7aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. DR 1 (C 68, 1). QllaII. Haliotis (unidentified): 13. SC 11 (C Length 18 mm. 100, 2; C 138, 2; R 1, 1 [figured]; R 2, 3 [all Q7aII. Haliotis rufescens: 28. DR 28 (C 1, 1; figured: 1 is longest]; R 4 1 [figured]; R 11, 2 C 6, 18; C 19, 3; C 68, 3; C 80, 1; C 86,. 2). [1 figured]), DR 1 (C 82, 13, BR 1 (309, 1 [fig- Ethnological: Shasta buckskin dress 1-2495 has ured, smallest]). this type on its fringe, together with an exclu- Qllb. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 4. sively ethnological type described in ethnologi- SC 3 (C 100, 1 [figured, middle]; R 11, 2 [1 fig- cal Q, and the following archaeological types: ured]), DR 1 (C 91, 1 [figured longest]). Z2aII, Z2aIII, Z3aI, Z3aII. Q12. Haliotis (unidentified3, 3 perforations (2 Q7aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 153. SC 91 at narrow end, 1 at broad end), plain edge: 2. DR (C 100, 9 [2 figured, 5th and 8th from left]; 2 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 [figured, short]; C 142, C 138, 1; R 2, 1; R 4, 1; R 6, 2; R 30, 77 [3 1 [figured]). figured, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th from left]), DR 62 (C Ethnological: See order Q for examples of this 6, 36; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 4; C 68, 16; C 80, same form, but in definitely identifiable Haliotis 1; C 82, 2 [1 figured, left, broadest]; C 86, 1 rufescens. [short, broad, rounded corners, perforations ter- Q13. Three perforations along central axis. minal; figured, 6th from left); C 107, 1 [figuredi Q13a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 2. small, holes close together]; C 138, 1). All but SC 2 (R 30, 2). 1 of R 30 specimens from 1 grave. Three or four R Q13b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 4. 30 pieces cut from near siphonal opening. SC 4 (C 100, 4), three figured. It will be observed Q7b. Incised edge. that one has a large enough central opening to be Q7bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 10. SC 10 (C 3, classified as a ring (J), were it not for the trap- 10). ezoidal shape. Q7bII. Haliotis rufescens: 3. DR 3 (C 6, 2; C Q14. Four perforations: 3 at broad end, 1 at 138, 1). narrow end. Q7bIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 14. SC 6 (C Q14a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 2. 3, 1; C 100, 3; C 138, 1 [figured]), DR 8 (C 6, DR 2 (C 86), both figured. 2; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 68, 1; C 80, 1; C Q14b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 2. 86, 1; C 91, 1 [figured, longest]; C 107, 1 [fig- SC 2 (C 100, 1 [figured]; R 11, 1 [figured, asym- ured, holes close together]). metric]). Q7c. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations, Q15. Four perforations: 1 in each corner. plain edge: 5. DR 5 (Sacramento r., nr. Isleton, Q15a. Plain edge. 2 [1 figured]; C 6, 2 [both figured: 1 broader Q,15aI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1 than long, 1 smallest]; C 80, 1 [figured, larg- [figured]). est]). Q15aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 7. SC 7 (C 100, Q7d. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations, 1 [figured, slender]; C 135, 1; R 4, 1; R 6, 1; R incised edge: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 1; C 91, 1). 11, 1 [figured, widest]; R 32, 2 [1 figured]). Q8. Two perforations: 1 in end, 1 in side. Q,15b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 2. Q8a. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 86, 1; C SC 2 (C 100, 1; R 2, 1). C 100 has parallel-line 138, 1). incising; R 2 has oblique incising. Q8b. Haliotis rufescens, 2 long sides with in- Q16. Five perforations: 1 in each corner, 1 in cised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). middle. Q8c. Haliotis rufescens, 3 punctations in Q16a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 3. broad end, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 86, 1). SC 3 (R 1, 1; R 4, 2 [all figured]). Q9. Three perforations at narrow end. Q16b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 2. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 27 SC 2 (C 138, 1 [figured, large]; R 32, 1 [fig- Q33. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations ured]). One has parallel-line incising at right (2 at broad end, 1 in middle), incised edge: 1. angles to edge, other has V-incising. SC 1 (R 4, 1 [figured]). Q,18. Haliotis (unidentified), 6 perforations Q34. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations (1 in each corner, 1 in narrow end, 1 in center), (2 along central axis, 2 across broad end), plain incised edge: 1. SC 1 (C 138 [figured]). Corner edge: 1. DR 1 (C 68, 1 [figured]). perforations all weathered or bZ'oken out. Zigzag Q35. Haliotis (unidentified), notched ends; 5 incising. perforations (1 central, 4 at corners), plain edge: Q19. Haliotis (unidentified), 6+ perforations 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1 [figured]). (5+ at broad end, 1 at narrow), plain edge: 1. Q36. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 perforation DR 1 (C 86 [figured]). through narrow end in same plane as flat surface, Q20. Haliotis (unidentified), 8 perforations plain edge: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 [figured]). Thick (3 at narrow end, 5 at broad end), plain edge: enough to allow of drilling through full width of 1. SC 1 (M 1 [figured]). narrow end. Q21. Haliotis (umidentified), 9 perforations Q37. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations (4 at narrow end, 5 at broad end), plain edge: 1. (1 in middle of each side), plain edge: 1. DR 1 SC 1 (M 1 [figured]). (C 6, 1 [figured]). Q22. Haliotis rufescens, 6 perforations across narrow end, plain edge: 2. DR 2 (C 86., 2). Length 130 mm., width at narrow end 80 mm. Second specimen R. Trapezoidal Clamshell Ornameht (8) fragmentary, but width across narrow end 90 mm. Q23. Haliotis rufescens, 9 perforations across The objects may have been pectorals. All have broad end, plain edge: 2. DR 2 (C 138, 2). Pair plain edges, without incising. with length 101 mm., width at broad end 79 mm., Rl. Schizothaerus nuttallii, 1 perforation: 1. at narrow end 65 mm. SC 1 (R 30, 1 [figured]). Q24. Haliotis rufescens, 10 perforations R2. Schizothaerus nuttallii, 2 perforations in across broad end, plain edge: 3. DR 3 (C 6, 1 line perpendicular to edge, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R [figured, slightly the smallest of 3]; C 138, 2). 30), figured. A catalogue entry states "holes for- One of the C 138 specimens has 5 other holes made merly bushed with small disks of Haliotis." by boring mollusks during the life of the Hali- R3. Two perforations parallel to edge. otis from which the piece was made. R3a. Schizothaerus nuttallii: 5. SC 5 (R 30), 3 Q25. One perforation on side, plain edge. figured. Except for largest figured, it is stated Q25a. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 86, 1 that "holes formerly bushed with small disks of [figured, small]; C 138, 1 [figured]). Haliotis." Q25b. Haliotis (unidentified): 3. SC 1 (R 30, R3b. Tivela stultorum: 1. SC 1 (R 30), figured. 1), DR 2 (C 138, 2). "Holes formerly bushed with small disks of Halio- Q26. Haliotis (unidentified) 2 perforations tis." Top broken away along line of 2 drilled holes. on side, incised edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1 [fi- ured]; R 11, 1 [figured, holes at 2 corners]). Q27. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations S. Rectangular Haliotis Ornament or Bead (7,063) on side, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (M 1, 1 [figured]). Q28. Haliotis rufescens, 4 perforations at It was sometimes hard to decide whether to put broad end, plain edge: 10. DR 10 (C 138, 10). a specimen in order Q (Trapezoidal Haliotis OrnaA largest has extra hole made by boring mollusk. ment) or in S. Some non-rectangular specimens ard Length ranges from 62 to 103 mm. placed in S instead of Z because they appeared to Q29. Haliotis rufescens, 5 perforations at be abraded rectangles; S6Al (figured), far example. broad end, plain edge: 7. DR 7 (C 138, 7 [l fig- The natural curvature of the larger pieces in- ured]). One figured contains 4 siphonal openings. creased this difficulty. No doubt some specimens It is about average size. One piece, unfigured, included in Sausage-shaped (Z) class were once rec- is a half-inch wider at broad end, lacks siphonal tangles, but have had corners abraded and rounded openings, and has had narrow end broken off. by wear. See also AA ("oval" with one or more sides Q30. Haliotis (unidentified), 5 perforations flat). (1 at narrow end for suspension, 2near each end), Sl. No perforation. 2 longitudinal slots connecting pairs of perfora- Sla. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 67. SC tions, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). 64 (C 100, 3; M 1, 61 [figured, mosaic of oblong Q31. Haliotis rufescens, 5 perforations in bits of Haliotis in asphaltum adhesive]), DR 3 (C narrow end, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 86). Broad end 138, 3 [larger than any individual pieces in the M incomplete. Width of narrow end, 70 mm. Greatest 1 mosaic]). The three C 100 specimeng are thick rim width toward damaged end, 88 mm. pieces and may have been intended for cylindrical Q32. Haliotis rufescens, 6 perforations in tubes in process of manufacture. broad end, plain edge: 13. DR 13 (C 138, 13 [2 Ethnological: Similar mosaic of oblong pieces, figured, large and small]). One specimen is made on a Diegueilo ceremonial wand, figured in Waterman of a piece of shell embodying 4 open and 1 closed (p. 301, fig. 2). UCMA specimen number 1-9207, from siphonal openings. the Luiseto, has irregular, iridescent fragments of 28 2ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS

Haliotis set in asphaltum in square depressions S2d. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge, on 2 opposite faces of the wooden handle, about punctations: 2. DR 2 (C 80, 1; C 91, 1). Two or an inch below the top in which a quartz crystal, 3 punctations at end opposite perforation. chipped to a point, has been cemented. Ethnolog- S2e. Haliotis (unidentified), long sides con- ical figure 5 (page 113) shows this specimen; the cave, punctations: 7. SV 7 (S 1, 7 [1 figuredl). upper 4 in. of the wooden handle are painted S2f. Haliotis (unidentified), central notch at black, the remainder brick red. Thus, it is in- distal end: 1. DR 1 (C 82, 1 [figured]). dicated that this mosaic technique survives S2g. Haliotis (unidentified), both ends ser- among modern southern Californian Indians. Put- rate: 1. DR 1 (C 141, 1 [figured]). nam figures ancient fragments from the Santa S3. One perforation on long side. Barbara coast (pl. 12, figs. 30, 31, 32). S3a. Plain edge. Slb. Haliotis rufesce s incised ed e: 10. S3aI. Haliotis rufescens: 33. DR 31 (C 6, 12 DR 1 (C 141, 1 [figured]) BR 9 (309, 9 [1 fig- ti figured in Schenck and Dawson, p1. 89t); S 28, ured in Schenck, 1926, pl. 45s)). The DR spec- 2; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; S 56 2; C 80, 1; C imen has 7 Olivella beads of type X3bI on its 86, 11; C 138, 1), SV 2 (S 2, 2S. Iargest, 165 by convex surface. The incising in all is on the 110 mm.; smallest, 29 by 17 mm. edges of the concave or inner surface. S3aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 31. SC 8 (R 4, S2. One perforation on short side. 1; R 30, 7), DR 15 (C 6, 4; C 43, C 44, or C 45, S2a. Plain edge. 1; C 86, 1; C 138, 4; C 141, 1; C 142, 4), SV 8 S2aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 17. DR 16 (C 43, (S 1, 3; S 2, 5). C 44, or C 45, 1; C 60, 1 [figured]: C 68, 13 S3b. Incised edge. [1 figured, slender]; C 142, 1), BR 1 (309, 1 S3bI. Haliotis rufescens: 2. SV 2 (site on W [figured, broad]). side of Sacramento r., 7 or 8 mi. upstream from S2aII. Haliotis rufescens: 68. DR 58 (C 6, Knights Landing, 2). 16; C 19, 6; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2 [1 long and S3bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 4. DR 4 (S 28, slender figured in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 89e, 3; C 138, 1). length 156 mm.]; C 59, 2; C 68, 12; C 82, 2; C S3c. Punctations across each end. 83, 2; C 86, 16 [1 figured, slender]), SV 1 (S S3cI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. SV 1 (S 2, 1 [fig- 1, 1 [figured, small square]), BR 6 (309, 3; 329, ured]). 2; Fernandez md., 1), BR 2 (67, 2 1l of pair of S3cII. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. SV 1 (S 2, equal size figured by Loud, pl. 21, fig. 10; 1). length 102 mm.]), ML 1 (Dettert site 1, 4 mi. S3d. Haliotis (unidentified), ends with bands from Middletown, Lake co., 1). of longitudinal grooves and tiny punctations: 6. Ethnological: See D9, F5b, KlaIV, K2aII. DR 6 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 [figured in Schenck S2aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 258. SC 48 and Dawson, pl. 88s]; C 138, 5 [3 figured]). (C 3, 1; C 100, 10; C 135, 1; C 138, 2; R 2, 1; S4. Square with perforation on 1 side, plain R 4, 1; R 6, 2; R 8, 1; R 11, 1; R 30, 26; R edge. 35, 2), DR 192 (C 1, 1; C 6, 44; C 19, 3; S 28, S4a. Haliotis cracherodii: 2. DR 2 (S 56, 1; 2; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 10; S 56, 3; C 68, 24; C 138, 1). C 82, 6; C 83, 1; C 86, 36; C 107, 4; C 138, 41 S4b. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (S 28, 1). [1 figured, broadest, one of identical pair]; C S4c. Haliotis (unidentified): 14. DR 6 (C 6, 141, 16 [all small, 1 with concave sides fig- 4 C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 107, 1), SV 7 (S 1, uredl; C 142, 1), SV 12 (S 1, 8; S 2 3; S 3, 75, BR 1 (Tomales Bay 275, 1). 1), BR 5 (309, 2; Fernandez md., 1; lomales Bay S5.One central perforation. 275, 2), ML 1 (Mokelumne H-ll, Calaveras co., S5a. Plain edge. 1). Some specimens with rounded corners, perhaps S5aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 508. SC 249 (C 3, due to abrasion or secondary working, have been 247; C 103, 2), DR 259 (S 56, 3; S 60, 4: C 107, included. One C 100 specimen made from part of 222; C 142, 30). So far as depths are recorded for shell bordering siphonal openings. the DR C 107 specimens, they are from below 40 in., Ethnological: See K2aII, K3aIII, QlaIV, Z2bI. and according to Lillard, Heizer, and Fenenga (pl. S2b. Incised edge. 11), would date from their Early Period. S2bI. Haliotis rufescens: 10. DR 7 (C 6, 1; S5aII. Haliotis fulgens: 24. SC 24 (C 3, 23; C S 28, 1; C 138, 4; C 141, 1 [figured, largest]), 103, 1). SV 1 (S 1, 1), BR 2 (329, 2 [1 figured, slen- S5aIII. Haliotis rufescens: 80. DR 78 (C 60 1; derest]). S 60, 1; C 69, 1; C 86, 1; C 107, 73; C 142, 1i, S2bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 47. SC 2 (C BR 2 (309, 2). So far as depths are recorded for C 100, 2), SJ 1 (83, 1), DR 24 (C 6, 2; C 43, C 107 specimens, they are from lower levels and pre- 44, or C 45, 1; C 80, 1; C 82, 1; C 85, 1; C 86, sumably represent the "early culture." 1; C 138, 15; C 141, 1; Indian Slough, nr. Brent- S5aIV. Haliotis (unidentified), thin, plain edge: wood, Contra Costa co., 1), BR 20 (309, 6; 329, 5,353. SC 920 (C 3, 902 [12 figared on bone type R, 12; 387, 2). Gifford, 1940, pp. 175, 221]: C 100, 1; R 6, 3; R S2c. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations: 4. 30, 14), SJ 1 (140, 1), DR 4,359 (C 19, 1; C 56, DR 4 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 80, 1; C 91, 2). 65, S 56, 14; C 60, 1; C 68, 2,725 [1 figured in Three or 4 punctations at 1 or both ends. Schenck and Dawson, pl. 87a]; C 107, 1,208; C 138, 1: GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 29' C 142, 344 [2 cemented to Haliotis disk K3bIV, S7bII1. Haliotirs rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 2). figuredl)j BR 73. (Orinda, Contra Costa co., 6; S7c. Punctations along edge. 307, 58; 309, 9). With 2 exceptions figured, all S7eI. Haliotis rufeseens: 17. DR 17 (C 6, 5; C are small, although somewhat larger than small- 19, 1; C 80, 2 [1 figured in obverse and reverse, est figured. pctations all around edge, holes at ends]; C 82, S5aV. Haliotis (unidentified), thick, plain 1 [figured, largest]; 50 yards from Sacramento r., edge: 2. SC 1 (C 100, 1)2 SJ 1 (4, 1). Appar- nr. Isleton, 7 [1 figured, smallest]; C 138, 1 ently cut from flat inturned rim. Longer, 15 mm. [figured holes at sides, punctations all around S5b. Incised edge. edge]). iYhe two C 80 specimens have been partly S5bI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 15, 1). sawed through on the back as though the maker had S5bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 2. DR 1 (C started to make something different (see second 141, 1 [figured, smaller]), BR 1 (309, 1 [fig- figure of C 80). uredl). S7c1I. Haliotis (unidentified): 19.. DR 19 (C 6, S6. Two perforations, more or less along cen- 6; 50 yards from Sacramento r., nr. Isleton, 13). tral axis. S7di Haliotis unidentified, incised edge, punc- S6a. Plain edge. tations at opposite ends on each side of perfora- S6aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 2. DR 2 (C 68, 2 tion: 1. DR 1 (G 86, 1). 11 figred]). S8, -Two perforations at 1 end. S6aII. Haliotis ru-fescens: 2. DR 2 (C 68, 2). S8a. Pla-in edge* Perforations as in SbaI. S8aI. flaliotis cracherodii: 8. SC 8 (C 3, a). S6aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 84. SC 69 (C S8aII. Haliotis rufescens: 7. SJ 1 (14 or 15, 1 100, 1; R 2, 1; R 6, 1 [figured, smallest]; R [from orbit of corpse, over other orbit of which 30, 66 [1 figured]). DR 15 (C 6, 1; C 43, C 44, was a piece of type S8bIV figured; see also AP2aII; orC45, 1; C68, 13). for picture of pieces in situ see- Kroeber, 1925, M6b. Concave edges. pl. 81U, DR 5 (C 138, 4; C 142, 1),sML 1 (Mokelumne S6bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (M1 1, 1 Hill, Calaveras co., I.). [figuredJ). S8aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 19. SC 3 (C 138, S6bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 5. SC 4 (M 1, 1; R 4, 1 [figured]; R 11, 1), SJ 1 (15, 1 (figured, 4), DR 1 (C 107, 1). largesti), DR -10 (C 6-, 1; C 68, 1; C 80, 2- C 82, S6c. Incised edge. 2 11 figured, squarest]; C- 83, 1; C 138, 35, BR 4 S6cI. Haliotis cracherodii: 15. SC 11 (C 3, (309 1; Tomales Bay. 266, 3); ML 1 (M4okelinne Hill, 1.1 12 figured: smallest, oblong]), DR 4 (C 107, Calaveras co., 1). 4). DR specimens appear so similar to SC speci- S8b. Incised edge. mens as to suggest importation from SC or vice S8bI. Haliot-is cracherodii: 11. SC 11 (C 3, 10 versa. [3 figured]; C 104, 1). One specimen has markedly S6cII. Ealiotis rufeseens: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1). concave sides. S6cIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 6. SC 1 (C S8bII. Haliotis fulgens: 2. SC 2 (C 3, 2 11 fig- 3, 1), DR 5 (C 6, 1; S 56, 1; C 68, 1; C 107,2). ured]). S7. Two perforations, centered at opposite S8bIII. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1). ends. S8bIV, Haliotis (unidentified): 3. SC 2 (R 6, 1 V7a. Plain edge. [figured); R 32, 1)', SJ 1 (14 or 15, 1 [figured: MI7a. Haliotis rufescens: 46. SC 1 (R 2, 1),- largest; from orbit of corpse, over other orbit of DR 43 (C 6, 38; C 43, C 44, or D 45, 3; C 86, 1; which was a piece of type S8aII; see Kroeber, 125, 50 yards from Sacramento r., nr-, Isleton, 1), SV pl. 81]). 1 (S 2, 1), 1L4 1 (mokelumne Hill, Calaveras co., S9. Two perforations on 1 side (not end). 1). S9a. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 86, 1 (fig- Ethnological: See D9. ured]). S7aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 170. SC 19 S9b. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (C 3, 1). (C 3, 3; C 100, 4; C 138, 3; R 2, 1; R 4, 5 S10. Two perforations: 1 on short side, 1 on [1 figured, small square]; R 6, 3), DR 145 (50 long side. yards from Sacramento r., nr. Isleton, 9 [1 fig- SlOa. Plain edge. ured]; C 6, 93; C 19, 4; S 28, 1 [figured, large SlOaI, Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 82, 1; C square]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 7; C 80, 2; C 82, 138, 1), both figured. Long from C 82; broad from 1; C 86, 4; C 138, 24 13 figured: 1 tiny, 1 slen- C 138. derJ), SV 5 (S 2, 5), BR 1 (Tomnales Bay 275,1). SlOaII. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. BR 1 (329, S7b. Incised edge. 1). Apparently first drill hole on lon-g side broke S7bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (R 6, 1). out, necessitating the making of a second. Not strictly oblong, since sides bulge slightly; SlOb. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations along zigzag or V-incising. 2 perforated sides: 1. DR 1 (C 82, 1 [figured]). S7bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 25. SC 8 (C Sl3. Three perforations (2 at 1 end, 1 at oppo- 138, 1; R 1-4, 1; R 2, 1; R 4, 2; R 6, 3), DR site end). 16 (C'6, 14; C 80, 1; C 138, 1), SV 1 (S 2, 1). Slla. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 3. DR and SV incising, parallel notches; SC, par- SC 2 (R 2, 1;, R 6, 1), DR 1 (C 86, 1). allel oblique lines in two; V, zigzag, or cross- Sllb. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: hatched in others. 2. DR 2 (C 6, 2). 30 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Sllc. Haliotis (unidentified) incised edge son, p1. 89m1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1). The hook and punctations: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). mentioned is formed of the ascending curved por- S12. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations tion of the main whorl, from which the other whorls (2 at opposite ends, 1 between), plain edge: 2. forming the spire have been removed. The number of DR 2 (C 6, 1 [figured, long]; 50 yards from Sac- perforations varies from 7 to 10 in the complete ramento r., nr. Isleton, 1 (figured]). specimens. S13. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations S29. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations in center, incised edge: 1. SC 1 (M 1, 1 Ifig- across 1 end, 4 punctations across opposite end: uredi). 4. BR 4 (Dillon Beach, Mlarin co., 4 [1 figured]). S14. Haliotis rufescens, 3 perforations in From a child burial in coffin; accompanied by centers of 3 sides, plain edge: 1. SV 1 (S 2, 1 European articles. [figiredl). 815. Four corner perforations. T. Rectangular Pelecypod Ornament or Bead (41) S15a. Haliotis (unidentified) plain edge: 8. This order is not numerous. Evidently iridescent SC 8 (C 100, 2; R 2, 1; R 4, 1; 11, 3 [1 fig- Haliotis was much more attractive to the natives ured, smallestl; R 19, 1. than dull clam or mussel shell. S15b. Raliotis (unidentified), incised edge: Tl. One perforation in center. 2. SC 2 (0 100, 1 [square,, parallel incising]; Tla. Clam (unidentified) square bead: 3. DR 3 C 138, 1 tzigzag incising)). (C 6, 1 [figured, largest]; C 107, 1 [figured, S16. Five perforations: 1 in each corner, 1 smallest]; C 138, 1 [figured]). The C 138 specimen in cen-ter- has a buffish tinge as though it might be from S16a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 4. Tivela stultorum. SC 4 (C 138, 2; R 2, 1 [figured); R 4, 1). One Tlb. Hinnites multirugosus bead: 2. SC 2 (R 2, specimen slightly smaller, 2 slightly larger, 1 [figured]; R 6, 1 [figured, small]). The large than figured specimen. one is from hinge portion of valve. S16b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: Tlc. Mytilus californianus bead: 31. SC 3 (C 3, 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1). 3 [1 figured)), DR 28 (C 107, 28 [1 figured, large]). SI7. Haliotis (unidentified), 6 perforations The SC examples seem to have been made without re- (3 at each end), plain edge: 2. SC 1 (R 4, 1 moving epidermis.. The DR examples largely lack epi- [figured]), DR 1 (C 6, 1). dermis, which must have been ground off as in 1 S18. Haliotis rufescens, 6 perforations across example in type D 10. 1 end, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 86, 1 [figured]). T2. Pendant with 1 perforation near end, plain S19. Haliotis (unidentified), '7 perforations, edge. plain edge: 2. SC 2 (M 1, l [figured, restored); T2a. Margaritifera margaritifera: 1. BR 1 (76, C 100, 1 [figured, square]). 1 [figured]). S20. Haliotis (unidentified), 8 perforations, T2b.. Clam (unidentified): 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1 [in- plain edge: 2. SC 2 (M 1, 2 (both figu-red]). As complete, slender]; N 1 [figured, square)). in most fine SC work, the drill holes appear cy- lindrical instead of conical. T3. Tivela stultorum ornament with 2 perforations S21. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations at 1 end, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (Catalina, 1 [fig- (2 at one end, 2 along central axis), plain edge! ured)). Made from thin edge of shell. 2. DR 2 (G 68, 2 [both figured )). T4. Tivela stultorum ornament with 1 perforation S22. Haliotis rufescens, 4 perforations (3 at at end and I longitudinal perforation: 1. SC 1 (R, 1 end, 1 at other), punctations, plain edge: 1. 1 [figured)). DR 1 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 [figured)). S23. Haliotis (unidentified), 1-central per- U. Triangular Haliotis Ornament (428) foration and ring projection at each corner, Once more a geometric term is used very elasti- plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 11, 1 [figured]). cally, for the natural curvature of the shell pre- S24. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations vents most pieces from being true triangles; also (2 on each of 2 long sides), plain edge: 1. DR some specimens have convex bases or sides. Like- 1 (C 6, 1 [figured3). wise there is difficulty in separating triangles S25. Four perforations: 1 near middle of each with broken apices from trapezoids. Moreover, prac- side. tically all have the apex rounded or ground down in S25a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 1. some degree, for the shell was evidently too friable DR 1 (C 6, 1). to retain a pointed apex long. Sometimes the shape S25b. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations is really sugar-loaf in outline. See also orders AC around edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). Pictured in Schenck and AE which are really "triangles' with curved and Dawson, pl. 88q. lines, both convex and concave; also compare AB4aII. S27. Haliotis rufescens, 6 perforations (4 Ul. Haliotis rufescens, no perforation, plain at 1 end, 2 at other end), punctations: 1. DR 1 edge: 1. DR 1 (C 86, 1 [figured)). (C 6, 1 [figured)J). U2. One perforation near base. S28. Haliotis rufescens, hook at 1 corner, U2a. Plain edge. row of perforations on opposite side, plain edge: U2aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. DR 1 (C 107, 1). 8. DR 8 (C 6, 7 [1 pictured in Schenck and Daw- Length 26 mm., base 9 mm. wide, GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SBELL ARTIFACTS 31 U2aII. Haliotis rufescens: 61. DR 54 (C 6, 1; long side]), DR 3, (C 6, 2 [2 figured, perfora- C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 83, 1; C 86, 1 flong- 'tions. in short side); C 80, 1). est, irregular edge due to siphonal openings]; 117. Two perforations along the altitude. C 87, 18; C 138, 7; C 139, 2; C 141, 23), SV 1 U7a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 21. (S 2, 1), BR 6 (250a, 4; 309, 2). Figures for SC 10 (R 2, 1 [figured, lonpest); R 4, 1 [fig- U2aIII show pretty well the variation in U2aII. ured); R 6, 1; R 30, 6 [2 figured]; R 32, 1), DR Ethnological: Eastern Pomo feathered basket 11 (C 6, 11 12 figured, broad and narrow bases)). 1-20965 has following types of shell artifacts U7b. Haliotis rufescens, plain edge, puncta- attached: U2aII, U2aIE, U4a, VlaII, VlaIII, tions: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 2). One punctation on each AF5aIV. SE Pomo feathered basket (1-338) from side of basal perforation. Sulphur 3ank, lake co., has following types at- U8. Three perforations near base, plain edge. tached: U2aII, U2aIII, VlaII, VlaIII. U8a. Haliotis rufescens: 53. DR 53 (C 6, 1; C U2aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 67. SC 16 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; C 138, 50).. In many the (C 100, 4 [1 figured: equilateral); N, 1; R 4, apex of the triangle is rounded or blunted, per- 1; R 6, 1; R 11, 1; R 30, 7; R 32, 1), DR 40 (C haps from earlier breakage or perhaps intention- 6, 9; C 68, 2; C 86, 3 [1 figured: largest]; C ally. Form in general isosceles like largest U8b 87, 1; C 138, 12 [1 fig1lred: smallest]; C 139, figured from C 138, not like other two T8b fig- 3; C 141, 10 E1 figured: commonest style)), SV ured. Considerable range in width of base, but 1 (S 2, 1), BR 3 (309, 1 328, 1; *329, 1), NR always less than sides which are isosceles. 7 (Pomo contact material3. U8b. Haliotis (unidentified): 7. SC 1 (R 6, 1 Ethnological: Commonly used by Pomo and neigh- [figured, broad base)), DR 6 (Sacramento r., nr. bors on feathered baskets, head ornaments, etc. Isleton, 1 [figured, right-angled]; C 138, 5 [1 For illustrations of baskets, see Barrett, 1908. figured, isosceles with narrow base3). See OlaIII, Pla, U2aII, VlaII. U9. Three perforations along the altitude, U2b. Incised edge. more or less in line. U2bI. Haliotis rufescens: 3. DR 2 (C 43, C 44, U9a. Plain edge. or C 45, 1; C 138, 1), BR 1 (309 1). U9aI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). U2bII. Haliotis (unidentified3.: 17. SC 7 (C Ethnological: Wailaki deerskin belt 1-760 has 100, 5 12 figured: tiny serrate; slender, 14-triangular Haliotis pendants attached, belong- parallel-transverse incising, perforation broken ing to types U9aI and Ula. out]; R 6, 1; R 32, 1 [figured:-parallel-oblique tJ9aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. DR 1 (C 6, incising on convex face]), DR 9 (C 91, 1; C 138, 1). 1; C 139, 2; C 141, 5 E1 figured: small; broad U9b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 1. serrate base)), BR 1 (250a, 1). SC 1 (C 100, 1 [figured]). Short parallel-line U4. One perforation near corner, plain edge. incising on both obverse and reverse. Usually the corner perforated is the apex. U10. Three perforations, 1 near each corner. U4a. Haliotis rufescens: 5. DR 5 (C 83, 4; C UlOa. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 14. 86, 1). All are rather crudely finished. SC 12 (C 135,-1; R 2, 1; R 4, 1; R 8, 2, R 11 3 Ethnological: See D9, F5b, K2aII, K2aIII, [1 figured: equilateral]); R 32, 4 [1 figured]), U2aII. DR 2 (C 6, 2 [1 figured, longest]). U4b. Haliotis (unidentified): 11. SC 11 (C Ethnological: See U9aI. 100, 3 [1 figured, smallest]; R 1, 1; R 2, 1 UlOb. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: *7. [figured); R 6, 1; R 8, 1; R 11, 2; R 32, 2 SC 7 (C 138, 1; R 2, 1; R 3, 1; R 8, 2; R 11, 2). [1 figured]). Incising varied. Ethnological: See D9, K2aIII. U11. Haliotis rufescensj 4 perforations near U5. One perforation near center. base, plain edge: 20. DR 20 (C 6, 1; C 43, C 44, U5a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 3. or C 45, 1; C 138, 18 [1 figured]). Some have SC 2 (R 6, 1; R 30, 1), DR 1 (C 43, C 44, or C broadly rounded apices instead of points, thus de- 45, 1). Small, nearly equilateral. parting from true triangle somewhat. One specimen U5b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: from DR C 6 figured in Schenck and Dawson, plate 1. SC 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). Zigzag incising. 89f. U6. Two perforations near base. U12. Four perforations: 1 central, 3 corners. U6a. Plain edge. U12a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 5. U6aI. Haliotis rufescens: 70. DR 70 (C 138, SC 5 (R 2, 2 [1 figured]; R 3, 1; R 8, 1 [figured]) 70 t3 figured)). large, small, and average pieces R 11, 1 [figured]). figured. Many have tips broken off. Although all U12b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 8. from 1 mound, they are from a dozen or more bur- SC 8 (C 100, 1; R 4, 1; R 8, 1; R 11, 2; R 32, 3). ials. Incising varied, but chief.ly V and zigzag. U6aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 25. SC 6 (C 113. Five perforations near base, plain edge. 138, 1; R 2, 2 [1 figured, nearly equilateral); The apices are broadly rounded instead of pointed, R 3, 1 [figured: small); R 4, 1; R 6, 1), DR 19 thus departing from a true triangle. (C 6, 3 [11 figured, large); C 138, 16). U13a. Haliotis rufescens: 7. DR 7 (S 28, 1; C. U6b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 138, 6, 1 of which embodies 4 siphonal openings). 5. SC 2 (R 11, 2 [2 figured, perforations in U13b. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. DR 1 (C 138,1). 32' ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS U14. 8ix perforations near base, plain edge: VlaII. Saxidomus nuttalli: 66,767. SJ 10 (8 or 3. DR 3 (C 138, 3). Apices broadly rounded. 9, 1; 33, 1; 39, 6; 40, 2), DR 57,537 (C 1, 853; C U15. Cross bar at apex. 6, 46,912; S 16, 274; C 19, 1,516; C 43, C 44, or U'15a. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 perforation C 45, 3,695; C 47, 17; C 48, 227; S 56, 349; S 73, in base, plain edge: 3. DR 3 (C 6, 3 (all fig- 2; C 80, 32; C 82, 1,341; C 83, 451; C 91, 1,505; ured ). largest. also pictured in Schenck and C 107 208; C 121, 14; C 127, 2; C 138, 5; C 141, Dawson, pl. 88d. 80; Sacramento, 24; Indian Slough nr. Brentwood, U15b. Two perforations in base, plain edge. 3; Byron Tract, Contra Costa co., 2; Tyler is., Ul5bI. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 2 Sacramento co., 1; Freeport district, Sacramento [both figured] ) . co., 16; Winters site 3, 8) SV 8,079 (S 1, 5,552; U15bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 1, DR 1 (C S 2, 2,267; S 11, 4; S 13, 37; Elk cr., Grindstone 6, 1 [figured]). Rancheria, Glenn co., 69; W bank of Sacramento r., IU15c. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 perforation 12 mi. N of Knights landing, 9; Old Johnson md., 5 in cross bar, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 82, 1). mi. E of Cottonwood, Shasta co., 137; Coram, Shasta co., 3; Squaw cr., above Ydalpom, Shasta co., 1), V. Perforated Pelecypod Disk or Oval (157,021) BR 725 (295, 2; 328, 5; Mission Santa Clara, 29; Fernandez md., near Rodeo, Contra Costa co., 15; This order contains a large number of individ- Tomales Bay site 201, 69; Tomales Bay 232b, 3; To- ual specimens sinee it includes the exceedingly males Bay 242, 2; Tomales 3ay 266, 138; Tomales abundant clamshell beads, a type of artifact used Bay 275, 24; Dillon Beach, 411; Preston's Point, as currency by the modern Indians of central Cal- Tomales Bay, 27), NR 388 (Middle cr., Lake co., ifornia. However, only archaeological specimens 151; 1i mi. above mouth of North Cache cr., lake are described and counted here. co., 2;,15 mi. SE of Middletown on road to Monti- The difficulty arises of separating thick cello and Pope v., 1; site 23, Melitta, Sonoma co., beads from cylinders. If length exceeds diameter, I; Napa co., 39; Goddard md., Oakville, Napa co., I have called them tubes (order AV). Class V com- 194), ML 28 (Yokaia Rancheria, nr. Ukiah, 12; site prises flat disks or ovals, not to be confused 120, Round v., 1; site 183, Round v., Mendocino with more or less globular beads of order AW. co., 4; Mokeluimne Hill, Calaveras co., 3; Michigan Vl. One central perforation. This inoludes Flat, Eldorado co., 8). Three specimens are figured money disks, as well as exceptionally large and - to show range in size and characteristic naturally exceptionally small pieces. Vla embraces spec- grooved surface (lacking in VlaIII): largest and imens under 25 mm. diameter; Vlb, those over 25 medium from DR C 6; smallest from ML site 120, mm. diameter. 3oth are plain edged. Round v., Mendocino co. Vla. Plain edge, less than 25 mm. diameter. Ethnological: Following refers to both VlaII VlaI. Tivela stultorum: 2,174. SC 1,922 (M 1, and VlaIII, which are extensively used by Pomo and 22; N 10, 2; Catalina, 27; Clemente, 7; San Nico- neighboring groups. Medium-sized disks commonly las, 34; C 3, 596; C 39, 1; C 83, 6; C.100, 536 used for currency by Pomo and other central Cali- [1 mounted on side of Haliotis tube figured in fornian groups; for packstrap "rollers" (ethnolog- AV2al; C 104, 44; C 135, 41; C 138, 16; C 162, ical figures 10-13, 15-17 on page 114); smaller 72; C 197, 2; R, 1; R 1 to 3, 362; R 1 to 4. 2; disks used for decorations and pendants on baskets, R 2, 71; R 4, 23; R.6, 48; R 8, 6; R 12, 1; R head ornaments, etc. Holmes;" pictures the drilling 19, 1; R 32, 1), SJ 119 (4, 5; 8, 7; 8 or 9, 2; and smoothing of disks. Figured baskets showing use 9, 1; 11, 4; 33, 2; 39, 39; 40, 21; 41, 7; 42, are to be found in Barrett, 1908. On the baskets 1; N shore of Kern Lake, 1; 150, 1; Alpaugh these beads may be sewed to rim or exterior, may be Tulare co 28), DR 36 (C6, 16; C 82, 10; 6 83, used on a string handle (see ethnological figure 3; C 91, 75, BR 96 (Fernandez md., 1; Dillon 14, page 114), or attached in pendent strings of 4 Beach, 63 from coffin burial wi-th European ar- or 5 to the sides of the basket, usually with a ticles; Tomales Bay md., 266, 32), ML 1 (Mich- Haliotis ornament at the bottom of each string. On igan Flat, Eldorado co., 1). As Tivela stultorum rims and string handles the clam disk beads are ranges as far N aa latitude 38, it follows that usually sewed so that they are edge to edge rather artifacts from DR and BR need not necessarily than face to face (ethnological figure 14, page 114). be imported from SC. The tiniest examples from A feathered buckskin headdress (1-7463) from the SC are only 2 mm. in diameter. Two from DR C 6 Maidu of Butte co. has 10 disk beads of VlaII and have white shell bushings. To show the range in VlaIII. See K2aI, K2aIII, MlaI, OlaIII, Pla, Q2aIII, size of VlaI beads there are figured 24 tiny Q2aIV, UlaII, AF4aI; also ethnological class AM. ones imbedded in asphaltum on a bone whistle VlaIII. Saxidomus giganteus: 85,518. DR 79,766 from SC Catalina; 1 very thick one anid 1 very (C 1, 1,013; C 6, 63,753 [1 figured, medium large broad one from SC C 3; 1 of slightly less diam- diameter); S 16, 450; C 19, 1,044; C 43, C 44, or eter than the very broad one, from BR Dillon C 45, 4,348; C 47, 10; C 48, 42; S 56, 119; C 80, Beach; 1 small one from SC C 100. 94; C 82, 4,423; C 83, 735; C 86, 1; C 91, 2,923; S Ethnological: A few examples, along with nu- 103, 1; C 107, 418; C 121, 78; C 126, 3; C 127, 2; merous specimens of VlaII and VlaIII, are in- C 138, 41; C 141, 124, Sacramento, 104; N side of serted as "rollers" in the packstrap of specimen 1-80, a cradle from the Eastern Pomo of Upper lake, Lake co. 121902, pl. 21, fig. b. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SBELL ARTIFACTS 33

American r. at Sacramento, 2; 50 yards from Sac- 2 (33, 1; 39, 1). Both SJ specimens fragmentary; ramento r. nr. Isleton, 13; Winters site 3, Yolo one 55 mm. diameter. co., 9; Indian Slough nr. Brentwood, 16), SV VlbII. Saxidomus nuttalli, 40 mm.. diameter: 2. 3,003 (S 1, 1,629; S 2, 1,253 [1 figured, bushing SV 2 (Red Bluff md. 1, 2). The 2 form an evenly in magnesite cylinder]; S 11, 7; S 13, 40; Elk matched pair. cr., nr. Grindstone Rancheria, Glenn co., 46; W Vlc. Saxidomus giganteus "disk," flat on 2 op- bank of Sacramento r. 12 mi. upstream from posite edges (not true disk), plain edge: 486. DR Knights Landing, 4; Sacramento r., E bank, just 486 (C 6, 486 [1 figured]). below Little Antelope cr., Tehama co., 7; Old Vld. Saxidomus giganteus disk, edge incised with Johnson md. on bank of Sacramento r. 5 mi. E of parallel oblique lines: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 [figured)). Cottonwood, 12; Coram station, Shasta co., 5), Vle. Tivela stultorum disk, serrate edgen 1. SC BR 1,551 (35, 23; 295, 3a 307, 67; 328, 13; 330, 1 (C 83, 1 [figured)). Specimen considerably weath- 1; Tomales Bay 201, 46; Dillon Beach, 650; To-r ered. males Bay 275, 61; Tomales Bay 232b, 7; Tomales V2. One peripheral perforation. Bay 242, 10; Tomales Bay 266, 318; Preston's V2a. Plain edge. Point, Tomales Bay, 9; Mill v., 1; Fernandez md., V2aI. Tivela stultorum oval: 4. SC 4 (C 83, 1; 297; nr. Niles, 7; Santa Clara, 38), NR 1,174 C 197, 1; R 6, 1; R 30, 1), all figured. C 83 and (Napa co., 45; Middle cr., Lake co., 95; Goddard C 197 (largest and smallest respectively) show orig- md. nr. Oakville, Napa co., 1,032; 15 mi. SE of inal buffish color of exterior of shell. Middletown on road from Monticello and Pope v., V2aII. Hinnites multirugosus oval, perforation 2), ML 24 (on 'West Point road, Mokelumne Hill, at. one end: 2. SC 2 (N, 2 [1 figured]). Figured Calaveras co., 1; Michigan Flat, Eldorado co., specimen is thin, flat, and gray-whitish. Unfigured, 5; site 9, Poor Man's v., Mendocino co., 2; site broken at perforation, is thicker and its lower 120, Round v., Mendocino co., 16). Some speci- part is suffused with reddish purple. The two are mens identified as Saxidomus giganteus may be about equal in size. Saxidomus nuttalli with surface ground down. V2b. Serrate edge. Ethnological: See D9, VlaI, VlaII; also eth- V2bI. Tivela stultorum disk: 1. SC 1 (R), fig- nological class AM. Kroeber"3 shows a large ex- ured. Perfectly flat, lacking concavo-oonvex char- ample (1-2689) from the Central Pomo of Yokaia acter of V2cI. village. V2bII. Laevicardium elatum oval, serrate lower VlaIV. Macoma nasuta: 131. SJ 7 (40, 1; 87, edge: 1. ML 1 (camp site i mile E of Mountain Springs 5; 150, 1), DR 124 (S 73, 116 [1 figured in 2 Station, 30 ft. N of highway U.S. 80, Imperial co., views to show thin and thick edges); C 138, 8). 1 [figuredl). S 73 specimenst diameter 6-10 mm., often thin- V2c. Punctate design. edged; 74 are black, perhaps from peat; DR C 138 V2cI. Tivela stultorum, design on inner (concave) specimens are only 3 mm. in diameter. surface: 9. SC 9 (C 83, 9 [7 figured]), all but 2 VlaV. Mytilus californianus: 1,909. SC. 1,869 very weathered ones figured. Virtually all show (M 1, 178; Catalina, 2; Clemente, 199 [1 figured, original convex outer surface of clam valve. Some tiny disk]; C 100, 1,172 [1 figured, unfinished]; approach triangular form but with rounded "corners." C 135, 47; C 138, 29; C 147, 2; C 197, 7; R 1 to V2cII. Schizothaerus nuttallii oval, design on 3, 117; R 2, 17 [1 figured, cylindricall; R 4, inner (concave) surface: 1. SC 1 (C 83, 1 [fig- 72; R 6, 14; R 15, 5; R 19, 5; R 30, 2; R 32, 1), ured]). Inner surface too weathered to determine SJ 31 (8 mi. S of Bakersfield, 1 Ifigured, larg- design formed by punctations. est disk]; 1, 1; 4, 1; 8, 1 39, 21; 40, 4; 41, V2d. Tivela stultorum oval, serrate edge, punc- 2), DR 9 (C 83, 8; C 126; 15. tate design: 1. SC 1 (C 83, 1 [figured] ). The specimens range from flat disks to tiny V3. Tivela stultorum, 1 central and 1 periph- cylinders, diameter 3 mm. These intergrade with eral perforation, serrate edge, punctate design: 3. the disks, so that separation into 2 types is not SC 3 (C 83, 3 [all figured]). Design on flat inner feasible. They are not long enough to count as surface; other surface is convex, natural outer sur- tubes (AVlb); they are really thick beads. In face of shell. addition there are several hundred unfinished V4. Tivela stultorum oval with 3 close periph- disks with rough edges; from SC C 100 come 725 eral perforations, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 30, 1 (included above). In a columella ornament from [figuredl). Convex face shows original shell sur- R 4 (AU3) a bead has been used as bushing; this face. is counted in R 4. Five are bushings in clamshell V5. Tivela stultorum oval with 1 end flat 4 ttibes (AV2b); all are from SC: 1 from C 135, 2 perforations (1 in curved end, 3 in flat endS, from R 4, 2 from R 6. punctate checker- design on concave surface: 1. VlaVI. Hinnites multirugosus: 4. DR 4 (C 6, SC 1 (C 83, 1 [figured] ). Some punctations show 4). Diameter 6-7 mm. One surface shows purple or trace of red pigment, suggesting that whole de- orange-brown coloring. sign was in red. Convex surface unmodified. Vlb. Plain edge, more than 25 mm. diameter. VlbI. Tivela stultorum: 4. SC 2 (M 1, 2), SJ W. Triangular Pelecypod Ornament (16) 31908$ pl. 13, fig. 13. Rarity contrasts with abundance of Triangular 34 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Haliotis Ornaments (class U). Wl types are broad- fortunately size could not be used because of based, W2 narrow-based. complete intergradation in this respect. A small Wl. Broad base. number of beads was segregated as distinct types Wla. One perforation in apex. because of presence of decorative devices such WlaI. Amiantis callosa, punctations on both as punetations and incised edges. In addition to obverse and reverse faces: 1. SC 1 (N, 1 (fig- schematic drawings on page 97 showing types and ured]). Thick piece of shell, thinning toward the parts of shell from which cut, a number of apex. specimens of other material decorated with X beads WlaII. LAevicardium elatum: 1. SC 1 (N, 1 are shown. (figured)). Convex face transversely ribbed by Xl. "Half"-shell bead. This group is the larg- natural ribbing of shell. est and often the crudest of the Olivella bead WlaIII. Schizothaerus nuttallii: 1. SC 1 (N, types made by drilling or punching out perfora- 1 (figuredl). Almost an equilateral triangle. tions. Cut from body whorl. WlaIV. Tivela stultorum: 2. SC 1 (N, 1 (fig- Xla. Punched hole: 1,464. SC 923 (M 6, 1; C ured]), $J 1 (40, 1 (figured, small]). 100, 909 (1 figured]; C-198, 1; R 4, 12), SJ 122 Wlb. Tivela stultorum, 1 perforation in middle (4, 12; 6, 83; 7, 1; 8, 1; 11, 1; 33, 5; 39, 16; of base: 1. SC 1 (R 30, 1 (figured]). Base con- 41, 1; 57, 1; 70, 1), DR 262 (C 66, 2; C 139, 260), cave, sides convex, making heart-shaped ornament. SV 153 (S 11, 153), BR 4 (250a, 4). Wlc. Tivela stultorum, 2 perforations in base Xlb. Drilled hole: 348. SC 50 (Clemente, 1; C (1 at each corner): 1. SC 1 (R 30, 1 (figured]). 100, 2; R 2, 36; R 4, 11), SJ 213 (4, 3 (1 fig- From same grave as Wlb specimen. Base has been ured]; 11, 6; 13, 204), SV, 10 (S 2, 1; S 11, 9), broken, and drilling may be secondary. Traces of BR 75 (250a, 1; 309, 74). asphaltum in one drill hole and on broken edge X2. With shelflike trace of inner whorl at 1 (see figure). end. Usually cut from wall so upper edge formed by W2. Narrow base, singlb drilled hole in base. external suture, as shown in diagram. Some have curved sides and are not, strictly X2a. Rectangular: 524. SC 9 (Santa Barbara re- speaking, triangles. All have rounded bases anal- gion, 2; C 3, 6; R 6, 1), DR 359 (C 6, 103 (1 fig- ogous to the rounded bases of certain Haliotis ured]; S 56, 1; C 68, 167 (1 figured]; C 107, 28; ornaments (AP, AF). C 138, 1 [figured]; C 142, 59 (1 figured]), SV 75 W2PA. Amiantis callosa: 1. SC 1 (R, 1 (fig. (S 1, 1; S 11, 74), BR 81 (250a, 55; 309, 25; 387, ured)). Blunt tip makes it almost equally plau- sible to regard as misshapen oval. X2b. Disk or oval: 5,705. SC 47 (N, 2; R 4, 1 W2b. Hinnites multirugosus: 1. SC 1 (R 2 or 3, (figured]; R 30, 44), SJ 300 (N shore of Kern Lake, 1 [figured])) Sides curved, so not trule triangle. 1; 8 mi. S of Bakersfield, 66; 1, 2; 4, 5; 8, 10; Base shows pinkish color, characteristic of spe- 9 2; 12 6; 13, 2; 14 or 15, 3; 33, 2; 39, 199; 40, cies. 1; 41, 1i, DR 767 (Veale Tract, Contra Costa co., 2; W2c. Schizothaerus nuttallii: 2. SC 2 (N, 1 C 1 26; C 6, 424 (2 figured]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, (figured, large]; R, 1 (figured]). 2; 6 59' 4; C 66, 91; C 80, 1; C 82, 15; C 83, 1; C W2d. Tivela stultorum: 5. SC 5 (C 100, 1 (fig-- 91, 57; C 107, 2 (1 figured]; C 138, 1; C 141, 112; ured, smallest]; N, 4 (1 figured, largest]). C 142, 29), SV 22 (S 11, 22), BR 4,569 (Tomales Bay md. 201, 15; Tomales Bay md. 266, 2; 35, 3,546; X. Olivella biplicata Bead (164,850) Orinda Country Club, 20; Fernandez md., 48; 250a, 152; 267, 265; 283, 1; 295, 85; 309, 260; 328, 8; Olivella biplicata drilled beads constitute 356, 167). In DR C 142, a number were found over a one of the most numerous orders of shell arti- child's skull in overlapping shingle fashion, sug- facts. They are not to be confused with the olive gesting their having been sewed to a head covering. shell beads made by abredinn off the top (order Kroeber (1908, pl. 13, fig. 9) shows 4 with char- F), or both top and bottom order G), of the acteristic "shelf," from BR 309. shell. The I beads are made from parts of the body 13 No shelflike trece of inner whorl. X3a is wall of the shell, as indicated by figures on page rectaAgular, X3b is ciroular or oval. Both are cut 97 which show in enlarged size the parts of the from body whorl, as is also X3c. shell utilized for the different types of X beads. X3a. Rectangular. The beads range in size from so-called "half" X3al. One perforation, ranging in position from shells down to minute rings used for bushings in center to near end: 35,340. SC 691 (Santa Barbara tubes. The vast majority had drilled perforations. region, 354; C 3, 277 (1 figured]; C 103, 1; M 1, 8; One type of "half'-shell bead (Xla) had a crude N, 2; R 6, 56; R 32, 1), ST 13 (51, 11; 112 1; 142, punched-out perforation instead of the usual neat 1), DR 24,084 (Byron Tract, 1; Veale Tract j 1* 258; drilled hole. Sacramento, 2; C 1, 3; C 6, 3,489; S 16, 1,797; C In constructing a classification, only two 43, C 44, or C 45, 426; S 56, 3; C 66, 144; S 66, 7; natural structural characters were used: first, C 68, 1,431; C 69, 1; C 82, 703; C 86, 20; C 91, 10; presence or absence of shelflike trace of inner C 107, 74 (1 figured]; C 126, 591; C 127, 3 [1 fig- whorl; second, thickened, enamel of parietal cal- ured]; C 138, 14,410 (1 figured]; C 139, 255; C 140, lus from inner wall of aperture. Shape rat-her 1; C 141, 234; C 142, 99; Bloom Group, Stone lake, than size was the next important criterion. Un- Sacramento co., 1; C 151, 121), SV 1,820 (S 1, 451 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL- ARTIFACTS 35 [figured]; S 2, 874; S 3, 283; S 11, 212), BR Lake shore and bed, 21; N shore of Kern Lake, 23; 7,154 (Orinda, 12; Femandez md., 1; Tomales Bay 1, 5; 2, 2; 4, 68; 8, 89; 8 or 9, 4; 9, 18; 10, 1; md. 266; 2; 35, 75; 76, 15; 123, 10; 250a, 2,167; 11, 2; 12, 15; 14 or 15, 1; 15, 20; 33, 8; 39, 601 295, 9; 309, 3,356; 32H, 131; 35-6, 289; 387, [2 figuredl; 40, 59; 41, 9 [1 figured]; 51, 3; 83, 1,087), NR 1,578 (236, 1,557; Oakville, Napa co., 4; 87, 37; 121, 1; 142, 1; 147, 1), DR 25,967 (New 3; 15 mi. SE of Middletown on road to Monticello, Hope, San Joaquin co., 1; Indian Slough, nr. Brent- 18). wood, Contra Costa co., 352; Sacramento, 536; Uses of X3aI indicated by composite specimens Bucker ranch, 1; C 1, 238; C 6, 1,035; S 16, 3; C follow. (1) Cemented to figured Haliotis orna- 43, C 44, or C 45, 13; C 46, 1 [figured]; C 59, 15; ments K2bII, K3bIV, K6bIII, N3b. (2) Sewed, over- C 66, 708; C 70, 133; S 73, 111; C 80, 3,772; C 82, lapping like scales, on twined textile from NR 15,611; C 83, 219; C 91, 22; C 107, 975; C 126, 201; 236, figured on page 96. (3) Cemented, edge to C 127, 335; C 138, 70; C 139, 1; C 140, 30; C 141, edge, on charmstone from DR C 107, figured on 1,114 (see Slb figure showing 7 cemented on Haliotis page 96. (3) Cemented on figured bone types CC4 rectangle); C 142, 428; C 151, 42), SV 819 (S 1, and FF2 (Gifford, 1940, pp. 179, 182, 226, 230). 267; S 2, 445; S 11, 107), BR 5,229 (Bodega Bay, (4) Laid across bear burial found in DR C 138, 146; Tomales Bay md. 201, 8; Tomales Bay md. 232b, along with 1 example of X3aIII. 19; Tomales Bay md. 242, 64; Tomales Bay md. 266, I3aII. One perforation and punctations: 40. 350; Orinda, Contra Costa co., 6; Fernandez md., DR 27 (C 6, 3; S 16, 5; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; 249; Mission Santa Clara, 1; 35, 1 494; 86c, 1 [on C 138, 17 (1 figured]), SV 1 (S 1, 1), BR 12 bone type FF1a figured in Gifford2 ); 250a, 178; (250a, 2; 309, 10). Punctations are 1 or 2 in 267, 279 [1 figured]; 283, 77 (6 with 1 KiaIV bead number, and are always on concave surface. cemented across one end of spatulate stone object, 3aIII. Two perforations: 34. DR 27 (C 6, 2; figured on p. 981; 295, 477 (7 on figured bone type S 16, 2; C 138 23 11 figured]), SV 3 (S 1), BR FF2;2' 16 more on 2 others]; 309, 1,556 [5 on stone 1 (309), NR 3 N236, 3 (2 attached to figured ring, Uhle, pl. 11, fig. 8; 14 on end of quartz K6bIII object; also one X3aI attached]. One crystal, Uhle, pl. 11, fig. 9; 2 on bone tube of associated with bear burial mentioned in X3aI. type EE3c;22 2 on stone pipe bowl, figured on p. 98 X3b. Circular or oval; cut from body whorl. and also in Schenck, pl. 52e]; 316, 126; 328, 198), M3bI. Even thickness; diameter variable; 1 NR 8 (Goddard md., Oakville, Napa co., 8), HR 23 perforation: 68,540. SC 35,392 (sand dunes S of (Big Lagoon, Humboldt co., 23), NE 10 (Cave 1, Tule Pt. Sal, Santa Barbara co., 51; Tecolote Ranch, Lake, Modoc co., 10), Ml 9 (Mokeluimne Hill, Calaveras Tecolote cr., Santa Barbara co., 174 (27 as- co., 1; O'Neal Cave, Calaveras co., 1; Michigan Flat, phalted into grooved edge of small mortar, also Eldorado 2 co., 5; sand dunes nr. Indio, Riverside co., specimens of Zl, figured on p. 98; 3 attached 1; 1 mi. W of Salt Works, Saline v., Inyo co., 1). to bone tube 1-14342 of type EE3c41"; San Fer- Kroeber23 pictures 5 lots of 6 each from 5 SC local- nando Mission, Los Angeles co., 2; M 1, 8,784 [37 ities: Pt. Sal, Catalina, R 12, R 30, R 35. Ethno- are attached tp fragments of mortar edges; 17 logical: Twelve rough Luiseno examples from a necklace set in 3 grooves in small cylindrical serpentine (1-11129) are pictured by Kroeber;24 other types on vessel, figured on p. 96; 1,188 are attached to same necklace are Glc, X3bII, X4. some of mammal bone tubes of type EE3al51; M 6, X3bII. One edge thicker, deeply cupped, 1 per- 5; M 10, 119 (93 on mammal bone tubes; 1 fig- foration: 19,882. SC 800 (M 1, 3; M 10, 4; Catalina, ured,16 type ME3al; Catalina, 286; Clemente, 653; 145; Clemente, 592; C 138, 14; C 147, 13; C 197, 13; C, 83; C 3, 1; C 100, 10,630 [1 attached to fig- R, 4; R 2, 1; R 4, 2; R 6, 9). SJ 150 (N shore of ured bone type FFlb;17 5 around head of figured Kern Lake, 32 8, 1; 33, 85; 39, 28; 40, 1; 58, 1; bone dagger K2;18 195 attached to crab (Ran- 80, 1; 114, 13, DR 17,486 (Byron Tract, Contra Costa dallia ornata) rattle and handle along with 2 co., 3; Bucker ranch, 3; Freeport district, Sacra- KlaIV, figured on p. 96; 30 on Haliotis orna- mento co., 2; C 1, 153; C 6, 12,649 (1 figuredl; C ments L2b and L2c, both figured; also figured on 19, 83; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 294; S 56, 1; C 80, p. 98 is flat slate pendant with beads cemented 82; C 82, 322; C 83, 870; C 90, 638; C 91, 270; C with asphaltum in pits drilled in both sides]; 107, 272; C 109, 1; C 126, 3; C 127, 791; C 138, C 138, 44; C 197, 6; N, 233; R, 25; R 1 to 3, 36; C 141, 7), SV 311 (S 2, 172; S 11, 137; Old- 3,241; R 2, 145; R 4, 999; R 6, 472; R 8, 11; R Johnson md., on bank of Sacramento r., 5 mi. E of 12, 304; R 15, 73; R 19, 3; R 30, 2,241 [2 at- Cottonwood, Shasta co., 2), BR 1,115 (Tomales Bay tached near edge of amall serpentine bow) with 201, 103; Tomales Bay 232b, 6; Tomales Bay 242, 20; drilled hole in bottom, figured on p. 98); R 32, Tomales Bay 266, 244; Fernandez md., 409; 250a, 4; 699; R 35, 6,108 [297 attached to mammal bone 295, 51; 328 278), NR 19 (Goddard md., Oakville, tubes of type EE3a'9]), SJ 1,083 (Buena Vista Napa co., 193, ML 1 (1 mi. W of Salt Works, Saline r., Inyo co., 1). Ethnological: See XU3I. 14 Gifford, 1940, pp. 181, 229. 1BIbid., pp. 228. 20 181, 21 Ibid., pp. 181, 229. 17 Ibid. 22Ibid., pp. 182, 230. 18Ibid*, pp. 181, 230. 23 Ibid., pp. 181, 229. 19 Ibid., pp. 181, 214. 241908, pl. 3, figs. 2-6. Ibid., pp. 181. 228 Ibid., pl. 13, fig. 1. 36 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1I3bIII. Two perforations: 9. SC 3 (R 4), SJ 1 and apparently laid on wood. One specimen shows (39, 1 [figured]), BR 5 (Fernandez nd.). traces of wood fiber, identified by Professor X3bIV. One perforation, 4 punctations: 1. SC H. L. Mason as Pseudotsuga sp.? (probably taxi- 1 (C 100, 1 [figured].). folia), as are canoe planks in UCIIA collection. M3c. Rounded rectangle: 2,089. SC 16 (C 100, The shell ornaments, therefore, seem likely to 4; N2 5; R 6, 1; R 30, 1; R 35, 5), DR 655 (C 6, have been canoe ornaments (Heizer, 1941a, p. 60, 1 tfiguredb also figured in Schenck and Dawson, citing Vancouver). The specimen figured in end pl. 87p]; 6 66, 130; C 80, 7; C 82, 1; C 83, 4; view may have come from the seam between 2 planks C 127, 274; C 140, 1; C 141, 231 [1 figured] C of a canoe. See type Llj. .142, 6), SV 175 (S 1, 102; S 2, 10, S 11, 633, BR 1,243 (250a, 1; 283, 3 [cemented to perfo- Z. Sausage-shaped Haliotis Ornament (317) rated stone bowl, figured]; 295, 9; 309, 988; 316, 227; 356, 15). Also pictured in Schenck, Mostly curved oblong (ovate, obovate) with par- plate 4Sf, g. allel or nearly parallel sides and one or both ends X4. Small, round, concavo--onvex, cut from rounded; tending to merge with ovals (K) and with thick enamel of parietal callus: 30,657. SC round-based teardrop objects (AF). Width or lesser 20,289 (M 1, 1,421; Clemente, 282; C 100, 9,753 diameter less than half the length of greater diam- [1 figured); C 135, 486 [1 a bushing in Mytilus eter, which distinguishes them from ovals in order californianus tube AV2W); C 138, 969 (2 as bush- K in which the lesser diameter is more than half the ings in beads of type.AWlb); C 197, 1 [figured]; greater diameter. N, 247; R, 350; R 1, 108; R 1 to 3, 3,995; R 2, Z1. Haliotis (unidentified), no perforation, 859; R 4, 2 [figured in 3 views: bushings in plain edge: 7. SC 6 (Tecolote Ranch, Tecolote cr., stone tubular bead]; R 6, 531; R 8, 517; R 15, Santa Barbara co., 2 [figured under U3bI, set dia- 192; R 19, 265; R 30, 151; R 35, 178), SJ 144 (N metrically opposite in grooved edge of mortar along shore of Kern Lake, 5; shore and bed of Buena with 27 X3bI beads; as many beads lost, there may Vista Lake, 5; 1, 2; 4, 35; 8, 1; 8 or 9, 4; 11, once have been 2 more]; C 100, 1 Ifigured]; R 4, 2 1; 14 or 15, 10; 39, 63; 40, 9; 41, 8; 58, 1), [2 tiny ones as parts of 2 mosaics including types DR 8,471 (Indian Slough, nr. Brentwood, 9; 50 B2 and KlaIV; mosaics figured as 6197b and 6198 on yards from. Sacramento r. nr. Isleton, 128; C 1, p. 111]; R 6, 1.), DR 1 (C 86, 1 [figured, large]). 7; C 6, 2,072; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 334; 3 66, Z2. One terminal perforation. 15.8;C 82, 13; C 83, 28; C 91, 6 C 126, 15; C Z2a. Plain edge. 138, 5,619; C 140, 68, C 141, 143, SV 1,728 (S Z2aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 4. SC 3 (N, 1; R 30, 1, 909; S 2, 819), BR 23 (309, 6; 330, 1; To- 1; R 35, 1), BR 1 (372, 1). males Bay md. 242, 16), NR 2 (Goddard md., Oak- Z2aII. Haliotis rufescens: 18. DR 15 (C 6, 8; C ville, Napa co.). One use of the beads is shown 80, 1; C 86, 2; C 138, 4), SV 1 (S 2, 1), BR 1 (295, in figured bone tube types EE3a (center figure) 1), ML 1 (Mokeluimne Hill, Calaveras co., 1). and EE3b, inlaid respectively with 732 and 740 Ethnological: See D9, F5b, KlaIV, K2aII, Q7aII, beads set in asphaltum (SC, M 1).15 Another use ABlb, AGlaIII. is as bushing in shell tube (AV) drill holes. Z2aIII. Haliotis (unidentified-): 82. SC 36 (j mi. Xroeber28 pictures 6 from R 8. N of La Jolla, San Diego co., 1; M 1, 2; C 100, 7 Ethnological: See M3bI. Pomo coiled basket [1 figured, smallest]; C 135, 1; R, 1; R 1, 5; R 2, 1-14982 has 3 groups of 4 each, sewed just below 4; R 4, 3;,R 6, 5; R 8, 3; R 11, 2; R 21, 1; R 32, rim, with quail topknots.pointing downward from 1 [figured, slender]), DR 38 (C 1, 1; C 6, 16; S them. 28, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 3; C 68, 1; C 82, 1; C I5. Incised edge. 83, 2; C 86, 5; C 138, 8 [1 figured]), BR 4 (295, I5a. Oblique: 42. SC 33 (Catalina, 1; Clemente, 1; 309, 2; 328, 1), MIL 4 (Mokeluimne Hill, Calaveras 8; C 138, 14 [1 figured); R 1, 3; R 2, 4;'R 4, 3), co., 1; Site 120, Round v., Mendocino co., 3). DR 9 (C 6, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; C 80, 1 Ethnological: See D9, KlaIV, K2aII, QlaIV, [figured); C 82, 3; C 127, 1; C 141, 1). Q7aII, ABlb, AGlaIII. X5b. Crosshatch: 175-. SC 174 (Clemente, 42; N, Z2b. Incised edge. 7; C 100, 2; C 138, 7; R, 76; R 1 to 3, 4; R 2, Z2bI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). 2; R 6, 3; R 8, 11 [1 figuredl; R 19, 17; R 30, Ethnological: Hupa headband 1-811 used in the 2; R 35, 1), DR 1 (C 6, 1). deerskin dance has 1 pendant of this type plus the following: K2aII, K2aIII, QlaIII S2aIII, AF4aII. Y. Complete Olivella biplicata in Composite Z2bII. Haliotis (unidentified3: 9. SC 1 (R 2, Artifact (25) 1 [figured, smallest)), DR 4 (C 6, 1; C 86, 1 [fig- ured] C 138 2) SV 1 (S 2, 1 [figured, largest)), Y. Complete Olivella biplicata in composite BR 3 (387, 33. Part of siphonal opening produces artifact: 25. SC 25 (C 138, 16; C 147, 9 [5 fig- notch on 1 margin in SV specimen. Ethnological: See ured on 2 pieces]). All are imbedded in asphal- D9.. tum, the underside of which is flat in most cases Z2c. Haliotis rufescens, punctations at end op- posite perforation: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 [figured]). 25See Gifford, 1940, pp. 181, 228, 229. Z3. One perforation near each end. 261908, pl. 13, fig. 7. Z3a. Plain edge. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 37 Z3aI. Haliotis rufescens: 37. DR 37 (C 6, 33 Z9b. Haliotis fulgens, incised edge: 1. SC 1 [1 figured: longest]; C 19, 1; C 43, C 44, or C (R 6, 1 [figured)). 45, 1 [figured, slender]; C 80, 1 Ifigured]; C Z10. Haliotis (unidentified), 6 perforations 86, 1). near 1 end, punctations: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 [fig- Ethnological: See D9, K5aI, Q7aII. ured]). Z3aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 104. SC 48 Zll. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations (C 100, 21; C 138, 1; R 2, 2; R 4, 2; R 6, 9; R (2 at 1 end, 1 midway the length, 1 in opposite 8, 6; R 11, 3; R 30, 1; R 32, 3), DR 56 (C 6, end), plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1 [figured]). A 47; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 5; S 56, 1; C 86, 1; 50 slight concavity at edge with 2 perforations. yards from Sacramento r. nr. Isleton, 2). Range Z12. Haliotis (unidentified), scalloped edge, in length, 13 to 64 mm. Specimen R 30 appears to numerous perforations: 2. SC 2 (R 11, 2 [both have been attached with asphaltum to a woodeti figured]). Three scallop-edged rings (J4) are surface which had red ocher on it. from same site. Ethnological: See D9, K5aI, Q7aII. Z13. "Link-sausage"-shaped, Haliotis crach- Z3b. Incised edge. erodii, 3 perforations, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (M Z3bI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). 1, 1 [figured]). Length 35 nm.. Z3bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 18. SC 11 (C AA. Haliotis "Oval" with 1 or More Sides Stra 100, 2; C 138, 1; R 2, 4; R 6, 3 [1 figured, (137) zigzag incising]; R 11, 1), DR 7 (C 6, 7 [1 fig- ured, largest, with parallel-line incising]). Not to be confused with Sausage-shaped (Z), in Z3c. Haliotis rufescens, 2 grooves cut across which length is more than double the breadth. In one end: 1. DR 1 (C 80, 1 [figured]). AA order the greater diameter or length is always Z4. Two perforations in 1 end, incised edge. less than double the lesser diameter or breadth. Z4a. Haliotis cracherodii: 2. SC 2 (C 3, 2 Tend to merge with abraded ovals and disks (K), [both figured]). rounded triangles (U), and rounded rectangles (S). Z4b. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. DR 1 (C 138, See general remarks on order AB. 1). Length, 63 mm. Parallel-line incising. AA2. One perforation near edge. Z5. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 end perfora- AA2a. Plain edge. tion and 1 side perforation, incised edge: 1. DR AA2aI. Haliotis cracherodii rounded "rectangle": 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). 1. SC 1 (R 30, 1). Z6. Three perforations in long axis. Ethnological: 1-13980 from Northern Pomo of Z6a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 8. Coyote v., Mendocino co. SC 8 (C 100, 2 [shortest, 18 mm.]; R 2, 2; R 6, AA2aII. Haliotis fulgens angular "oval": 3. SC 1; R 21, 2; R 30, 1 [length 36 mm., breadth 15 3 (R 35, 3). mm., holes plugged ~Yith asphaltum, probably once AA2aIII. Haliotis rufescens: 4. DR 3 (C 91, 1; part of mosaic on wood]). C 138, 2), BR 1 (309, 1). Z6b. Incised edge. Ethnological: See D9, F5b, KlaIV, K2aII, ABlb, Z6bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (R 4, 1 AGlaIII; also ethnological class AM. Yurok deer- [length, 48 mm.]). Incising, V and oblique par- skin for deerskin dance (1-1332) has pendent from allel lines. mouth, AA2aIII, AA2aIV, AF4aII. Z6bII. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 21, 1 AA2aIV. Haliotis (unidentified): 33. SC 15 (C [length, 72 mm.]). Incising, V and oblique par- 100, 3; Tecolote cr., 1; R 6, 1; R 8, 1; R 11 2 allel lines. [1 figured, small]; R 21, 1; R 30, 4; R 35, 23, DR Z6bIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 6. SC 6 (C 15 (C 6, 6; S 28, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45 3; C 68, 100, 2 [1 figured, shortest]; R 6, 1 [figured, 1; C 138, 2 [1 figured, large]; C 139, 13, SV 2 (S restored]; R 11, 1 [figured, slender]; R 21, 2 2, 2), BR 1 (76, 1). [2 figured, largest, medium]). Ethnological: See D9, KlaIV, K2aII, AA2aIII, W7. Two perforations at 1 end, 1 at other end. ABlb, also ethnological class AM. Z7a. Plain edge. AA2b. Incised edge. Z7aI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 AA2bI. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 1 (C 138, 1 [length, 39 mm.]). [figured, larger]), BR 1 (387, 1 [figured]). Z7aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 2. SC 1 (C AA2bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 2. SC 1 (C 100, 138, 1 [figured long]), DR 1 (C 43, C 44, or C 1 (figured, small]), DR 1 (C 82, 1 [figured]). 45, 1 [figured]3. AA3. Two perforations in 1 end. Z7b. Haliotis (unidentified) incised edge: 1. AA3a. Plain edge. SC 1 (C 138, 1 [length, 40 mm.]3. Irregularly AA3aI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C %, 1 [fig- thick, probably cut from near spire. Parallel- ured]). One side broken off. line incising. AA3aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 5. SC 2 (C 100, Z8. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations 1 [figured, small]; C 138, 1), DR 1 (C 66, 1 [fig- (3 at 1 end, 1 at other), plain edge: 1. DR 1 ured, large]), SV 1 (12 mi. N of Knights TLnding, (C 6, 1 (figured]). 1), ML 1 (Mokeluimne Hill, Calaveras co., 1 [fig- Z9. Five perforations in long axis. ured]). Z9a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 3. AA3b. Haliotis rufescens, incised edge: 4. DR 4 SC 3 (C 100, 1; R 35, 2). (C 66, 1 [figured: next to largest]; C 138, 3 [3 38 ANTMROPOLOGICAL RECORDS figured: largest, narrowest, side-notched]). Side- AA12a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 1. notched example secondarily worked; notches are DR i (C 6, 1). remnants of old perforations. AA12b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: AA4. Two perforations more or less in axis. 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1). AA4a. Plain edge. AA4aI. Haliotis rufescens: 4. DR 4 (C 6, 4). AB. Haliotis Half-Disk or Half-Oval (64) Ethnological: See D9, K5aI. AA4aII. Haliotis (unidentified).: 38. SC 27 (C Differ from preceding order (AA) in having the 100, 13 [1 figured, asymmetric); C 138, 1; R 2, appearance of halves or semicircles rather than 1 [figured, largestl; R 4, 1 [figured, smallest]; merely flattened on sides. Figures will make clear R 6, 3; R 30, 8 [2 have asphaltum showing through the distinction, though I must admit that the perforations and seem to have been cemented to reader will have to conjure up in his mind's eye wood therewith]), SJ 1 (90, 1 [figured)), DR 10 the second half of the disk or oval in order to (C 6, 10). appreciate the conception. AA4b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: AB1. One perforation near end. 1i. SC 9 (C 100, 2 [1 figured, elongate); M 1, ABla. Plain edge. 1; R 2, 2 [1 figured, broad]; R 4, 4 [1 figured, ABlaI. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 1; C squarish)), DR 2 (C 82, 1; C 138, 1 [figured, 138, 1). coarsest incisingl). One C 100 specimen, not fig- Ethnological: See K2aII. ured, is unusual in having incising on edge of ABlaII. Haliotis (unidentified): 18. SC 12 (C both faces. 100, 3 [1 figured, large]; C 135, 1 [figured, AA4c. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations: small3; R 6, 3; R 8, 1; R 11, 3 [2 figured: long- 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1. One punctation on each side of est, shortest); R 32, 1 [figured, medium]), DR 6 perforation at broad end. (C 6, 1; C 19 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 86, AA5. Three more or less peripheral perfora- 3 E1 figured]5. tions. Ethnological: See K2aII. AA5a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 5. ABlb. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 3. SC 2 (R 2, 1 [figured, smallest]; R 6, 1), DR 3 SC 3 (C 100, 1 [figured, small]); R 11, 1 [fig- (C 6, 1 [figured, lopsided]; C 83, 1 [figured, ured, highest]; R 32, 1 [fig-dredl). Ethnological: elongate); C 138, 1 [figured, largest)). Wiyot feather ornament 1-9416 has following types AA5b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: of shell artifacts attached: D9, K2aIII, K2bIII, 5. SC 2 (C 100, 1 [figured, small); R 6, 1 [fig- Z2aII, Z2aIII, AA2aIII, AA2aIV, ABlb, AF4aI, AF4aII. ured, longest]), DR 3 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 AB2. One perforation near middle of straight Lfiguredl; C 68, 1 [figured, peripheral notch]; side, incised or serrate edge. C 82, 1). AB2a. Haliotis cracherodii, serrate edge: 1. SC AA5c. Haliotis rufescens, incised edge: 3. DR 1 (R 34, 1 [figured]). 3 (C 138, 3). Deep parallel-line incising amount- AB2b. Haliotis rufescens, incised edge: 1. DR 1 ing to notching on 1 side. Size slightly smaller (C 86, 1 [figured]). than largest AA5a figured from same site; shape AB3. One perforation near middle of curved edge. similar. AB3a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 1. AA6. Thre perforations more or less along axis. SC 1 (M 1, 1 [figured]). AA6a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 3. AB3b. Incised or serrate edge. SC 3 (C 100, 1 [figured, narrow); R 2, 2 [1 fig- AB3bI. Haliotis fulgens, incised and serrate ured]). edge: 1. SC 1 (R 15, 1 [figured)). AA6b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: AB3bII. Haliotis rufescens, incised edge: 1. DR 2. SC 2 (C 135, 1 R 4, 1). 1 (C 141, 1 [figured]). AA?. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations AB4. Two perforations: 1 near each end. (2 at each end), incised edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1 AB4a. Plain edge. [figured, milledc edge shows on both faces2; R 11, AB4aI. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 2 [both 1 [figured, smalll). figured)). AA8. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations AB4aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 15. SC 15 (C (2 at 1 end, 1 at other end, 1 on side), incised 100, 4; R 2, 2; R 4, 1; R 6, 4 [2 figured: smallest, edge: 1. SC 1 (R 11, 1 [figured]). largest]; R 11, 3 [1 figured, slender]; R 32, 1). AA9. Haliotis (unidentified), 5 perforations These suggest triangles with rounded apices. (2 at each end), incised edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1 AB4b. Incised edge. 3 (C 100, 2 [1 figured]; C 138, 1 [figured, AB4bI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). large]). Shape and size as in AB4aI. Parallel-line incising. AA10. Haliotis (unidentified), 5 perforations AB4bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 2. SC 2 (R 11, (3 at 1 end, 1 at other end, 1 in center), plain 2). Perforations at each end of flat side as in edge: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 [figured]). AB4aII. Crosshatch and V-incising. AAll. Haliotis (unidentified), 6 perforations AB5. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 perforations near (2 in each end, 1 in each side), plain edge: 1. straight edge: 2. DR 2 (C 68, 2 [both figured]). SC 1 (C 100, 1 [figured]). AB6. Two perforations near curved edge. AA12. Five perforations: 2 at 1 end,-3 at AB6a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 1. SC other end. 1 (R 11; 1 [figured]). GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 39 AB6b. Haliotis cracherodii, incised edge: 1. AC7. Three perforations in long axis. BR 1 (387, 1 (figured]). AC7a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 1. AB7, Three perforations: 1 aear middle, 1 at SC 1 (C 100, 1 Ifigured]). each end. AC7b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 2. AB7a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 2. SC 2 (R 11, 2 (1 figured)). SC 2 (C 100, 1 [figured, perforations along al- AC8. Four perforations: 2 in broad end, 1 in titude]; R 8, 1 [figured]). narrow end, 1 in center. AB7b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: AC8a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 1. 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1). Greatest dimension, 50 mm. SC 1 (C 100, 1 (figured]). AB8. Three peripheral perforations, placed so AC8b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 3. as to form triangle. SC 3 (R 11, 3 (all figured]). AB8a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 3. SC (C 138, 1; R 11, 2). AD. Harp-Shaped Haliotis Ornament (8) AB8b. Haliotis (unidentified) incised edge: 4. SC 4 (C 138, 1; R 6, 1 (largest]; R 11, 1; R 32, In larger ones, at least, the crescentic upper 1). All figured. portion is formed by curvature of body whorl adja- AB9. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations cent to second whorl. In some cases suggestive of (1 central, 3 peripheral), incised edge: 2. SC'2 AC, e.g., AC7b. R 11, 2 [both figured]). Larger has incising on AD1. Three peripheral perforations, placed to edges of both flat surfaces; parallel-line on ob- form a triangle. verse, crosshatched on reverse. ADla. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 4, 1 [figured]). AC. Leg-of-Mutton-Shaped Haliotis Ornament (53) ADlb. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 5. SC 5 (C 138, 2; R 4, 1; R 6, 2). All figured. This order is related to the half-oval order AD2. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations (AB), to the harp class (AD), and to the killer- (3 at corners, 1 in middle), plain edge: 1. SC 1 whale-dorsal-fin class (AE). Some, as in AC5b, (C 100, 1 (figured]). approach teardrop shape (AF). The figures indi- AD3. Haliotis (unidentified), 5 perforations (3 cate the variations in form within my so-called small ones at 3.corners, 2 large ones just inside leg-of-mutton-shaped order (AC). small ones at each end), incised edge: 1. SC 1 ACl. One perforation in narrow end, in same (R 11, 1 (figured]). plane as flat surface. ACla. Haliotis cracherodii, plain edge: 1. SC AE. Haliotis Ornament of Dorsal-Fin Shape (96) 1 (C 138, 1 (figured]). Cut from junction of body whorl with spire. Other descriptive terms applicable to certain AClb. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: specimens in this class are shark's-tooth shape and 2. SC 2 (R 11, 2 [1 figured]). lateen-sail shape. There are so many intergrading AC2. One perforation in narrow end plain edge. and aberrant forms that it seems best to utilize AC2a. Haliotis rufescens: 1. HR 1 (Gunther is., only one of these three possible terms. So far as Humboldt Bay, 1 [figured]). Epidermis complete. SC specimens are concerned some may have been made Ethnological: See K2aII. to represent fins and teeth.,Specimens from DR and AC2b. Haliotis (unidentified): 18. SC 14 (C other interior points would probably bear only an 100, 6 (1 figured, scapula-like]; C 138, 1 [fig- accidental, rather than a purpQsive, resemblance. ured, smallestl; R 2, 2; R 4, 1; R 6 2; R 11, 2), Some of the dorsal-fin shapes suggest a killer-whale DR 2 (C 6, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 13, sv 2 (S 2, dorsal fin. 2 (1 figured]). Ethnological: See D9, E2aII. AE1. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 transverse per- AC3. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 perforation in foration in tip, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 1, 1 (fig- broad end, plain edge: 3. SC 3 (C 100, 1 (figured, ured)). slender]; C 138, 1 [figured, small); R 11, 1 [fig- AE2. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 transverse per- ured]). foration in corner of base, incised edge: 2. SC 2 AC4. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 perforations (R 11, 2 (1 figured in 3 positions]). (1 in broad end, 1 in narrow end in same plane as AE3. One perforation in tip, plain edge. flat surface), plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 32, 1 [fig- AE3a. Haliotis rufescens: 3. DR 3 (C 43, C 44, or ured]). C 45, 1 [figured, large]; C 83, 1; C 86, 1 [figured]). AC5. Two perforations in long axis, usually C 86 made from portion of shell with old closed si- near ends. phonal openings; C 43, C 44, or C 45 specimen from AC5a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 14. lip of body whorl adjoining spire. Ethnological: See SC 13 (C 100, 2; C 138, 1; R 1, 1 [figured, D9. large]; R 2, 1 [figured, stubby]; R 6, 3 (2 fig- AE3b. Haliotis (unidentified): 15. SC 9 (C 100, 1; ured]; R 11, 5), DR 1 (C 6, 1). M l, 1; R 2, 1 R 4, 1; R 6, 1 [figured, slender]; R AC5b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 11, 3; R 32, 13, DR 4 (C 6, 1 C 80, 1; C 82, 1; C 2. SC 2 (R 11, 2 (1 figured)). 91, 1 [figured, right-angled]3, NE 1 (Modoc grave, AC6. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations Siskiyou co., 1 (figured, longest]), ML 1 (near Moke- in periphery placed to form triangle, incised llumne Hill, Calaveras co., 1 [figured, broadest edge: 4. SC 4 (R 2, 1; R 11, 3 (all figured]). baseJ). 40 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS AE3c. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (M 1, 1 AF2. One transverse perforation near apex. [figured]). AF2a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 2. AE4. One perforation near center of base, SC 2 (R 2, 1 [figured]; R 11, 1). plain edge. AF2b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 1. AE4a. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 86, 1 SC 1 (R 32, 1 [figured]). [figured]). Made from portion of shell with old AF3. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 transverse closed siphonal openings. perforation near apex, 1 perforation through AE4b. Haliotis (unidentified): 5. SC 5 (C center, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 32, 1 [figured]). 100, 3 [3 figured]; R 8, 1; R 30, 1). Cut from thickened portion of shell at junction AE5. Two perforations in base. of body whorl and spire. AE5a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 1. AF4. One perforation near apex. SC 1 (R 6, 1 [figured: shark's-tooth shape]). AF4a. Plain edge. AE5b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: AF4aI. Haliotis rufescens: 6. DR 4 (C 6, 2 [1 5. SC 5 (C 135, 1 [figured, large]; R 4, 1; R 6 figured]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 48, 1 [figured, 1; R 8, 1 [figured]; R 32, 1 [figured, slender]3. broader than long]), NR 1 (6 mi. N of Monticello, AE6. Two perforations more or less along al- 1 [figured, smallest]), NE 1 (Modoc grave, Siskiyou titude or long axis. co., 1). AE6a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 6. Ethnological: See D9, KlaIV, K2aII, K2aIII, SC 5 (C 100, 2; R 6, 2 [1 figured, shortest]; R ABlb. One on Central Pomo feathered basket (1-320) 30, 1 [figured, tallest]), DR 1 (C 6, 1 [figured, along with 15 AF4aII and 37 VlaII and VlaIII. blunt tip]). AF4aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 37. SC 27 (Te- AE6b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: colote ranch, 1; N, 1; C 100, 6; C 135, 4; C 138, 3. SC 3 (C 100, 1 [figured, medium width]; R 11, 2; R 1, 1; R 2, 1 [constricted neck, cf. AF8b]; R 2 [2 figured: narrowest, crescenticl). 6, 3; R 8, 1; R 11, 3; R 21, 1; R 30, 1; R 35, 2), AE7. Three perforations more or less in cor- DR 8 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 4; C 68, 1; C 138, 3), ners. SV 2 (S 1, 2). AE7a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 19. Ethnological: See KlaIV, K2aIII, Q,laIV, Z2bI SC 19 (C 100, 4; C 138, 4 11 figured, largest]; AA2aIII, ABlb, AF4aI. R 2, 1; R 4, 1; R 6, 1; R 8, 1; R 11, 3 [1 figured, AF4b. Haliotis rufescens, incised edge: 1. BR 1 slenderest]; R 19, 1; R 30, 1; R 32, 2). (35, 1 [figured]). AE7b. Incised edge. Ethnological: See D9. AE7bI. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 6, 1 [fig- AF5. One perforation near base. Some have perfo- ured]). rations almost large enough to warrant placing them AE7bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 9. SC 9 (C in the ring class (J). 138, 1; R 2, 1; R 6, 5 [2 figured]; R 8, 1 [fig- AF5a. Plain edge. ured, slender]; R 11, 1 [figured, shortest]). AF5aI. Haliotis cracherodii, 44. SC 41 (R 30, 41 AE8. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations t1 figured]), DR 3 (C 107, 1 [figured, slender]; C more or less along altitude or long axis: 3. SC 141, 2). Some approach J6aI in form. 3 (C 100, 2 [both figured, larger 2]; R 30, 1 AF5aII. Haliotis fulgens: 4. SC 4 (C 100, 1; R [figured]). 15, 1; R 30, 2). AE9. Four perforations: 3 in corners, 1 in AF5aIII. Haliotis rufescens: 19. DR 17 (C 59, 7; center. C 138, 6 [1 figured*, medium sizel; C 141, 4 [1 fig- AE9a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 9. ured, short]), SV 1 (S 2, 1 [figured, largest]), BR SC 9 (R 2, 3; R 4, 1; R 6, 2; R 11, 3 [2 figurdd]). 1 (309, 1 [figured, long]). BR specimen cut from AE9b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: near siphonal opening. 11. SC 11 (R 1, 1; R 2, 1; R 4, 1; R 6, 1; R 8, Ethnological: See OlaIII. 2; R 11, 4; R 32, 1). AF5aIV. Haliotis (unidentified): 50. SC 23 (C 100, AE10. Haliotis (unidentified), no perforation, 3; R 1, 1; R 4, 1; R 8, 2; R 11, 2; R 12, 1; R 30, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 30, 1 [figured]). Red 12; R 32, 1), DR 17 (C 86, 1; C 90, 1; C 138, 11; C paint on 1 surface. 139, 2; C 141, 1; C 142, 1), BR 4 (250a, 1; 387, 1; Tomales Bay 275, 2), mR 6 (Pomo contaot, 6). AF. Teardrop-Shaped Haliotis Ornament (218) Ethnological: See K2aI, OlaIII, UlaII, Pla, AGlaIII. In general, objects of this order are "trian- AF5b. Incised edge. gles" (see U) with rounded bases. The rounding is AF5bI. Haliotis cracherodii, incised or notched on base and on sides as they approach the base, edge: 2. DR 2 (C 141, 2 [1 figured]). Somewhat heart- thus departing from a true triangular form. Per- shaped. haps "oval pointed at one end" would be an apt de- AF5bII. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 3. scription of them. Also the terms pear-shaped, SC 2 (C 100, 1 ffigured, small]; R 2 or R 3, 1 [fig- leaf-shaped, and heart-shaped might be applied to ured, large]), DR 1 (C 141, 1). some. There is a tendency to approach in form the AF6. Haliotis cracherodii, 1 perforation near orders K (ovals) and J6 (rings with offsets). side, incised edge: 2. BR 2 (387, 2 [1 figured]). This order is also related to orders AA, (flat- Somewhat heart-shaped. sided oval), AB (half-oval), and AC (leg-of-mutton AF7. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 perforation in shape). center, incised edge: 1. SC 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SELL ARTIFACTS 41 AF8. Two perforations more or less in long (C 100, 2; C 138, 1; M 1, 1; R 1, 1; R 4, 1; R 6, axis. Plain edge. 1; R 8, l R 11, 7 (2 figured]; R 32, 4), DR 1 AF8a. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 2). (C 138: i5 Ethnological: See K2aII. Ethnological: Yurok hair ties 1-2220 are of mink AF8b. Haliotis (unidentified): 20. SC 19 (C skin with attached Haliotis pendants of following 100, 4 [1 figured, broadest]; C 135, 1 [figured, types: AGlaIII, QlaIII, Z2aII, Z2aIII, AA2aIII, longest]; C 138, 1; R 4, 2; R 6, 1; R 8, 2; R AF5aIV. 11, 3 (2 figured: slenderest, average]; R 21, 1 AGlb. Incised edge. (figured, constricted neck]; R 30, 1; R 32, 3), AGibI. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 6, 1). V- DR 1 (C 6, 1). or zigzag incising. Ethnological: See D9, QlaIV. AGlbII. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. SC 1 (R 32, AF9. Haliotis cracherodii, 2 perforations near 1). Oblique parallel-line incising. base, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (C 3, 1 (figured]). AG2. Two perforations in long axis. AF10. Three perforations near base, plain edge. AG2a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 11. AFlOa. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (C 3, 1 SC 10 (C 100, 1; R 2, 5 [2 figured: large, small]; (figuredl). R 6, 1; R 11, 1; R 32, 2), DR 1 (C 6, 1). AFlOb. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1 AG2b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 5. [figured]). Cut from portion of shell containing SC 5 (R 11, 5 [2 figured]). All from grave 49. sealed siphonal openings. AG3. Three perforations in long axis. AFll. 2aliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations AG3a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 2. (1 in apex, 2 in or near broad base), plain edge: SC 2 (R 2, 1 [figured, long); R 4, 1 (figured]). 15. SC 11 (C 100, 3 (1 figured, shortest]; C 138, AG3b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 6. 2 (1 tigured, broaaest]; R 1, 1; R 2, 1; R 6, 2 SC 6 (R 2, 1; R 4, 1; R 6, 1; R 11, 2; R 21, 1). [1 figured, longest]; R 21, 2), DR 4 (C 6, 3; C AG4. One transverse perforation at 1 end. 138, 1). AG4a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 2. SC AF12. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations 2 (R 11, 2 [both figured]). Both from grave 51. (1 at each end, 1 in side), incised edge: 1. SC AG4b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 1. 1 (R 2, 1 [figured]). SC 1 (R 21, 1). Parallel-line incising and zigzag AF13. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations incising. in long axis, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 11, 1 [fig- ured]). AH. Boot-shaped Haliotis Ornament (6) AF14. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations (1 at apex, 2 at base, -1 in center), plain edge: AHl. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 perforation near 2. SC 2 (R 11, 2 (both figured]). center, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 4, 1 (figured)). AF15. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations AH2. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 perforation near (3 in long axis, 1 on side), incised edge: 1. SC each end, plain edge: 3. SC 3 (C 100, 1 [figured, 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). small] R 6, 1 [figured, medium]; R 21, 1 [figured, large] 5. AG. Perforated Fusiform Haliotis Ornament (54) AH3. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations, incised edge: 2. SC 2 (R 11, 1 [figured, small]; R Fusiform Haliotis ornaments comprise more or 21, 1 [figured]). less spindle-shaped, torpedo-shaped, and cigar- shaped specimens, tending to be pointed at each AI. Dumbbell-shaped Haliotis Ornament (4) end, usually asymmetrical in some respect, most This might also be described as shaped like a of them broader than a typical spindle, more or gourd with a constriction in the middle. The work less flat and not circular in transverse cross "shape' refers to two-dimensional outline only. section. Certain examples approach the slenderer AIl. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 perforation, teardrop Haliotis ornaments (order AF) in shape; plain edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1 [figured, large]; M others suggest Sausage-shaped Haliotis ornaments 1, 1 [figured]). (order Z). Furthermore, the specimens are usually AI2. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 perforations, slightly concavo-convex because of the natural plain edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1 [figured, large]; C curvature of the shell from which made. For un- 138, 1 (figured]). perforated fusiform objects of Haliotis and other shell see order L. AJ. Hand-shaped Haliotis Ornament (3) AG1. One perforation near 1 end. AGla. Plain edge. AJ. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 3. AGlaI. Haliotis fulgens: 2. SC 2 (Clemente, 1 DR 3 (C 86, 3 [all figured]). All damaged and in- [figured, large]; R 11, 1 [figured]). complete. AGlaII. Haliotis rufescens: 3. DR 3 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 [figured, large]; C 83, 1 [fig. AK. Haliotis Cruciform Ornament (2) ured, 1 edge wavy on account of siphonal open- ings]; C 86, 1 [figured, smalll). Large specimen AK1. Haliotis (unidentified), i perforation, includes part of second whorl at 1 end. plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 [figured]). This object AGlaIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 20. SC 19 is an approach to formee cross. A49 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS AK2. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 perforations, of type F.28 Others may have been blanks roughed plain edge: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 [figured]). out preparatory to the making of artifacts as de- scribed in class AP. AL. Haliotis Bird-form Ornament (1) AO1. Haliotis cracherodii: 22. SC 22 (Catalina, 1; C 100, 1; N, 19 (1 figured]; R 12, 1). Figured AL. No perforation, plain edge: 1. SC (C 100, specimen apparently a gouge-like tool, as described 1 [figured]). In part three-dimensional. Sugges- above. tive ofs certain stone forms. A02. Haliotis rufescens: 179. SC 179 (N, 179 [1 figured, perhaps a strigil]). AM. Haliotis Hexagonal Ornament (2) AP, Haliotis Crescent (162) AMl. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 perforation, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 (figured]). Made chiefly from flat curved rim by cutting Ethnological: See MlaL. away all trace of main whorl. Thus, this order rep- AM2 . Haliotis (unidentified), 2 perforations, resents the end result of which order AO is the plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 [figured]). preceding step; that is, at one stage in the manu- facture of the crescent it was an object of order AN. Haliotis Pearl or "Blister"; (54) AO. This does not imply, however, that all AO spec- imens were in process of fabrication into crescents. Natures rather than man, determined the shape Some of the larger ones may have been used as strig- of the artifacts made of these exerescenoes. The ils., natives merely drilled then for threading) but AP1. No perforation, plain edge. made no further alterations. APla. Haliotis rufescens: 3. SC 2 (N, 1 [figured, ANl. Bead, small, 1 perforation near center: rounded, gouge-like end); R 12, 1 [figured, slender, 32. SC 32 (C 100, 10; C 135, 11; C 138, 1; M 1, pointed end)), DR 1 (C 140, 1 (figured, longest]). 1; R 1-3, 2; R 1, R 2, or R 4, 1; R 11, 1; R 19, APlb. Haliotis (unidentified): 8. SC 7 (C 100, 2; 3; R 30, 1; R 32, 1). Variable in form. Some C 138, 2; N, 2; R 2 or 3, 1), DR 1 (C 138, 1). concavo-convex, some globose; all more or less AP2. One perforation. Perforation in broad prox- asymmetrical. imal end; distal end usually tapers to point in com- AN2. Eign cone, with one longitudinal perfo- plete specimens. ration: 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1 (figured]). Three di- AP2a. Plain edge. mensional. AP2aI. Haliotis rufesceno: 13. SC 3 (C 100, 1; R AN3. Irregular form, 1 perforation near edge: 2 or 3, 2), DR 7 (C 138, 7), SV 3 (S 1, 1; S 3, 2). 16. SC 16 (C 100, 8; C 135, 4; C 138, 3 [3 fig- Ethnological: See D9. ured]; R 32, 1). AP2aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 73. SC 53 (C 100, AN4. Disk with 1 face a hollow cone filled 8; C 138, 6; M 1 3 (1 figured, long, slender]; N, 1; with asphaltum-which appears through 2 openings R 1, 2; R 2, 12; R 2 or 3, 4 [1 figured, small]; R 4, ozi flat face, 1 perforation near edge: 1. SC 1 2; [1 figured, short, double curvature]; R 6, 3; R (R 32, 1 [figured]). Around base of cone appears 30, 3; R 32, 9 [1 figured, blunt distal end]), SJ 2 ring of faint punctations. (14, 2 [proximal perforated portion--longer one 45 AN5. Cornucopia shape, 2 marginal perfora- mm.--from nasal passages of skull 12-1734; see tions: 4. SC 4 (C 135, 2 [both figured, small]; S8aIIl), DR 15 (C 86, 1; C 138, 14), SV 1 (S 3, 1), C 138, 2 [both figured, large]). BR 2 (307, 1 [figured, long, heavy]; 309, 1 [pictured in Schenck, 1926, pl. 46a]). Many from SC lack dis- AO. Haliotis Curved Rim with Part tal tips and appear to have been broken and abraided. of Main Whorl Rising at Right Angle (201) R 4 figured specimen with double curvature cut from junction of flat rim with spire, giving boomerang ap- iSickle-shaped, crescent-shaped, comprising pearance; another such specimen from SC C 138. the flat inturned edge of one side of shell plus Ethnological: See D9. Also 1 piece attached to varying small portion of main whorl rising at fringe of Yurok hair tie (1-2046) which, with this right angle from this. With a few exceptions the exception, has flint janglers attached to the fringe wall rising at right angle has a rough edge. of cords at each end. Some have the distal end (that farthest removed AP2b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 22. from the spire) of the flat curved rim worked SC 18 (C 100, 1; C 138, 5; R 2, 3; R 2 or 3, 5; R 4, down to a rounded, blunt, knife-like edge, sug- 1; R 6, 2; R 32, 1), DR 4 (C 138, 4). gesting use as gouge or tool of some sort. The AP2c. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge, en- curved handle, if this is the case, fits admira- graved design: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1 (figured]). bly in the hand. This closely parallels the bone AP3. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 transverse perfo- rib gouge, smoother, or flaking tool (bone type ration, incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R 2 or 3, 1 (figured]). C5) from the SC region.27 Some of larger ones Transverse hole made possible by using portion of rim may have served as strigils, like bone objects adjoining spire.

27Gifford, 1940, pp. 171, 208. 28Ibid.9 pp. 1729 213. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 43 AP4. Two perforations: 1 at each end. or scraper. In form some specimens suggest the AP4a. Plain edge. wooden AP4aI. Haliotis winnowing scoops of ancient Egypt. The cracherodii: 3. SC 3 (R 2, 1 raised edge is part of the flat rim of orders even [figured, nearly width throughout]; R 19, 2 AO, AP, and AQ; the shelf below it is part of (both figured: small, handled end]). the body whorl. All lack epidermis by which the AP4aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 11. SC 11 (C species might be determined. 100, 2; C 138, 1; R 2, 3; R 8, 3; R 19, 1; R 21, AR1. One perforation, plain edge: 12. SC 11 1) . (C 100, 1; C 138, 1; R 1, 1; R 2, 5 [2 figured: AP4b. Incised edge. medium R R R AP4bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 2. SC slender, size); 3, 1; 4, 1; 6, 1 2 (R 2, 1; [figured, smallest]), DR 1 (C 83,4l [figured, R 19, 1). large]). AP4bII. Haliotis rufescens: 2. SC 2 (C 138, AR2. One transverse perforation, incised edge: 1; R 2, 1). 1. SC 1 (R 11, 1 [figured]). Incising crosshatched AP4bIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 21. SC 20 and zigzag. (C 81, 1; C 138, 1; R 2, 10 [2 figured, largest]; AR3. Two perforations: 1 in each end. R 6, 1; R 19, 2 [both figured: 1 short and broad, Plain other AR3a. edge: 6. SC 6 (R 1, 1; R 2, 3 [2 slender]; R 21, 2 R 32, 3 [1 figured, figured: crescent, medium length]; R 11, 2 tl fig- parallel-lilne incising] , DR 1 (C 138, 1). ured, short]) AP5. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations AR3b. Incised edge: 1. SC 1 1 1 at end, 2 in middle), incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R 4, [figured]). C 100, 1 [figured]). Crossbatched incising along edges of convex back. AP6. AR4. Three perforations (2 in 1 end 1 in op- Haliotis (unidentified), 2 oblique perfo- posite end), edge: 1. SC 1 (R 1 rations (1 in each end), plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R plain 4, [figured]). 21, 1 [figured]). This/is a short length with lit- A Ha Od tle curvature and hardly deserves the term cres- cent. It is, however, made from the thick curved A variable order as to rim. The drilling is unique, being diagonally shape, but all possess- from the side to the end. ing the spire, in whole or in part. The upper por- tion of the spire is solid shell, the earlier whorls AQ. Haliotis "Trough"-Shaped Ornament (30) and siphonal openings having been filled with solid shell as the animal and its shell grew. Might also be In specimens in which the spire is incomplete, it described as boat-shaped. These has either been cut objects have an elongate on one face deliberately through by the concavity maker of the or it has and a convexly rounded (in a few ornament, been lost through specimens keeled) damage to the artifact. Apparently the spire is "back." They are cut from the curvature created broken by the junction of the flat rim surface very easily away, the suture separating the with the main whorl from the second whorl being the line of body whorl. None has any epidermis by which the structural weakness. species might be recognized. Some are fusiform, AS1. Perforations through spire (i.e., in other some teardrop shape, but all are recognizable by than the main whorl), plain edge. the trough. ASla. Plain edge. AQ1. One terminal perforation. ASlaI. Haliotis AQla. Plain edge: 21. SC 21 (C 100, 3 [1 fig- rufescens: 3. DR 3 (C 83, 1 ured, C [figured, heart-shaped, perforation oval as though short]; 138, 3; R 1, 2; R 2, 4 [1 figured, horizontal square end]; R 11, 8 [1 figured, R by abrasion]; C 86, 2 [both figured]). slender]; 32, 1 ASlaII. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. SC 1 (C 138, [figured]). 1 AQlb. Incised edge: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 [fig- [figured, claw-shaped]). Somewhat suggestive of ured]). Keeled, with parallel-line order AR. incising on ASlb. Haliotis rufescens, 2 peyforations: 1. DR keel as well as along edges. 1 1 AQ2. One transverse terminal perforation, plain (C 86, [figured]). Perforation in second whorl edge: 3. SC 3 (C 138, 1 [figured, broad]; R 4 1 drilled; perforation in top of spire made by hori- [figured, short]; R zontal abrasion. 11, 1 [figured, clawlikel]. AS2. One perforation in main whorl. AQ3. Two perforations in long axis, plain edge: AS2a. Plain 3. SC 3 (R 2, 3 [all figured]). One only with both edge. perforations AS2aI. Haliotis rufescens: 10. DR 2 (C 43, C 44, terminal. or C 1 AQ4. Two perforations in 1 end, plain edge: 1. 45, [figured, long]; C 83, 1 [figured, small, SC 1 (R 2, 1 [figured]). crescentic]), SV 8 (S 2, 8 [1 figured, short]). Fig- ured large specimens give maximum and minimum AQ5. Three perforations (2 in 1 end, 1 in op- of the length posite end), plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1 [fig- large, squarish specimens. The drilled hole ured]). is indifferently on one side or the other. The third specimen figured, smallest of all, is roughly AR. Haliotis "Side-Scoop" Ornament crescent-shaped. (21) AS2aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 6. SC 6 (C 100, 1 [figured, small]- R 1 1; R 2, 1; R 4, 1; R 32, 2 This class has one raised edge with a flat shelf below tl figured, large]l. Suggestive of AR. it, giving the appearance of a scoop AS2b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 2. 44 ANTHROPOLOGICAL IECORDS SC 1 (C 100, 1 [figured, small]), DR 1 (C 138, 1 Fishhooks of choro mussel shell (Nytilus ungu- [figured, largel). Parallel-line incising. latus) excavated by Dr. Junius B. Bird29 from AS3. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 transverse lower layers of middens near Arica and Pisagua, perforation in main whorl, plain edge: 3. SC 3 and throughout middens near Taltal, all coast sites (R 32, 3 [1 figured]). in northern Chile, are prevailingly of Californian AS4. Two perforations in main whorl, plain style AT2a. One specimen from Pisagua and one from edge. Taltal are of type AT2b. Judging from figure 34k AS4a. Haliotis rufescens: 7. SJ 6 (125, 6 of Bird's paper the method of manufacture differed [1 figured]), DR 1 (C 68, 1). All very nearly of slightly from that of the Californian hooks, the 1 size. latter being made from disks which were first per- AS4b. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. SC 1 (R 32, forated by punching, chipping, or drilling a hole 1 [figured]). Vaguely suggeots seal head and neck. which was subsequently reamed and filed out; while AS5. Haliotis rufescens, 4 perforations in main the Chilean ones were made from disks sawed into whorl, plain edge: 1. SJ 1 (125, 1 [figuredl). Two from one side and filed rather than drilled. large and 2 small perforations, the latter possi- AT2a. Smooth, pointed shank. This type of shank bly for attaching missing part. was attached by a string seizing and asphaltum ce- AS6. Eight perforations in main whorl, plain ment. Several show the asphaltum with cordage im- edge. pression very plainly. AS6a. Haliotis cracherodii: 2. SC 2 (M 1, 2 AT2aI. Mytilus californianus: 42. SC 42 (C 83, [1 figured]). An evenly matched pair; figure is 1; C 100, 40 [1 figured, large]; M 10, 1 [figured, composite of 2, both of which are damaged. small]). Every one has point of hook damaged in AS6b. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (S 56, 1 some degree. [figured)). AT2aII. Haliotis rufescens: 1. SC 1 (N, 1). AT2aIII. Haliotis unixdentified: 8. SC 8 (N, 1; AT. Fishhook (156) R 35, 7 [2 figured: Large, medium]). AT2b. Notched, pointed shank. The notching made All types are "circular" and made of marine a more secure attachment, and there is only the shells, except one from DR which is crescentic barest trace of asphaltum on 2 specimens. in form and made of river mussel (Gonidea angulata) AT2bI. Mytillu californianus: 3. SC 3 (C 100, 3 AT1. Fishhook, crescentic form, of Gonidea an- [1 figured]). Points of all broken off. gulata: 6. DR 6 (C 138, 1 [figured, angled]; C AT2bII. Haliotis rufescens: 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1 [fig- 141, 5 [2 figured]). Two specimens are discolored ured]). for about 5 mm. at 1 end, suggesting that they may AT2c. Knobbed shank. The knob on the shank for have been hafted as barbs on composite hooks. attaching the line varies from a small button-like AT2. Fishhook, circular form. The circular one- protuberance to an elongate form. These extremes piece hooks bear a striking re8emblance to those i-ntergrade. It would seem likely that these differ- of Polynesia and Nioronesiaa some being virtually ences were functional, although no correlation with indistinguishable except for the shell species of curvature of barb is discernible. Possibly the at- which they are made. tachment of the line to the elongate form served to Two steps in the manufacture of the circular lever the barb into the fish once it was hooked, types are probably represented in (1) order L, by AT2cI. Mytilus californianus: 36. SC 36 (C 83, 2 certain unperforated disks and ovals; (2) order J, [1 figured, in process of making]; C 100, 7; C 104, group 6, by certain "offset" rings or pointed 1; C 138, 2; C 147, 5; C 197, 1; C 198, 1; M 1, 2; ovals which have been roughly perforated. See also M 6, 1; M 10, 11 [2 figured: small, complete; frag- type OlaII figured. Arthur Woodward (1929) and ment to show maximum length of knob]; N, 2 [1 figured, Eugene Robinson have published pictures showing small button-like knob]; R 2, 1). the stages of manufacture. AT2cII. Norriaia norrisii: 7. SC 7 (Clemente, Of the 3 types of shanks, (a) the smooth, 1; C 100, 1 [figured, elongate knob]; N, 5 [1 fig- pointed shank requirqd asphaltu cement to prevent ured, button knob]). Hooks of this species are the seizing from slipping; (b) tbe notched, concavo-convex because of relatively small spiral pointed shank gives only scant evidence of rein- shell from which made. Hooks of Mytilus and Halio- forcing the seizing with asphaltum. and the groov- tis usually lie flat because of larger, less curved ing appears ample to prevent slipping; (c) the shells from which made. knobbed shank (or grooved shank, as Robinson calls AT2cIII. Haliotis cracherodii: 6. SC 6 (Catalina, it) seems to have required no asphaltum adhesive 1; Clemente, 3 [1 figured, small knob]; M 10, 1 to prevent the string from slipping. [figured, elongate knob]; -N, 1 [figured, circular-in Woodward (plate 22) illustrates a type with ex- cross section]). terior barb, unrepresented in UCMA collection. AT2cIV. Haliotis fulgens: 8. SC 8 (Catalina, 1 Comparison with 20 specimens from the Caroline [figured, large]; Clemente, 6; N, 1 [figured, Islands in UCMA collection, reveals 5 hooks with small]). shanks of group b, none with group a, 15 with a device that approaches group c, but is not iden- tical. See 3 figures marked AT2 Caroline (page 110), which include a partially finished one in 29Junius B. Bird, pp. 241, 262, 298; figs. 18, ring form. 34, 43. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SEELL ARTIFACTS 45 AT2cV. Haliotis rufescens: 27. SC 27 (C 100, length of tbe former far exceeds the diameter, 1 [figured, very elongate shank]: C 104, 1; C while in the latter the length is usually con- 138, 1; M 10, 1; N, 17 [4 figuredl; R 4, 3; R siderably less than the diameter. Some of the 19, 2; R 35, 1)3. tubes are slightly curved, so that drilling was AT2cVI. Haliotis unidentified: 11. SC 11 (Cat- done from both ends, meeting near the middle. alina, 1; C 100, 1; C 138, 1; N, 4; R 2, 1; R 4, This is true even of some of the straight ones, 2; R 8, 1). as revealed by broken specimens. Many df the tubes are equipped with a bead bushing. Except AU. Columella (228) in a few cases in which Haliotis rufescens epi- dermis is present, the tubes of Haliotis are un- This type of object is made by grinding away identifiable as to species. the whorls of large univalve shells, of which Mytilus californianus tubes were apparently Woodward (1930, p. 112) mentions the Moon Shell all cut from the hinge region where the shell is (Polinices). Some of these were of sufficient thickest. size to allow longitudinal drilling (AU 3). Of Most of the Hinnites multirugosus tubes were the largest which I submitted to him, Dr. Paul cut from the region of the hinge as shown by the Bartsch, curator of mollusks, United States Na- notch in one side of the tube. tional Museum, wrote me on September 6, 1936, as The larger clamshell tubes are made from Ti- follows: "Fusinus dupetithouarsi does not occur vela stultorum, the ponderous Pismo clam. Smaller in the Santa Barbara region at present, at least pieces may be made from this or other species. we have no record of it, but from the Gulf of They are ground down to such an extent that the California. These specimens could easily have been species to which they belong is not reco£nizable obtained by the Indians in exchange from those with certainty. The larger tubes have a slight farther south, since artifacts of that kind are curvature, due to the natural form of the shell. commonly transmitted from tribe to tribe by swap- These were assuredly drilled from both ends. ping. I do not know of a Gastropod large enough Many tubes still have 1 bushing in place. Some in the region in question [SC] to furnish such a have 2. Three types of bushings are easily recog- columella, and the barter hypothesis seems far nizable as viewed from the end: Mytilus califor- more probable." Of course, it may have been only nianus (VlaV) and Haliotis rufescens epidermis the shells that came by trade and the manufacture (KleII) by their respective purple and orange col- of the artifacts took place on the Californian ors; Dentalium neohexagonum (Bi) by its hexagonal coast. Probably more than one species was used in shape. Three other types of beads, all white, prob- making columella tubes and pendants. The appear- ably serve as bushings, but without extracting them ance and size of the columellae of type AU2 from settings it is usually impossible to distin- suggests their derivation from Mitra idae. For guish them, one from another. They are Dentalium discussion of manufacture of this type of orna- pretiosum (B2), clamshell beads of class V, and ment, see Putnam, 1879, pp. 258-259. Olivella beads (probably X4). In cases in which AU1. Unperforated: 4. SC 4 (C 138, 2; M 10, 1 these were loose and idefitifiable, I have counted [figured]; R 19, 1). Ground down to such an ex- them in their proper types. tent that scarcely any columellar groove is left; Cert%in rather flat, laterally bulged specimens traces of asphaltum in groove in figured specimen, I have counted as tubes, although they are not cy- apparently for ornamental effect. lindrical in external form. See, for example, spec- AU2. Perforation in 1 end: 126. SC 126 (C 138, imens figured in AV2b. 55 [1 figured]; R 2, 26; R 6, 37; R 35, 8). Per- AV1. Undrilled "tube." Probably a blank in proc- foration in base of columella. Sometimes exterior ess of manufacture. of tip of spire left intact, suggesting Mitra AVla. Clamshell: 14. SC 14 (M 1, 2; M 10, 1; C idae, as does size also. 100, 5; C 135' 1; R 19, 5). Diameters vary from 5 AU3. Tubular, longitudinal perforation: 98. SC to 11 mm. The longest piece measures 58 mm. These 94 (Catalina, 2; C 100, 3; C 135, 2; C 138, 14; M may be tubes in process of manufacture. 1, 27 [1 figured with bushing of B13; N, 1 [fig- AVlb. Mytilus californianus: 4. SC 4 (M 1, 4). ured, small]; R 2, 22 [1 figured, large]; R 4, 22; Diameters range from 4 to 6 mm. Longest specimen, R 8, 1), SJ 1 (33, 1), DR 3 (C 6, 2; C 80, 1). 28 mm. Many SC specimens have bushings. Seven have bush- AVlc. Hinnites multirugosus: 3. SC 3 (C 135, 2 ings of short lengths of Dentaliunm neohexagonum [1 figured, notched]; R 6, 1 [figured, not notched]). (Bl); 11 bushings of tiny white shell beads, prob- AV2. Plain surface (i.e., not incised), drilled. ably clam or Olivella; 1 of Mytilus californianus A AV2a. Haliotis rim: 122. SC 122 (C 100, 96 (2 (VlaV). The bushing is always in the thicker end figured, 1 small; 1 with Tivela stultorum bead of the columella ornament. A few specimens have (YlaI) mounted with asphaltum in slight depression asphaltum in the spiral grooves, apparently for on 1 side]; C 135, 6; M 1, 2; R 1, 8 [1 figured, decorative effect. thick]; R 2, 1; R 2 or R 3, 4; R 8, 4 [1 figured, slender and long, clam bead bushings in 2 ends]; R AV. Tube (1,931) 21, 1). Eight still show 1 or 2 white bead bushings (clam or Olivella); probably many more once had them them. Two C 100 specimens show Haliotis rufescens The criterion of tube versus bead is that the epidermis. Many are slightly bowed as in 2 figured._ AC, ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS AV2b. Clamshell: 941. SC 419 (Catalina, 24; of Mytilus californianus. R 6 bowed specimen fig- Clemente, 9; C 82, 1; C 100, 109 [1 figured as ured shows extreme departure from straight-line third from left, broken longitudinally, shows form. drilling from 2 ends]; C 135, 51; C 138, 20 AV2d. Hinnites multirugosus. [2 figured: slender, pluimmet]; M 1, 29; R, 1; AV2dI. Hinnites multirugosus, notched: 39. SC R 1, R 2, or R 3, 1; R 2, 18; R 4, 106; R 6, 15; 39 (C 135, 1; C 138, 8 [1 figured, bowed]; M 1, R 8, 4; R 19, 27; R 30, 4), SJ 9 -(N shore of Kern 13 [1 figured, with Bl Dentalium neohexagonum lake, 2; 8, 6; 81, 1), DR 511 (C 6, 491 [1 fig- bushings]; Ri, 1; R 2, 2; R 4, 2; R 6, 6 [1 fig- ured second from left, broken transversely, shows ured, asphaltum in notch]; R 19, 5; R 32, 1). drill hole. off center; 2 figured in Schenck and Bushings present are either Dentalium neohexagonum Dawson, pl. 87, figures AB and AC); S 16, 1; C (recognizable by its hexagonal end), clam, or 19, 4; C 43, C 44, or C.45, 4; C 80, 5 [1 figured, Olivella (the latter 2 not distinguishable unless largest, shows curvature and flattened ends]; C removed from the tube). 82 2; S 85, 1; C 91, 1; C 1212, 2), SV 2 (S 1, 2 Ethnological: Necklace 1-21041 from Southern [1 figured, end view to show bushing]). The larg- California has many of these tubes along with glass est specimens are from DR. Iargest figured (DR C beads. 80) shows natural curvature of Tivela stultorum AV2dII. Hinnites multirugosus, not notched: 8. shell; the flattened ends are due to diminishing SC 8 (M 1, 1 (figured, slender]; R 1, R 2, or R 3, thickness of valve toward ends. The smallest 1 [figured, nearly globular]; R 19, 6 [1 figured, specimens are of only 3 mm. diameter; 1 figured with B2 Dentalium pretiosum bushing)). from SC C 138. Many SC and 1 SV specimens have Ethnological: Necklace 1-21041 from Southern bushings of small beads; no DR or SJ specimens California has many of these tubes along with glass contain bushings, though they may have once. beads. Bushings recognizable are Dentalium pretiosum AV3. Incised surface. (B2), Haliotis rufescens epidermis (KleII), My- AV3a. Haliotis rim: 8. SC 8 (C 100, 11 [1 fig- tilus californianus (ClaV), most of all clam- ured, short]; C 135, 2; R 1, II [1 figured, long -shell, and possibly some Olivella biplicata. The and slender and has crosshatched, incised white bushings reduce the diameter of the drilled hole. shell-bead bushing]; R 2 or 3, 2; R 11, 23. Incis- Mr. A. E. Treganza has suggested to me that ing varies: parallel lines, crosshatching. A second might be of late origin and made in imitation of R 1 specimen has an incised white shell bead bush- red cylindrical glass beads with white bushing- ing; whether clam or olive shell is not determina- like centers. Accompanying data are insufficient ble without removal. to prove this. Many are from graves unaccompanied AV3b. Clamshell: 21. SC 21 (C 100, 4 [1 figured, by objects of European origin. narrow bands of incising]; C 135, 11; C 138, 2 [2 In the archaeological specimens the size of figured: plummet-shaped, broad bands]; M 1, 1; R 1, the drilled'hole is variable. In many it does not R 2, R 3, or R 4, 1; R 11, 1 (figured small, diag- exceed 1 mm. Those with bushings, however, have onal parallel-line incising]; R 32, 13. Longest perforations about 4 mm. in diameter. measures 68 mm. Range in diameters shown in figures. Ethnological: Shell tubes were used by certain One contains a whi'te shell bushing. modern groups as ornaments for ear and nasal sep- AV4. Haliotis rim, incised, 1 transverse perfora- tum. One such from the Central Miwok has been ration: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 [figured]). figured.30 Two Western Mono specimens were pur- chased from a woman who was wearing them in her AW. Globular Bead (92) ears. AV2c. Mytilus californianus: 750. SC 186 (Cat- The diameter is greater than the height (length). alina, 8; Clemente, 6; C 100, 3; C 135, 2 [1 fig- Distinguished from disk beads by absence of angles ured, showing bushings of Olivella biplicata, on periphery, even though tending to be flattened 143; C 138, 12; M 1, 32; R 1, R 2, or R 3, l; R above and below in some cases, but flat area much 2, 8 [1 figured, tapered both ends, bushing in- reduced on account of angles being ground away. Some visible]; R 4, 102 (1 figured, cylindrical]; R 6, specimens are rather irregular in form, but belong 9 [1 figured, bowed]; R 8, 2; R 19, 1), DR 564 in this class rather than with disks (K and V). (C 6, 564). DR specimens all from 1 grave AW1. Plain surface. (Schenck and Dawson, p. 376, pl. 87z and aa, where AWla. Astraea undosa: 1. SC 1 (C 138, 1 [fig- referred to as purple and brown), all lack bush- ured]). This object has a thin layer of nacre on 1 ings, all more or less cylindrical and not tapered surface. It was cut from the umbilical region of like some of SC specimens. Explanation that pur- the large univalve Astraea undosa. ple and brown colors are due to burning and wear AWlb. Tivela stultorum: 31. SC 31 (C 135, 4; C is untrue. Colors are normal for Mytilus califor- 138, 4; R 1-4, 1 [figured, bushing of Haliotis nianus. Several of the SC specimens have bushings cracherodii epidermis, type KleI]; R 2, 12; R 3, 1; in 1 end; 1 identified as Olivella biplicata R 6, 4; R 8, 1; R 19, 3 [2 figured: 1 spherical, 1 (14), others probably clam or Olivella, but none flattened]; R 30, 1 [figured, tiny)). Two unfigured specimens from C 138 have each 1 white shell bush- ing of Olivella biplicata (type X4). The smallest 30Barrett and Gifford, pi. 63, fig. 6. specimen measures only 2 mm. in diameter. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 47 AWic. Hinnites multirugosus: 49. SC 49 (C 138, Al. Lunate-Lenticular Obiect 2; R 6, 1; R 19, 45 [2 figured, larger with bush- with Longitudinal Perforation (7) ing of Dentalium pretiosum, type B2]; R 30, 1). AW2. Incised surface. This order of flattish objects is double- AW2a. Tivela stultorum: 10. SC 10 (C 135, 6 convex, and varies in outline from nearly circu- [1 figured: crosshatched incising]; C 138, 3 [2 lar (lentil shape) to long oval. The perforation figured: parallel-line incising]; R 6, 1 [fig- is a tube passing lengthwise through the great- ured: scanty parallel incising]). Bushing in R est diameter in all cases, except 1 of the 2 AY3 6 specimen either clam or olivella; too deeply specimens which has a scooplike projection of imbedded to determine which. greater length than the tube, which is along one AW2b. Hinnites multirugosus: 1. SC 1 (R 19, 1 side of the object. (figured to show crosshatched incising)). Den- Anl. Tivela stultorum: 4. DR 4 (C 6, 4 [1 fig- talium pretiosum bushing (type B2) in end of.per- ured]). The largest example is pictured in foration not shown. Schenck and Dawson, pl. 87e. The amallest is fig- ured here. AY2. Hinnites multirugosus: 1. SC 1 (R 6). AX. Perforated Fusiform Figured. Perforation close to long, nearly Object other than Haliotis (1) straight side. AY3. Haliotis,(unidentified): 2. SC 2 (R 11, 1 [figured, small); R 21, 1 [figured)). Perforated AX.. Tivela stultorum: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 (fig- edge of R 11 was part of thickened rim, with ured]). thinner part forming scooplike projection. EXCLUSIVELY ETHNOLOGICAL TYPES The following types, allocated so far as pos- the Hupa or Yurok, 1-2478) 1 have each 3 undrilled sible to the orders employed for the archaeolog- trapezoidal Haliotis (unidentified) inlays in the ical types, are exclusively ethnological, having wood of the pipe at the edge of the inlaid stone been obtained only from modern Indians. bowl. Order C--A necklace (UCMA 1-1614) from the Shasta buckskin dress 1-2495 has 35 Haliotis Yurok Indians of the Klamath River, below the con- pendants on its fringe. These average about 3 in. fluence of the Trinity River, is composed of in length. Two of them, made of Haliotis rufescens freshwater shells of Goniobasis nigrina perforated shell, belong to a type unrepresented archaeolog- through the body whorl. A headband described under ically so far as species is concerned. Its nearest. F5b has 4 perforated Tegula-funebralis, another archaeological relative is "Q,12, trapezoidal unique ethnological type. Haliotis (unidentified) ornament; 3 perforations: OrderK.--Perforated Hialiotis Dis, From the 2 at narrow end, 1 at broad end; plain edge." Southwestern Pomo Indians of Sonoma co. comes a These two ethnological specimens answer this de- series of 29 disks (UCMA 1-9), all far more deeply scription except that they are identifiable as serrated or notched than any archaeological spec- to species of Haliotis. The various other pend- imens, perhaps due to the use of iron files. Three ants on this dress are listed under Q7aII. are of unidentified Haliotis shell, 26 of Haliotis Order U.--A Maidu Indian necklace from Butte rufescens. Nineteen have 4 drill holes in a row co. (UCMA 1-7462) comprises a string of Saxidomis across the disk and 1 near edge opposite center of nuttalli (VlaII) and Saxidomus giganteus (VlaIII) line of 4. One has 6 perforations, 4 of dhich form beads strung so they lie edge to edge, and a dozen a row as above. Two have 4 perforations, 2 have 3, pendent triangular Haliotis ornaments. The tri- and 5 have 2. The largest disk is about 90 mm. in angles are plain edged and differ from all archae- diameter, the smallest about 40 mm. Three figured ological types in having at the apex 2 perforations show extremes of notching of edge. through which the string passes. Seven triangles (Ethnological figs. 1-3, p. 113). are of Haliotis cracherodii, 5 of Haliotis rufes- Also unrepresented archaeologically in order K cens. All are of thin shell. The sizes measured are 2 disks (15 mm. diameter) of Haliotis (uniden- along the altitude range from 35 to 80 mm., and tified) attached to specimen 1-13468, which is a the triangles are more or less equilateral. See flicker-feather forehead band from the Northern Ethnological figure 6, page 113. Hupa buckskin dress Pomo of Little Lake, Mendocino co. Each has a cen- UCMA 1-1417 has triangular Haliotis rufescens tral perforation through which a knotted cord pendants like U7a, which is of unidentified shell. passes to hold the disks tightly against the feath- See D9 for associated types on this dress. ers. One has a ring of 9 punctations, the other of -rder --A Pomo-type cradle (1-64291) has a 10. Clamshell beads of types VlaII and VlaIII are large disk bead of group V2a attached. The bead attached to the feathers in pendent strings and is 33 mm. in diameter, has a peripheral perfora- serve as fastenings at the ends of the 4 cords with tion, is of Saxidomus nuttalli, and is unrepre- which the feathers are sewed to form a mat. sented archaeologically. It is not figured. Another ethnological type (not figured) without Order Z.--Karok dress 1-1419 has 17 Haliotis archaeological representation is in group K6a (see pendants of various types. One of these made of Index to Orders), but is made of Haliotis rufescens Haliotis (unidentified) is unrepresented archae- (unrepresented in archaeological K6a) and strung ologically. It has a perforation at each end. For on a necklace with K6aIII (Haliotis unidentified). other 16, see K2aII. This is Yuki specimen 1-12048. Each of the 7 disks Order AM.--Eastern Pomo headdress 1-2400 has, is attached pendent by 2 short strings passing in addition to Haliotis pendants of types AA2aIII through the 2 perforations. On each string are 2 and AA2aIV, a type unrepresented archaeologically, clamshell beads of types VlaII and VlaIII. namely, a small hexagonal ornament made of Halio- Order L.--Four dice for women, made of Siliqua tis rufescens shell, not figured. Clamshell beads patula shell (UCH4A 1-918), are from the Hupa In- of types VlaII and VlaIII are also attached. dians of Humboldt co. They were used like the dice Order AP.--A fine, only slightly concave, but of Mytilus californianus shell (type Llg), which markedly convex, crescent of flaliotis rufescens they resemble in size and shape. (UCMA 1-2826) from the Northern Pomo at Pinole- Or --Six lozenge-type ornaments of Halio- ville, near Ukiah, Mendocino co., is a type unrep- tis rufescens shell differ from any archaeological resented archaeologically. It has 2 perforations type in having 1 perforation in each corner. The at each end and 1 in middle of convex side. These edges are plain. The maximum dimension from corner are utilized for attaching strings of VlaII and to corner is 55 mm. These objects bear UCMA number VlaIII beads and triangular Haliotis pendants of 1-9 and are from Southwestern Pomo Indians of type U2aIII, as shown in Ethnological figure 7 on Sonoma County. See Ethnological figure 4 (p. 113). page 113. Order Q.--Two wooden tobacco pipes of tubular form (one from the Wiyot, 1-27070; the other from 1-2478 figured in Goddard, pl. 17, fIig. 2. [48] GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 49

Various--A new order of objects is repre- artifact are the tiny fragments of Haliotis shell sented by four 6-pointed stars of Haliotis ru- embedded in the pitch of walnut-shell dice. Each fescens (UCMA 1-10) from the Southwestern Pomo die is a half walnut shell filled with pitch (or of Sonoma co. Nothing of this sort is to be asphaltum) in which shiny fragments of Haliotis found in the archaeolegical collection. See shell, bits of quartz, glass beads, etc., are em- Ethnological figure 8, page 113). bedded. A set of 6 (1-40971) is from the Chemehuevi. Another new order of objects unrepresented Two sets comprise 8 each (1-21021 from Yokuts of archaeologically is a Haliotis (unidentified) oc- Fresno co., and 1-14021 from the Yokuts of Tulare tagonal ornament attached as a pendant to a Yurok co.). 1-10971 and 1-14021 are figured in Barrett buckskin hair tie (1-2045). It is shown as Ethno- and Gifford, 1933, plate 71, figures 4 and 5. logical figure 9, page 113. Holmes (1902, pls. 41 and 42) pictures others in Hardly to be regarded as an order or type of use. DISTRIBUTIOPN OF SHELL AND BONE TYPES For purposes of interpretation, the data set figures show obviously that SC and DR were thie forth in Californian Bone Artifacts32 will be great centers for shell artifact manufacture. combined with the data here obtained in the study This is all the more remarkable in the case of of Californian shell artifacts. Before examing DR, since it is an inland region. the combined results, I wish to present certain Archaeological shell tifact types shared by facts about the distribution of shell types. each region with one or mbre other regions total The number of specimens from the various re- 204. Each region has shared types as follows: SC gions is in part correlated with the amount of 148, SJ 45, DR 181, SV 66, BR 79, NR 23, HRE6, NE excavation done, in part with proximity to the 5. The central location of the Delta Region seems source of raw material, and in part to cultural reflected in the larger number of types shared. and aesthetic specialization as in the case of In the following discussion of inter-regional the interior Delta Region. The San Francisco Bay relations, the counts already published in Cali- Region failed to develop a distinctive art in fornian Bone Artifacts are combined with the shell work in spite of proximity to the ocean, counts for shell artifacts, as the combined fig- thus lending even greater emphasis to the wealth ures will strengthen indications of cultural af- of shell work in the Delta Region. Indeed, the filiations that may be revealed. The number of Southern Coast Region at a source of supply for types now described totals 1,011 (183 bone, 828 raw material, and the interior Delta Region far shell), based on the classification of 401,288 removed from such a source, are the two centers specimens (3,193 bone, 398,095 shell). The num- of shell working for California. Evironmental as bers of bone and shell types reported from each well as cultural considerations have been opera- region follow: SC 672, SJ 50, DR 436, SV 107, tive in the former, but obviously cultural fac- BR 163, NR.41, BR 22. tors rather than environment must be invoked in Tables 1 and 2 in this paper differ from tables the latter. 2 and 3 in Californian Bone Artifacts in that only The total number of Californian archaeologi- shared types, instead of all types, are taken as cal shell types described in this paper is 828. the basis of comparison. The combined 69 shared Only specimens in the collection-of the Univer- bone and 204 shared shell types distribute as fol- sity of California Museum of Anthropology have lows (in parentheses the bone figures are given been utilized in the preparation of this report. first): SC 202 (54 and 148), SJ 49 (4 and 45), DR The archaeological specimens, actually allocated 221 (40 and 181), SV 94 (28 and 66), BR 136 (57 to type, number 398,095. and 79), NR 41 (18 and 23), BR 19 (13 and 6), NE The number of archaeological shell types from 6 (1 and- 5), ethnological 112 (32 and 80). the various regions in the collection of the Uni- In table 1 the interrelations of the 8 areas versity of California Museum of Anthropology is are set forth. The number of types or elexments as follows: SC 534, SJ 46, DR 390, SV 79, BR 90, shared by the area at the head of each column -rith NR 23, HR 7, NE 5. the area at the left side of the table is shown. Of the total of 8Z8 archaeological shell arti- Thus, DR in the vertical column at the left shares fact types, 624 types are peculiar to single re- 149 (67%) of its 221 shared types with SC. As shown gions, as follows: SC 386, SJ 1, DR 209, SV 13, in the SC horizontal line, DR possesses, however, BR 11, NR 0, BIR 1, NE 0, ML 3 (1 type from Round 74% of the total of SC shared types which number Valley, Mendocino co., 1 type from Indio, River- 202, while BR possesses 43% of the 202 SC shared side co., and 1 type from Imperial co.). Tfhese types.

TABLE 1 Shared Bone and Shell Archaeological Typeg (Percentages in parentheses. Read across.) Area and total shared types SC SJ DR SV BR NR BR NE Average

SC:202 ...... 42 (21) 149 (74) 57 28) 87 (43) 26 (13 16 8) 6 3) 27 SJ:49... 42 86: 33 (67) 18 37 2347 10(20 5 10)4 (39 DR:221.... 149 67 33 (15 82 37 99 45 37(17 12 5) 6 .3 27 SV:94...... 57 61) 18 (19 82(87 61 65 24(26 12 13) 3 3 39 BR:136...... 87 64 2317 99 73 61 (45 32 245 14 10 43) 3 4 NR:41.... 26 63 1024 37 90 24 59) 32 (78) 8 20) 37) 49 HR:19...... 16 84 5 26 12 63) 12 63) 14 74) 8 42) 421) 53 NE:6...... 6 100) 467 6100) 3 50) 4 67) 3 50) 4 (67) 72 Average..... (75) (27) (79) (46) (60) (27) (19) (7) |

32Gifford, 1940. [50] GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 51 The averages at the right side of the table TABLE 2 show the average percentage shared with other areas by the areas listed at the left. Thus, DR Percentage Indexes of Interrelationships of Areas and SC, richest and most specialized of the areas, share on an average only 27% of their on Basis of Shared Bone and Shell_Types shared types. The poorer areas, or those from which only limited collections have come, share ____ Si DR SV BR BR BR on the average a higher percentage of their Si... 54 shared types; witness NE with 72% average and DR... 71 41 BR with 53% average. SV... 45 28 62 The averages at the bottom of the table show BR... 54 32 59 55 NR... 38 22 54 43 51. the average percentages of shared types that HR... 46 18 34 38 42 31 the other 7 regions share with the region named NE... 52 38 52 27 35 29 44 at the head of the coluimn. Thus, 7 areas on the average share 79% of their shared types with DR, then follows DR-BR 59. This alters the situation but only 7% with NE. The descending order of the as for shared bone types alone in which the DR-BR percentage averages shows the range from most to index (62) is higher than the SC-DR index (51). fewest shared types: DR 79, SC 75, BR 60, SV 46, The relations of SC-BR are lower: 54 for combined SJ 27, NR 27, BR 19, NE 7. This correlates with bone and shell as opposed to 74 for shared bone the descending order of number of shared types alone. Thus, on the basis of study of much more and of total number of specimens. This departs material, the relationships of the 3 most impor- slightly from the descending order of total tant areas are, in descending order: SC-DR 71, number of types (both shared and unique) which DR-BR 59, SC-BR 54. On the basis of shared bone ranks SC first and DR second, but here the fac- types alone the descending order was SC-BR 74, tor of specialization enters. DR-BR 62, SC-DR 51. On the basis of shared bone Table 2 attempts to express the interrela- and shell types, SC-DR has moved from third to tionship of each pair of areas by a single first place, DR-BR remains second, aind SC-BR has figure, which I have called a percentage in- moved from first to third. The above discussion is dex and which is the average of pairs of re- not based directly on tables 2 and 3 of my Cali- lationships expressed in percentages in table fornian Bone Artifacts, since these give percent- 1. This employs Driver's and Kroeber's formula ages of total types, instead of only shared types, A.33 Thus, SC shares 26 of its 204 shared for each area. It seems more satisfactory to con- traits, or 13% of them, with NR, which shares sider only shared types as the differences are 26 of its traits, or 63%, with SC. The percent- then more apparent. age index for the interrelation6hip of the 2 The so-called Napa Region (NR) has 41 bone and areas is 13463, divided by 2; roughly, 38. The shell types, all shared. In Californian Bone Arti- same scheme has been worked out for each of facts34 I expressed doubt as to the validity of the other pairs. Table 2 shows that percentage this area as a distinctive cultural entity, which indexes range from 18 for SJ-BR relations to I tentatively based on the presence of cremation. 71 for SC-DR relations. Obviously, the figures The absence of peculiar types indicates that this for NE, BR, and NR are less reliable than the region should be united witLa one of the adjoining others because of the smaller series. The DR, regions. Table 1 reveals NR as sharing 90 of its SC, and BR figures give a closer approximation types with DR, 78 with BR. Table 2, giving per- to the truth. centage indexes, supports this finding, since the SC-DR index of 71 is highest; DR-SV 62 is next; index of NR-DR is 54, the index of NR-BR is 51.

3319329 pp. 217-219. 34Gifford, 1940, p. 160. TEMPORAL RELATIONS Offhand one would say that a badly disinte- types. SC 70 ethnological types are 10% of the grated shell specimen is older than a perfect SC total of 672 types. For BR the percentage of one. When both categories are derived from the ethnologically occurring types is 31, for SV 42, -same grave, this assumption is no longer valid for NR 49, for SJ 32, and for HR 68. Of the and one has to resort to other reasons, such as major areas (SC, DR, and BR), SC has the fewest differences in chemical composition or in acces- ties with modern tribes, BR the most. These fig- ibility to disintegrating agents, either in the ures may not be very significant, however, since soil or in the decomposing corpse. An especially ethnological material from the SC region is illuminating case was a coffin burial unearthed scarce compared with that from the Sierra Nevada (1941) in a sand dune near Dillon Beach, Marin and the Coast Range north of San Francisco. co. Hundreds of clam disk beads with the burial ranged from perfect condition to almost complete DELTA REGION disintegration. Yet this burial with its accom- panying European articles was probably only a Classified bone and shell artifacts from the century old, more or less. If one still insists Delta Region total 241,525 specimens (bone, 479; that state of preservation indicates age, then it shell, 241,046), which group themselves into 436 might be necessary to assume that in such a bur- types (221 shared with other regions, 215 limited ial as this old beads were placed in the coffin to the DR). along with brand new ones. Excavations have been conducted by Sacramento In the following discussion I have combined Junior College and by the University of Califor- data from Californian Bone Artifacts with data nia with an eye possible cultural succession. derived from study of the shell artifacts as this Such was discovered by Sacramento Junior College35 gives a more complete picture of the archaeologi- in Windmiller md. (DR C 107), near Elk Grove, cal situation. Sacramento co. Windmiller md. is composed of a black mound accumulation overlying a reddish- MODERN TYPES yellow natural substratum. Burials in the latter were made before the accumulation of the black- The shell types which are ethnological as well soil midden, as demonstrated by the reddish- as archaeological in occurrence are indicated in yellow matrix surrounding the bones. Hence the the descriptions. These types total 76. To de- differences in artifact inventory in these two termine them, numerous articles ornamented with levels have chronological significance. R. F. shell artifacts in the University's ethnological Heizer, J. B. Litlard, and Franklin Fenenga have collection were examined. In some measure descrip- taken these differences as chronological crite- tions have been incorporated in the body of this ria for assigning relative ages to other mounds work as appendices to the discussions of archaeo- which reveal on6 or the other of the complexes logical types. To be added to the above 76 are 3 characterizing the lower and upper levels of "contact" types; that is, types not obtained from Windmiller md. In what follows I shall use Wind- living Indians, but from graves containing glass miller md. similarly as the tool, so far as my beads, coins, or other European articles. In the two typologies (bone and shell) make it avail- tabulations, therefore, the total number of shared able. In the tables I shall call the Windmiller ethnological shell artifact types is counted as 79. substratum, lower; the midden material, upper. To these, in the following discussion, are added From Windmiller md. (DR C 107) 23 bone types 32 shared ethnological bone artifact types. comprising 50 specimens have been described.36 One hundred and eleven archaeological bone and To these we may now add 42 shell types compris- shell types occur ethnologically, or at least were ing 3,958 specimens--a grand total of 4,008 obtained from graves containing European articles. specimens belonging to 65 types. By archaeological areas these ethnological types From Windmiller md. 6 types have no data as total as follows: DR 77, SC 70, BR 50, SV 45, NR to depth: bone,eAlaII, D5; shell, D6, K5cII, 20, SJ 16, ER 15, NE 6. Lld, QlbIV. For chronological purposes, there- Viewed from the standpoint of the 111 ethno- fore, I shall disregard these 6 types. The bone logically shared types, 69% of them occur archae- awl type AlaII is ethnological, however. ologically in DR, 63% in SC, 45% in BR, 40%6 in The remaining 59 types are derived from the SV, 18% in NR, 14% in SJ, 13% in HR, and 5% in red-yellow clay substratum, or from the superim- NE. The lower percentages again are no doubt posed black mound material, or from both. Table correlated with smaller series of archaeological 3 presents the 59 types and indicates their po- specimens and of types sition within the mound. Eighteen which occur Another way of viewing the occurrence of eth- ethnologically are indicated by a superior "e" nological types is in terms of the total number before the type designation. of archaeological types per area. Thus the 77 types of DR occurring ethnologically as well as 35See Lillard and Purves. archaeologically constitute 18% of the DR 436 Gifford, 1940, p. 194. [52] GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 53 TABLE 3 Bone and Shell Artifact TvYes in Windiiler Mound (DR C 107) accod toUv S

Type Lower Upper SC BR T,ype Lower Upper SC BR Bone ^ Shell, cont'd. eMbII x x ...... X X eK2aI ...... X X X ...... X X ...... eAcI . X X X K3aI X X X eAleI ...... K3bIV......

AleII.... X X K5bII ...... X X A2 ...... X X X NlbI ...... X A4aI X X xXI I QlaI...... X. X E2 ..x x ela.X X X Hl ...... X X Q73b . .X X X ep3a K...... X X ...... Q X

TEl .eX ...IgX : t 7SaIII . X XXX

EElc ...... X X ...... X X EE2b...... X X X 55a1...... X X eFF2 ...... X X X S5aIII.X X X eEEl ...... X X X S5aIV. X X X MM2cM. X.. X S6bII. X I NN2a X...... X S6cI.X X NN2b... .X' 56c11 ..... X X UU4 ....|||.... Tla ...... l

Shell le2aI . X i. XeeVlaIlX X ...... X X X eF5b ...... eIx x x X28X ...... x x Gla X X X X2b ...... X X X J2aI...... X X X X X3aI...... X X X X J2aIV...... X X eX3bI...... -x x x x x eKlaIV.... x x x eX3bII ...... X X X KleIIe... ___ X X AF5aI...... X X

Twenty-three types are limited to the lower the preceding paragraph, 1 is a type limited to red-yellow substratum, 23 to the upper black the DR). The remaining 20 show affiliations as mound material, and 13 occur in both. Of the 23 follows: 11 are shared with SC, 4 with BR, 5 with substratum types, only 3 are ethnological. Of the both SC and BR. Obviously the connections are 23 mound-material types 9 are ethnological. Of stronger with SC than with BR, thus reversing the the 13 types occurring in both levels 6 are eth- situation for bone types alone.38 nological. Or, to state it differently, 9 types Of the 23 Windmiller types limited to the up- are both substratum and ethnological, 15 (includ- per black mound material, 3 are not found in ing 6 of the 9 just mentioned) are both mound either SC or BR. The remaining 20 show affilia- material and ethnological. This is in conformity tions as follows: 5 are shared with SC, 3 with BR, with the statement of Heizer and Fenenga37 con- 12 with both SC and BR. Again connection with SC cerning "the cultural evidence which demonstrates is greater than with BR. It appears, therefore, a cultural continuum, the changes and additions that during both periods connections with SC were within this continuum forming our three hori- more important than with BR. zons." Two of the 23 types limited to the lower Litlard, Heizer, and Fenenga"9 have estab- clay substratum (Q3d, U2aI) are unique to Wind- lished a Transitional Period between the Early miller md. (substratum) and the Late (black mound material) The following remarks deal with the Windmiller Periods. That the 13 types I have recorded as oc- types shared with SC or BR or both, the two re- curring in both substratum and mound material gions with which the Delta Region has close rela- necessarily belong in such a Transitional Period tions (see table 2). (DR has even closer relations is not clear to me. For Windmiller md. (C 10?) with SV than with BR, but our series from SV is the above-named authors established this period relatively small.) Of thd 23 Windmiller types by selection of types rather than stratigraphy, limited to the substratum, 3 are not found in SC or BR (2 are to Windmiller as mentioned unique in 38 Gifford, 1940, p. 195. 39 37P. 381. P. 25. 54 ANTIETROPOLOGICAL RECORDS but based on the cultural inventory of other The 36 types of the Windmiller upper occur in mounds which they regard as exemplifying a Tran- other mounds, in descending order, as follows: sitional Period of culture. BR 309, 21 types; DR C 138, 17 types; SV S 2, 16 In the pages which follow I frequently use the types; BR 295, 16 types; SC C 3, 14 types; DR C Windmiller md. (DR C 107) inventory of types as a 6, 13 types; DR C 141, 13 types; DR C 142, 11 temporal tool. Here it will be of interest to view types; SV S 1, 10 types; BR 328 9 types; DR C the geographical connections of the bone and shell 68, 7 types; BR 329, 7 types; BR ?30O7, 7 types; types of Windmiller md. In table 4 I have listed BR 250a, 5 types; SC C 83, 5 types. other mounds in descending order of number of types It is interesting to note that for both strata shared with Windmiller's two strata. The number of of Windmiller, Emaeryville md. (BR 309) heads the types in each of these two strata is 36, total 72. list with shared types. The exact significance The total of all types in each mound compared with of this is not clear. Two DR mounds (C 138, C 6) Windmiller is given in the left-hand column after have, respectively, totals of 161 and 175 types the mound designation. in contrast to Emeryville's 102 types, and should on basis of geographic position and larger in- TABLE 4 ventories rank higher tha.n Emeryville. Even DR C 68 and DR C 142, which Lillard, Heizer, and Windmiller Mound (DR C 107) Types Shared Fenenga regard as contemporaneous,40 at least in with Certain Other Mounds part, with lower Windmiller, share fewer bone and shell types with lower Windmiller than does Mound.Mound Windmiller Windmiller BR 309. ~~lower upe BR 309 (102 types) .. 17 21 Under the heading Distribution of Shell and Bone DR C 138 (161 typesj . . . ..1217 Types, it was pointed out that 209 out of the total SC C 3 (85 types),..15 14 of 390 shell artifact types of the DR were peculiar DR C 6 (175 types) ..... 14 13 to that region. In what follows the figures are for DR C 142 (30 types) ..... 14 11 combined bone and shell artifact inventories in cer- SV S 2 (68 types)..9 16 tain individual mounds in the DR in relation to one DR C 141 (54 types) ::::,: 8 13 another, thus presenting the specialization within BR 295 (35 types) 5 16 narrower limits. DR C 68 (46 types3.:::: 13 7 SV Six DR mounds, from which sufficient series of S 1 (46 types) ..... 6 10 have been have BR 328 (16 types) ..... 3 9 specimens obtained, been selected BR.329 (23 types) ..... 4 7 for comparative study. They are: C 107 with 4,008 BR 307 (19 types) . . 2. 7 specimens belonging to 65 types; C 142, 1,148 spec- SC C 83 42 types ...... 4 5 imens of 30 types; C 68, 11,482 specimens of 46 BR 250a 18 types ...... 3 5 types; C 141, 2,287 specimens of 54 types; C 6, 89,200 specimens of 175 types; C 138, 24,575 speci- Analyzing the data of table 4 further by re- mens of 161 types. listing the figures for the two Windmiller strata In considering these six mounds, really seven separately, the fol'owing results appear: since I have treated separately the lower and upper The 36 types of the Windmiller lower occur in parts of C 107, the following general results ap- other mounds, in descending order, as follows: pear: Lower C 107 has 11 peculiar bone and shell BR 309, 17 types; SC C 3, 15 types; DR C 142, 14 types, 25 shared types; upper C 107 has 9 peculiar, types; DR C 6, 14 types; DR C 68, 13 types; DR 27 shared; C 142 has 4 peculiar, 26 shared; C 68 C 138, 12 types; SV S 2, 9 types; DR C 141, 8 has 13 peculiar, 33 shared; C 141 has 13 peculiar, types; SV S 1, 6 types; BR 295, 5 types; BR 329, 41 shared; C 6 has 102 peculiar, 73 shared; C 138 4 types; SC C 83, 4 types; BR 250a, 3 types; has 89 peculiar' 72 shared. The vast development BR 328, 3 types; BR 307, 2 types. of unique type-ss (so far as the six mounds TABLE 5 Bone and Shell Artifact Types Shared by Certain Delta Region Mounds (Read across. Percentages in parentheses). C 107 C 107 Mounds: shared types lower upper C 142 C 68 C 141 C 6 C 138 C 107 lower: 25 .... 13 (52) 14 (56) 13(52 8 (32) 14 (56) 12 48 C 107 upper: 27.... 13 48) 11 (41) 7 (26) 13 (48) 13 (48 17 63 C 142: 26 ...... 14 54) 11 42) 14 (54) 8 (31) 13 (50 12 46 C 68: 33 ...... 13 39 7 21) 14 42) 8 (24) 22 67 19 58 C 141: 41 . . 8 20 13 32) 8 20) 27 66) 28 68 C 6: 73 . . 14 19 13(18) 13 18) 2230)820) 27(37 56 77 C 138: 72 17 17(24) 12 17) 19 26) 28 (39) 56.(78)

40Lillard, Heizer, Fenenga, pp. 33, 35. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SBELL ARTIFACTS 55

considered are concerned) in C 6 and C 138 is Heizer, and Fenenga, p. 33, and my figures certainly very impressive, and is an example of the high show it to be more closely affiliated with C 107 degree of local specialization which may take lower than with C 107 upper.) The relationship of place even in a lower Neolithic culture. This C 141 is highest with C 6 (52) and C 138 (54), but specialization, however, is within the frame- still not so high as the interrelationship of these work of Delta culture or of Californian culture two mounds (78). This may mean that C 141 came to in general. It really represents a further, but an end before these two mounds developed their close not exhaustive, exploitation of the possibili- affiliations; in other words that C 141 is neither ties of the materials utilized in this culture, Early nor Late, but Intermediate or Transitional especially for aesthetic rather than for utili- in the time scale. tarian purposes. Another interesting relation to consider is that In table 5 only shared types are considered. of mounds C 107 and C 6, both on the Cosuimnes r. The lower and upper parts of C 107 are treated and only a few miles apart. The percentage index as though they were separate mounds. Six types for C 107 lower and C 6 is 38, that for C 107 upper from C 107 are not included as no vertical posi- and C 6 is 33. Both are low gompared with 78 for tion in the mound was recorded and it is impos- the C 6 and C 138 relationship and presumably in- sible to count them as either lower or uper. dicate but scant contemporaneity. In view of the These six types are listed above page 54) in presumed lateness of much of the C 6 accumulation the discussion of this mound. it is surprising to find a closer relationship of If we take the sum totals of percentage in- that mound with lower C 107 than with upper C 107. dexes for each mound in table 6, we may arrange This suggests that C 6 may have been occupied over the mounds in ascending order of degree of rela- a long stretch of time. Unfortunately, most of the tionship to other mounds as follows: C 141, 220; C 6 specimens lack data as to depth at which ex- C 68, 231; C 107 upper, 233; C 142, 237; C 107 cavated. lower, 248; C 138, 283; C 6, 284. This arrange- Viewing these 6 mounds from the standpoint of ment is in part conditioned by (a) the selection nodern ethnological types, their connections ar- of mounds, (b) the number of specimens, and (c) ranged from fewest to most ethnological types are the number of types. Nevertheless, it probably as follows: C 107 lower, 9 types; C 142, 10 types; gives an approximation of the relationships. Note C 107 upper, 15 types; C 68, 17 types; C 107 as a that C 107 lower has more in common than C 107 whole, 19 types; C 141, 19 types; C 138, 34 types; upper; also that C 107 lower is more closely akin C 6, 46 types. If these figures were true indices to C 142 than to C 107 upper, perhaps indicating of antiquity, C 107 lower might be regarded as the contemporaneity. most ancient, C 6 as the most modern site, or at To what extent the high totals for C 138 and least having the most connection with ethnological C 6 are due to the huge series of specimens and culture. From the standpoint of ethnology the types is unclear. At any rate their relationships mounds fall into two main groups. C 107, C 142, C with C 107 lower and C 142, both regarded by 68, and C 141, on the basis of only 10 to 19 ethno- Lillard, Heizer, and Fenenga as of Early Period, logical types, would appear ancient; C 138 and C 6, are relatively attenuated, the percentage indexes on the basis of 34 to 46 ethnological types, would ranging from 32 to 38, while the percentage index appear recent or at least much less ancient. How- for C 138 and C 6 rises to 78. These two mounds ever, this interpretation is weakened, if not viti- are on opposite sides of the DR, C 6 in Sacra- ated, by the fact that C 138 and C 6 each has 2 or mento co., C 138 in Contra Costa co. more times as many types as each of the other mounds. TABIE 6 Percentage Indexes of Bone and Shell Types Shared by Certain Delta Region Mounds

Mounds upper) C 142 C 68 C 141 C 6 C 138 C107 (lower 50 55 46 26 38 33 C107 (upper 42 24 40 33 44 C142 48 26 34 32 C68 22 49 42 C141 52 54 C06 78

Mound C 141 in Contra Costa co., not far from Lillard, Heizer, and Fenenga, on the basis of C C 138, shows very low percentage indexes with C 107 stratigraphy and types of specimens found, range 107 lower (26), C 142 (26), and C 68 (22). These the mounds (except C 6, which is not considered by figures apparently have temporal significance and them) in their chironological terms as follows: Early indicate that C 141 is not so ancient as the other (C 107, C 68, C 142), Transitional (C 107, C 142, C three. (C 68 is regarded as Early by Lillard, 141), Late (C 107, C 141, C 138), Historic (C 107). 56 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS My findings based on typology coincide in part, SACRAMENTO VALLEY and otherwise do not conflict, with their chron- ological arrangement. On the basis of my typo- Of Sacramento Valley sites, the only two with logical studies alone I have been unable to sufficient specimens to make comparison worth identify objectively a Transitional Period al- while are S 1 (Ililler md.) and S 2 (Howell's though mound C 141 may exemplify such a period, Point md.). Table 7 presents an inventory of their as I have pointed out. Without accompanying types and compares the two mounds with the lower stratigraphy the typologies alone are insuffi- (red clay) and upper (black mound) parts of DR C cient to establish cultural successions. So far 107. From S 1 comes a total of 9,728 specimens as has seemed feasible, I have utilized the distributed among 46 types; from S 2 a total of Windmiller stratigraphy as a key. Absolute 9,080 specimens distributed among 68 types. These depths in other mounds are utilized in the sec- two mounds have only 23 types in common; or to tion beyond that deals with the Bay Region mounds. state it differently, S 1 has 23 types not found TABLE Bone and Shell Artifacts in M1lounds SV S 1 and SV S 2 Compared with- . Contents- of- 'ITwom fNStrata of- TNT,DR tvC 107, - - DR C 107 DR C 107 _ DR C 107 DR C 107 Type ISV S 1 SV S ,2 lower upper Ij Type |SV S 1 SV S 2 lower upper Bone Shell. Cont'd elaII.... x NlaIV...... x eMbI ...... X x NlbI...... x eMbII. x X N6bI. x AlbIII.... x OlaIII ... x eMbIV. x eO2a...... X x eMcII...... x 03aII. X AlciV. x epla...... X x eA1A...... x X elaIII.... X x AleI ...... x eQlaIV.... x AleII. x I Qld ...... X x Alg ...... x eQ2aIV. x eQ2bI...... X eAp...... Cl...... eS2aII...... C2...... IX eS2aIII... X x X S2bI...... S2e.-...... eTlb...... X x 1K- S3aI...... X S3aII...... eUl ..... x S3cI...... eWi...... x S3cII...... X eEEla...... x S4c...... X X eEElb...... xX x S7aI...... X X EE2a...... 1KX x X S7aII...... x EE2b...... x S7bII...... X X eFF2 ...... x S14..... GG...... 1KX x eU2aII,.'.".... xX 1KX x U2aIII.... X xX 001...... eVlaII,.... xX X 1KX eVlaIII ..... x Xlb.; x Shell X2a...... X xX eFl...... X X3aI...... X xX x eF5b ...... x X3aII...... xX X Gla...... x X3aIII..... X X HEaV...... x eX3bI...... X xX X KlaIII..... eX3bII ...... X x X3c.. xX eKleII...... '. . X eK2aIII ..... x x eX4.. K2bII...... x eZ2aII ..... X x K4aI...... x eZ2bII .... K4c...... eAA2aIV.... X (27...... X4 eAC2b ...... MlbI...... eAF4aII ..... MlcII...... x eAF5aIII.... Mle...... x eAP2aI ...... M2cI...... AS2aI..... x AV2b...... NlaII...... I I I e :- GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 57

in S 2, and S 2 has 45 types not found in S 1. TABLE 8 This vast difference in two mounds only a short distance apart is unlikely to be due altogether Bone and, hell Artifac,t T-voes Commn toEllig to local variation, but perhaps is in part tem- Landing Md. (BR 2951) and Win~dmiller Nd. (DR C 107) poral, and in part due to different extraneous influences. BR295 DR C 107 DRupperC 107 Turning to Windmiller md. (DR C 107) as a pos- ~lower sible key to the puzzle, we find 21 of that mound's types in the two SV mounds concerned: 13 e-AlcIIeAlcII ...... X in SV S 1 and 19 in SV S 2. Nine Windmiller lower A4aI .X types and 18 Windmiller upper types are present, H counting 6 types occurring in both Windmiller 1j X strata. Inspecting table 7, we find that SV S 1 shares 6 types with Windmiller lower, 11 types eElaEE2b...... X.IX with Windmiller upper; SV S 2 shares 8 with Wind- miller lower and 16 with Windmiller upper. Both SV S 1 and SV S 2 share twice as many types with Windmiller upper as with Windmiller lower. Thus eX5b X X it appears that SV S 1 and SV S 2 are the same in age, with twice as many relations wiith Wind- miller upper as with Windmiller lower. This would then leave the differences in inventories of S 1 and S 2 tobbe explained by local variation eX3bII ..... X or by different extraneous influences. Appealing-to ethnological occurrences for further light, we find that out of a total of 91 types limited to the lower stratum in Windmiller types found in the two mounds, 41 are of ethno- is recorded from Ellis Landing. Couple this with logical occurrence. Of the 46 types of mound S 1, the more than 50% ethnological types in Ellis Land- 25 occur ethnologically; of the 68 types of mound ing and there would seem to be little or no doubt S 2, 33 occur ethnologically. Thus, there is no as to the relatively recent accumulation of the disproportionate preponderence of ethnological upper 15 ft. of Ellis Landing md. types in one or the other, and consequently the The lower portion of Ellis Landing md. was ex- preceding interpretation of contemporaneity is plored by means of a shaft sunk by N. C. Nelson, reinforced. and from this he removed 560 cubic ft. of mate- Table 7 presents the data upon which the pre- rial. Artifacts were. too fragmentary to identify ceding remarks are based. bone and shell types. West Berkeley md. (BR 307) is not very well rep- BAY REGION resented in the UCMA collection, nor was it as sys- tematically excavated as Ellis landing md. (BR 295) The San Francisco Bay Region with its numerous and Emeryville md. (BR 309). Fourteen bone types shell mounds has yielded a total of 25,924 clas- and 5 shell types are recorded, based on a total of sifiable bone (764) and shell (25,160) artifacts, 165 specimens. Of these 19 types, 11 are also eth- which group themselves into 163 types (136 shared nological. Eight of the West Berkeley types occur with other regions, 27 limited to the BR). in Windmiller md. (DR C 107). One of these 8 (bone Ellis Landing md. (BR 295) has yielded few shell type AleII) is limited to lower Windmiller, 1 is artifacts (12 types, 641 specimens). The inventory found in both lower and upper, while the remaining of bone artifacts41 comprises 23 types based on 94 6 are limited to upper Windmiller. The evidence, specimens. All specimens, both bone and shell, are scanty as it is, corroborates that from Ellis Land- from the upper 15 ft. of the mound. Of the total ing md.; the connections are chiefly with upper of 35 types, 18 are found ethnologically. Table 8 Windmiller. lists the Ellis Landing types found also in Wind- Turning now to Emeryville md. (BR 309) from which miller md. (DR C 107), indicates ethnological types a large series of types has been obtained, the ev- and the occurrence in Windmiller md. by level, idence proves less convincing as to relative recency i.e., lower or upper. of deposition. From Emeryville md. UCNA has 416 bone Of 17 shared types, 1 (bone AlaII) has no re- specimens grouped in 54 types, and 7,594 shell spec- corded depth from Windmiller, but the other 16 are imens grouped in 48 types--a total of 102 types from the upper stratum, with 5 of them also coming in all, 34 of which occur ethnologically.49 from the lower stratum. It definitely looks as Table 9 presents 27 Emeryville types that are though the upper 15 ft. of Ellis Landing were more -found in Windmiller. Two additional bone types (AlaII nearly synchronous in deposition with upper Wind- (AlaII and EE2b) common to both are omitted because miller than with lower Windmiller. None of the of deficient record as to depth. The distribution

Gifford, 1940, p. 190-191. 42Ibid. 58 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS in table 9 looks.somewhat confusing but suggests Arranged in descending order of similarity the a consi4erable degree of contemporaneity for the connections between the two layers of the two two mounds. Table 10 analyzes the data of table mounds seem to indicate a considerable contempo- 9 end presents counts of types in common between raneity. However, the Windmiller lower stratum the two levels of the two mounds. The figures in probably was used for burials before Emeryville parentheses are percentages of 27, the number of md. began. It is of interest to observe that, types with recorded depths common to the two so far as these 27 shared types are concerned, mounds. the sharing is greater between certain layers of the two mounds than it is between the upper and TABLE 9 lower layers.within the same mound. The percent- ages substantiating this statement follow: rPm-n a a n nmm n-n + n IJi -n ATni 1 1 m-" TnA r In7 .LLJtlb UIJdLJV UQ I W4LU&.A."01 JAU.LbM.j(T)R (VJ LVM)nAIJUU .Emeryville Md. (BR 309) Windmiller upper and Emeryville lowet, 70% Windmiller upper and Emeryville upper, 59% E|Wind- d Win- Wind-Win Emery- Emery- Windmiller lower and Emeryville lower, 59% TyeTypemiller ville ville Emeryville lower and Emeryville upper, 56% miller lower upper Windmiller lower and Windmiller upper, 41% __.lower upper 19 feet 12 feet Windmiller lower and Emeryville upper, 30 gnen eAlbII . x x X Turning again to BR mds. 328 and 329 situated eAlCII . . I close together near Newark, Alameda 0o., we shall I see if the shell typology helps to clarify the AleIl.. X I XI puzzling situation described for bone artifacts A2. X I alone.4 Bone and shell together give mound 328 A4aI.... X X X sixteen types, mound 329 twenty-three types. Yet Hl ...... I I I eP3a I these adjacent mounds share only 4 types. This ..... X X anomalous situation suggests that they must be eTlc ..... X X El...... XI I of different ages and probably not inhabited si- E1b.... I X I multaneously. Turning to Windmiller md. as a possible key that might unlock the door to under- eFF2 X . I X X standing, we get a correlation with upper Wind- SheI I I miller principally. Thus, mound 328 shares 3 types with Windmiller lower stratum, while mound 329 shares 4; 328 shares 9 types with Windmiller MF4 c.... IXX x. eF5 ** * IX x X Ix I upper stratum, 329 shares 7. But, of the total of eF5bo 6 Windmiller lower types-shared with these two ...... J2aI.... X x I xI mounds, 5 are also in Windmiller upper, which sug- I X eXaIV ... I x gests that both mounds are to be connected with ElaI Windmiller upper rather than lower. Table 11 pre- S2aIII X X X sents the distribution. Nine types of BR 328 are ethnological; 10 of BR 329 are ethnological. Of S5aIV... X X X these only 3 are shared by the two mounds. These I2a .... I I X facts do not clarify the situation except to M2b ...X X suggest that, although Late in terms of Wind- XaI I I X X I, I X miller md., there may be absence of contempora- e13bI neity, but no indication of which is earlier or later. An alternative explanation would be local variation, but this loses significance when we TABLE 10 remember that the mounds are only a stone's throw apart. If neither of these alternatives Summary of Distribution of 27 Types Shared by seems acceptable, we are confronted with a wholly Windmiller and Emeryville Mds. adventitious occurrence of types. (Figures in parentheses are percentages of 27) BR md. 250a (Maltby md.) at Concord, Contra Costa co., proves of interest because of its posi- Wind- Emery- Wind- Emery- tion near the DR. Offhand, one would expect it to miller ville miller ville harbor both DR and BR types, or types common to lower lower upper upper both regions. Such proves to be the case. The col- Windmiller, lection contains 3,054 specimens distributed among lower.... 16 (59) 11 (41) 8 (30) 18 types, all of which occur elsewhere in the BR Emeryville, or in the DR or in both. Two types (bone C4, shell lower.... 16 (59) 19 (70) 15 (56) Xlb) are BR but not DR in occurrence. Four types Windmiller, upper....9 11 (41) 19 (70) 16 (59) Emeryville, upper.... 8 (30) 15 (56) 16 (59) 43Ibid., p. 192. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHEIL ARTIFACTS 59 TABLE 11 SOUTHERN COAST C Mounds BR 328, BR 329, and DR 107 The 104,273 classified shell artifacts from SC make it possible to put interpretations on a Type BR 328 BR 329 Windmiller sounder basis than could be done with the 1,675 Windeillr bone artifacts alone.44 The classified shell and Bone bone artifacts total 105,948 specimens, divided into 672 types (202 shared with other regions, 470 eAlbIl .... : X X limited to the SC). Considering as wholes the mainland, Santa Cruz HP...... Alg...... Xxi is., Santa Rosa is., and San Nicolas is. (but dis- X on Santa Catalina, San Miguel, He1. .... X X X regarding occurrences and San Clemente is.), we find peculiar to these 20, Santa ..... X X the following number of types: mainland eEElaHI2.gEElb X xI X X Cruz 147, Santa Rosa 169, San Nicolas 52. After b ..... X eliminating these 388 unique types there remain Ke x~~~~~ 276 types shared by two or more of these units. Ta- X x x em**eeHH.x xix ble 12 presents the counts and percentages, table 001.xI 13 the percentage indexes. These tables reveal what one would expect from the geographic situation. The mainland, from Pt. C23b..... X Sal, Santa Barbara co., to La Jolla, San Diego co., D6 X has 97 shared types. (Actually, the bulk of our eD?. x material comes from site M 1 near Goleta, Santa eF5b xI x x X Barbara co.) The mainland shares its types in de- K2bII X scending order with the three islands: Santa Cruz eQlbIII.. X Santa Rosa re- Q,2a..... X has 86% of the mainland types, 74%, Q2bI X mote San Nicolas only 31%. The relations of San eQ2bII X Nicolas to Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa are about the eS2a'II ...X same, San Nicolas sharing 27% of the shared Santa S2bI .x Cruz types and 28% of the Santa Rosa types. The ac- S2bII X tual counts of San Nicolas types shared with these SlOaII... X are more than double the number shared X X two islands eU2aIII x xI with the mainland, the two northern islands being eVlaI .... extremely rich in shared types (25'2 for Santa Cruz, VXlaIII . .. X I were available for the X2b ...... X 239 for Santa Rosa). If data X X I nearer Santa Catalina and San Clemente is., San ,X3aI X Nicolas would probably show a far closer relation- ePbII. ship to them than to remote Santa Cruz and Santa 0osa. It should be remembered that in historic times the three southern islands were Shoshonean. (shell: El, 04aII, U2bII, and Xla) are DR but not in speech, while the northern islands were Chumsh, BR in occurrence. The remaining 12 types,(shell: thus reinforcing the geographic factors. F5b, K2bII, K2bIII, U2aII, X2a, Xi2b, X3aI, X3aII, Referring to R. L. Olson's findings45 which make UK3bI, X3bII, X3c, AF5aIV) occur in both regions. sites M 1 and M 10 more alike than either is like For clues as to age, our Windmiller (DR C 107) site M 6, the shell artifacts add to the support stratification suggests affiliation with upper given by the bone artifacts.46 However, paucity of TABLE 12 Types Shared by Certain Portions of SouthernCostRegion (Read across. Percentages in parentheses.) Area and types Mainland Santa Cruz Santa Rosa San Nicolas Mainland: 97 ...... 83 (86) 72 (74 31 (31)

Santa Cruz is.: 252.... 83 (33 218 (87 67 27)

Santa Rosa is.: 239.... 72 (30 218 (91) 66 28) San Nicolas is.: 81.... 31 (38) 67 (83) 66 (81)

Windmiller. Only 5 of the 18 Maltby md. types are 41bid., p. 167. found in Windmiller md.; all 5 are found in the upper stratum, though 3 of these 5 also occur in 45p. 14. the lower stratum. 46Gifford, 1940, p *g8. 60 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABIE 13 temporal relations between C 3 and C 83 since both share with the two Windmiller strata some- Percentage Indexes of Types Shared by Certain where nearly in the ratio of their total number Portions of Southern Coast Region of types. Again considering 4 Santa Cruz is. sites pre- sented in Californian Bone Artifacts,49 it is Mainland Santa Cruz Santa Rosa now possible to gain a fuller comprehension of Santa Cruz is... 60 their interrelationships. Olson has presented a Santa Rosa is... 52 89 summary for these and other sites on pages 13- San Nicolas is. . 35 55 55 15 of his paper. The Santa Cruz is. sites are C 83, C 3, C 138, and C 100. These yield the fol- shell artifacts from M 6, like paucity of bone lowing totals of types of bone and shell arti- artifacts, makes the evidence of negative rather facts: C 83, 42 types; C 3, 85 types; C 138, 111 than of positive nature. The museum has only 16 types; C 100, 253 types. Olson's mainland site classified shell artifacts from M 6. These fall M 1, at Goleta, Santa Barbara co., yields 81 into 8 types (F3, H2aI, 13, I5, KlaIV, Ila, X;3bI, types, and should be useful for comparison with AT2cI). Six of them are found also in M 1 and/or the Santa Cruz is.-sites. Considering the inter- M 10. The other two shell types (H3 and Xla) and relationships of these 5 mounds alone, we find the two bone types are not peculiar to site M.6, that they possess the following numbers of shared but are found in other SC sites. The evidence types (that is types found in two or mare of of greater antiquity for site M 6 is thus still these 5 mounds3: C 83, 21; C 3, 40; C 138, 71; inconolusive, as it-was when two bone artifact C 100, 120; M 1, 55. The converse of this situa- types alone were considered. The analysis shows tiou is that these 5 mounds in relation to one specimens and types scarce in mound M 6 (20 spec- another possess the follo'wing numbers of unshared imens in all, 10 types in all), none limited to or unique types: C 83, 21 types; C 3, 45; C 138, site M 6 alone. Granted the correctn.ess of 40; C 100, 133; MNl, 26. Olson's opinion that site N 6 ig older than sites M 10 (-across the creek from M 6) and M 1, all I TABLE 14 can say is that the bone and shell types in- creased enormously in numbers in.the mounds oc- Shared Bone and Shell Types in Certain cupied in later times (sites M 1 and M 10). Two Southern Coast Mds. of the M 6 shell types (KlaIV, MbI), as well (Read across. Percentages in parentheses.) as the two bone ty'pes are represented ethnolog- ically. With shell artifact types now available, it Mounds: types M 1 C 83 C 3 C 138 C 100 seems worth while to reconsider the Santa Cruz M 1:55 . ..7(13) 14(25) 24(44) 44(80) is. sites 3 and 83 which R. L. Olson47 adjudges G 83:21...... 7(33 6(29) 5(24 21(100) as Early (site 3) and Early and Intermediate C 3:40 ...... 14 36 6(15) 11(28 33(83 ap C 138:71..... 24 34 5(7) 11(15) 62(87 to Late (site 83), a view for which A. L. Kroe- C ber and I found little or no support from bone 100:120....44(37 21(18) 33(28)* 62(52) _ artifacts alone.48 Site 3 has a total of 85 types (28 bone, 57 For determining interrelations of these 5 mounds shell); site 83 has a total of 42 types (19 bone, the shared types alone are considered in table 14. 23 shell). The two mounds have only 6 types in The left-hand column gives the total number of common (3 bone, 3 shell: F5b, Lla, VlaI), a fact shared types (as enumerated above) for each mound. that.further increases the disparity already The figures within the table give the number shared noted on the basis of bone artifacts alone. Is by each pair of mounds. In parentheses these fig- this disparity due to local variation, or has it ures are translated into percentages. Thus, site C temporal significance? Applying the inventories 83 has only 7 of the 55 shared types of site M 1, of types from distant Windmiller md. in the DR, or approximately 13%, while site C 100 has 44 of the following results appear. the 55 shared types of M 1, or approximately 80%. Summarizing, SC C 3 has 21 Windmiller types, This reveals the mainland site N 1 as closely re- 7 of which occur only in the Windmiller red-clay lated in cultural inventory to Santa Cruz is. site substratum, 6 in the black mound material only, C 100 rather than to the other 3 Santa Cruz is. 8 in both strata. SC C 83 has 7 Windmiller types: sites. The percentage indexes, which express each 2 from the substratum, 3 from the black mound, 2 pair of relationships in a single figure, are given from both strata. In other words C 83, with half in table 15. Mounds C 83 and C 138 have an amaz- as many bone and shell types as C 3, shares only ingly low index of 16 for two mounds on the same a third as many with Windmiller as does C 3. It island, a fact which suggests a time differential. seems to me, however, that the comparison with This is confirmed by Olson,50 who gives the time Windmiller does not help to solve the problem of range of C 83 as Early to Late and that of C 138 47 48Pp. 13-15. 49Ibid. p. 189. Gifford, 1940, pp. 189-190. 50P. 14. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 61 as Intermediate to Late. Mounds C 138 and C 100 TABLE 15 present the opposite picture of close relation- ship and presumably contemporaneity as indicated Percentage Indexes of Shared Bone and Shell Types by the percentage index of 70. in Certain S6uthern Coast Mounds CALIFORNIAN TYPES IN THE SOUTHWEST Mound C 83 C 3 C 138 C 100 As a means of attaining some idea of the prob- Ml..... 23 31 39 59 able antiquity of Californian types, loans of C 83 22 16 59 Southwestern shell artifacts were obtained C 3 22 56 through the courtesy of several museums, to wit: C 138.... 70 United States National Museum, Phillips Academy, Arizona State Museum, Museum of Northern Arizona, listed below. Footnotes give details as to sites University of Colorado, Carnegie Institution of from which they come and museum catalogue numbers. Washington (Earl H. Morris), and Southwest Museum. The principles involved in this cross-dating Much of the material borrowed proved to be arti- are: (1) if the material is a species limited in facts made from species found in the Gulf of its range to the Pacific Coast, then the material California. Fourteen types of artifacts made from must have come from the Pacific Coast; (2) if the species limited to the Pacific Coast, and in type is the same as a Californian type, there forms identifiable with Californian types, ranged seems a probability that the artifacts were im- in time from Basketmaker II through Pueblo IV. ported ready made from California and not made The types and periods in which they occur are locally in the Southwest. If such is the case, it TABLE 16 Californian Shell Artifact Types in the Southwest Type BM II BM III P II P III P IV Californian Range

Gla . . I SC, SJ, DR, SV H2aIII .... SC, 5I 2aII...... X n SC, DR, BR J2aIV...... l Id |Xa SC, 5i, DR, BR BR K2aIII...,-,. XnlaII SC, SV, SV BR e ei6aIII....ei SC)SC DR'NReDR) BRe QiaIl Xr SC e2laII XI....' SC, DR, 5V BR NR e eS2aIII ...... B_ xp ~~~~~~SC, DR, S, BR,e eXlaI X...... 5q, )DR, SV, BR, NRe Xla S5, DR, SY, B 42b ) 1 | 2;q ~~~~~~~lSC,SC, SJX DR, SV, BR X3bI...... SC, SJ, DR, SV, BR, NK,e

aAnimas-Rock Shelter, 7 mi. N of Durango, Col- 8-F-104. Site on Colorado r. at mouth of Virgin- orado. Earl H. Morris number F 4. One specimen. r., Nevada. Southwest Museum specimen 8-F-95. Within size range of specimens from locality in footnote d. lBonelli site, Old Rioville, Clark co., Nevada. bSite on Colorado r. at mouth of Virgin r., Southwest Museum specimen 8-F-104. Nevada; also called Bonelli site, Old Rioville, kLost City (Pueblo Grande de Nevada). South- Clark co., Nevada. Southwest Museum specimen west Museum specimen 13-F-560 (BP 2458). 8-F-87. 1Pueblo II site near Overton, Nevada, called cPictograph Cave, Canyon del Muerto, Arizona. "Scorpion Hill." Southwest Museum specimens University of Colorado number 2631. Nine speci- 5-F-lb, 5-F-ld. mens. eLost City (Pueblo Grande de Nevada), Nevada. Same as C. Thirty-six bpecimens. Southwest Museum specimen 13-F-560. eSite on Colorado r. at mouth of Virgin r., nSegie Canyon, NE Arizona. Arizona State Nevada. Southwest Museum specimen 8-F-103. Museum, 3217. fVandal Cave, Lukachukai Mts., NE Arizona. 0Segie Canyon, NE Arizona. Arizona State Date about 600 A. D. Arizona State Museum speci- Museum, 3217. men 15990. PSegie Canyon, NE Arizona, Arizona State gBroken Flute Cave, NE Arizona. Earl H. Morris Museum, 3217. number 1195 A. Five specimens. qWupatki Pueblo, Arizona. Museum of Northern hSite on Colorado r. at mouth of Virgin r. Arizona, 693-NA405.S4.123. Nevada. Southwest Museum specimen 8-F-92. rPecos Pueblo, New Mexico. Phillips Academy, iBonelli site, Old Rioville, Clark co., 72238 (Kidder, fig. 165b). Kidder dates-this Nevada. Southwest Museum specimens 8-F-101 and piece as Glaze III or Glaze IV. 62 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS means that nine Californian types were already types occur in two or more Californian areas and being made in California when Basketmaker III was six of the types are ethnological in occurrence flourishing in the Southwest, thus implying an in California, as indicated in table 16. Four of equal or greater antiquity for certain Califor- these six occur in Basketmaker III in the South- nian sites, west. Thus by limiting comparison of Californian shell Since the above was written Professor Haury artifact types with Southwestern shell artifacts has published a preliminary account of "The of same type from dated deposits, and made from Stratigraphy of Ventana Cave, Arizona."51 No species found only on the Pacific Coast and not shell artifacts are mentioned in this article, in the Gulf of California, it is possible to ar- but Dr. Haury has sent me a list of 15 marine rive at minimum dates for the manufacture of the species found in the cave, only four of which types in California, assuming of course the ab- occur on the coast of Califomia. Of these four, sence of independent manufacture of the same only one (Haliotis fulgens) is limited to the types in the Southwest. Apparently shell artifact Pacific Coast and is not found in the Gulf of types may prove second only to pottery in abun- California. This spec ies, represented by a single dance and in restricted manufacture of local specimen, is the only certain molluscan tie with types. Thus, for exmple, the bracelet of Glycy- the coast of California. Obviously, then, the meris shell, so abundant in Hohokam arua of users of Ventana Cave derived their shell mate- southern Arizona and northern Sonora does not ap- rial almost exclusively from the Gulf of Cali- pear-in our Californian collection. There are fornia. This seems logical enough in view of the plenty of large clams in Californian waters from geographic location of the cave. Also it helps which bracelets might have been made, but there to set in bold relief the ties of Californian seems to have been nQ interest in this type of coast shell work with ancient Anasazi culture body ornament. No Californian type found in the and not with Hohokam culture. Southwest has been found limited to but one Cal- ifornian site. Hence, it is not possible to apply the cross-dating to a single site, but only to groups of sites or areas. With one exception the 51See References Cited. REFERENCES CITED Abbreviations: 1942. Olivella pycna. The Nautilus, 55: AA American Anthropologist. 92-93. AMNH-AP Ambrican Museum of Natural History, 1944. Californian Olivellas. The Nautilus, Anthropological Papers. 57:73-80. American Ethnology, Bulletin. Gifford, E. W. BAE-B Bureau of 1916. Miwok Moietiee. UC-PAAE 12:139-194. -R Annual Report. 1940. Californian Bone Artifacts. UC-AR MAIBF-C Museum of the American Indian, Heye 3:153-237. Foundation, Contributions. -INM Indian Notes and Monographs. Goddard, P. E. PMM-B Public Museum of City of Milwaukee, 1903. Life and Culture of the Hupa. UC-PAAE Bulletin. 1:1-88. Stanford University Press. Harrington, J. P. SUP 1928. Exploration of the Burton Mound at UC-AR University of California Anthropolog- Santa Barbara, California. BAE-R ical Records. 44:23-168. -PAAE Publications in American Archaeology 1942. Culture Element Distributions:XIX Cen- and Ethnology. UC-AR USNM-B United States National Museum, Bulletin. tral California Coast. 7:1-46. Harrington, M. R. 1938. Use of Shells by the Seri. The Master- Baily, Joshua L., Jr. key, 12:122-124. 1935. The First Pacific Conchologist. The Haury, Emil W. Nautilus, 48:73-75. 1943. The Stratigraphy of Ventana Cave, Ari- Barrett, S. A. zona. American Antiquity, 8:218-223. 1908. Pomo Ind-ian Basketry. UC-PAAE 7:133-308. Heizer, R. F. Barrett, S. A., and Gifford, E. W. 1940. The Introduction of Monterey Shells to 1933. Miwok Material Culture. PNM-B 2:117-376. the Indians of the Northwest Coast. Berry, S. S. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 31: 1935. An Undescribed Californian Olivella. 399-402. Proc. Malacological Society of Lon- 1941a. The Distribution and Name of the don, 21:262-265. Chuimash Plank Canoe. The Masterkey, Bird, Junius B. 15:59-61. 1943. Excavations in Northern Chile. AMNH-AP 1941b. Aboriginal Trade between the Southwest 38:171-318. and California. The Masterkey, 15: Brand, Donald D. 185-188, 1938. Aboriginal Trade Routes for Sea Shells 1941c. The Direct-Historioal Approach in Cal- in the Southwest, Yearbook of the ifornia Archaeology. American Antiq- Association of Pacific Coast Geogra- uity, 7:98-122. phers, 4:3-10. 1941d. Archaeological Evidence of Sebastian Burnett, E. K. Rodriguez Cermeflo's California Visit 1944. Inlaid Stone and Bone Artifacts from in 1595. California Historical Quart- Southern California. MAIHF-C 13. erly, 20:315-328. Colton, H. S. Heizer R F. and Fenenga F- 1941. Prehistoric Trade in the Southwest. 1639. Archaeological iIorizons in Central Cali- Scientific Monthly, 52:308-319. fornia. AA 41:378-399. Dall, W. H. Henderson, Junius 1921. Summary of the Marine Shellbearing 1930. Ancient Shell "Trade Routes." The Nau- Mollusca of the Northwest Coast tilus, 43:109-110. of America, from San Diego, Califor- Heye, George G. nia, to the Polar Sea, Mostly Con- 1921. Certain Artifacts from San Miguel Is- tained in the Collection of the land, California. MAIHF-INM 7:1-211 United States National Museum, with (No. 4). Illustrations of Hitherto Unfigured Holmes, William Henry Species. USNM-B 112. 1883. Art in Shell. BAE-R 2:179-305. Driver, H. B., and Kroeber, A. L. 1902. Anthropological Studies in California. 1932. Quantitative Expression of Cultural USNM-R for year ending June 30, 1900. Relationships. UC-PAAE 31:211-256. Keen, A. Myra Fewkes, J. W. 1937. An Abridged Check List and Bibliography 1896. Pacific Coast Shells from Prehistoric of West North American Marine Mollusca. Tusayan Pueblos. AA 9:359-367. SUP. Gifford, D. S., and E. W. Keen, A. Myra and Frizzell Don L. 1941. Color Variation in Olivella biplicata. 1939. Iliustrated Key to West North American The Nautilus, 55:10-12. Pelecypod Genera. SUP. 63 64 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Keep, Josiah Ethnological Collections from Vicin-. 1935. West Coast Shells. Revised by Joshua ity of Santa Barbara, California, and L. Baily, Jr. SUP. from Ruined Pueblos of Arizona and New Kidder, Alfred Vincent Mexico, and Certain Ilterior Tribes. 1932. The Artifacts of Pecos. Phillips Acad- Report upon U. S. Geog. Surveys West emy, Andover, Massachusetts, of 100th Meridian, Vol. 7. Kroeber, A. L. Quimby, George I., Jr. 1908. Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians. 1941. The Goodall Focus. Indiana Historical UC-PAAE 8:29-68. Society, Prehistory Research Series, 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Vol. 2, pp. 63-161. BAR-B 78. Rau, C. Leechuan, Douglas 1876. Archaeological Collection of the Na- 1942. Abalone Shells from Monterey, AA 44: tional Museum. Smithsonian Contribu- 159-162. tions to Knowledge, 287. Lillard, J. B., Heizer, R. F., and Fenenga, F. Robinson, Eugene 1939. An Introduction of the Archeology of 1942. Shell Fishhooks-of the California Coast. Central California. Sacramento Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, Junior College Department of Anthro- 17:57-65. pology, Bulletin 2. Rogers,.David Banks Lillard, J. B., and Purves, W. K. 1929. Prehistoric Man of the Santa Barbara 1936. The Archaeology of the Deer Creek- Coast. Santa Barbara Museum of Nat- Cosumnes Area, Sacramento County, ural History. California. Sacramento Junior Col- Rogers, Malcolm J. lege Department of Anthropology, 1941. Aboriginal Culture Relations between Bulletin 1. Southern California and the Southwest. Loud, L. L. San Diego Museum Bulletin-, 5:3., 1-6. 1918. Ethnogeography and Archaeology of the Schenck, W. E. Wiyot Territory. UC-PAAE 14:221-436. 1926. The Emeryville Mound: Final Report. Moorehead, W. K. UC-PAAE 23:147-282. 1900. Prehistoric Implements. Robert Clarke Schenck, W. E., and,Dawson, E. J. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1929. Archaeology of the Northern Sani Joaquin Nelson, N. C. Valley. UC-P.AA 25:289-413. 1936. Notes on the Santa Barbara Culture. Spinden, H. J. In Essays in Anthropology Presented 1911. An Ancient Sepulcher at Placeres del to A. L. Kroeber in Celebration of Oro, State of Guerrero, Mexico. AA, His Sixtieth Birthday, June 11, 1936, n. s., 13:29-55. pp. 199-209. University of California Stearns, Robert E. C. Press. 1889. Ethno-conchology--A Study of Primitive Nimuendaji1. Curt Money. Report of the USNM for the 1946. The Eastern Timbira. UC-PAAE 41. year ending June 30, 1887, pp. 297-334. Oldroyd, Ida S. Tryon, George W., Jr. 1924. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of 1883. Manual of Conchology, Vol..5. North America. 2 vols. SUP, Univ} Uhle, Max Ser., Geol. Sci. Vol. 1, Pelecypoda 1907. The Emeryville Shellmound. UC-PAAE and Brachiopoda. 7:1-106. 1927. Ibid., vol. 2, Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, Waterman, T. T. and Amphineura. 1910. The Religious Practices of the Diegueho Olson, R. L. Indians. UC-PAAE 8:271-358. 1930. Chwnash Prehistory. UC-PAAE 28:1-21. Wedel, Waldo R. Orchard, William C. 1941. Archeological Investigations at Buena 1929. Beads and Beadwork of the American -Vista Lake, Kern County, California. Indians. MAul?. BAE-B 130. Orr, Phil C. Woodward, Arthur 1943. Archaeology Qf Mescalitan Island and 1929. Shell Fish Hooks of the Chumash. Bulletin Customs of the Canalino. Santa Bar- of the Southern California Academy of bara Museum of Natural History, Sciences, 28:41-46. Occasional Papers, no. 5. 1930. Shells Used by the Indians in the Village Putnam, F. W. of Muwu. Bulletin of the Southern Cali- 1879. Reports upon Archaeological and fornia Academy of Sciences, 29:105-114. ILLUSTRATED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SHELL SPECIMENS

Illustrated specimens are listed by UCMA numbers and Barr collection numbers (latter indicated by B-), reading from left to right. All illustrations show specimens 70 per cent natural size, unless otherwise stated. Except for specimen numbers bearing prefix 11- or 12-, all UCMA specimen numbers bear prefix 1-, which has been omitted from the following list. C4. 16045; 16045; 30586; 16045; J6aII. 16054 and 6542 both K8bI. 6933. 31145; 34464. over 6207 and 16331. K8bII. 55842. D9. 37319; 37388. J6aIII. 16331. E8bIII. 6329. El. B-2191. J6aIV. 36278; 6622; 33991. K9a. 28112; 50405. F5a. 35067; 35067; 35067. J6aV. 16057; 16057; 16057. M9b. 36862; 35488. F5b. 29307. J6aVI. 31264. K9cII. 25315. Gla. 34670. J6b. 6933. KlOb. 49486. Glb. 32467 (two views, side and J7aI. 16020; 35187a; 6102; Klla. 55842; 57163. bottom; drawing made double 6324; 6629; 6112. KilbI. 56944. size before plate reduction of J7bI. 35060. K12. 34906; 55674. 30%). J7bII. 35069; 6459. K13aI. 30619. Glc. 16209 (drawing made double J7cI. 6459; 6421; 6340; K13aII. 35069 over 34954 and size before plate reduction of 6340; 6340. 34928. 30%). J7cII. 6459; 6329; 6329; K14a. 35581; 35069; 32346. Hla. 6707. 6459. K15bII. 6130; 35093; 6459. Hlb. 35066; 35066. J7d. 6459 over 35061. K15c. 6261. H2aI. 6481. J7e. 34963. K16. 6449; 34970; 34847. H2aII. 6584; 35165; 6393. J8a. 6630; 6629. K17. 34970. H2aIII. 34719 over 14347. J8b. 6312; 6625. K18. 6130; 34953. M2b. 6813 over 32082. J9. 6129; 6441. E19. 34791. H2c. 25137. JlOa. 6324; 6312; 6315; 6630; K2,O. . 6492. W2d. 34357. 6324; 6112. K22. 6206. H4aI. 6329; 6480. JlOb. 34954. K23. 6130. H4aII. 6933. J11. 6630. K24. 37127. H4bI. 6327. J12. 6312; 6459. K25. 49566. H4bII. 6185. J13. 34983. K2,6. 49491. H5aI. 35035a; 6109; 6100; 6629; KlaIV. 28741b. K27. 38157. 6206; 6625; 6933; 6206; 6351. KlbIII. 37596. K28. 34970. H5aII. 6324; 6329; 6100; 6100; Klc. 16707; 26051. K29. 55099. 6459; 6315. Klf. 36507; 25591. K31. 56879. H5aIII. 6283; 6315; 6329; 6459. K2aI. 6706; 25587. Lla. 36273; 16064; 30764. H5aIV. 6283; 6933. X2aIII. 50113. Llb. 16064; 34440; 35490. H5aV. 29343. K2bI. 25590; 49648. Lld. 6933; 46209; 6352; 6352. H5aVI. 35069 over 36937. K2bII. 22064; 29148; 25590. Lle. 16070; 16072. H5bI. 6351; 34954; 6351. K2bIII. B-2291; 25588; Llf. 16009; 16069. H5bII. 36901. 35093. Llg. 36279; 34920. H5bIII.. 6351. BXcI. 36274. LTh. 36272; 33945. H5bIV. 6351. K2d. 50180. Lli. 16010. Jlb. 31264; 34091. K2e. 49352; 49353. Llj. 37102 with cross section. Jlc. 16041; 16041; 16041. K3aI. 46319; 6206. Llk. 16057. J2al. 16916 over 6622; 46642; K3bI. 31569. L2a. 34403. 46426. K3bII. 6485. L2b. 34441. J2aI,. 6621 over 19428. K3bIV. 14594 and 34970 over L2c. 34443. J2aIII. 6621 over 26037. 46461; 49010. L3. 37660. J2bI. 6621. 3oc. 31619. MlaI. 57126. J2bII. 34952; 34367. K4aI. 55049; 29863. MlaII. 58224; 58766. J3aI. 6207; 52256; 6528. K4c. 29864. Mlb!. 57215; 56269. J3bI. 35187; 34791. K5aI. 57691; B-207; 57692; MlbII. 58995. J3bII. 34848. 56882. MlcII. 38238a; 59010. J3c. 6327 over 34366. OKbII. 37111; 6933; 34775. Mld. 57790. J3d. 35060 over 34954. K5cI. 58212; 55718. Mle. 38238b. J3e. 32368. K5d. 39264. Mlf. 55664. J3f. 34970. K6aI. 30707; 6324. 25587. Mlg. 55842; 56701. J4. K6bIII. 22063; 53754; 50439. M2a. B-130; 57605. J5. 6933. K7. 55709. M2b. 56263. J6aI. 16003; 6559; 6528. K8a. B-68; 56875. M2cI. 59078bb [65] 66 ANTBROPOLOGICAL RECORDS M2dII. B-1807; B-832; B-1951. P4. 37035. Q33. 6206. M2e. B-2024; 58627. P5. 6130. Q34. 55142. M2f. 57596. P6. 6459. Q35. 6111. M3. B-425. P7. 6438; 6315. Q36. 34839. NlaI. 57925; 55838; B-444; B-1375; Qlal. 37128; B-2188; 39937; Q37. 57129. 39116. 6706. Ri. 6524. NlaII. 29869; 39668; 17072; 17081; QlaIII. B-1378; B-1276; 4993; R2. 6617. 49701. B-1923; 35213; B-1309; R3a. 6616 over 6524 and-6612. NlaIII. 49762; 4972; 50200; 50201; B-1931. R3b. 6614. B-1535. QlaIV. 16014; 18209; B-1461; Sla. 32399. NlbI. 28963; 39932; B-1374; B-1006; 6630; 34849; B-64; B-143. Slb. 37669 (two views). 17080; 17070; 29962. Q,lbIII. 50535; 50409; 25569; S2aI. 25571; 55069; 39741. NlbIII. 49631; 49632; 39762; 4972. 57507; 25569. S2aII. B-1609; 38184. NlbIV. 56405. QlbIV. 37028; 56852; 6405; S2aIII. 50863; 49482. Nlc. B-1530; B-1568; B-1491. 57679; 6206; 6312; 28112; S2bI. 3-7668; 29156. Nld. B-1534. 50465; 46678. S2e. 38163. NleI. B-2186. QlcII. 57160; B-1015. S2f. 433. N2aI. 55607; 57676; B-1278; 49656; Qld. 57757; 29734. S2g. 37712. 49764. Q,2aIII. B-446; 50162; 25319; S3cI. 29419. N2aII. 49765; 49767; 49768. 49435 over 57085; 49793 over S3d. 49404; 49405; 49775. N2bI. 59022; B-1311; B-1488; B-1277. B-1930. S5bII. 25574; 37616. N2bII. 39744; 49763. Q3a. 6261. S6aI. 55070. M2bIII. 55768; 50191. Q3b. 46466. S6aIII. 6943; 6505. N2o. B-1542; 57795. Q4aI. 50116. S6bI. 32813. N2dI. 56264; 57760. Q4aII. 2860; 6976; 6206, 39390; S6cI. 30881; 30654. N2e. 57677. 6629. S7aII. 39760; 17081; 49484; 6264; N3aI. 56280. Q4bIII. 6459; 55071. 49460; 49341. N3aII. B-1260. Q5aII. 39926; 48855; B-8; S7cI. B-206; 50555; B-610 (two, N3b. 49478b. 39926; 48874. views); 17074. N3c. 49257. QSbI. 30524; 30524. S8aIII. 26279; 6206 over B-168. N4aI. 50394; 49737; 50169. Q5d. 31581. S8bI. 30524; 30524; 30482. N4aII. 25317. Q6aIII. 19670; 50402; 22209; S8bII. 30355. N4b. 50181. 6100; 35069. S8bIV. 12-1734; 6283. NS. 49463; 50352; 50184. Q6b. 50258. S9a. B-1575. N6aI. 50189; 50188. Q7aIII. B-203; 6505; 6505; 6505; SlOaL. 50412; B-824. N6aII. 49288; 49476b; 49872. 34366; B-1553; 46532; 34954. SlOb. B-441. N6aIII. 50361; 39083; 49477. Q7bIII. 36799; 39913; B-2095. S12. 56963; 17081. N6bI. 29637. Q7c. B-648; 17074; 57992; 58845. S13. 32830. N6bIII. 39259; 50178. Q8b. 50413. S14. 29420. N6cI. 49255; 50558. Q9a. 38514; 38521. S15a. 6340. OlaI. 6706. Q9b. B-1017. S16a. 6261. OlaII. B-1580; B-1591; 16054. Q10. 49147; 49548. S17. 6206. OlaIII. 57503; B-1999; 53190; QllaII. 6261; 6130; 6130; 6324; S18. B-1409. B-729; B-553; 34366; B-164 6100; 6206; 25619. S19. 32814; 35550b. 56283; 6283; 58845; 50860 tbe- Qllb. B-2042; 34981; 6329. S20. 32355; 32813. tween rows). Q12. 48875; 55748. S21. 55064; 55065. 02a. 6976; B-556. Ql3b. 34981; 34981; 34919. S22. 55843. 03aII. 50852; B-558; 38192; 34839; Ql4a. B-1595; B-1346. S23. 6340. B-368; B-396; 28111. Q14b. 34954; 6340. S24. 57722. 04. B-1585; B-1999. Q15aI. 50438. S27. 56939. 05a. 50857; 34366. Q15aII. 6351; 6630; 35482. S29. 60131. 05b. 34791; 36799. Qi6a. 6104; 6206; 6206. Tla. 57196; 39218; 46456. 06. B-37. Q16b. 36901; 6625. Tlb. 6130; 6939. 07. 6130. Q18. 37035. Tlc. 46321; 30908. 08. 6104. Q19. B-1442. T2a. 14855. 09. 34366. Q20. 32405. T2b. 16008. 010. 6206. Q21. 32404. T3. 8362. 011. 6185. Q24. 39446. T4. 6804. 012. 34366. Q25a. B-1449; 39137. Ul. B-1416. 013. 59015. Q26. 35133; 6329. U2aIII. B-1610; 37610; 35166 Pla. 48694; B-1260; B-165. Q27. 32406. over 49393. Plb. 6351. Q29. 50563. U2bII. 6632; 34771; 37685; P2. 6109; 6329. Q30. 50414. 35096. P3. 6351. Q32. 49303; 49562. U4b. 6111; 6629; 34366. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 67 U5b. 36799. X4. 31225; 34854 (two views ACla. 36799. U6aI. 39200; 50304; 50432. of both). AClb. 6329. U6aII. 58556; 6185; 6261. XDa. 36808; B-652. AC2a. 4992. U6b. 58555; 57949; 6351 over 6340. XMb. 6323 (two views). AC2b. 35581; 29609; 36863. U7a. 6261; 6505; 6505; 57601; 6206; M3bI. 14325; 6502; 34644; 39945; AC3. 6340; 36863; 35187a. 57179. 25499. (all composite speci- AC4. 6625. U8b. 49544; 6933 over 17081. mens). AC5a. 6104; 6109; 6933; 6283. U9b. 34847. X3c. 39943 (composite specine). AC5b. 6329. U1Oa. 57504; 6329; 6630. X4. 6249 (composite specimen; AC6. 6352; 6329; 6329. f11. 49316. three views). AC7a. 35581. U12a. 6312; 6109; 6340. Y. 31144; 31025. AC 7b. 6351. U15a. 56851; 57794; 58843. Zi. 35062; B-1591. AC8a. 34819. U15bI. 58086; 57581. Z2aIII. 49664; 6630; 35069. AC8b. 6352; 6351; 6351. U15bII. 57582. Z2bII. 29889; B-1596; 6261. ADla. 6206. VlaI. 8020; 30339 over 35486; 30731 Z2c. 57761. ADlb. 6206; 6286; 37028; 6286; over 60136. Z3aI. 57698; B-730; 55843. 36799. VlaII. 39748 and 59273 over 51920. Z3bII. 56690; 6933. AD2. 35069. VlaIII. 29534 59277. Z3c. B-1145. AD3. 6329. VlaIV. 47098 (three views). Z4a. 3Q524. AE1. 6100. VlaV. 34455 over 6113; 19594 over Z5. 50251. AE2. 6329 (three views). 16216. Z6bIII. 6441; 6933; 6459; 6340; AE3a. 55608; B-1591. Vlc. 59274. 34954. - AE3b. 28767; 6973; B-2075; 6283. Vld. 58859. Z7aII. 55808; 37035. AES3c. 32310. Vle. 36275. Z8. 56966. AE4a. B-1423. V2aI. 36491 over 6942; 6524 over Z9b. 6933. AX4b. 34697; 35069; 35069. 31225. Z10. 56938. AE5a. 6283. V2aII. 16007. Zil. 6111. AE5b. 37128; 6630; 6312. V2bI. 6810. Z12. 6324; 6340. AE6a. 6505; 56931; 6283. V2bII. 64269. Z13. 32407. AE6b. 6329; 6329; 35069. V2cI. 36270; 36589; 36276; 36479; AA2aIV. 50482; 6324. AE7a. 36901; 6329. 36275; 36271;. 36269. AA2bI. 50390; 16649. AE7bI. 6286. V2cII. 36478. AA2bII. B-145; 35069. AE7bII 6286; 6933; 6352; 6312. V2d. 36275. AA3aI. 59005. AE8. 34366; 34839; 6505. V3. 36275 and 36275 over 36275. AA3aIII. 56336; 28766; 35069. AE9a. 6329; 6340. V4. 6524. AA3b. 50325; 56335; 50338; AE10. 6559. V5. 36268. 50272. AF2a. 6111. WlaI. 15998 (two views). AA4aII. 6130; 51332; 34366; AF2b. 6625. WlaII. 15999. 6264. AF3. 6630. WlaIII. 16013.' AA4b. 50323; 6261; 6206; 34954. AF4aI. 5543; 57776; 22556. WlaIV. 16012; 53437. AA5a. 53745; B-1727; 58842; AF4b. 51487. Wlb. 6524. 6111. AF5aI. 6622; 46643. Wlc. 6524. AA5b. 6286; 55799; 34847; 59791 @ AF5aIII. 29882; 25563; 49617; W2a. 6804. AA6a. 6261; 34937. 37683. W2b. 6259. AA7. 6340; 34791. AF5bI. 37663. W2c. 6804; 16011. AA8. 6352. AF5bII. 6241; 35093. W2d. 16003; 35069. AA9. 37053; 34366. AF6. 16647. X3aI. 22008 46535 (both composite AA10. 34970. AF7. 36799. specimens3. AAll. 34994. AF8b. 34697; 37098; 6459; 6351; X3bI. 34645; 31993 (both composite ABlaII. 34366; 6324; B-1610; 6324. specimens). 6630 and 37111 over 6324. AF9. 30707. Xla. 34593. ABlb. 6329; 6625; 34849. AFlOa. 30707. Xlb. 24706. AB2a. 6647. AFlOb. 50203. X2a. 53781; 48851; 56685; 55150. AB2b. B-1618. AFli. 37035; 6286; 35069. XMb. 59280; 59280; 39916; 6264. AB3a. 32813. AF12. 6130. X3aI. 46322; 38145; 39920; 30488; AB3bI. 6405. AF13. 6329. 49571. AB3bII. 37618. AF14. 6351; 6329. X3aII. 49818. AB4aI. 57777; 58813. AF15. 37028. X3aIII. 49818. AB4aII. 6933; 6351; 6283. AGlaI. 16233; 6324. X3bI. 51405; 52298; 55553; 52305; AB5. 55070; 55070. AGlaII. 55843; B-1922; B-1427. 53540. AB6a. 6340. AGlaIII. 6324; 6324. X3bII. 58858 (two views). AB6b. 16646. AG2a. 6111; 6112. X3bIII. 52287. AB7a. 34919; 6312. AG2b. 6329; 6329. X3bIV. 34836. AB8b. 6286; 36799; 6352; 6629. AG3a. 6111; 6206. X3c. 59761; 37727. AB9. 6352; 6340. AG3b. 6459. 68 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS AG4a. 6340; 6340. AQ-lb. 35035. AT2cII. 16330; 35110. AH1. 6206. AQ2. 36799; 6206; 6324. AT2cIII. 4545; 33946; 8392. AH2. 6449; 35069; 6283. AQ3 6111; 6111; 6111. AT2cIV. 8480; 16330. AH13. 6459; 6340. AQ4. 6111. AT2cV. 16330; 16330; 16331; 35272 AIl. 35069; 32356. AQ5.. 6111. 1296. A12. 35069; 36799. AR1. B-1933; 6111; 6111; 6283. AUl. 33953. AJ. B-1331; B-1332; B-1333. AR2. 6329. AU2. 36948. AK1. 57599. AR3a.. 6329; 6111; 6111. AU3. 6135; 32273; 16035. AK2. 35069. AR3b. 6206. AVlc. 37017; 6938. AL. 34697. AR4. 6206. AV2a. 6308; 34984; 6103; 34776. AN1. 58524. ASlaI. B-1425.; B-1933; B-1422. AV2b. B-470; 58132; 34915; AM2. 58817. ASlaII. 36799. 37037; 37064; 38165. AN2. 6128. ASlb. B-1424. AV2c. 37141; 6938; 6147; 6242. AN3. 36799; 36799; 36799. AS2aI. 55836; 29770; B-1933 (below). AV2dI. 37037; 6938; 32814. AN4. 6630 (two views). AS2aII. 6630; 34791. AV2dII. 6106; 32814; 6436. AN5. 36862; 36799; 37098; 37155. AS2b. 34954; 49137. AV3a. 6103; 34841. AO1. 16022. AS3. 6632. AV3b. 36847; 35485; 37037; A02. 16022. AS4a. 51187. 6329. APla. 1041; 16022; 6398. AS4b. 6632. AV4. 34971. AP2aII. 4537; 32378; 6629; 6241; AS5. 51192. AWal. 36947. 6206. AS6a. 32390. AWlb. 6436; 6436; 6231; 6623. AP2c. 49403. AS6b. 25310. AWlc. 6436; 6436. AP3. 6241. AT1. 50879; 50882; 49952. AW2a. 37110; 37030; 37030; AP4aI. 6127; 6439; 6438. AT-Caroline. 11-224; 11-211; 11-219. 6939. AP4bIII. 6127; 6136; 6629; 6421; AT2aI. 34416; 33965. AW2b. 6436. 6438. AT2aIII. 6667; 6667. AX. 35069. AP5. 35112. AT2bI. 35301. AYl. 58343. AP6. 6442. AT2bII. 6751. AY2. 6939. AQla. 6630; 6109; 6324; 34905. AT2cI. 34076; 36277.; 16330; 34091. AY3. 6340; 6457.

Composite specimens of B2, KlaIV, Zl: 6197b; 6198 (specimen numbers entered below the illustrations. GIFFORD: CALIFORIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 69

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(&.) (oN. (.2. Z9b ZIl ziZ Z13 z10 100 ANTROP0LOGICAL RECORDS

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AAB AA9 AAIO AAll GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 101

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AP&c AP J&I: GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN H ARTIFACTS 107

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.A&Y3 61 976 6198 ILLUSTRATED ETHNOLOGICAL SHELL SPECIMENS58

1. gm (K). 7. 2826 (AP). 13. 64292 (VlaII, VlaIII) . 2. 9t (K). 8. 10c (Star). 14. 53629 it n 3. 9od (K). 9. 2045 (Octagon).. 15. 28651 n 4. gof (M). 10. 2362 (VlaII, VlaIII). 16. 2784 it n 5. 9207 (Sla). 11. 2788 n 17. 2790 n n 6. 7462 (UI). 12. 2787 n n

asExcept for the words "star" and "octagon," the parenthetical references are to the archaeological classification.

[112] GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 113

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I (:) * 'u~II 'Iv APPENDIX Additional Californian Bone Artifact Types in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History By PHIL C. ORR

INTRODUCTION occupied by the Chumash-speaking people. Site or locality numbers are those of the Santa Barbara The writer is indebted to Professors E. W. Museum of Natural History and should not be con- Gifford and A. L. Kroeber for the opportunity fused with site numbers of the University of to describe these bone artifacts in the collec- California as given by Gifford. Lower-case let- tion of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural ter, following the number of the site} indi- History as an appendix to Gifford's shell typol- cates the particular portion of the site or the ogy. Its value to the potential user is far cemetery from which it was recovered, as re- greater as an appendix to Gifford's paper than corded in the Museum's records. Thus 46a and 46d it would be if published as an Occasional Paper are different cemeteries in site 46. of the Museum or in an anthropological journal. Specimens marked is. (island) or M (mainland) It has been the aim of the writer to avoid or SB (Santa Barbara region) indicate that no- changes in Gifford's classification of bone ar- definite locality is known. These are mostly tifacts but, due to restrictive phrases charac- specimens whose records were lost in the earth- terizing types, it has seemed advisable in quake of 1925. several instances to change Gifford's wording to include related new types in the Santa Bar- Southern Coast (SC).-All sites are in Santa bara Museum's collection. Barbara co. unless otherwise noted. Gifford's classification employs at tlte max- Mainland sites: imum a fourfold grouping, which be has likened, to zotlogi a1 order, family, genus, species, the 1. Rincon cr. at mouth, Santa Barbara- last being the type, unless the classification Ventura cos. line. is less than fourfold. For these groupings he 7. Catlin and Higgins ranches, 1/2 mi. employed capital letter, Arabic numeral, small SE of Carpinteria. letter, and Roman numeral. If only one type 27. Chapala street, at the beach, Santa ("species") appeared in an "order" he used only Barbara. the capital letter; if only two types he used 28. Burton md., Cabrillo blvd., Santa the capital and Arabic numeral; the other two Barbara. symbols were used if the number of types and 44. More Ranch, Goleta.1 their diagnostic characters warranted. 46. Mescalitan is., Goleta; cemRteries The writer has indicated Gifford 's "orders" a, b, c, d, e, f. by the word "Gifford" following the symbol. 71. Bell Canyon, W of Goleta. When changes in the restrictive wording of a 72. Tecol.ote Canyon, E side. division have been made they are indicated by 73. Tecolote Canyon, W side. the words "Gifford-Orr." In cases where Gifford 74. Tecolote Canyon, N of U. S. highway 101. has symbolized the type by the "order" symbol 78. Dos Pueblos, 15 mi. W of Santa Barbara. only, the writer has assumed this to be type 1 (Rogers, p. 206, calls this site and has indicated this; additional types are "Mikiw," but it is better known by the numbered 2, 3, etc., without parentheses, thus: name Dos Pueblos.) 81. Las Llagas, 17 mi. W of Santa Barbara. X. One-Piece "Circular" Fishhook. Gifford 84. El Capitan, cr. at beach. Xl. Gifford's X. 104. Sunset Valley, nr. Figueroa mt. X2. One-piece "circular" fishhook 111. Ojai, Soules ranch E of Ojai, Ventura co. shank plain, no barb. 121. Ina Campbell, U. S. highway 101. H. Hurricane Deck, definite site not known. In some cases Gifford's wording has been too Island sites: Santa Cruz restrictive to allow the inclusion of related is. objects, but rather than change the wording of 125. Cochies Prietos. his."orders," new "orders" have been added. 155. Forney's Cove. These occur among orders WW to AM. 156. Christy's, portions of sites a and 157. Valdez. b. AREAS AND SITES 158. Arch Rock, cemeteries a and d. All specimens described are from the Santa 1Gifford's Ml, More Ranch, is the same as Barbara region and within the area formerly SBM 46 and is across the slough from 44. [115] 116 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Island sites: Santa Cruz is. (contd.) seems likely that this was left by Aleut hunters 159. Willows. who were imported during the early 1800's to hunt sea otter. Santa Rosa is. E. Double-6nded Spatulate Knife or Scraper, Gifford R. No definite site known. 160. Ranch House. E3. Double-ended knife or scraper of split deer tibia, 1 end flat, pointed; other, broad, gouge- San Miguel is. shaped: SC 1 (72), figured. 132. Entire is. K. Ceremonial Wand, Hair Ornament

Correlation of UCMA and SBM SitesI or Dagger, Gifford-Orr Mainland sites (M) UCMA Mainland sites SBM Gifford shows 4 types which he regards as cere- 1. Mescal is., Goleta. 46. Mescalitan is., monial wands, basing this on the ethnological use Goleta. by the Luiseffo and Diegue'no. The characteristic 6. NW bank Rincon cr. 1. Rincon cr. mouth. feature of this type is the diagonally-cut mammal mouth. leg bone, forming a "handle" and a "blade." Some 9. Catlin and Higgins' 7. Catlin and Higgins' are heavy, short, dagger-like instruments, others ranches. ranches. are long, slender, delicately made, and others 10. SE bank Rincon cr. 1. Rincon cr. mouth. have a very broad, almost spoonlike point. Various mouth. explorers have spoken of the Chumash as wearing daggers in their hair. It seems likely that these, Santa Cruz is. cr. mouth UCMA Santa Cruz is. SBM among other objects, may be what has been re- 3, 16, 39. Forney's Cove. 155. Forney's Cove. ferred to. 83. West Ranch. 156. Christy's. It seems advisable to add the terms "Hair Or- 122.. Willows. 159. Willows. nament, or Dagger" to Gifford's order K and char- 131. Coche Prietos. 125. Cochies Prietos. acterize the instrumentsi as being of mammal leg bone, diagonally cut. KS5. Wand of deer tibia like Kl, but without ARCHAEOLOGICAL TYPES crystal and with shorter handle. Points vary from blunt to sharp. For the sake of brevity, preliminary descrip- K5a. Wand of deer tibia, embossed handle, no tions will not be given except when special cir- inlay, point rounded: SC 2 (156a [1 figured]). cumstances make it advisable. See Gifford for K5b. Wand of deer tibia, grooved handle, ser- description of major groups ("orders"). rated opening: SC 1 (72), figured. K5c. Wand of deer tibia, expanded head, sharp B. "Pin'" "Dagger," Gifford curved point: SC 1 (160), figured. K5d. Wand of deer tibia, plain, rounded point: B10. "Pin" of polished unidentified mammal SC 3 (160 [2 figured, 1 of these has 2 pieces of bone, long, slender, straight, oval cross section carnelian inlaid in the endl). with slightly expanded proximal end and slightly K5e. Wand of deer tibia, plain except for deeply flattened distal end or point: SC 4 (156a, 1 notched end of handle, sharp curved point: SC 2 [figured]; 158e, 3).2 (111, 1 [figured]; 72, 1 [figured]). Specimen from Bll. "Dagger" of swordfish bill, base ab- 111 is Hunting People horizon; the one from 72 is ruptly truncated, blade constricted and point shorter and point not curved, Canalino horizon.3 sharp: SC 1 (156a [figured]). Evidence of asphalt K6. Double opening wand. wrapping at junctior of blade and handle. This K6a. Double opening wand, deer tibia, punctate piece might be considered as of "order" L Gifford, design, inlaid cap: SC 1 (17), figured. (Specimen "Spear Head," except that there is no evidence from Fernald pt.?) of its being attachable to a shaft. K7. "Dagger" of deer metapod. B12. "Pin" of swordfish bill, awl-like point, K7a. Awl-like "dagger" of deer metapod, sharp rectangular cross section: SC 2 (132 [1 figured]) point, handle one-third of length; distal end of bone intact: SC 2 (7, 1; 111, 1 [figured]). The one D. Knife,2 Chisel, End-Scraper, Wedge, Gifford from 111 is Hunting People horizon; that from 7 is Oak Grove, which together with K7b comprises the D8. Wedge of ivory, chisel edge, blunt end: only known bone tools of this horizon. SC 1 (is.), figured. Specimen collected many K7b. Awl-like "dagger" of deer metapod, point years ago and is in excellent state of preserva- sharp, handle two-thirds of length, anterior and tion. It appears to be similar to walrus ivory posterior faces of articulations ground flat: SC 1 and to have been made with a steel file. It (28), figured.

2See p. 2 for explanation of abbreviations. Locality numbers are Santa Barbara Museum of 5For characterization of horizons, see Orr, Natural History, given above. pp.9, 34; and D. B. Rogers. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHE1LL ARTIFACTS 117 K8. "Dagger" of femur. Marrow cavity plugged slender, flat, rounded point, biconically drilled in a majority of cases with asphaltum. hole near end. End grooved and connected with the K8a. "Dagger" of femur, short, heavy, taper- eye so that thread could lie in groove below the ing point. Marrow cavity plugged with asphaltum. surface of the needle: SC 2 (156a, 1 [figured]; K8aI. "Dagger," grooved handle, shows evi- 73, 1 [figured]). dence of wrapping, blade diagonally cut, expos- PlOa. "Needle," unidentified mammal bone, slen- ing marrow cavity; remainder further cut, forming der, flat, rounded point, plain: SC 1 (72), figured. a flat blade: SC 1 (160), figured. PlOb. "Needle," unidentified mammal bone, K8aII. "Dagger," plain, shell inlay on asphalt slender flat rounded point, punctate design: SC plug: SC 3 (71, 2 [1 figured]; 73, 1 [figured]). 1 figured. One shows evidence of wrapping on the end, inlay (156aJ, has dropped out of all but 1. Q. "Pendant," Gifford K8b. "Dagger" of bear femur, broad, flat spoon- like blade. Q6a. Gifford's Q6. K8bl. "Dagger" of bear femur, plain: SC 5 Q6b. Pendant worked down so original interior (44, 4; 111, 1 [figured]). Specimen from 111 is surface of bone not visible. Ovoid, incised de- Hunting People; those from 44, horizon unknown. sign: SC 1 (M), figured. Three are represented by characteristic broad, Q8a. Gifford's Q8. flat points only. Q8b. Bullroarer-like pendant, plain: SC 1 (132), K8bII. "Dagger" of bear femur, handle giooved figured. and heavily inlaid with Olivella beads and Hali- Q,10. Pendant, triangular, perforation at apex, otis rectangles: SC 1 (111), figured. s plain: SC 1 (156a), figured. K9. "Hairpin" of unidentified mammal leg bone. Qll. Pendant of unidentified bone (porpoise K9a. "Hairpin," short handle; SC 5 (125, 1; mandible or scapula), broad at perforated end, with 160, 4 [2 figured]). rounded projection for perforation, tapering to K9b. Dagger-like, long handle; SC 2. (84, 1 other end., punctate design: SC 1 (SR region [figured]; 159, 1 tfigured]). figured. L. "Spearhead," Gifford R. Turtle-Bone Rattle,-Gifford

L3a. Gifford's L3. Rl. Gifford's R. I L3b. "Spearhead," leaf-shaped, long slender R2. Turtle rattle, carapace, one hole for sus- shaft of whale bone: SC 1 (is.), figured, p. 121. pension: SC 1 (46a), figured. Indications of a tie string still on shaft. R3. Turtle rattle, carapace, many holes drilled L3c. "Spearhead" of penis bone, oval cross from inside: SC 1 (160), figured. Fragments of section, sharp point; SC 1 (M), figured, p. 121. five turtle carapaces from 111 have no indications of drilling. Heye (pl. LXXI), figures a similar N. Shoehorn-shaped Object, Gifford rattle from San Miguel is. Nla. Gifford's Nl. W. Harpoon or Spearhead, Barbed, Gifford Nlb. Shoehorn-shaped object of dolphin (?) jaw, prozimal end flat and abruptly truncated; W4. Harpoon or spearhead, sharp short barb, SC 1 (73), figured. Inner surface shows many cuts long tapering shaft: SC 1 (is.), figured. Distin- and one deep groove as though used as a cutting guiished from other W by greater length and slender- board. ness, barb more pronounced. A similar harpoon is N6. Shoehorn-shaped object of porpoise jaw, figured by Putnam (fig. 103). long slender point, thinner than Nl. N6a. Shoehorn-shaped object, plain: SC 17 X. One-Piece "Circular" Fishhook, Gifford (156a, 3 [1 figured]; 156b, 1; 71, 1; 72, 5; 81, 6). Those from 81 are all broken, 2 from 72 are Xl. Gifford's X. complete; generally found in pairs. X2. One-piece circular fishhook, shank plain, no N6b. Shoehorn-shaped object, punctate: SC 1 barb: SC 18 (156a, 17 [1 figured); 78, 1). (72), figured. X3. One-piece circular fishhook, shank grooved, point barbed: SC 7 (125 [3 figured]). P. Eyed Dagger, Awl, Needle, Gouge, etc., Gifford CC. Perforated, Spool-like Object Gifford P2. Gifford. P2c. Cannon-bone dagger without shouldered CC5a. Gifford's CC5. handle, 1 perforation in handle, punctate design: CC5b. Spool-like object of fish (shark) vertebra, SC 1 (156a), figured. Specimen broken, point inlaid: SC 5 (156a [1 figured]). Some of these at missing, design is zigzag filled with red paint. least are shark, with natural cellular structure P8. "Dagger" of split tibia, perforated: SC showing, not ground down. 1 (73), figured. CC5c. Spool-like object of shark vertebra, not P9. "Needle," unidentified mammal bone, slender ground, plain: SC 2 (27 [1 figured]). .118 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CC6. Perforated fish vertebra, distinguished KK. Elk-Antler Tube, Gifford from CC5 by being of hourglass shape rather than sDool-like: SC 4 (78 [1 figured]). KK1. Gifford's KK. CC7. Spool-like mammal bone bead: SC 1 (M), KK2. Antler tube, Haliotis-disk cap on end; figured. punctate design on antler: SC 1 (155), figured. CC8. Spool-li--e "bead" of mammal sternebra: SC 1 (158e), figured.. UU. Perforated Mammal Tooth, Gifford

DD. Thin Perforated Disk and Ring, Gifford UU5. Perforated dog canine tooth: SC 21 (111 11 figured]). Some .of these were found about the DD4. Ring of mammal centrum epiphysis: SC 1 wrist of a skeleton and are from the Hunting (156a), figured. People horizon. DD5. Ring or oval of unidentified maimal bone UW6. Perforated sea lion canine tooth, cut which is imitation of the keyhole limpet away at back: SC 1 (156a), figured. crenulata) shell callus ornaments: WU7. Perforated whale tooth, root ground off, (Megathura perforation on 2 opposite sides of tooth: SC 1 SC 9 (156a, 2 (1 figured]; 72, 7). DD6. Perforated disk with flattened sides: (156a), figured. SC 1 (132), figured. UU8. Perforated whale tooth, split in half. Perforation at apex, punctate design: SC 1 (156a), figured. EE. Bead or Tube Gifford EE1. Gifford. VV. Claw Gifford EElf. Bead or tube of deer metapod, plain: SC 1 (is.), figured. Specimen is cut square at VVl. Gifford's WV. Perforated eagle claw. one end and slantwise at the other, suggesting VVla. Perforated eagle claw, plain: Gifford's some definite purpose. The specimen being made W. of metapod, the type is flattish with two holes VVlb. Perforated eagle claw, inlaid: SC 1 for part of its length. (125), figured. EE2. Gifford. VVld. Perforated eagle claw, base cut off, EE2e. Bead or tube, punctate design: SC 1l plain: SC 2 (104 [1 figured]). (156a, 4 [1 figured]; 158e, 1; is., 6). Heye VV2. Worked eagle claw, not perforated: SC 10 (104 [1 figured]). Base cut off, or underside of 1 from San is. (p1. LXVIIc) figured Miguel are EE2f. Bead or tube, serrated end: SC 1 claw ground down. Similar claws figured by (156a), figured. Putnam (pl. XI) and Heye (fig. 14, San Miguel is.). EE2g. Bead or tube, serrated end and punc- tate design: SC I (156a), figured. WW. Grooved Tooth EE4. Bead or tube, perforated. EE4. Bead or tube, perforated transversely WW1. Whole tooth, sea lion, grooved around root: near one end, quartz crystal inserted in oppo- SC 1 (156a), figured. site end. SC 1 (SB), figured. The perforations WW2. Half tooth, longitudinally split, grooved give the impression that the specimen was used at base of enamel: SC 1 (156a), figured. as a pendant, but evidence of wrapping suggests that it may have been secured to a third element, XX. Cup or Container, Other Than perhaps a wooden pin, in which case the complete of Cetacean Vertebra artifact may have been a wand or hairpin. XX1. Cup of mammal vertebra centrum. FF. Single-holed Whistle, Gifford XXla. Cup of mammal vertebra centrum, all out- side bone removed, center hollowed out, plain: SC 1 FFlaI. Gifford's FFla. (158a). FFlaII. Cannon-bone whistle. Entire surface XXlb. Cup of mammal vertebra centrum, inlaid: worked down, proximal end rounded, distal end SC 1 (156b), figured. tapered and shows evidence of considerable XX2. Cup of fish vertebra, spines ground off. Olivella inlay: SC 2 (72 [1 figured]). XX2a. Cup of fish vertebra, one-half vertebra: FFld. Whistle of puma femur, distal end cut SC 3 (156b, 2 C1 figured]; is., 1). One shows evi- off, head removed: SC 8 (SB, 1; 156a, 1 (fig- dence of red paint; the other of some blackish ured); 111, 6). Figured specimen has head re- liquid (not tar). Putnam (p. 262) reports hydrous moved; that from SB has head intact; those from oxide of manganese from a grave on Catalina. 111 are damaged on proximal end. XX2b. Cup of fish vertebra, of three-quarters vertebra: SC 1 (27), figured. GG. Flute Gifford XX2c. Cup of fish vertebra, whole, hourglass- GG1. Gifford's GG. shaped double "cup": SC 2 (159, 1; 27, 1 [1 fig- GG2. Flute of bird bone, four stops: SC 1 ured]). (is.), figured. Heye (pl. LXVd) figures one with XI3. Container of whale humerus head, inlaid: seven holes, from San Miguel is. SC 1 (1). GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS YY. Centrum and Hypural Coalesced teeth used. One specimen, when in situl showed indications of what was probably a wooden YY. These bones are sometimes inlaid. Where "handle," and may have been a hairpin or a cere- no evidence of inlay is present, they may have monial wand. Not to be confused with Gifford's been used without it. In such cases, they show K series, which are of bone. no evidence of working and may have been dis- carded as food refuse. AE. Bone Object Perforated at Both Ends YY1. Centrum and hypural coalesced in 1 piece. YYla. Centrum and hypural coal6sced in 1 AEl. Thin bar-like object of whale bone, ellip- piece, plain: SC 4 (156a, 3 (1 figured); 81, 1). tical perforations in each end, 3 grooves on YYlb. Centrum and hypural coalesced in 1 curved side in center; slight depressions show piece, inlaid with shell beads: SC 5 (156a, 4 marking of lashings: SC 1 (132), figured. t1 figured]; 156b, 1). AE2. Gouge-like object perforated at both ends. SC 1 (is.), figured. ZZ. Perforated Mammal Bone AG. Wedge-shaped Object of Bone ZZ. This class includes whole or nearly whole bones which have been perforated. AG. These are not wedges. I know of no purpose ZZ1. Fox metapod, perforated transversely, they would serve. used as pendant or bead: SC 52 (156a, 6 [1 fig- AG1. Wedge-shaped object, 1 end chisel-like, ured]; M, 45; 81, 1). About 50 unworked fox the other blunt, inlaid with disk beads: SC 3 metapods were found in one grave at 156a, which (46a), all figured. Each had 2 encircling bands of may have been "blanks" for making type, or they Olivella disk bead inlay. Figure shows 2 specimens may have been cut for EElb. not restored. Each of the three are different; one ZZ2. Carnivore phalange, perforated (not is inlaid on the chisel end, so it could have drilled) transversely notched; SC 1 (78), fig- served no utilitarian purpose. ured. ZZ3. Cylindrical "pendant" of deer metapod, AH. Crystal-headed Bone Pin distal end removed, posterior side grooved lon- gitudinally to marrow cavity, distal end per- A-H. Possibly these were ceremonial. Gifford, forated, punctate design: SC 1 (156a), figured. under "Wands" (K), refers to Luiseffo and Diegueho wooden wands with quartz crystals. Al specimens AB. "Sword" of Bone are long bone pins of mammal and fish bone, pointed at one end, other end inserted in as- AB. "Sword" of swordfish bill, ground down phalt mounting. With asphalt and crystal missing, with expanded handle end, blade broken: SC 1 (R), they might be classed as bipointed objects (T) figured. Natural shape of swordfish bill would or fs B10. lead one to sVppose that the broken part was Ad. Crystal-headed pin of mammal or fish bone, pointed, but it may have been a club. A similar asphalt mounting. object is figured by Putnam (fig. 112). AH1. Crystal-headed pin of mammal bone. AHla. Crystal-headed pin of mammal bone in- AC. Blunt-ended, Perforated Bone cised; asphalt mounting, plain: SC 1 (156al, figured. AC. These objects perhaps should be included AHlb. Crystal-headed pin of mammal bone, plain; in Gifford's Y, but as one is whale bone this is asphalt mounting, inlaid with abalone and Olivella impossible without changing his wording. shell: SC 2 (156a). AC1. Swordfish "thatching needle," biconically AH2. Crystal-headed pin of fish bone; asphalt drilled hole about 1/5 distance from broad end, mounting, inlaid: SC 1 (160), figured. point flattened, proximal end concave; 4 slightly raised ridges beside the perforation suggest a Al. Bone Burial Slab handle: SC 1 (156a), figured. AC2. Whale bone "atlatl" (?), elliptical per- Al. These are comparatively rare, mostly of foration, sides expanded: SC 1 (27), figured. whale scapulae and usually placed over burials. Distal end broken, so no positive evidence of AIl. Rectangular slab, plain: SC 3 (125, 1; 156a, the atlatl hooks remains. Hole is similar to 2). Harrington (1928, p. 134) lists 4 from Burton those in several wooden atlatls from Alaska. NIound (site 28) and figures 2 (pl. 22). AI2. Whole scapula, spine ground off, inlaid: AD. Tooth, Asphalt Attachment SC 3 (46a, 1; 78, 1; 28, 1). A plain scapula from 28 is figured by Harrington (1928, pl. 22), and a AD1. Boar's tusk pendant with asphalt end per- very elaborate slab which lay under the burial is forated: SC 1 (46d), figured. This is post- figured by Orr (1943, frontispiece and pl. 2). contact, as pigs were not indigenous. This is inlaid with abalone, limpets, and Olivella AD2. Inlaid human tooth: SC 18 (46a), 1 fig- disk beads. Specimen from 28 is fragmentary with ured. Olivella disk beads about roots, various long crisscross grooves. 120 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS AJ. Bipointed, Gig-shaped Bone Object AK2. Double tine, base cut off; base beveled, not hollowed: SC 1 (27), figured. AJ. At least 1 side flat, points tending to be rounded. AL. Side-bladed Scraper of Scapula AJ1. Bipointed, gig-shaped bone object, both sides flat: SC 2 (132, 1; 121, 1), both figured. AL. Side-bladed scraper of artiodactyl scap- AJ2. Bipointed, gig-shaped object, 1 side ula, spine and edges ground off, leaving glenoid flat: SC 1 (132), figured. cavity intact: SC 1 (H), figured. Similar to Gifford's order H, but lacks-serrations. AK. Antler Gouge AM. Forked Bone Implement AK. Characterized by blunt, rounded points, AN. Suggests a wand (K) in being diagonally similar to bone gouges (C). Distinguished from cut away, but posterior side of bone is split, Gifford's HH, which have wedge or chisel points. making 2 awl-like points, forklike. AK1. Curved prong, base beveled, hollowed: AM. Split-pointed instrument of bear femur: SC 1 (H), figured. SC 1 (156a), figured.

ILLUSTRATED BONE ARTIFACT TYPES Specimens listed by Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History numbers. Designation to left of slant- ing line indicates the locality.

B10. 156a/2822. Q,10. 156a/2830. VV2. 104/2973. Bll. 156a 1442. Qll. SB/2961. WWl. 156a/1668. B12. 132/2951. R2. 46a/2705. WW2. 156a/2830. D8. Is 2956. R3. 160/2934. Xllb. 156b/2892. E3. 72/1401. W4. Is/2952. XX2a. 156b/2910. K5a. 156a/1444. X2. 156a/1523. XX2b. 27/2965. K5b. 72/1404. X3. 125/2928; 125/2929; XX2c. 27/1866. E5c. 160/2938. 125/2930. YYla. 156a/1491. K5d. 160/2937; 160/2939. CC5b. 156a/1604. YIlb. 156a/1455. K5e. 411/2789; 72/2946. CC5c. 27/1881. ZZl. 156a/1514. K6a. 17/2947. CC6. 78/2320. ZZ2. 78/2320. K7a. 111/2792. CC7. M/2968. ZZ3. 156a/2829. K7b. 28/2300. CC8. 158e/2935. AB1. R/2371. K8aI. 160/2936. DD4. 156a/2817. AC1. 156a/1522. 2/3 natural size K8aII. 73/2944; 71/294:3. DD5. 156a/2926. before 30% reduction. K8bI. 111/2796. DD6. 132/2954. AC2. 27/2958. 3/4 natural size K8bII. 111/2776. EElf. Is/2970. before 30% reduction. K9a. 160/2940; 160/2940. EE2e. 156a/1578. AD1. 46d/2681. K9b. 159/2945; 84/1203. EE2f. 156a/1627. AD2. 46a/2711. L3b. Is/2948. EE2g. 156a/1628. AE1. 132/2953. 2/3 natural size L3c. Is/2949. EE4. SB/3163. before 30% reduction. Nlb. 73/2960. FFlaII. 72/1427. AE2. Is/2959. N6a. 156a/1497. FFld. 156a/2932. AG1. 46a/2714. N6b. 72/1404. GG2. Is/2950. AHla. 156a/2941. P2M. 156a/2857. KK2; 155/2971. AH2. 159 2942. P8. 73/2964. WU5. 111/2788. AJ1. Is 2962; 121/2698. P9. 156a/1657; 72/2965. UU6. 156a/1451. AJ2. 132/2963. PlOa. 72/1369. UU7. 156a/1650. AK1. H/2966. PlOb. 156a/1519. UU8. 156a/2829. AK2. 27/1232. 86b. M/2957. VVlb. 125/2931. AL. /16 4. Q8b. 132/2955. vvlc. 104/2972. AM. 156a/2927. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIA SHELL ARTIFACTS 121

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