TU103: Life and Sustainability Nuttavikhom CLASS 2: THE BRIEF (GLOBAL) Phanthuwongpakdee HISTORY OF THE UN- Yanin Chivakidakarn SUSTAINABILITY Huyakorn

UNSUSTAINABILITY?

Businesses State

Communities

Environment UNSUSTAINABILITY?

• The Pak Mun Dam in Ubon Ratchathani Province constructed by the Electricity Generating Authority of (EGAT) in 1994 • A report from the World Commission on Dams found that 50 of 265 fish species in the had disappeared and numbers of others had declined significantly. The fish catch decreased by 60–80 percent. Many villagers were indirectly forced to relocate. • Villagers began to mobilize and demonstrate. Some were Some government ‘mega- arrested and charged. projects’ had several • After 14 Prime Ministers and 17 governments, after countless impacts on local livelihoods. struggles to demand justice for the Mun River, the problems have never been concretely resolved. UNSUSTAINABILITY?

• Mae Mo is the site of a 2,400 MW lignite-fueled power plant run by the EGAT in Lampang Province. • The plant has been the target of a series of lawsuits brought by locals who claim that the lignite mining operation and the burning of lignite fuel by EGAT has Some government ‘mega- negatively impacted the environment and the health of those living in the vicinity. projects’ had several • 131 had solid evidence to prove that their health impacts on local problems. livelihoods. • A 12-year fight by villagers for compensation for damages ended in victory for the plaintiffs in February 2015. UNSUSTAINABILITY? UNSUSTAINABILITY?

• The Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate is a large industrial park in Rayong Province • There was a decade-long series of protests and legal actions by local communities and environmental groups, who claimed 2,000 people Some industries had had died and sick of cancer due to pollution from the industrial estate. several impacts on local • In 2009, the Supreme Administrative livelihoods and the Court suspended the development of sixty-five environment. projects in the estate, worth an estimated US$8 billion, due to inadequate health impact assessments UNSUSTAINABILITY?

• Growing demands in some products like maize, rubber trees, or teaks had resulted in dramatic problems of deforestation

Some villagers’ activities create environmental impacts. Over-dumping in the Samui Island from tourists UNSUSTAINABILITY?

Unsustainable Palm-oil Industry in Indonesia UNSUSTAINABILITY? UNSUSTAINABILITY? UNSUSTAINABILITY?

Illegal Logging in Laos UNSUSTAINABILITY?

Overfishing in the Philippines UNSUSTAINABILITY? UNSUSTAINABILITY? UNSUSTAINABILITY? BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UN- SUSTAINABILITY

Our economic development model(s) •Throughout the centuries, mankind has tried to improve his own quality of life, many times at the expense of others and the environment. •Factors that contribute to economic development approaches include technological advancement as well improvement in development perspectives. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UN- SUSTAINABILITY

1990s-Now… Globalization, 16th – 18th Century Financial and Trade Liberalization Since 14th Century Mercantilism Agrarian Capitalism 1930-1960 Green Revolution 1760s Industrial Revolution AGRARIAN CAPITALISM

•Crisis of the 14th Century • Demographic crisis in Europe from the Great Famine (1315-1317) and the Black Death (1348-1350) • A decline in agricultural production •Conflicts between the land-owning aristocracy and the agricultural producers (serfs) • Feudal lords sought to expand agricultural production by expanding their domains through warfare • Many serfs rebelled and create their own assets to live off. • Some serfs moved to towns, some purchased land, and some entered into favorable contracts to rent lands from other lords •Dismantlement of Feudalism and the rise of market- based capitalism MERCANTILISM (16TH-17TH CENTURY) MERCANTILISM (16TH-17TH CENTURY) MERCANTILISM (16TH-17TH CENTURY)

The world before the Industrial Revolution

Mercantilism period left behind conflicts, inequalities and social problems in several postcolonial countries, especially in the Middle East and Africa. MERCANTILISM (16TH-17TH CENTURY)

David Hume and Adam Smith argued against Mercantilism. The cause of increase in national wealth is labour, rather than the nation's quantity of gold or silver INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760S)

• Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes from 1760s to around 1840s. • Scientific Progress •Steam engine by James Watt INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760S)

• Steam engine transformed and increased the capacity of manufacturing process especially in textile industry, and transportation. • The invention of steam engine induced progress in technologies of other industries connected to the one powered by the engine. • Waves of technological progress followed. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• With better technology, European powers had the advantage over the rest of the globe. • European powers colonized many parts of the world to: • Extract raw materials • More man-power • Larger markets to sell their products INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION GREEN REVOLUTION (1930-1960)

Before Green Revolution • Malthusian theory of population • How to improve livelihood of rural people?

• Green revolution is the increase in crop production in developing countries, by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, high-yield varieties, new farming and irrigation techniques

• Establishment of International Rice • Green Revolution Research Institute (IRRI) and International has both positive and Maize and Wheat Improvement Center negative impacts! (CIMMYT*)

• *Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo EXAMPLES OF GREEN REVOLUTION

The government of the Philippines with the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation developed IR8 rice. The switch to IR8 made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in 20th century Punjab was selected to try the new crops, IR8 and IR36. The success in Punjab was the starting point of India’s Green Revolution EXAMPLES OF GREEN REVOLUTION

•Thailand adopted Green Revolution as part of the first National Social and Economic Development Plan. •This “transformation” changed irrigation methods, brought new technology to farming, food processing and encouraged farmers to adopt a single-crop scheme, which made them dependent on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. •The same revolution was applied to chicken, dairy, and marine farming. GLOBALIZATION, FINANCIAL AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION

• Connected World!

• Economic Globalization In 1990s GLOBALIZATION, FINANCIAL AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION

Globalization is an old concept IMPACT OF THE UN-SUSTAINABILITY AT GLOBAL SCALE IMPACT OF THE UN-SUSTAINABILITY AT GLOBAL SCALE IMPACT OF THE UN-SUSTAINABILITY AT GLOBAL SCALE IMPACT OF THE UN-SUSTAINABILITY AT GLOBAL SCALE Political conflicts: civil war, genocide, etc. Slave labors and Refugee crisis SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) AND TARGETS