2018 International Conference on Energy, Power, Electrical and Environmental Engineering (EPEEE 2018) ISBN: 978-1-60595-583-4

Investigation and Analysis on Herbaceous in University of Jinan

Xin-yu WANG1, Ye LIU1, Liu-qing WU1, Tian-jun LAN1, 1 1,2,* Ya-ting ZHANG and Fang LUO 1School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, 250022 Jinan, 2Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Ecological Carbon Sink and Capture Utilization, 250022 Jinan, China *Corresponding author

Keywords: Herbaceous plants, Indigenous , Flora geography, University of Jinan.

Abstract. Taking the herb plants in University of Jinan as the research object, this paper analyzed the main herb plants by means of field investigation and indoor analysis. The results showed that there are 57 species of herbs (including subspecies and varieties) belonging to 54 genera of 27 families. In terms of the distribution of herbaceous plants, the three families with the largest plant species are compositae, gramineous and liliaceae. The number of plant species belonging to these three families is 14, 6 and 4, respectively. The three families account for 42.1 per cent of the total species in the study area. According to the source of campus herbs, there are 35 native plants, accounting for 61.4% of the total number of species, and 22 exotic plants, accounting for 38.6% of the total number of species. Perennial herbs account for the largest proportion of campus herbs, accounting for 52.6% of the total number of species, 36.8% of annual herbs and 12.6% of first-year and second-year herbs.

Introduction Herbaceous plants have the ecological functions of beautifying the environment, increasing the air humidity, purifying the air and protecting the slopes. With the gradual deepening of urban greening and the improvement of the requirements of urban development for green space, the study of herbaceous plants is of great significance for urban ecological research. Urban weeds, which are an important part of urban vegetation, especially native wild herbs, can not only maintain the biodiversity of the city, but also reflect the surrounding environmental conditions and the intensity of human disturbances, thus playing an indicative role in the degree of urbanization[1-6].At the same time, due to the natural adaptability to the environment of origin, native wild herbs also play an important role in the construction of urban vegetation restoration based on native plant communities[7-9]. In recent years, there have been many studies on herbaceous flora and invasive plants[11], but there are few investigations on campus. This study investigated the distribution of herbaceous plants and the composition of plant species in the West Campus of University of Jinan, in order to provide reference for the application of herbaceous vegetation in Shandong Province in the future.

Materials and Methods

Research Area University of Jinan (west campus) is located between Qinglong Mountain and Mawu Village in Jinan City, Shandong Province. It is a warm temperate continental monsoon climate zone which has the characteristics of obvious monsoon, distinct four seasons, large temperature difference and other climatic characteristics. The annual average precipitation is 685 mm, the annual average sunshine hours is 1870.9 h, the annual average temperature is 13.8 °C.

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Research Methods Using statistical methods, through observation, comparison and recording of living plants, combined with the habitat of various taxa and textual research of literatures. According to flora of China and flora of Shandong, the species names of wild herbs are determined. Through the investigation of species, life style and growth environment of herbaceous plants, we have compiled a list of herbaceous plants in University of Jinan (Table 1). According to plant sources, herbaceous plants can be divided into native plants and exotic plants, and exotic plants are divided into domestic and foreign plants and foreign exotic plants. The origin of plants is determined according to the natural distribution of plant species and historical records of introduction in flora of China and flora of Shandong[10]. Based on the analysis of modern geographical distribution patterns, the distribution regions of genera and species of herbaceous plants in University of Jinan are statistically divided according to "the distribution region type system of world seed plant families" and "distribution region type of Chinese seed plant genera" by Wu Zhengyi et al.[11-14]. Microsoft excel 2007 software is used to carry out statistical analysis on the data and make a chart. Based on the flow of people in the campus and the greening situation, six sampling sites of herbaceous plants in the campus were selected, namely Yinsong garden, Liuxi garden, west side of No.9 teaching building, north side of west gate of No.10 teaching building, east and west side of Zilan garde. The soil surface compaction degree of each sampling site was similar.

58 Table 1. List of herb plants in University of Jinan. Family Genus Species Family Genus Species

Taraxacu Taraxacum Setaria Setaria viridis m mongolicum Sonchus arvensis Gramine Digitaria Digitaria sanguinalis Sonchus Sonchus asper ae Paspalum Paspalum thunbergii Emilia Emilia sonchifolia Sporobolus fertilis Bidens Bidens bipinnata Axonopus Axonopus compressus Conyza bonariensis Eleusine Eleusine indica Conyza Ophiopogon Ophiopogon bodinieri Conyza canadensis Asparagus Asparagus cochinchinensis Reineckia Compos Cirsium Cirsium setosum Liliaceae Reineckia carnea itae Kunth Anemarrhen Echinacea Echinacea purpurea Anemarrhena asphodeloides a Rubiace Artemisia Artemisia selengensis Rubia Rubia cordifolia ae Kalimeris Kalimeris indica Galium Galium odoratum Legumin Ixeris Ixeris chinensis Medicago Medicago osae Elephanto Urticace Elephantopus scaber Boehmeria Boehmeria nivea pus ae Crepidiast Crepidiastrum Plantagi Plantago Plantago asiatica rum lanceolatum naceae Calystegia Calystegia hederacea Iris tectorum Iridacea Convolv Ipomoea aquatica Iris Ipomoea e Lysimachia decurrens ulaceae Forssk Pharbitis Pharbitis nil Hibiscus Hibiscus moscheutos Malvace Chenop Chenopodi Chenopodium ae Althaea Althaea rosea odiaceae um Cucurbit Gynostem Gynostemma Oxalidac Oxalis Oxalis corniculata aceae ma pentaphyllum eae Rosacea Duchesnea Duchesnea indica Moracea Morus Morus alba e Rosa Rosa chinensis e Humulus Humulus scandens Solanac Commel Solanum Solanum nigrum Commelina Commelina communis eae inaceae Asclepia Cynanchu Acantha Andrographi Cynanchum thesioides Andrographis paniculata daceae m ceae s Meliace Euphorb Acalypha Acalypha australis Melia Melia azedarach ae iaceae Euphorbia Euphorbia humifusa Polygonum Polygonum plebeium Polygon Cyperac Scirpus Scirpus wallichii aceae Fallopia Fallopia multiflora eae Parthenociss Cyperus Cyperus rotundus Vitaceae Euphorbia humifusa us Violace Viola Scrophul Rehmannia Viola philippica Rehmannia glutinosa ae ariaceae Libosch

Discussion and Results

Campus Herbs Composition According to the list of herbs in the campus of University of Jinan (Table 1), there are 57 species of herbaceous plants in University of Jinan, belonging to 27 families and 54 genera, and the angiosperms have an absolute advantage. Among the 27 families of herbaceous plants in the campus, the three families with the most plant species are compositae, Gramineae and Liliaceae respectively, the plant species belonging to these three families are 14 species, 6 species and 4 species respectively (Table 1),

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the plant species of these 3 families account for 42.1 % of the total number of species in the study area. There are only 17 species in 17 families, such as legumes, ramie, psyllidae, etc. Except that sonchus asper and Sonchus asper both belong to the genus sonchus, Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. and Conyza Canadensis L. belong to the genus Chinese liquor, Iris tectorum Maxim. and Iris lactea Pall. var.chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz. belong to the genus iris, and other herbs belong to different generas. Composition of Plant Life Style Life forms of campus plants in University of Jinan include perennial plants (52.6 %), annual plants (36.8 %) and biennial plants (10.6 %). Among them, common perennial herbs are Kalimeris indica, Oxalis corniculata, Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz., Trifolium Linn, Morus alba, Cirsium setosum, etc. Common herbs of the year include Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Plantago asiatica L, Chenopodium album L., etc. Common in biennial plants are Conyza bonariensis(L.) Cronq., etc. Geographical Composition Analysis of Flora According to the division system of Wu Zhengyi, Herbs in University of University can be divided into 15 distribution types (Table 2), among the 15 distribution types, there are 5 species (8.8 %) in the world, among which there are 4 native species and 1 domestic and foreign species. Temperate Asia: a total of 13 genera, accounting for 24.0 % of the total number of genera, such as Taraxacum, thistle, Artemisia, ixeris, viola, etc. Pantropical distribution: a total of 6 genera, accounting for 11.1 % of the total number of genera, such as white spirit grass, copperleaf, etc. Tropical distribution in the old world: 2 genera, accounting for 3.7 % of the total genera, such as asparagus etc. Source of Plants Native plants are in stable balance with local natural conditions, especially climate and soil conditions. Species with natural adaptability to the environment of origin. There are 35 native plants in University of Jinan, accounting for 61.4 %. There are 22 species of exotic plants, accounting for 38.6 %, of which 18 species are from home and abroad, accounting for 31.6 %, and 4 species are from abroad, accounting for 7.0 %.There are 9 native plants in compositae, including Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.,Cirsium setosum, Conyza bonariensis(L.) Cronq., etc. There are 5 species of exotic species, such as Elephantopus scaber L., Echinacea purpurea (Linn.) Moench and Crepidiastrum lanceolatum (Houtt.) Nakai. Thus, the indigenous plants in compositae occupied the majority (64.3 %). Such as Althaea rosea (Linn.) Cavan, Hibiscus grandiflorus, Ipomoea aquatica, Axonopus affinis A. Chase, Ophiopogon grandis.

60 Table 2. Types of distribution areas of herbaceous plants in University of Jinan. Number of Species / proportion [%] Distribution area type Exotic species in Foreign indigenous plant China species Cosmopolitan 4/11.4 1/5.6 0/0 Pantropic 3/8.6 3/16.6 0/0 Trop. & Subtr. E. Asia & (S.) Trop. 1/2.8 0/0 2/50 Amer. disjuncted Old World Tropics 1/2.8 0/0 1/25 Trop. Asia to Trop. Africa 3/8.7 1/5.6 0/0 Trop. Asia 2/5.8 3/16.6 0/0 N. Temp. 5/14.4 0/0 0/0 E. Asia & N. Amer. Disjuncted 1/2.8 0/0 0/0 Old World Temp. 1/2.8 0/0 0/0 Temp. Asia 11/31.5 2/11.1 0/0 E. Asia 1/2.8 3/16.6 0/0 Extratropical S. Hemisphere 0/0 1/5.6 0/0 disjuncted or dispersed Sino- 1/2.8 1/5.6 0/0 Endemic to Japan 0/0 0/0 1/25 Endemic to China 1/2.8 3/16.6 0/0 Total 35/100 18/100 4/100

Conclusion An investigation of herbaceous plants in University of Jinan found that compositae and Gramineae have a wide range of distribution and many kinds of plants, this is related to its strong adaptability and relatively stable viability. Therefore, more plants such as red, pinecone chrysanthemum, viola yedoensis, dandelion and the like can be planted, so that the campus has a certain ornamental value while having strong vitality. There are 4 species (7.0 %) of herbs endemic to China, and 3 species are from home and abroad. Among the remaining 48 species, tropical geographical elements are slightly dominant, with 24 species, accounting for 42.1 % of the total number of species. The distribution is mainly pan-tropical and 6 species, accounting for 10.5 % of the total number of species. Among the temperate geographical components (33.3 %), temperate Asia is the main distribution with 13 species. There is little difference between the tropical and temperate regions in this region, and the distribution is mainly pan-tropical and temperate Asia. The reason is that Jinan is located in the warm temperate climate and the mid-latitude zone. In the composition of native plants and exotic plants, exotic plants make up 38.6 % of the total number of species, among which there are a large number of invasive plants, most of which have been hard to eradicate, and their massive survival has seriously affected the living space of other herbaceous plants. However, due to the fact that native species have a stable balance with local natural conditions, especially climate and soil conditions, and are naturally adaptable to the environment of origin, the construction of garden green space with native plants as the main body is the only way out for urban green space construction, campus herbs can plant more tolerant species of native herbs and increase the species diversity of campus herbs.

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