Topographic Anatomy: Peritoneum, Peritoneal Cavity & Mesentery
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The Subperitoneal Space and Peritoneal Cavity: Basic Concepts Harpreet K
ª The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with Abdom Imaging (2015) 40:2710–2722 Abdominal open access at Springerlink.com DOI: 10.1007/s00261-015-0429-5 Published online: 26 May 2015 Imaging The subperitoneal space and peritoneal cavity: basic concepts Harpreet K. Pannu,1 Michael Oliphant2 1Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA 2Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Abstract The peritoneum is analogous to the pleura which has a visceral layer covering lung and a parietal layer lining the The subperitoneal space and peritoneal cavity are two thoracic cavity. Similar to the pleural cavity, the peri- mutually exclusive spaces that are separated by the toneal cavity is visualized on imaging if it is abnormally peritoneum. Each is a single continuous space with in- distended by fluid, gas, or masses. terconnected regions. Disease can spread either within the subperitoneal space or within the peritoneal cavity to Location of the abdominal and pelvic organs distant sites in the abdomen and pelvis via these inter- connecting pathways. Disease can also cross the peri- There are two spaces in the abdomen and pelvis, the toneum to spread from the subperitoneal space to the peritoneal cavity (a potential space) and the subperi- peritoneal cavity or vice versa. toneal space, and these are separated by the peritoneum (Fig. 1). Regardless of the complexity of development in Key words: Subperitoneal space—Peritoneal the embryo, the subperitoneal space and the peritoneal cavity—Anatomy cavity remain separated from each other, and each re- mains a single continuous space (Figs. -
Carcinomatous Cirrhosis of the Liver with Sarcomatosis of the Peritoneum 1
CARCINOMATOUS CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER WITH SARCOMATOSIS OF THE PERITONEUM 1 S. SANES, M.D., AND K. TERPLAN, M.D. (From tile Pathological Laboratory of the Buffalo General Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Buffalo) The following case is reported because of the occurrence of two different types of malignant neoplasm with typical portal cirrhosis of the liver. That a pathogenetic relationship exists between Laennec's cirrhosis and primary carcinoma of the liver is generally recognized. Whether the association of a peritoneal sarcoma with the cirrhosis in this case was more than a coincidence seemed an interesting point for discussion. REPORT OF CASE E. G., 11 white Italian male fifty-seven years old, was admitted to the Buffalo General Hospital on the service of Drs. N. G. Russell and A. H. Aaron, Nov. 25, 1934. He died Nov. 29, 1934. All his adult life he had partaken of large amounts of wine and whiskey daily. At the age of seventeen years he had suffered an attack of jaundice of several weeks' duration. The patient first began to lose weight and strength in 1932 and noticed that his skin was becoming dark. In March 1934 he complained of cramp-like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloating. The stools were watery. There was no nausea or vomiting. Upon hos pitalization, April 9, 1934, physical examination revealed that the pupils reacted to light and accommodation. The chest was emphysematous; breath sounds were diminished in both bases. The heart was regular; a systolic murmur was heard. The blood pressure was 118/70. The liver and spleen were palpable three finger breadths below the costal margin. -
7) Anatomy of OMENTUM
OMENTUM ANATOMY DEPARTMENT DR.SANAA AL-SHAARAWY Dr. Essam Eldin Salama OBJECTIVES • At the end of the lecture the students must know: • Brief knowledge about peritoneum as a thin serous membrane and its main parts; parietal and visceral. • The peritonial cavity and its parts the greater sac and the lesser sac (Omental bursa). • The peritoneal folds : omenta, mesenteries, and ligaments. • The omentum, as one of the peritonial folds • The greater omentum, its boundaries, and contents. • The lesser omentum, its boundaries, and contents. • The omental bursa, its boundaries. • The Epiploic foramen, its boundaries. • Mesentery of the small intestine, and ligaments of the liver. • Nerve supply of the peritoneum. • Clinical points. The peritoneum vIs a thin serous membrane, §Lining the wall of the abdominal and pelvic cavities, (the parietal peritoneum). §Covering the existing organs, (the visceral peritoneum). §The potential space between the two layers is the peritoneal cavity. Parietal Visceral The peritoneal Cavity vThe peritoneal cavity is the largest one in the body. vDivisions of the peritoneal cavity : §Greater sac; extends from Lesser Sac diaphragm down to the pelvis. §Lesser sac; lies behind the stomach. §Both cavities are interconnected through the epiploic foramen. §In male : the peritoneum is a closed sac . §In female : the sac is not completely closed because it Greater Sac communicates with the exterior through the uterine tubes, uterus and vagina. The peritoneum qIntraperitoneal and Intraperitoneal viscera retroperitoneal organs; describe the relationship between various organs and their peritoneal covering; §Intraperitonial structure; which is nearly totally covered by visceral peritoneum. §Retroperitonial structure; lies behind the peritoneum, and partially covered by visceral peritoneum. -
The Formation of Peritoneal Adhesions
THE FORMATION OF PERITONEAL ADHESIONS Christian DellaCorte, Ph.D., C.M.T. The increased incidence of postoperative adhesions and their complications has focused attention on trying to understand the adhesion, adhesion formation, clinical consequences, and prevention of adhesion formation. Adhesions are highly differentiated, formed through an intricate process involving a complex organ, the peritoneum, whose surface lining is the key site in adhesion formation. The peritoneum, a serous membrane, serves a protective function for the contents of the abdominal cavity. Homeostasis is maintained by allowing exchange of molecules and production of peritoneal fluid. This provides an environment for optimal function of intra-abdominal organs. Forms of trauma to the peritoneum (i.e., mechanical, thermal, chemical, infectious, surgical, and/or ischemic) can result in the formation of peritoneal adhesions. In 1919, it was shown that peritoneal healing differed from that of skin. When the peritoneal membrane is traumatized, a dynamic response results that produces a series of steps toward rapid regeneration in approximately five to seven days of the injured peritoneum via re-epithelialization, irrespective of the size of injury. Microscopic studies showed the new peritoneal cells are derived from mesodermal cells of the underlying granulation tissue, multipotent mesenchymal cells that are able to take the form of fibroblasts or mesothelial cells. When a defect is made in the parietal peritoneum the entire surface becomes simultaneously epithelialized, differing from the gradual epidermalization from the borders as is found in skin wounds. Multiplication and migration of mesothelial cells from the margins of the wound may play a small part in the regenerative process, but it does not play a major role. -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria. -
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY and PERITONEUM Dr
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY AND PERITONEUM Dr. Milton M. Sholley SUGGESTED READING: Essential Clinical Anatomy 3 rd ed. (ECA): pp. 118 and 135141 Grant's Atlas Figures listed at the end of this syllabus. OBJECTIVES:Today's lectures are designed to explain the orientation of the abdominopelvic viscera, the peritoneal cavity, and the mesenteries. LECTURE OUTLINE PART 1 I. The abdominopelvic cavity contains the organs of the digestive system, except for the oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, and thoracic portion of the esophagus. It also contains major systemic blood vessels (aorta and inferior vena cava), parts of the urinary system, and parts of the reproductive system. A. The space within the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into two contiguous portions: 1. Abdominal portion that portion between the thoracic diaphragm and the pelvic brim a. The lower part of the abdominal portion is also known as the false pelvis, which is the part of the pelvis between the two iliac wings and above the pelvic brim. Sagittal section drawing Frontal section drawing 2. Pelvic portion that portion between the pelvic brim and the pelvic diaphragm a. The pelvic portion of the abdominopelvic cavity is also known as the true pelvis. B. Walls of the abdominopelvic cavity include: 1. The thoracic diaphragm (or just “diaphragm”) located superiorly and posterosuperiorly (recall the domeshape of the diaphragm) 2. The lower ribs located anterolaterally and posterolaterally 3. The posterior abdominal wall located posteriorly below the ribs and above the false pelvis and formed by the lumbar vertebrae along the posterior midline and by the quadratus lumborum and psoas major muscles on either side 4. -
Surgicaltechniques
OBGM_0806_Hatch.final 7/21/06 11:06 AM Page 17 SURGICALTECHNIQUES THE RETROPERITONEAL SPACE Keeping vital structures out of harm’s way Knowledge of the retroperitoneal space is critical, to avoid unnecessary blood loss and injury of the ureter, bladder, bowel, and nerves he accomplished gynecologic sur- Kenneth D. Hatch, MD The “landmark” Professor, Department geon must know the anatomy of of Obstetrics and Gynecology, T the retroperitoneal space in order umbilical ligament Arizona Health Sciences Center Tucson, Ariz to avoid damage to normal structures, as® Dowden Health Media well as remove pathology. Many disease The umbilical ligament was the umbilical processes involve the pelvic peritoneum, artery in fetal life and courses along the uterosacral ligaments, rectosigmoidCopyrightFor or edgepersonal of the bladder use to theonly anterior abdom- ovarian pedicles, and require the surgeon inal wall up to the umbilicus. It is a useful to enter the retroperitoneal space to iden- guide into the perivesicle space. Lateral to it tify the ureters and blood vessels and are the iliac vessels, and medial is the blad- keep them out of harm’s way. The chal- der. It is also a good marker for finding the IN THIS ARTICLE lenges are complex: right spot to open the round ligament. • Badly distorted anatomy and the ante- ❙ Endometriosis may rior and posterior cul-de-sac necessi- imperil the ureter tate mobilization of the rectosigmoid Page 20 and bladder. • Intraligamentous fibroids require ❙ Preventing ureteral knowledge of the blood supply in the retroperitoneal space. Malignant disor- injury ders mandate that the lymph nodes be Page 23 dissected to determine extent of disease and as part of treatment. -
Mvdr. Natália Hvizdošová, Phd. Mudr. Zuzana Kováčová
MVDr. Natália Hvizdošová, PhD. MUDr. Zuzana Kováčová ABDOMEN Borders outer: xiphoid process, costal arch, Th12 iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), inguinal lig., mons pubis internal: diaphragm (on the right side extends to the 4th intercostal space, on the left side extends to the 5th intercostal space) plane through terminal line Abdominal regions superior - epigastrium (regions: epigastric, hypochondriac left and right) middle - mesogastrium (regions: umbilical, lateral left and right) inferior - hypogastrium (regions: pubic, inguinal left and right) ABDOMINAL WALL Orientation lines xiphisternal line – Th8 subcostal line – L3 bispinal line (transtubercular) – L5 Clinically important lines transpyloric line – L1 (pylorus, duodenal bulb, fundus of gallbladder, superior mesenteric a., cisterna chyli, hilum of kidney, lower border of spinal cord) transumbilical line – L4 Bones Lumbar vertebrae (5): body vertebral arch – lamina of arch, pedicle of arch, superior and inferior vertebral notch – intervertebral foramen vertebral foramen spinous process superior articular process – mammillary process inferior articular process costal process – accessory process Sacrum base of sacrum – promontory, superior articular process lateral part – wing, auricular surface, sacral tuberosity pelvic surface – transverse lines (ridges), anterior sacral foramina dorsal surface – median, intermediate, lateral sacral crest, posterior sacral foramina, sacral horn, sacral canal, sacral hiatus apex of the sacrum Coccyx coccygeal horn Layers of the abdominal wall 1. SKIN 2. SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE + SUPERFICIAL FASCIAS + SUPRAFASCIAL STRUCTURES Superficial fascias: Camper´s fascia (fatty layer) – downward becomes dartos m. Scarpa´s fascia (membranous layer) – downward becomes superficial perineal fascia of Colles´) dartos m. + Colles´ fascia = tunica dartos Suprafascial structures: Arteries and veins: cutaneous brr. of posterior intercostal a. and v., and musculophrenic a. -
Abdomen Abdomen
Abdomen Abdomen The abdomen is the part of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis. It is a flexible, dynamic container, housing most of the organs of the alimentary system and part of the urogenital system. The abdomen consists of: • abdominal walls • abdominal cavity • abdominal viscera ABDOMINAL WALL Boundaries: • Superior : - xiphoid proc. - costal arch - XII rib • Inferior : - pubic symphysis - inguinal groove - iliac crest • Lateral: - posterior axillary line ABDOMINAL WALL The regional system divides the abdomen based on: • the subcostal plane – linea bicostalis: between Х-th ribs • the transtubercular plane – linea bispinalis: between ASIS. Epigastrium Mesogastrium Hypogastrium ABDOMINAL WALL The right and left midclavicular lines subdivide it into: Epigastrium: • Epigastric region • Right hypochondric region • Left hypochondric region Mesogastrium: • Umbilical region • Regio lateralis dex. • Regio lateralis sin. Hypogastrium: • Pubic region • Right inguinal region • Left inguinal region Organization of the layers Skin Subcutaneous tissue superficial fatty layer - Camper's fascia deep membranous layer - Scarpa's fascia Muscles Transversalis fascia Extraperitoneal fat Parietal peritoneum Organization of the layers Skin Subcutaneous tissue superficial fatty layer - Camper's fascia deep membranous layer - Scarpa's fascia Muscles Transversalis fascia Extraperitoneal fat Parietal peritoneum Superficial structures Arteries: • Superficial epigastric a. • Superficial circumflex iliac a. • External pudendal a. Superficial structures Veins: In the upper abdomen: - Thoracoepigastric v. In the lower abdomen: - Superficial epigastric v. - Superficial circumflex iliac v. - External pudendal v. Around the umbilicus: - Parumbilical veins • Deep veins: - Intercostal vv. - Superior epigastric v. - Inferior epigastric v. Superficial structures Veins: In the upper abdomen: - Thoracoepigastric v. In the lower abdomen: - Superficial epigastric v. - Superficial circumflex iliac v. - External pudendal v. -
Kumka's Response to Stecco's Fascial Nomenclature Editorial
Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies (2014) 18, 591e598 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/jbmt FASCIA SCIENCE AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS: RESPONSE Kumka’s response to Stecco’s fascial nomenclature editorial Myroslava Kumka, MD, PhD* Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Department of Anatomy, 6100 Leslie Street, Toronto, ON M2H 3J1, Canada Received 12 May 2014; received in revised form 13 May 2014; accepted 26 June 2014 Why are there so many discussions? response to the direction of various strains and stimuli. (De Zordo et al., 2009) Embedded with a range of mechanore- The clinical importance of fasciae (involvement in patho- ceptors and free nerve endings, it appears fascia has a role in logical conditions, manipulation, treatment) makes the proprioception, muscle tonicity, and pain generation. fascial system a subject of investigation using techniques (Schleip et al., 2005) Pathology and injury of fascia could ranging from direct imaging and dissections to in vitro potentially lead to modification of the entire efficiency of cellular modeling and mathematical algorithms (Chaudhry the locomotor system (van der Wal and Pubmed Exact, 2009). et al., 2008; Langevin et al., 2007). Despite being a topic of growing interest worldwide, This tissue is important for all manual therapists as a controversies still exist regarding the official definition, pain generator and potentially treatable entity through soft terminology, classification and clinical significance of fascia tissue and joint manipulative techniques. (Day et al., 2009) (Langevin et al., 2009; Mirkin, 2008). It is also reportedly treated with therapeutic modalities Lack of consistent terminology has a negative effect on such as therapeutic ultrasound, microcurrent, low level international communication within and outside many laser, acupuncture, and extracorporeal shockwave therapy. -
Radioanatomy of the Retroperitoneal Space
Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging (2015) 96, 171—186 PICTORIAL REVIEW / Gastrointestinal imaging Radioanatomy of the retroperitoneal space ∗ A. Coffin , I. Boulay-Coletta, D. Sebbag-Sfez, M. Zins Radiology department, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospitals, 185, rue Raymond-Losserand, 75014 Paris, France KEYWORDS Abstract The retroperitoneum is a space situated behind the parietal peritoneum and in front Retroperitoneal of the transversalis fascia. It contains further spaces that are separated by the fasciae, between space; which communication is possible with both the peritoneal cavity and the pelvis, according to Kidneys; the theory of interfascial spread. The perirenal space has the shape of an inverted cone and Cross-sectional contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, and related vasculature. It is delineated by the anterior anatomy and posterior renal fasciae, which surround the ureter and allow communication towards the pelvis. At the upper right pole, the perirenal space connects to the retrohepatic space at the bare area of the liver. There is communication between these two spaces through the Kneeland channel. The anterior pararenal space contains the duodenum, pancreas, and the ascending and descending colon. There is free communication within this space, and towards the mesenteries along the vessels. The posterior pararenal space, which contains fat, communicates with the preperitoneal space at the anterior surface of the abdomen between the peritoneum and the transversalis fascia, and allows communication with the contralateral posterior pararenal space. This space follows the length of the ureter to the pelvis, which explains the communication between these areas and the length of the pelvic fasciae. © 2014 Éditions franc¸aises de radiologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. -
Forgotten Ligaments of the Anterior Abdominal Wall: Have You Heard Their Voices?
Japanese Journal of Radiology (2019) 37:750–772 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-019-00869-5 INVITED REVIEW Four “fne” messages from four kinds of “fne” forgotten ligaments of the anterior abdominal wall: have you heard their voices? Toshihide Yamaoka1 · Kensuke Kurihara1 · Aki Kido2 · Kaori Togashi2 Received: 28 July 2019 / Accepted: 3 September 2019 / Published online: 14 September 2019 © Japan Radiological Society 2019 Abstract On the posterior aspect of the anterior abdominal wall, there are four kinds of “fne” ligaments. They are: the round ligament of the liver, median umbilical ligament (UL), a pair of medial ULs, and a pair of lateral ULs. Four of them (the round liga- ment, median UL, and paired medial ULs) meet at the umbilicus because they originate from the contents of the umbilical cord. The round ligament of the liver originates from the umbilical vein, the medial ULs from the umbilical arteries, and the median UL from the urachus. These structures help radiologists identify right-sided round ligament (RSRL) (a rare, but surgically important normal variant), as well as to diferentiate groin hernias. The ligaments can be involved in infamma- tion; moreover, tumors can arise from them. Unique symptoms such as umbilical discharge and/or location of pathologies relating to their embryology are important in diagnosing their pathologies. In this article, we comprehensively review the anatomy, embryology, and pathology of the “fne” abdominal ligaments and highlight representative cases with emphasis on clinical signifcance. Keywords Hepatic round ligament · Right-sided round ligament · Umbilical ligament · Groin hernia Introduction Anatomy On the posterior wall of the anterior abdominal wall, there Four “fne” ligaments of the posterior aspect of the anterior are forgotten ligaments.