Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh

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To cite this article: Mr Robert Lindsay (1891) Opening Address of Session 1889-90, Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 18:1-4, 229-240, DOI: 10.1080/03746609109468060 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03746609109468060

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Opening Address of Session 1889-90. By MR ROBERT LINDSAY, President of the Society. On the Genus Nepenthes. (With Plate I.) The subject on which I venture to make a few remarks, viz., the genus Nepenthes, is one that was suggested to me as being somewhat appropriate from the fact that it is exactly a century since the first species was introduced into cultivation. I the more willingly agree to this suggestion, since the practical cultivation of these interesting plants has engaged my attention for many years. A good deal has been written of late years about the species of this genus Nepenthes from a physiological point of view, beginning with Sir J. D. Hooker's Address on Carnivorous Plants, delivered to the British Association in 1874. The work of the late Professor Dickson on their minute structure is familiar to you all,—work which, I am glad to say, is still being elaborated and extended by Dr Macfarlane. But in addition to the scientific interest which attaches to these highly specialised plants, their suitability for garden decorative purposes, as well as the ease with which they can be cultivated, renders them peculiarly attractive. Their singularity of form and beauty of colour are not exceeded by any other group of plants. The order Nepenthacen is limited to the single genus Nepen- thes, which consists of thirty-four species and nine varieties, as defined by Sir J. D. Hooker.* In 1847, when Dr Lindley published the second edition of his ' Vegetable Kingdom' six species only were known. The plants are shrubby, climbing, and dicecious. The greater number are natives of Borneo and the Malay Archipelago ; but one, N. khasiana, is a native of India, another, N. distillatoria, grows in Ceylon, N. Pervillei Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 is a native of the Seychelles, and N. madagascariensis is endemic in Madagascar, whilst from tropical Australia comes N. Kennedyana. Since the publication of Sir J. D. Hooker's monograph in De Candolle's Prodromus,' four new species have been discovered and introduced into cultivation by the * De Condone, Prodromus, vol. xvii., 1873. 230 President's Address.

enterprise of Messrs Veitch & Sons, Chelsea ; these are N. Northiana, N. cincta, N. Curtisii, and quite recently N. Burlcei. There are at present in cultivation twenty species and ten distinct and well-marked varieties that have been introduced from abroad, and at least thirty-nine named garden hybrids, raised in this country and in America The first species of Nepenthes introduced into this country was N. distillatoria, brought from Ceylon in 1789 by Sir Joseph Banks.* My earliest recollection of pitcher-plants at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden is of two huge bushes trained in balloon fashion ; one was N. Phyllamphora, the other N lavis, but they rarely produced pitchers. Indeed, at one time it was reckoned very fortunate when a pitcher could be had to illustrate the lectures of the late Professor Balfour. But with improved means of raising young plants from cuttings, and the advent of the earlier raised hybrids, pitchers could be had at all times,—the hybrids N Dominii, N hybrida, and particu- larly N. Sedenii, being extremely free-growing, and always having some pitchers developed. Nepenthes distillatoria, figured in the ' Botanical Magazine,' t. 2798, from a male plant which grew in the Royal Botanic Garden, and described by Professor Graham in 1828, had long disappeared before my association with the garden, but I recollect seeing a contemporary of the figured plant growing in Messrs Dickson & Sons' Nursery at Inverleith Row. This plant was a female, and had ripened seeds from which the first seedlings raised in this country were produced. The pollen to fertilise this Nepenthes was supplied by Dr Neill, who had plants of both sexes of N. distillatoria at Canonmills Lodge Garden. Dr Neill himself also raised numerous seedlings of this species in 1835.t I shall very briefly mention the species at present in cultivation, as well as those not in cultivation, in order that Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 those interested, who may be located or sojourning near to where these plants are indigenous, may know which are likely to be of value to cultivators. The simplest and easiest way of introducing new kinds is by seeds. They

* Aiton's Hortus Kewensis. 1 London, Gardener's Magazine, 1836. President's Address. 231

soon, however, lose their germinating power, and should, therefore, be sent home without much delay. 1. NEPENTHES ALBO-MARGINATA, Lindl., a native of Singa- pore and Sumatra, is a free-growing species, with peculiar rigid leaves, which are covered with a white tomentum. The pitcher is about 6 inches long, beautifully marked with purple spots, and has a peculiar and characteristic white band running round the neck of the pitcher. 2. N. AMPULLARIA, Jack,* from Singapore and Bintang, is a strong-growing species, which, when kept well in check, produces more pitchers than any other kind. The pitchers are small, 1 to 2 inches in length, having a deeply inverted rim. The lid projects backwards from the mouth of the pitcher, which is also distinguished by the absence of a conducting surface. The presence or absence of the conducting surface, and its relative length in the former case, is a character of sufficient constancy in the different species to afford a useful diagnostic mark. N. ampullaria, var. vittata, and its form major, have highly coloured pitchers. 3. N. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Mast., from Sarawak, is a small green pitchered species resembling the form grown as N. lcevis. 4. N. BICALCARATA is a native of Borneo and Sarawak ; it is a very strong-growing species, having a stem an inch or more in thickness, and leathery leaves, each 2 to 3 feet long and 4 to 5 inches broad, produced into a long rigid tendril- like mid-rib, terminating in a stout bag-shaped pitcher. The rim of the pitcher is peculiar in having two sharp spurs developed from it which point towards the mouth of the pitcher. This species was first sent home alive by Mr. F. W. Burbidge to Messrs Veitch & Sons in 1879. 5. N. CINCTA, Mast.,t endemic in Borneo, was raised from seed collected by Mr Burke for Messrs Veitch, and is supposed to be a natural hybrid between N Northiana and N albo- marginata. In cultivation it grows freely and produces Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 extremely handsome pitchers about 7 inches in length, dark green with irregular purple blotches. The mouth of the pitcher is wide and the rim is finely ribbed, and has projecting lobes, somewhat resembling those in the pitchers of N. Figured in Bot. Mag., t. 5109. 1 Gard. Chron., vol. xxi., N.S., p. 576. 232 President's Address.

Northiana, while a white band runs round the base of the rim as in N. albo-marginata. 6. N. CURTISII, Mast.,* a new species introduced by Messrs Veitch, is very distinct, and one of the best yet sent home. The leaves are broad, light green in colour, and have wavy margins. The tendril-like mid-rib is prolonged from the under surface of the leaf, leaving a peltation at the apex as in N Rajah. The pitchers, which are freely produced, are large and trumpet-shaped, dark green in colour, thickly mottled with purplish brown. N. Curtisii superba is a variety considered to be an improvement on the original species. Our plant in the Botanic Garden is as yet too small to allow of my expressing an opinion regarding it. 7. N. DISTILLATORIA, L., from Ceylon, is a very elegant species, with light-green pitchers about 5 inches long, and with a conducting surface equalling two-thirds of its length. It bulges out at the part where the digestive glands make their appearance. This species requires a little more heat to grow it well than does the form often grown in gardens under the name of N distillatoria, which is really N. khasiana. N distillatoria, var. rubra, is a very pretty form with reddish coloured pitchers. 8. N. GRACILIS, Korthals, from Sumatra, and elsewhere in the East, is a comparatively hardy and easily grown species. The pitchers are somewhat variable in size and colour. Those produced low down on the stem are purple coloured, those higher up almost green, with a few purple spots dotted over the inside of the pitcher. N gracilis major is a form of this. 9. N. HOOKERIANA, Low, introduced from Sarawak in 1847, is one of the best species for general culture. It has two forms of pitcher. Those at the base of the stem are round and spotted with red, while the upper ones are more elongated. Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 The conducting surface is absent ; the rim is inverted and set close round the mouth of the pitcher, and the lid stands erect, free from the mouth characters in which the species agrees with N. ampullaria more than with any other. N. Hookeriana is generally supposed to be a variety of N. * Gard. Citron., vol. ii. (3rd series), p. 681. President's Address. 233

_Raifiesiana, with which it agrees in size and colour only, while it differs so much in other features that I am inclined to regard it as a natural hybrid between N. ampillaria and N. Raffiesiana. I hope to have an opportunity some day by crossing these two species of ascertaining whether this conjecture is correct or not. N. Hookeriana elongata is a variety, which we have in cultivation in Edinburgh, differing slightly in habit and in shape of pitcher from the type. 10. N. KENNEDYANA, F. Mueller, a native of York Peninsula, Australia, comes very near to N. Phyllamphora, but does not grow so freely as that species. The pitchers differ in being slightly tinged with red, and have less conducting surface. 11. N. KHASTANA is found in Eastern Bengal at 3000 feet altitude. This, the N. distillatoria of gardens, and as such figured in the ' Botanical Magazine,' is one of the best known in cultivation. It has narrow funnel-shaped pitchers, 8 to 10 inches long when fully developed. The conducting surface extends to about half the length of the pitcher, and has a purplish glaucous appearance. Nearly every pitcher is supported by a tendril, and the lamina of the leaf has a flaccid appearance. One of the oldest in cultivation, it is still one of the most ornamental species. 12. N. LtEVIS resembles N. gracilis, but differs in having narrower leaves. The rim and the wings of the pitchers are not so well developed as in N gracilis. 13. N. NORTHIANA, Hook. fil., a native of Sarawak, altitude 1000 feet, is one of the largest and most magnificent of all the species. It was discovered by Miss North, whose drawing of the plant induced Mr Veitch to send out a collector, Mr Curtis, to search for it, and he succeeded in introducing it in 1881. When fully developed, the pitchers are 16 inches in length by 5 inches wide. The plant seems to be quite easily cultivated, and I have no doubt Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 that in course of time these large mature pitchers will also be produced by cultivated plants. Our plant in Edin- burgh (which is a young one) has pitchers 41 inches long by 2 inches wide, and they are larger in size on every leaf that is made. The pitcher is peculiar in being highly coloured inside, and in having only faint blotches of purple 234 President's Address.

on the outside. The rim is very broad, undulating, everted, and beautifully ribbed ; the lid is ovate-oblong, nearly covering the mouth of the pitcher. 14. N. PHYLLAMPHORA, Willd., from Cochin China, Borneo, &c., has long been known in cultivation, and is a rampant species with delicate light-green pitchers, which have a broad flattened rim. It is one of the easiest to cultivate. 15. N. RAFFLESIANA, Jack, comes from Singapore, Borneo, &c., and is one of the most effective species in cultivation. It forms two kinds of pitchers : those produced low down on the stem have broad ciliated wings, greenish-yellow in colour, with brown markings, and they are much handsomer than the upper pitchers, which are longer and more trumpet shaped. The rim of the pitcher is finely corrugated with strong teeth which run round the mouth of the pitcher, ending in an upright column which supports the lid, and a posterior gap is left owing to the edges of the rim not fitting closely together. This is a tall-growing species. N. Rafflesiana nivea is a beautiful dwarf variety, not more than 10 to 12 inches in height. The leaves are narrow and shining ; the stems are covered with a white tomentum ; and the pitchers are darker coloured and even handsomer than those of the type. 16. N. RAJAH, Hook. fil. This wonderful species was discovered by Sir Hugh Low in 1851 during his first ascent of Mount Kina Balou, Borneo, at an altitude of 5000 feet. He again ascended this mountain along with Mr Spencer St John in 1858, and I may quote what the latter traveller says regarding this famous pitcher-plant : * " The pitchers, as I have before observed, rest on the ground in a circle, and the young plants have cups of the same form as those of the old ones. This morning, while the men were cooking their rice, as we sat before the tent enjoying our chocolate, observing one of our followers carrying water in a splendid speci- men of Nepenthes Rajah, we desired him to bring it to us, Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 and found that it held exactly four pint bottles. It was 19 inches in circumference. We afterwards saw others apparently much larger, and Mr Low, while wandering in search of flowers, came upon one in which was a drowned rat." This magnificent species was sent home by Mr F. W. Burbidge in * Life in the Forests of the Far East, vol. i. p. 327. President's Address. 235

1878 to Messrs Veitch & Sons. Unfortunately, it has not proved very amenable to culture, but it is to be hoped that some one may find out its requirements, and succeed in growing it so as to produce those marvellous urns. Notwithstand- ing every care, our Edinburgh plant perished. 17. N. SANGUINEA, Lindl., a native of Malacca, is a rare and extremely handsome species having large crimson coloured pitchers. It grows freely enough, but is rather difficult to increase by cuttings. 18. N. VEITCHII, Hook. fil.,* grows in Borneo, at an altitude of from 1000 to 3000 feet. It is a remarkable species, having a peculiarly low spreading manner of growth, not upright like most of the species. The whole plant is densely covered with brown hairs. The pitchers are from 6 to 12 inches in length and yellowish-green in colour. The mouth is surrounded by a very broad everted margin of a light golden colour. The conducting surface is very small, covering scarcely an inch of the length of the back of the pitcher. These are all the species at present in cultivation in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. So far as I am aware, the only others in cultivation are N. madagascariensis, Poir, and N Barkei. The latter, described by Dr Masters, t was introduced by Messrs Veitch & Son from the Philippine Islands, and named after their collector, Mr Burke.

1- Species of Nepenthes, not in Cultivation. 1. NEPENTHES ALATA, Blanco, Philippine Islands. 2. BOSOHIANA, Korth, Borneo, alt. 3000 to 5000 ft. var. SUMATRANA.

/1 var. Low'', Sarawak, alt. 3000 ft.

3. lf Dorms°, Korth, Sumatra.

4. f BLANCOI, Blume, Philippine Islands. 5. EDWARDSIANA, Hook. f. Kina Balou, alt. 8000 to 9000 ft.

Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 6. ECHINOSTOMA, Beccari, Sarawak. 7. CELEBICA, Meyer, Island of Celebes.

8. fl EUSTACHYA, Miq., Sumatra. 9. HIRSUTA, Borneo, alt. 2500 ft.

* Figured in the Bot. Meg., t. 5080, under the name of N. villosa. 1' Gard. Citron., vol. vi. (3rd series), p. 492. :7. De Candolle, Prodrontus, vol. xvii., 1873. 236 President's Address.

10. NEPENTHES Lown, Hook. f., Kina Balou, alt. 6000 to 8000 ft. 11. ,, MAXIMA, Reinw., Island of Celebes.

12. /I MELAMPLIORA, Blume, Java, alt. 3000 to 5000 ft.

II /7 var. LUCIDA, Blume.

1) 5, var. HIEMATAMPHORA, Mkt. 13. PERVILLEI, Blume, Seychelles, alt. 2000 to 3000 ft. PHYLLAMPHORA, var. macrantha, Beccari, Sarawak. 14. REINWARDTII, Miq., Sumatra, alt. 2000 to 4500 ft. 15. TENTACULATA, Sarawak, alt. 2000 to 5000 ft. 16. ,, TEYSMANNIANA, Miq., Sumatra. 17. ,, TRICHOCARPA, Miq., Sumatra. ,, ,, var. ERYTHROSTICTA. 18. ,, VEILLARDII, New Caledonia.

19. I, VILLOSA, Hook. f., Kina Balou, alt. 7000 to 9000 ft. 20. ,, VENTRICOSA, Blanco, Philippine Islands.

Many of these species are most remarkable in structure and appearance, and in these days of quick transit it is to be hoped that some enterprising traveller may succeed in sending them home safely to enrich our collections. That they would receive a hearty welcome is beyond question. A good deal has been accomplished by hybridising species of Nepenthes, but much more remains to be done. The great difficulty is in getting both sexes of the desired species in flower at the same time. As a general rule, the habit and form of the male parent predominate in the hybrid. N. Rafilesiana, N. distillatoria, and N. Phyllamphbra have been frequently used in the production of hybrids, with the result that the offspring are too much alike. As an example of real improvement effected by hybridising, N Mastersiana may be cited. The female parent of this hybrid was the rather scarce N. sanguinea, the male being N. khasiana, a vigorous growing species. The resultant hybrid is a plant rivalling in beauty of form and colour any species in cultivation, with the additional recommendation that it is not excelled by any in vigour of constitution or in freedom of growth. Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 Another distinct hybrid is N. Dieksoniana, raised in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden in 1884 (see Plate I.) The female parent, N. Rafflesiana, was fertilised by pollen of N. Veitch,ii, supplied by Messrs Veitch from a plant in their nurseries at Chelsea. The result is a hybrid having the form and habit of N. Veitehii, with the vigour of President's Address. 237

N. Rafflesiana infused into it. The pitchers have the colour of N. Bajlesiana, but possess a broader rim, approaching N Veitchii in this respect. The conducting surface is intermediate between the two parents. I have drawn up a list of Nepenthes-hybrids with their parentage, so far as is known, and I would here express my obligations to the Messrs Veitch for information kindly supplied regarding the numerous hybrids raised by them. Unfortunately the parentage of the earlier raised hybrids is imperfectly known.

Name of Hybrid. Female Parent. Male Parent.

Nepenthes Dominii. Rafflesiana. species. v Pf intermedia. species. Raffiesiana. V IP Rafflesiana pallida. hybrida. Raffiesiana. 2 , edinensis. Eaffiesiana. Chelsoni x v „ Dicksoniana. Rafflesiana. Veitehii. ,- ,, hybrida. (distillatoria) khasiana. species. „ „ maculata. „ ,,

Sedenii. ,, PI V .-...-' „ Mastersiana. sanguinea. (distillatoria) khasiana. „ Chelsonii. Dominii x Hookeriana. ..- „ Stewartii. Hookeriana. Phyllamphora. " „ Ratcliffiana. ,, ,,

„ Wrigleyana. 3, PP

„ Lawrenciana. t 9 ,7

„ Outramiana. >7 Sedenii x . I.,- „ Williamsii. 2, „ Courtii. species. Doininii; V

„ maculata elongata. ,1 ,,

„ rubro-maculata. PP hybridarida x

73 cylindrica. hirsuta glabrescens. Veitchii. „ rufescens. ,, 22 Courtii. v

Names of hybrid Nepenthes grown in Gardens. Nepenthes Amesiana. Nepenthes Paradisice. ” atrosanguinea. ,, pieturat4. Broomeana. >, lyrata. 6 It A t k 0 , 4„ f , PP coccinea. ,, Seemaniana. Claytonii. ,, Siebrechtii. ,, Hamiltonii. splendida.

Morgania3. PP Thorpiana.

Hookerm. PP washingtoniana.

Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 Patersoni. ,, Dominii viridis. It would be interesting as an experiment to try whether pollen, of the unintroduced species, would prove fertile when sent home. Seeing that male plants of Nepenthes are usually much more numerous than female, seeds might not be pro- curable, and it is just possible that if pollen were sent home 238 President's Address. quickly by post, some remarkable crosses might be effected. Such species as N. Lowii, N. Rajah, N. echinostoma, Edwardsiana, and others from very high altitudes, the conditions for the successful culture of which are so difficult to imitate, might in this way be brought into cultivation, and a great boon would thus be conferred on botanists and horticulturists. Seeds of Nepenthes soon lose their germinating properties, and should, therefore, be sown as early as possible after ripening. This period may be known by the splitting of the capsules. A single capsule contains several hundred seeds. These are thin and light, about half an inch long, tapering at both ends, and invested with a loose coating of brown fibre. In raising seedlings, fiat pots are filled one half with drainage, the other half with a compost of peat and sphagnum chopped very fine, to which is added a little silver sand and charcoal. This soil is then watered, and the seeds are sown on its surface, and the merest sprinkling of the finest portion of the soil put on the top. The pot is then covered with a bell glass, and placed in a close warm case until germination occurs. This usually takes place in about six weeks' time. When the young plants are fit to handle, they are put into small pots covered by a bell jar, which, in course of time, is removed, and the seedlings are gradually inured to the ordinary treatment given to older plants. The first leaves produced on plants of Nepenthes, after the cotyledons, are small winged pitchers, having a spur-like lid. A succession of these is produced before a lamina becomes apparent on the young leaves, and their development is most interesting. Regarding the cultivation of pitcher-plants generally, I may say a few words without entering very minutely into details. To produce good results, a very moist temperature is necessary. If it average 65 ° in winter and 75 ° in summer this will suit most of the species. A free open compost is required for the roots, consisting Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 of rough fibrous peat and sphagnum with a little silver sand and charcoal well mixed. Good drainage is needed, owing to the large amount of water required by the plants. Pots or baskets of small size in comparison with that of the plants are to be preferred. The plants should be placed near to the glass. Some shading will be necessary in summer, but it President's Address. 239 should not be very heavy. Constant attention to pinching or stopping the young growths is also essential. The most vigorous growing plants often fail to develop pitchers, on their leaves, which end in at:g' ndril only. The explanation I offer of this is that such plants are depending exclusively for their nourishment on their roots. For, when checked by being cut down, the young shoots then produced develop pitchers at the end of almost every leaf. This seems to be a return to the juvenile condition, for we have seen that seedlings at first produce pitchers only. Confining the roots in small pots or baskets has a similar effect, the more they are cramped at the roots the more pitchers are developed. That the pitchers play an important part in the economy of the plant, and that animal matter is absorbed by them, is beyond doubt. It sometimes happens, however, that the pitchers capture too much and decay sets in from excess of animal matter contained in them. This has given rise to the notion, somewhat prevalent among cultivators, that the capture of insects is injurious rather than beneficial to pitcher-plants. Such occurrences are exceptional and are simply cases of over-feeding. My experience in the matter is, that the capture of insects is of great value in the cultivation of pitcher-plants. It by no means follows that the plants would not grow if all insect or animal matter were excluded from the pitchers. I think, however, that it would be most unwise to treat them in this way seeing that they thrive so much better on a mixed diet. The fluid secreted by the pitchers should not be interfered with or emptied out, as the pitchers remain in good condition so much longer when this is attended to. Highly coloured pitchers are generally the largest, and the species producing these, in all likelihood, stand highest in the scale, probably from their being more attractive to insect life, and consequently better fed. Green-coloured pitchers, on the other hand, are usually small, and may be looked upon as the lowest in the scale. It is gratifying to find that the Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 cultivation of species of Nepenthes is very much on the increase throughout the country, and that the beauty, singularity, and, above all, the wonderful adaptation in form which they manifest, are becoming more and more appreciated. 240 President's Address.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I.

(Illustrating Mr Lindsay's Address on the genus Nepenthes.)

NEPENTHES DICKSONIANA. HYBRID.

Fig. 1. The whole plant. From a photograph by Mr A. D. Richardson. „ 2. The pitcher ; natural size. From a coloured drawing by Mrs Bayley Balfour.

The plant figured here has not yet reached maturity, and the pitchers that may be produced when the plant is older will be larger in size. Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014 Downloaded by [the Bodleian Libraries of the University of Oxford] at 07:32 16 October 2014