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A Survey of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G The University of Manchester Research A Survey of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2018.2835558 Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Dai, L., Wang, B., Ding, Z., Wang, Z., Chen, S., & Hanzo, L. (2018). A Survey of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2835558 Published in: IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:10. Oct. 2021 1 A Survey on Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G Networks: Research Challenges and Future Trends Zhiguo Ding, Senior Member, IEEE, Xianfu Lei, Senior Member, IEEE, George K. Karagiannidis, Fellow, IEEE, Robert Schober, Fellow, IEEE, Jihong Yuan, Fellow, IEEE, and Vijay Bhargava, Life Fellow, IEEE Abstract—Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is an es- resource block, e.g., a time slot, a frequency channel, a sential enabling technology for the fifth generation (5G) wireless spreading code, or an orthogonal spatial degree of freedom. networks to meet the heterogeneous demands on low latency, Unlike NOMA, conventional orthogonal multiple access high reliability, massive connectivity, improved fairness, and high throughput. The key idea behind NOMA is to serve multiple users (OMA) techniques, such as time division multiple access in the same resource block, such as a time slot, subcarrier, or (TDMA) and orthogonal frequency division multiple access spreading code. The NOMA principle is a general framework, (OFDMA), serve a single user in each orthogonal resource and several recently proposed 5G multiple access schemes can block. The spectral inefficiency of OMA can be illustrated with be viewed as special cases. This survey provides an overview the following simple example. Consider a scenario, where one of the latest NOMA research and innovations as well as their applications. Thereby, the papers published in this special issue user with very poor channel conditions needs to be served for are put into the context of the existing literature. Future research fairness purposes, e.g., this user has high priority data or has challenges regarding NOMA in 5G and beyond are also discussed. not been served for a long time. In this case, the use of OMA means that it is inevitable that one of the scarce bandwidth Index Terms—Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), multi- resources is solely occupied by this user, despite its poor carrier NOMA, MIMO, cooperative NOMA, millimeter-wave channel conditions. Obviously, this has a negative impact on networks. the spectrum efficiency and throughput of the overall system. In such a situation, the use of NOMA ensures not only that I. INTRODUCTION the user with poor channel conditions is served but also that users with better channel conditions can concurrently utilize Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has become an the same bandwidth resources as the weak user. As a result, if important principle for the design of radio access techniques user fairness has to be guaranteed, the system throughput of for the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks [1]–[3]. Al- NOMA can be significantly larger than that of OMA [13]. In though several 5G multiple access techniques have been addition to its spectral efficiency gain, academic and industrial proposed by academia and industry, including power-domain research has also demonstrated that NOMA can effectively NOMA [4]–[6], sparse code multiple access (SCMA) [7], [8], support massive connectivity, which is important for ensuring pattern division multiple access (PDMA) [9], [10], low density that the forthcoming 5G network can support the Internet of spreading (LDS) [11], and lattice partition multiple access Things (IoT) functionalities [14]–[17]. (LPMA) [12], these techniques are based on the same key Although the application of NOMA in cellular networks is concept, where more than one user is served in each orthogonal relatively new, related concepts have been studied in informa- tion theory for a long time. For example, key components of Z. Ding is with the School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster NOMA, such as superposition coding, successive interference University, Lancaster, UK (email: [email protected]). X. Lei is with the Institute of Mobile Communications, Southwest Jiaotong cancellation (SIC), and the message passing algorithm (MPA), University, Chengdu, China (email: xfl[email protected]). have already been invented more than two decades ago [18], G. K. Karagiannidis is with the Department of Electrical and Computer En- [19]. Nevertheless, the principle of NOMA, i.e., removing gineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece (email: [email protected]). orthogonality, has not been used in the previous generations of R. Schober is with the Institute for Digital Communications, Friedrich- cellular networks. In this content, we note that the philosophy Alexander-University Erlangen-Nurnberg (FAU), Germany (email: behind NOMA is rarther different from that behind code [email protected]). J. Yuan is with the School of Electrical Engineering and Telecom- division multiple access (CDMA). In fact, CDMA is primarily munications, the University of New South Wales, Australia (email: jin- built upon the idea that users are separated by exploiting [email protected]). the differences among their spreading codes, whereas NOMA V. Bhargava is the Department of Electrical and Computer Engi- neering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (email: vi- encourages multiple users to employ exactly the same code. As [email protected]). a consequence, for CDMA, the chip rate has to be much higher The work of Z. Ding was supported by the UK EPSRC under grant number than the supported information data rate, e.g., supporting a EP/N005597/1 and by H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 under grant number 690750. The work of X. Lei was supported by the Sichuan International Science and data rate of 10 Gbps may require a chip rate of a few hundred Technology Cooperation Project under Grant 2017HH0035 and the National Gbps, which is difficult to realize with practical hardware. Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61501382. R. Schober’s Conventionally, NOMA can be integrated in existing and work was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Professorship program. The work of J. Yuan was supported by the Australia Research Council (ARC) future wireless systems because of its compatibility with Discovery Project DP160104566. other communication technologies. For example, NOMA has 2 been shown to be compatible with conventional OMA, such denotes the transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). On the other as TDMA and OFDMA [20]. Because of this, NOMA has hand, user 2 performs SIC, i.e., it first decodes user 1’s also been proposed for inclusion in the 3rd generation part- message and then removes this message from its observation nership project (3GPP) long-term evolution advanced (LTE- before decoding its own message. This strategy results in an 2 2 A) standard [21], where NOMA is referred to as multi-user achievable rate of log2 1 + ρ h2 α2 since SIC is always 2 2 j j 2 2 superposition transmission (MUST). Particularly, without re- jh2j α1 jh1j α1 possible as log2 1 + jh j2α2+ 1 log2 1 + jh j2α2+ 1 . quiring any changes to the LTE resource blocks (i.e., OFDMA 2 2 ρ ≥ 1 2 ρ subcarriers), the use of the NOMA principle ensures that P two users are simultaneously served on the same OFDMA Decoding of U1's subcarrier. Furthermore, NOMA has been recently included U1 signal while treating in the forthcoming digital TV standard (ATSC 3.0), where it U2 U2's signal as noise f is referred to as layered division multiplexing (LDM) [22]. Particularly, the spectral efficiency of TV broadcasting is U1 Decoding of U1's improved by using the NOMA principle and superimposing signal while treating multiple data streams. The above examples clearly demonstrate BS U2's signal as noise the large potential of NOMA, not only for 5G networks, but U2 SIC also for other upcoming and existing wireless systems. Decoding of U2's The goal of this survey is to provide a comprehensive signal overview of the latest NOMA research results and innovations, including the papers published in this JSAC special issue. Fig. 1. An example of a NOMA downlink scheme with two users, denoted In particular, the design of single-carrier and multi-carrier by U1 and U2, and one subcarrier. NOMA is discussed in Sections II and III, respectively, where The spectral efficiency gain of NOMA can be illustrated in power-domain NOMA, SCMA, LDS, and PDMA are used as on the following examples. examples. Sections IV and V focus on multiple-input multiple- Example 1: Consider a high-SNR scenario, i.e., ρ . For 2 ! 1 output (MIMO) NOMA and cooperative NOMA, respectively. illustration purpose, assume ρ h1 0, i.e., user 1’s channel In Section VI, the combination of NOMA with millimeter- experiences a deep fade. Thej sumj ! rate achieved by NOMA wave (mmWave) communications is studied. Some important can be approximated as follows: implementation issues of NOMA are discussed in Section VII, ! h 2α2 and concluding remarks are provided in Section IX.
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