Climate Protection and Energy 3

Climate protection and energy 3

3.1 Climate protection in Brandenburg 73

3.2 sources of energy-related CO2 emissions 74 3.3 renewable energies in Brandenburg 2004–2008 76 3.4 emissions trading 80 3.5 the use of surrogate fuels in energy generation 82

3.1 Climate protection in Brandenburg

Effective precautions to protect the climate is one of the One of the most important means for implementing these pillars of sustainable development. Human activity has re- aims is increased reliance on renewable energy. Respon- sulted in the average rise in the global air temperature at sibility for this lies with the department of the environment. ground level of 0.7 Kelvin (K) in the last 40 years. At the Increasing the use made of renewable energy in primary same time, global sea level has risen by between 10 and energy consumption has been established as a target of 25 cm. the state. In this respect, Brandenburg is working to increase the share of renewable energy in primary energy The scientific consensus is that this trend has been caused consumption by 20 % (= 120 PJ). by the release of climactic gasses from the combustion of carbonaceous, predominantly fossil energy sources. With Current use of renewable energy in Brandenburg has re- a dwell time of approx. 100 years, the by-product, Carbon sulted in the avoidance of 9 million tonnes of CO2. A further dioxide (CO2) is responsible for 50 % of the world-wide an- not inconsiderable aspect of involved in the attempt to in- thropogenic greenhouse gasses. crease the use of renewable energy is the retention and expansion of jobs with a secure future and regional value-

In view of its history of CO2-intensive lignite-fuelled elec- creation. The front-runner in the renewable energy sector tricity generation, and its supra-regional significance as an in Brandenburg remains wind energy. A further element electricity generator, Brandenburg has a particular respon- key to realizing Brandenburg’s ambitious climate targets is sibility to make an effective contribution to climate protec- the expansion of environmentally-friendly methods of bio- tion. gas generation. This is making a growing contribution to replacing fossil fuels and reducing the dependence on im- In consequence, the Brandenburg state parliament com- ports. Furthermore, this market segment is set to secure piled the state »Action Plan for Climate Protection and income and employment in rural areas. The number of bio- Adaption to the Implications of Climate Change« and with gas plants in Brandenburg has undergone exponential in- the Energy Strategy 2020. In doing so, Brandenburg has crease since 2004. → Map 3-1 set a target of reducing energy-related CO2 emissions by 40 % by 2020 and by a further 35 % by 2030 (in compari- The impact on the water balance, son to 1990 levels). agriculture and forestry Climate change could result in the loss of Brandenburg’s

75 % of total CO2 emissions in 2008 were produced by the characteristic landscape of extensive lowlands, moors and refining of primary energy sources for the production of bog areas and their environmental function. This would electricity, district heating and other coal and mineral oil have a negative effect on the water balance and the attrac- products. Two-thirds of the associated products were ex- tive appearance of the landscape. Observations, surveys ported from Brandenburg. These exports accounted for al- and investigations are presented in chapter Water 2.1.3 most 45% of nation-wide CO2 emissions. The majority of landscape water balance. this figure was attributable to electricity generation. A 40 % reduction of CO2 emissions by 2020 requires considerably greater efforts. In 2008, energy-related CO2 emissions contributed an estimated 60.9 million tonnes. The reduction rate in comparison to 1990 amounted to approx. 33% → Map 3-1

The remaining 7 % mean that Brandenburg is facing a considerable challenge in the coming decades.

Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Climate protection and energy 73 3.2 sources of energy-related Sectors of consumption Energy conversion and distribution accounted for almost CO2 emissions 75 % of CO2 emissions in Brandenburg. These result from Carbonaceous fuels the production of prepared fuels such as electricity, district The combustion of every carbonaceous fuel, whether coal, heating, motor fuels, fuel oil and many others for both local

oil, gas or biomass, currently produces CO2 emissions. consumption and export. Raw lignite, oil and natural gas The combustion of lignite, mineral oil, gas and black coal were used for this purpose. The level of emissions from

was the cause of more than 95% of all energy-related CO2 the consumption sector is determined by the carbon con- emissions in Brandenburg. Local lignite resources account tent and quantity of the fuels used as well as the effective- for the largest proportion of this amount, and its combus- ness of the facilities. In the last ten years, power stations tion caused almost 60% of emissions in 2008. In recent and refineries alone produced emissions of around 46 mil-

years, the CO2 emissions resulting from the combustion of lion tonnes per annum. The emissions of the other con- lignite varied between 37-39 million t/a. Coal accounted for sumption sectors lay between 4 and 6 million. t/a. 2 million t/a; the combustion of mineral oil products ac- → Fig. 3-2 counted for between 11-13 million t/a and that of gasses between 8-9 million t/a. → Fig. 3-1

Fig. 3-1 1 Energy-related CO2-emissions by sector emissions in millions of tonnes 2 CO

Energy conversion and distribution Industry traffic households and small consumers * preliminary

Source: LUA, 2009

Fig. 3-2 Energy-related CO2 emissions by fuel type emissions in millions of tonnes 2 CO

Lignite coal mineral oil gasses other fuels * preliminary

Source: LUA, 2009

74 Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Climate protection and energy Emissions indicators Brandenburg’s share of energy-related CO2 emissions The progress achieved in climate protection and sustain- amounts to an over-average 7.7 % share of total emis- able development is documented by the indicator »Carbon sions in Germany. This is compared to a 2.2% share of the dioxide emissions« and other indicators. Brandenburg’s GDP. This is due to the economic structure of the state. inhabitant-related emissions (emissions per capita) are → Fig. 3-4 the result of a disadvantageous mix of fuels in comparison to the national average, and the fact that Brandenburg exports approx. 60 % of all fuels produced in its refineries and power plants. → Fig. 3-3

Fig. 3-3 Energy-related CO2-emissions per inhabitant emissions in tonnes per inhabitant 2 CO

Brandenburg (with electricity exports) Brandenburg (excluding electricity exports) Germany * preliminary

Source: LUA, 2009

Fig. 3-4 Energy-related CO2 emissions per unit of GDP / 1000 € GDP 2 Tonnes CO

Brandenburg Germany * preliminary

Source: LUA, 2009

Further Information: Energy balances http://www.mugv.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/lbm1.c.212268.de

Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Climate protection and energy 75 3.3 renewable energies the proportion of renewable energies used in electricity in Brandenburg 2004–2008 consumption and gross electricity production. → Fig. 3-5

With its energy strategy 2020, Brandenburg has set the • In 1990, the proportion of the PEC taken by renewable target of providing a minimum of 20 % (i.e.120 PJ1) of its energies was practically zero. Brandenburg did not have primary energy requirement with renewable energy. Re- any balance-relevant use. newable energy forms already assume an ever-larger sig- • Between 2004-2008, the contribution made by renew- nificance in Brandenburg’s energy mix, making a contribu- able energy to the PEC rose from 6.2 to more than 13 %. tion to satisfying Brandenburg’s domestic demand for This represents an increase of more than 50 %. To fulfil the electricity, heat and fuels, as well as representing an im- 20 per Cent target by 2020, it is necessary to achieve at portant »export product«. The total contributions made to least the same level of growth registered between 2004- the electricity, heat and fuel supply by various energy 2008. forms are totalled using the energy balance and depicted • The share of renewable energies in the PEC has regis- as a proportion of primary energy consumption (PEC). tered the highest increase in the area of electricity genera- Brandenburg’s energy balance can also be used to depict tion. → Fig. 3-5

Renewable energies in Brandenburg Fig. 3-5 – the contribution to energy generation 2004-2008

Target for 2020: 20% Proportion of renewable energies in %

Of energy consumption – electricity Of primary consumption (total) Of the gross electricity generation

Source: LUA, 2009

1) 1 PJ = 1 Petajoule = approx. 278 gigawatt hours = approx. 278 million kilowatt hours

76 Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Climate protection and energy Electricity from renewable energies • The electricity yield and the emissions saved have more Is generated with wind turbines, solar cells and water-pow- than doubled. Brandenburg is able to cover almost a cal- er plants; in biomass plants as well as biogas, digester gas culated half of its electricity requirement from renewable or landfill gas facilities. sources. • Were this amount of energy to be produced by lignite • Between 2004 – 2008, the number of facilities tripled fired power plants, Brandenburg would have emitted 8.7 and the installed capacity rose to 175 %. million tonnes more CO2 in 2008. → Fig. 3-6

Electricity generation from renewable energy sources Fig. 3-6 – the development in Brandenburg 2004–2008 Proportion of renewable energy in %

Number of facilities Installed capacity in Electricity yield in Emissions avoided in

million Watt (MW) millions of KWh (GWh) 1000 tCO2

The facilities for the co-firing of biomass, sourced predominantly from residual waste are not included in fig. 3-6 Source: LUA, 2009

Heat from renewable energies • Until 2008 significantly less than 1% of all buildings in Is generated in biomass heating facilities or stations bio- Brandenburg were fitted with climate-neutral warmth-gen- mass co-generation plants as well as heat pumps, solar erating plant fuelled by renewable energies. and geothermal plants and biogas, digester gas or landfill • The 36% growth in the provision of heat supply from re- gas-fired facilities. newable energy sources since 2004 resulted from increased use of biomass. • The plan to double the number of facilities to approx. • The installed thermal output of the plants listed above 32,000 by 2008 predominantly involves the installation of amounted to approx. 850 MW1 in 2008. This represents cli- many smaller solar power facilities and heat pumps; cur- mate-relevant heat generation of well over 3,000 GWh2. rently these make only a fractional contribution to warmth → Fig. 3-7 production from renewable energies in Brandenburg.

Wärmeerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen Fig. 3-7 – Entwicklung in Brandenburg 2004 –2008 Proportion of renewable energy in %

Number of facilities Installed capacity in Electricity yield in Emissions avoided in

million Watt (MW) millions of KWh (GWh) 1000 tCO2

The facilities for the co-firing of biomass, sourced predominantly from residual waste are not included in fig. 3-7 Source: LUA, 2009

1) 1 Megawatt = 1 million Watts 2) 1 GWh = 1 Gigawatt hour = 1 million Kilowatt hours

Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Climate protection and energy 77 Map 3-1 Biogas facilities Biogasanlagen

Uckermark Prignitz 14 8,6

15 8 19 11,4 Ostprignitz- Ruppin 9 4,8 Oberhavel Barnim

10 5,5 Havelland Märkisch- Land 12 7,3 Oderland Berlin 1 0,6 Potsdam Brandenburg an der Havel 3 2,7 8 5,2 Frankfurt Potsdam- Oder-Spree (Oder) Mittelmark 17 11

Teltow- 22 15,5 Fläming 7 5,2 Dahme-Spreewald

ANumbernzahl ofA nfacilitieslagen Cottbus

Electrical rating in MW 3 1,5 elektrische Leistung in MW Spree-Neiße 7 3,9 9 6,5 Elbe-Elster LStateand ebordersgrenze Oberspree- KDistrictreisg rborderenze wald Lausitz Quelle: LUA, 2008

MW Megawatt = 10 6 Watts

Source: LUA, 2009

A total of 156 biogas plants with a rating of 97.7 MWel were in operation as of 31/12/2008, producing approx 686 million kWh electricity per year. A figure of 180 plants was calculated for the end of 2009.

78 Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Climate protection and energy Map 3-2 Wind generating facilities

Windkraftanlagen

Uckermark Prignitz 394 507

187 201 344 492 Ostprignitz- Ruppin 60 96 Oberhavel 108 134 Barnim

157 255 Havelland Märkisch- Land 176 301 Oderland Berlin

2 3 Potsdam Brandenburg an der Havel 9 15 113 153 Frankfurt Potsdam- Oder-Spree (Oder) Mittelmark 133 255

Teltow- 190 305 Fläming 137 211 Dahme-Spreewald

NumberAnzahl ofA nfacilitieslagen 32 64 Cottbus Electrical rating in MW 33 62 elektrische Leistung in MW Spree-Neiße 117 180 79 140 Elbe-Elster StateLand borderesgrenze Oberspree- DistrictKreisg borderrenze wald Lausitz Quelle: LUA, 2008

MW Megawatt = 10 6 Watts

Source: LUA, 2009

A total of 2,271 wind power units with a rating g 3,317

MWel were in operation in Brandenburg as of 31/12/2008. They produce approx. 5,800 million kWh per year. This information pertaining to the number and output devi- ates from the statistics from the German Wind Energy In- stitute (Deutsche Windenergie Insitute DEWI) as the LUA only counts those facilities covered by the Federal Emis- sions Protection act.

Further Information: Renewable energies http://www.mluv.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/5lbm1.c.170959.de

Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Climate protection and energy 79 3.4 emissions trading With 22 facilities (each with a firing thermal capacity of over 50 MW), a third of all plants subject to emissions han-

With more than 1.600 facilities subject to emissions trad- dle emitted approx. 42.5 m. t. CO2. This represents a share ing nation-wide, Brandenburg occupies ninth place in the of 87% of all facilities participating in emissions trading state rankings. Brandenburg occupies second place in within Brandenburg (49 m. t). terms of total volume of emissions which it is permitted to emit. Emissions rights were awarded for 63 facilities at the The lignite-fired power stations Pumpe and Jänschwalde

start of the trading period 2008-12. Thus the state holds number amongst the ten largest CO2 emitters in Germany.

emissions certificates for 33.8 Mio. tonnes CO2 for the en- These power stations generate three-quarters of all emis- tire period. In 2008, the number of facilities subject to sions subject to emissions trading in the state. emissions trading rose to 66. → Fig. 3-8 → Fig. 3-9 → Fig. 3-10

Distribution of emissions certificate in Germany divided by stateat the start of the Fig. 3-8 trading period 2008 – 2012 (in millions of eligibilities per year)

Lower Saxony

North Rheine Westphalia

Source: LUA, 2009

Facilities subject to CO2 Emissions 2008 by branch emissions trading by branch in million tonnes CO2 per year Fig. 3-9 (as of 31/12/2008) Fig. 3-10 (as of 31/12/2008)

Energy > 50 MW Energy < 50 MW Energy > 50 MW Energy < 50 MW Iron and steel industry Oil refining Iron and steel industry Oil refining Lime and cement Glass, ceramics, paper Lime and cement Glass, ceramics, paper

Source: LUA, 2009 Source: LUA, 2009

80 Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Climate protection and energy Fig. 3-11 Emissions rights awarded without charge and emissions in the period 2005–2008 per year 2 Million tonnes CO

award Emissions Emissions Emissions award Emissions 2005–2007 2005 2006 2007 2008–2012 2008 Energy production Energy and steel industry Other industries

Source: LUA, 2009

The allocation legislation for the second trading period • Nevertheless, it has become clear that this impulse will 2008-2012 establishes significantly more pressure to re- be much reduced following the recession of 2008, as reduce emissions in this highly emissions-intensive branch. duced production could also reduces the demand for • Depending on their efficiency, coal-fired plants were emissions certificates and thus a fall in price for emissions awarded significantly fewer free emissions rights, of up to rights. ← Fig. 3-11 50 % below the requirements of previous years. The need to purchase additional emissions rights (certificates), the shortage of available certificates and thus the increasing prices should generate an incentive to invest in new plant / upgrade to low-emission procedures (change in fuel, improvements in efficiency).

Further Information: Emissions trading http://www.mugv.brandenburg.de/info/emissionshandel

Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Climate protection and energy 81 3.5 surrogate fuels – energy generation

Climate-protection requirements are acquiring increasing Valuation of the amounts of substitute energy is conducted significance in energetic waste use, especially in the use using the electrical / thermal energy produced by the facil- of waste matter classified as climate neutral as a fuel in ities and the comparable heating values for lignite (8,650 power generation plants or for the generation of process MJ/Mg) crude oil (42,800 MJ/ Mg) and natural gas (36 MJ/ heat in industrial processes. This is especially significant m3). The effectiveness (ŋ) (average values) for coal, crude for municipal waste used as refuse derived fuel (RDF) sur- oil and natural gas plants were researched, in order to cal- rogate fuels. In Brandenburg; there are four plants which culate the mass balance via the energy amounts drawn use such surrogate fuels. The energy balances are dis- from the RDF power plants. This was performed under ob- played only as anonymous plant data for reasons of data servation of the state of technology for the calculations: protection. → Table 3-1 → Table 3-2 • Coal-fired power plant with η = 43 % electric, η = 90 % In 2007, these four facilities used a total of 731,900 Mg thermal RDFs of which 231,900 Mg originate from municipal waste • Oil-fired power plant with η = 38 % electric, η = 90 % generated in Brandenburg, i.e. from domestic households. thermal Statistically, this corresponds to a capacity of 300 kWh per • Natural gas-fired power plant with η = 58 % electric, η = inhabitant, an amount of energy corresponding to 150 op- 90 % thermal erating hours for a washing machine or 5000 operating Three further RDF power plants began operation in 2008. hours for a television. Producing the same amount of en- Further facilities are planned for the coming years. With ergy from fossil biogenic fuels per year would require the savings of fossil fuels thus made, surrogate fuels make 1,090,550 Mg/a lignite, 234,450 Mg/a crude oil and a significant contribution to climate protection in Branden- 229,235,000 m3/a natural gas. burg.

Energetic use of surrogate fuels Table 3.1 – RDF amounts and substituted fuels

substituted fuel

Number of plants in 2007 and the nature of the RDF * RDF 2007 in Mg/a amount of lignite used gas in m³/a Oil in Mg/a Amount used in Mg/a

Facility 1 combsutible waste / other waste 79,200 171,000 39,495,000 35,250

Facility 2 combsutible waste / other waste 391,600 490,250 87,518,000 112,000

Facility 3 combsutible waste / other waste 12,350 16,600 3,022,000 3,800

Facility 4 combsutible waste / other waste 248,750 412,700 99,200,000 83,400

Total ∑ 731,900 1,090,550 229,235,000 234,450 * Combustible waste are fuels derived from municipal waste e.g. plastic, matured forest 1 MG = 1 t or 1,000 kg Source: LUA, 2009

Energetic use of surrogate fuels Table 3-2 – RDF amounts and energy produced

Menge EBS 2007 in Mg Energy produced in MWh

Number of plants in 2007 and the nature Real ø lower heating Of which from of the RDF * value in MJ/Mg Total Brandenburg Electrical Thermal Anlage 1 combustable waste / other waste 14,200 79,219 59,871 1,503 131,334 - - - produced: 26,526 produced: 314,294

Anlage 2 combustable waste / other waste 13,568 391,600 126,313 503,362 6,586 - - -

Anlage 3 combustable waste / other waste 12,257 12,354 6,595 - - - 16,040 2,311

Anlage 4 combustable waste / other waste 14,000 186,508 70,443 process heat process heat 15,400 62,247 11,598

Source: LUA, 2009

82 Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Climate protection and energy Authorization and Monitoring 4

4.1 statutory pollution control authorization procedures 84 4.2 the holdings and monitoring of facilities subject to statutory authorization 85 4.3 accident prevention 87 4.4 other administrative procedures 88

The state environment department issues permits in ac- Regional jurisdiction cordance with valid pollution control, water, waste and na- The three regional departments of the State Department of ture conservation legislation. The subsequent description the Environment were conferred responsibility for all statu- of this matter restricts itself to those facilities requiring stat- tory pollution control in Brandenburg and the monitoring of utory authorization in accordance with the relevant provi- all facilities subject to statutory authorization. → Map 4-1 sions of pollution control legislation. In Brandenburg, these fall under the aegis of the of the Facilities Information Sys- tem Pollution control (Anlageninformationssystem Immis- sionsschutz AISI) land registry. The AISI includes information regarding the operator, locations and type of the facility as well as data pertaining to the authorization procedure, monitoring and hazardous incidents.

Map 4-1 Regional jurisdiction for the authorization procedure Regionale Zuständigkeit für Genehmigungsverfahren

Uckermark

Prignitz Ostprignitz- Ruppin Schwedt/Oder

Neuruppin Oberhavel

Barnim Regionalbereich West RW Regionalbereich Ost Havelland RO

OT Groß Märkisch-Oderland Glienicke Land Berlin Brandenburg an der Havel Potsdam Frankfurt (Oder)

Potsdam- Oder-Spree Mittelmark Zossen OT Wünsdorf

Teltow- RRegionalegional bareaereich Fläming Dahme- Spreewald LUA-Hauptstandort/ GLUAene primaryhmigun locationgs- vAuthorizationerfahrensste stationlle/ Monitoring Üdepartmentberwachungsreferat Regionalbereich Süd Cottbus RS LLUAUA- secondaryNebensta nlocationMonitoringdort Üdepartmentberwachungsreferat Ober- Elbe-Elster Spree-Neiße spree- LStateande bordersgrenze wald KDistrictreisgr ebordernze Lausitz

Quelle: LUA, 2009

Source: LUA, 2009

Further Information: Länderverbund AIS-I http://www.infonet-umwelt.de

Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Authorization and Monitoring 83 4.1 statutory pollution control authori- Preliminary test for UVP liability zation procedures The alteration in the legal provisions relating to the environmental safety inspection (ESI) (Umweltver- A statutory pollution control procedure is required träglichkeitsprüfung - UVPG), subsequent to the for every action involved in the establishment, ope- implementation of European legislation, introduced ration and significant alteration to a selected number the preliminary test as an additional stage in the of facilities, determined for their potential to pollute procedure to determine the necessity of an ESI. or damage man and the environment. The UVPG now distinguishes between those pro- The appendix of the fourth ordinance pertaining to the posals requiring an environmental safety inspection Federal Pollution Control Act (4. BImSchV) specifies a cat- (ESI) and those for which the requirement for an alogue of all plant types ordered by their technology group ESI is to be determined by the responsible authoriz- for which an authorization procedure is to be performed in ing body is to be determined on a case-by case ba- accordance with the Federal Pollution Control Act sis (preliminary test). → Table 4-1 (BImSchV). This is a concentrated authorization proce- The majority of ESI preliminary tests were required dure, the scope of which also includes other necessary of- for facilities using of renewable energies, so that of ficial decisions concerning the plant (e.g. the regular build- the 91 preliminary tests conducted in 2008, 29 were ing permit). The legislator distinguishes between two types conducted for wind energy proposals and 57 for of procedure, a formal procedure, including the public, biogas facilities. and the simplified procedure, which does not foresee any public participation. Authorization procedures Between 2004 – 2008, 1,250 pollution control authorization permits were issued in Branden- burg. → Table 4-2

Number of preliminary tests (PT) for permits applied Table 4-1 for ordered according to branch, technology group, 2004–2008

Groups according to appendix 4 BImSchV 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Heat generation, mining, energy 60 89 98 112 91

Stone and earth, glass, ceramics, building materials 3 3 2 3 4

Steel, iron and other metals including processing 4 3 1 3 3

Chemical products, medicines, mineral oil refineries and further processing 6 8 3 7 5 Surface treatment with organic materials, the production 0 0 0 0 0 of lane-formed materials made of plastics; other processing of ores and plastics Wood, cellulose 0 1 0 2 0

Foodstuffs, drinks and tobacco, fodder, agricultural products 5 13 11 22 25

Use and disposal of waste and other materials 12 16 16 17 13

Storage, loading and unloading of material and preparations 4 7 3 3 9

Other 1 2 3 1 5

Brandenburg total 95 142 137 170 155 Source: LUA, 2009

Number of permits awarded ordered by branch, Table 4-2 technology groups 2004–2008

Groups according to appendix 4 BImSchV 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Heat generation, mining, energy 75 85 142 138 96

Stone and earth, glass, ceramics, building materials 5 11 9 9 10

Steel, iron and other metals including processing 8 5 4 4 5

Chemical products, medicines, mineral oil refineries and further processing 12 8 13 6 6 Surface treatment with organic materials, the production 7 2 5 3 5 of lane-formed materials made of plastics; other processing of ores and plastics Wood, cellulose 4 8 3 2 3

Foodstuffs, drinks and tobacco, fodder, agricultural products 24 12 22 25 14

Use and disposal of waste and other materials 81 86 84 63 56

Storage, loading and unloading of material and preparations 9 13 7 9 7

Other 14 8 7 9 7

Brandenburg total 239 238 296 268 209 Source: LUA, 2009

84 Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Authorization and Monitoring The permits issued focus on the technology groups Heat this work also concentrated on the WPAs; 37 of 78 envi- generation, mining and energy; predominantly wind po- ronmental safety inspections (47%) were conducted in this wer units (WPA) with 54 wind energy proposals in 2008 area. In 201 procedures, building approv al was issued be- and biogas plants, with 37 biogas plants in 2008 as well fore authorization in order to speed up the building pro- as waste use / disposal, the waste disposal plants. 39 % cess. Between 2004 – 2008, in addition to the 1250 autho- of the 1,250 authorized plants were subject to an ESI pre- rizations, 448 applications were rejected either due to fail- liminary test. An environmental safety inspection was inte- ure to satisfy all the necessary requirements or a suspen- grated in 6 % of the authorizations issued. The focus of sion in the procedure. → Table 4-3

Number of unsuccessful applications for authorization Table 4-3 in Brandenburg 2004–2008

Year Suspended procedures Applications rejected Permits not issued

2004 66 14 80

2005 52 22 74

2006 66 25 91

2007 83 18 101

2008 88 14 102

Source: LUA, 2009

4.2 the holdings and monitoring facilities subject to statutory authorization

The largest proportion of the facilities awaiting inspec- tween 2004 - 2005 is due to the legal amendment valid tion → Table 4-4 is provided by the facilities for the use since 01/07/2005, according to which each and every indi- of renewable energies, especially WPAs. With 2,401 individual WPA unit is subject to authorization; previous legis- vidual units, (2008) these represents almost half all such lation foresaw the inspection of the wind farm as a whole. facilities. The clear increase in the number of units be-

The holdings of facilities in Brandenburg subject Table 4-4 to statutory monitoring according to technology group 2004–2008

Groups according to appendix 4 BImSchV 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Heat generation, mining, energy 283 1,508 1,915 2,454 2,719

Stone and earth, glass, ceramics, building materials 176 175 171 147 136

Steel, iron and other metals including processing 58 58 61 47 46

Chemical products, medicines, mineral oil refineries and further processing 53 52 53 52 52 Surface treatment with organic materials, the production of lane-formed 34 33 36 40 41 materials made of plastics; other processing of ores and plastics Wood, cellulose 7 7 7 10 9

Foodstuffs, drinks and tobacco, fodder, agricultural products 1,071 1,074 1,068 833 723 *

Use and disposal of waste and other materials 700 696 715 752 775

Storage, loading and unloading of material and preparations 220 215 216 210 200

Other 226 231 230 227 227

Brandenburg total 2,828 4,049 4,472 4,772 4,928 The new counting criteria are not applicable to the statutory authorization procedure as described in the previous chapter. When applying for authorization, the applicant has to decide how many individual units he wishes to include in the application. * reduced by the 2007 amendment

Source: LUA, 2009

Further Information: Statutory pollution control authorization procedure http://www.mugv.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/lbm1.c.330810.de

Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Authorization and Monitoring 85 Safety Engineering Example – the monitoring of biogas facilities

Biogas facility in Nennhausen, district Havelland, with elaborate lightening protection (photo: H.-J. Gareis)

The safety requirements placed on biogas facilities serve Deficiencies relating to the safety standards are often to guarantee effective protection against fire and explo- identified including: sions and health and safety protection during installation, • alterations to the location and design of plant compo- operation, maintenance and servicing and even decom- nents as specified in the scope of the application (contain- missioning. Potential danger is associated with the biogas ers, emergency flare, transformer station) with a direct ef- produced and to a certain extent, stored as well as in deal- fect on safety requirements. ing with various charge materials, products, machines. • Incomplete realization of building-related fire regulations Other sources of danger include component failure and (fire insulation of piping and cable openings, absent bum- the influence of outside factors (lightening strike, tamper- pers for sensitive plant parts, proof of the fire protection ing etc). Proof of observation of and compliance with the class for the components used. safety requirements is a component of the statutory pollu- • incomplete marking, unsatisfactory safety documenta- tion control authorization procedure. The application docu- tion regarding fire and explosion precautions and industri- ments with the documented facility design and the subse- al safety quent permit constitute the basis for the subsequent plant • Incomplete implementation of the findings of expert in- monitoring by the authorities. spections in accordance with § 29a BImSchG. The State Department of the Environment draws up a final The monitoring procedure begins with an initial inspection. inspection report to rectify the defects. This contains a Following the construction and commissioning of a biogas concrete time-scale for completion of the remedial mea- facility awarded a statutory pollution control permit; the sures. The relevant authorities perform independent docu- State Department of the Environment conducts an initial mented inspections soon after the report to ensure that the inspection with revision as a final inspection by the author- operator realizes the quality improvements on time. ities involved in the authorization procedure. During this process, all obligations imposed are then verified.

Further Information: Renewable energies http://www.mugv.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/170959

86 Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Authorization and Monitoring 4.3 accident prevention

Map 4-2 Accident prevention

Betriebsbereiche nach der Störfall-Verordnung

Prenzlau Gerdshagen Uckermark Ostprignitz- Perleberg Ruppin Pinnow Schwedt/ Oder Prignitz Märkisch Linden Oberhavel Liebenwalde Fehrbellin Barnim Oranienburg Märkisch- Wandlitz Havelland Oberkrämer Oderland Velten Werneuchen Premnitz Gusow-Platkow Nauen Land Dahlwitz-Hoppegarten Berlin Potsdam Rüdersdorf Reitwein b. Berlin Groß Kreutz Erkner Fürstenwalde/ Brandenburg Spree an der Havel Stahnsdorf Schönefeld Beelitz Oder-Spree Frankfurt Potsdam- Linthe Königs- (Oder) Mittelmark Zossen Wuster- hausen Storkow/Mark Wiesenburg/ Eisenhütten- stadt Mark Am Mellensee Dahme- Spreewald Teltow- OperatingBetrie areabsb ewithrei cbasich m iobligationst Grundpflichten Fläming Lübben Golßen (Spreewald) Guben OperatingBetrie areabsb ewithrei cextendedh mit er obligationsweiterten Pflichten Cottbus Location with multiple operating areas Vetschau/ Standort mit mehreren Betriebsbereichen Spreewald Ober- StateLa borderndesgrenze Spree- Döbern DistrictKre borderisgrenze Elbe-Elster spree- Neiße wald- Two operating areas are subject to monitoring by the State Spremberg ZDepartmentwei Betrie forbs bMining,ereich Geologye stehe nand un Rawter A Materials.ufsicht d eThes L aothernde samtes Lausitz foperatingür Bergb areasau, G areeol othegi eresponsibility und Rohst oofff ethe; d Stateie üb Departmentrigen Betri ebs- Röderland bofe thereic Environment.he stehen u nter Aufsicht des Landesumweltamtes Schwarzheide Quelle: LUA, 2009

Source: LUA, 2009

The safety of facilities having suffered The nature and quantity of the dangerous substances de- a hazardous incident termines whether an operating area is, in addition to basic Those facilities at which the storage of large quantities of obligations (avoiding hazardous incidents, taking pre- hazardous materials could result in accidents (hazardous cautions to reduce the effects of any accidents, reporting incidents) are subject to particularly stringent require- any events) is to be subjected to extended obligations ments. Such locations, such as particular chemical plants, (alarm and danger prevention, providing public information large tank farms or refineries are subject to the provisions regarding safety measures etc.). of the Hazardous Incident Ordinance (Störfallverordnung - The operating areas are subject to intensive, co-ordinated 12. BImSchV) and are classified as operating areas. The and inter-authority monitoring programmes in accordance map shows those locations of these facilities in Branden- with § 19 Hazard Ordinance (§ 19 Störfall-Verordnung). burg classified as operating areas. ← Map 4-2 There were no hazardous incidents in Brandenburg in 2008 and 2009. The operating areas near to Poland are subject to the additional regulations agreed upon in 1992 at the UNECE Helsinki agreement regarding the cross-border effects of industrial accidents.

UNECE: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Authorization and Monitoring 87 4.4 other administrative procedures Inclusion of facilities within the scope of 26. BImSchV (electromagnetic fields) Appeals proceedings Facilities, which according to the provisions of the Ordi- A focus of the appeals proceedings placed by applicants, nance Regulating Electromagnetic Fields (Bestimmungen neighbours or facility operators is provided by neighbours der Verordnung über elektromagnetische Felder 26. BIm- who feel themselves to be affected by the effects of plants SchV) need to be notified to the LUA, are all high-frequen- awarded statutory pollution control authorization. The ap- cy facilities (fixed location transmitters such as mobile tele- peals of those subject to administrative decisions subject- phone technology) or low frequency facilities not approved ing them to (negatively perceived) rulings (e.g. upgrades elsewhere (e.g. particular energy lines) located in areas of to the facilities) or permits with additional conditional obli- human settlement. → Table 4-7 gations are also processed. → Table 4-5 Supervision of waste management companies Land-use planning participation procedures The State Department of the Environment is charged with Working within the scope of its enforcement powers, the monitoring the activities of waste management compa- LUA and other bodies scrutinize the municipalities’ land- nies. Externally approved experts check these waste man- use plans for their compliance with the requirements of agement companies and waste management associations pollution control legislation, water management and na- and issue them with certificates which are then presented ture conservation stipulations, especially in terms of the to the State Department of the Environment. The certifi- requirements of maintaining biodiversity. → Table 4-6 cate can be revoked following any infringement of the law. The number of registrations and controls has remained relatively constant for a number of years. → Table 4-8 → Table 4-9

Number of appeals procedures conducted Table 4-5 in the State Department of the Environment 2007 and 2008

Appeals lodged Claims and applications for legal protection

2007 2008 2007 2008 Regional area East 92 167 27 18

Regional area West 93 142 26 23

Regional area South 98 341 32 28

LUA total 283 650 85 69 Source: LUA, 2009

Involvement of the regional departments Table 4-6 in municipal land-use planning in 2007 and 2008

Districts, independent cities, selected cities 2007 2008 Märkisch-Oderland, Oder-Spree, Frankfurt (Oder) 206 227 Regional area East Barnim, Uckermark,Eberswalde, Prenzlau 190 185

Potsdam-Mittelmark, Havelland, Potsdam, Brandenburg a.d.H. 227 264 Regional area West Oberhavel, Ostprignitz-Ruppin, Prignitz 223 225

Dahme-Spreewald, Teltow-Fläming 150 228 Regional area South Spree-Neiße, Elbe-Elster, Oberspreewald-Lausitz, Cottbus 212 208

Brandenburg total 1,208 1,337 Source: LUA, 2009

Processing notifications for facilities in accordance with 26.BlmSchV Table 4-7 (electromagnetic fields) in the regional departments in the years 2007 and 2008

Low-frequency facilities High-frequency facilities

2007 2008 2007 2008 Regional area East 166 100 278 214

Regional area West 259 175 156 243

Regional area South 61 87 221 160

Brandenburg total 486 361 655 617 Source: LUA, 2009

88 Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Authorization and Monitoring Table 4-8 Waste management companies subject to statuary monitoring

Stand 01.01.2007 Stand 31.12.2008 Technical monitoring organizations located in Brandenburg 3 4 Waste management associations located in Brandenburg 2 2 Experts located in Brandenburg 14 16 Approved educational institutions located in Brandenburg 9 10 Certified companies 391 362

Of which certified according to activity Collection 292 265 Transportation 303 272 Storage 209 195 Handling 207 192 Recycling 112 99 Disposal 22 19 Procurement 17 33 Trafficking 10 18 Source: LUA, 2009

Table 4-9 Number of certified waste management companies (31.12.2008)

Stand 31.12.2008 Total 362 Of which Firms with a monitoring contract from one of the four Brandenburg-based technical monitoring organizations 127 Firms located outside Brandenburg certified according to 23 TÜO 103 Waste management firms with membership of one of the two Brandenburg waste management associations 46 Number of companies in Brandenburg supervising the 10 waste management associations with its headquarters in a different state 86 Number of waste management companies supervised by the Brandenburg TÜO und EU in 11 further states 118 Certified exclusive transport firms 133 Source: LUA, 2009

Administrative procedures for waste transport to Transport permits a foreign country The State Department of the Environment issues transport The State Department of the Environment conducts the permits (TP) for the commercial transport of waste. It pro- administrative procedures necessary for the transport of cesses the administrative procedures entailed by the ne- waste to a foreign country. Both German law and interna- cessity of monitoring of statutory obligations e.g. police tional agreements prescribe a notification procedure with motorway controls. → Table 4-11 the recipient state. This process has undergone very little change in recent years. → Table 4-10

Table 4-10 Administrative procedures for the transport of waste to a foreign country 2008

Notification procedures for transport in a third country 141 Of which decided 107 Of which processed, but not yet concluded (e.g. with withdrawal) 34 Decisions at customs / Federal Dept. of Freight Traffic (Bundesamt für Güterverkehr - BAG) 85 Decisions for the differentiation between waste / not waste 7 Decisions within the scope of notification procedures with incomplete use 3 Decisions regarding illegally imported waste which cannot be returned 1 Return procedures for illegally transported waste 5 Collation of data sheets for cross-border waste transport rd. 15,000 Source: LUA, 2009

Table 4-11 Administrative action concerning transport permits 2007 2008

2007 2008 Transport permits 138 174 Initiation of regulatory offence procedures 8 1 Decisions upon controls BAG 17 19 Monitoring procedures, controls and administrative assistance 198 267 Source: LUA, 2009

Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09 Authorization and Monitoring 89 90 Environmental Data Brandenburg 2008/09