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PNG SEASMART PROGRAM JUNE 2008

Resource Assessment & Management Survey Manual

Version Date Modified Lead Version 1.6 30 Aug 2009 RAM Division

PNG NFA EcoEZ Inc. Resource Assessment & Management Survey Manual August 2009

Published by: EcoEZ Inc., SEASMART Prog ram

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Table of Contents

Acronyms ….……………………………………………… ...... v Background …………………………………………...... 1 Area Selection and Public Awareness ……………...... 3 . Rapid Resource Assessement (RRA) ...... 4 . Full Resource Assessement (FRA) ...... 4 Preparation of the Survey ………………………………...... 5 . Survey Team Selection and Organization ...... 5 . RAM Survey Equipment and Materials ...... 6 Manta Tow Survey (Optional)……………………… ...... 13 . Logistics ...... 13 . Manta Tow Site Selection ...... 17 Belt Transect Survey …………………………………… ...... 18 . Area Cover and Duration of the Survey ...... 18 . Categories of RAM Survey ...... 20 . Laying Down the Transect Line (100 meters long) ...... 21 . Naming the Dive Site ...... 23 . Survey of Aquarium ...... 23 . Survey of Aquarium and Species ...... 24 . Survey on Corals, Zoanthids, Coralliomorpharians and other Polyps for Aquarium 31 Sea Food Survey ………………………………………...... 33 . Fish and Food Survey ...... 33 . Food Fish ...... 33 . Other Food Fish ...... 33 . (Beche de Mer) Survey ...... 34 . Other Endangered Species...... 36 Data Banking and Analysis……………………...... 37 . Determining Total Allowable Catch for Aquarium Fish and Invertebrates in a new open area/s...... 37 . Calculating Total Stock Abundances ...... 38 . Total Allowable Catch (TAC) Based on MAQTRAC calculations...... 38 . Marine Aquarium target classifications based on Ecology and their TAC implementation ...... 40 Marine Aquarium Survey Data Storage ……………...... 46 Equipment Record Maintenance and Inventory……...... 47 . Scientific Diving ...... 47 Bibliography ...... 52 Identification References ………………………………...... 53 Appendices ...... 54

ListPNG RAMof TablesSurvey Manual | AUGUST 2009 iii

Table 1: Types of marine habitat zone with survey equipment used during the RAM Survey ...... 11 Table 2: Printed data sheets used by observers to record manta tow data ...... 16 Table 3: of marine habitat and reef zone with the type of data collected ...... 22 Table 4: List of invertebrates under the trade to be measured ...... 24 Table 5: reef health substratum survey categories and code ...... 27 Table 6: Coral data sheet for coral survey ...... 32 Table 7: Food Fish data sheet ...... 34 Table 8: Beche-de-mer data sheet...... 35 Table 9: List of limited to catch marine aquarium species ...... 43 Table 10: RAM inventory equipment...... 50 Table 11: RAM Equipment Maintenance Records...... 50

List of Figures

Figure 1: Type of anchors that will lock up in sand, muddy and rocky substrates...... 10 Figure 2: Always anchor at non-living reef structure, such as sand, mud, or rocks/dead corals. Always check the anchor to avoid the damage to corals...... 10 Figure 3: Observer towed by boat over the reefs ...... 14 Figure 4: Diagrammatic representations of coral cover categories ...... 15 Figure 5: Sample of dive sites for RRA and FRA...... 19 Figure 6: Basic Resource and Management Survey (imaginary tunnel underwater) .... 22 Figure 7: RAM survey dive sites in different habitats and reef zones ...... 23 Figure 8: Marine non-coral invertebrates to be measured during RAM survey...... 24

List of Appendices

Appendix 1: Marine Aquarium Species Masterlist ...... 55 Appendix 2: Marine Aquarium Invertebrates List ...... 68 Appendix 3: Marine Aquarium Hard and Soft Corals List traded ...... 75 Appendix 4: Dive Site Description Table ...... 78 Appendix 5: Spreadsheet Sample for inputting invertebrates ...... 81 Appendix 6: Spreadsheet sample for transcribing Vertebrates data...... 82 Appendix 7: Marine Aquarium Coral Data Sheets ...... 82 Appendix 8: Spreadsheet sample substrates data sheet ...... 84 Appendix 9: Seafoods Data Sheets ...... 86 Appendix 10: Beche de Mer Data Sheets ...... 87 Appendix 11: EcoEZ Diving Policy ...... 88

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Acronyms ….………………………………………………

RAM Resource Assessment & Management NFA National Authority MAQTRAC Marine Aquarium Trade Monitoring Protocol FMA Management Area FRA Full Resource Assessment FMAP Fishery Management Area Plan GCRMN Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network GPS Global Positioning System GIS Geographic Information System CPUE Catch Per Unit Effort SSC Site Selection Criteria

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Chapter 1

Background ………………………………………….

Papua New Guinea reefs are under pressure from different anthropogenic factors including pollutions, over , sedimentations, and other damaging activities but little is known about the status of the PNG coral reefs. There is little to no knowledge of the health of thousands of kilometers in PNG reefs. The PNG National Authority (NFA) and ECOEZ INC. are currently working around the country aim to achieve knowledge on how to manage the reefs and the same time the fishermen can have a livelihood like marine aquarium fishing.

This manual was born out of ECOEZ under SEASMART Program with the aim to continue furthering knowledge about under-researched marine areas for opening marine aquarium fishing around PNG with developing scientific methods to monitor and manage coral reef fisheries for fish and invertebrates and to determine the level of catch could be sustainable. Not only this, it’s included to monitor the marine foods and Sea Cucumber (Beche de mer) stocks. However, like any other fisheries in the developing countries, the challenges will lie in conceptualizing the scientific framework and the reasonable implementation for such system with the view of long-term sustainability. This manual should be used in only.

The major suppliers of wild-caught marine aquarium and invertebrates are the (Albaladejo and Corpuz, 1081,1984; Albaladejo et al., 1984), Hawaii Taylor, 1974; Katekaru, 1978; van Poollen and Obara, 1984; Anon., 1988), Sea (including Florida), (Kvalvagnaes, 1980), Mexico, Red Sea, Sri Lanka (Senanayake, 1980; Wood, 1985), Mauritius, Kenya (Samoilys, 1988a), , Seychelles, and the Pacific Region (Randall, 1987; Lewis, 1988). In the early 1980’s, the import value of marine fish and invertebrates for the aquarium trade was estimated to be between US$24 to 40 million annually (Wood 1985). But, current estimates import value of marine aquariums between US$200 and 300 million annually (Chapman et al. 1997; Larking and Degner 2001).

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Chapter 2

Area Selection and Public Awareness …………….

Before a selected area can begin the process towards certification and fishing, a comprehensive analysis is undertaken to ensure that it meets a set of area selection criteria. The RAM Survey is undertaken in selected areas recommended by National Fisheries Authority (NFA) or a Provincial Fisheries. A Fishery Management Area (FMA) is normally selected if it met the following criteria:

. Interest of local resident fishermen; the indicator will be known after a public awareness before the survey. . Good species mix (commercially viable) and volume in order to make the trade feasible; . “Buy-in” of local level government units and fishermen; and . Potential of fishers to adopt a certifiable way (use of nondestructive methods such as barrier net fishing) of aquarium fishing.

Other relevant information that fall under the last criterion includes:

. Operational issues and market linkages; . Stakeholders and other resource users; and . Clan/ownerships, and legal issues.

It is necessary to secure written permits provided by NFA prior to surveys. The team should present themselves in the community/village and makes awareness before the surveys.

Gathering of secondary data and subsequent field scoping activities (and community workshops when deemed necessary) should provide information on the following:

. Area’s fisheries (fishing practices/methods, mean livelihood and, fishing sites, seasons);

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. Locations of habitats; and boundaries of the owned reef by clan. . Characteristics of local fishers (number of fishermen, holidays and days of no fishing, profiles, events and history of the village), etc.

Information may be collected in interviews with Community/Village leaders, or owners of the reefs, focus group discussions and actual field observations. Working with local fishermen will help begin to build trust and to increase the level of knowledge about fishing practices, fishing sites, inside laws and regulations and resource management perspective of the fishers and perceived needs. Data analysis and interpretation must be done carefully and in the context of the overall fisheries in the area and then presented soon back to the area. The output from the survey will form the basis for the local Area Profile and Aquarium Fisheries Management Report to be submitted to the MAP (Management Area Plan) Committee and NFA representatives.

Rapid Resource Assessement (RRA)

After the NFA (National Fisheries Authority) or Provincial Fisheries suggest and give a list of village/s to the Country/Programme Director of the company, the initial desktop analysis should be perform. All EcoEZ Executive Committes and Management Committes should attend the desktop analysis. After the area/s were analyzed and pass with the Site Selection Criteria (SSC), a RRA is carried out. Basically the minimum dive sites to be produced should not be lower in 20- dive sample in the project area.

Full Resource Assessement (FRA)

After the Rapid Resource Assessment (RRA) conducted, data are analized, TAC are calculate and presented to the EcoEZ Executive Committes and Management Committes and later place in the TRADE to monitor catch limits of the fishers in a certain Fishery Management Area/s (FMA).

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Chapter 3

Preparation of the Survey ……………………………….

Survey Team Selection and Organization

3. 1 Basic Qualifications of Team Members

Planning and preparation in advance of field activities is important prior to RAM Surveys. The team may consist of 3 persons or more to survey one site. Gear and equipment should be prepared 3 days before the start of the surveys. To perform a RAM survey, it is important that qualified marine biologists, or those who have been trained and have passed regular examinations given by the chief scientist, are selected to carry out the survey. Each observer must have species level taxonomic skills and must be able to identify all key species at a given site either Latin or local name. Typically, at least one observer each team should specialize in one of the following areas: aquarium fish, Beche de Mer, food fish, corals, types of substrates and aquarium invertebrates.

It is recommended that the “skipper” or the boat captain should come from the village. The boat captain should serve as a guide as he could easily point out the sites of the surveys as well as the boundaries from other reefs or villages.

3.2 Species Identification and Field Survey Standardization Process

Team members should undergo a series of species identification standardization exercises to ensure that all team members have common identifications of survey organisms. It’s much better to provide 3 or more latest identification books and reputable website like www..org for fish and www.sealifebase.org for invertebrates to insure the correct spelling and distribution of species by country. For the fish specialist, underwater size estimation exercises should be conducted to help him/her

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identify and correct any size estimate bias. In these exercises, fish and invertebrate models should be randomly deployed in a shallow reef area where survey scientists subsequently swim about and estimate sizes. If the observer passes all the tests given by the chief scientist, then his/her data may be used. It is also suggested that the chief scientist should compare notes right after the dive to insure all data were done properly.

A team leader will be responsible for the overall planning and management of the surveys. He/she should make sure that members have specific tasks for equipment preparation and taxonomic assignments during data fishing; that dive safety procedures are followed during underwater surveys; and that data are collated after the survey.

RAM Survey Equipment and Materials

RAM Survey Team . Navigational Map is important to provide information on dive depths and habitat distribution (corals, sand, sea grass). Another alternative is the google map.

. SCUBA Gear consisting of compressed air cylindrical tank, dive mask with snorkel, wetsuit, and booties, weight with belt, hood (optional) and fins.

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. Snorkeling Gear consisting of wetsuit, mask with snorkel, booties fins and weights.

. Dive Watch used to record the time in the beginning til the end of the survey.

. GPS (Global Positioning System) is provided to record all the RAM survey sites.

. Shaker or tank banger to get attention of the dive buddies, and aid in communicating underwater.

. Torch or flashlights, used for night dives and lighting the crevices and dark areas during the dive survey.

. Mobile phone/2-way Radio is provided in case of emergency and communication.

. Still Camera, pictures and videos are taken during every survey. This will be useful to tell the conditions of the coral reefs and sites, which would be helpful and effective in showing the state of

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resources during presentations to the local community. This may also provide useful information for future comparison and reports.

. Waterproof sunscreen or sun block to protect from sunburn.

. Transect line is either a long fabric fiber measuring and guide tape with grid meter indications that you can purchase in a hardware store or an improvised rope rope with mark or sign in every half meter. Transect line serve as a long ruler to indicate the distance of substrates, non-coral invertebrates and vertebrate’s along the transect tunnel.

. Underwater slates with pencil are used as an underwater paper to log and jot down all the organisms and substatrates observed. All different types of specialty such as vertebrates, non-coral invertebrates, coral invertebrates, substrates, foodfish, and Beche de Mer have separate underwater slates.

. Dry bag is important equipment for RAM survey, this will be the storage for GPS, communication equipments, dry clothes, and a good floating device for emergency purposes.

. Tools and spares, e.g. O-ring, multi-tools.

. First Aid Kit is provided and checked before the survey is conducted. It is recommended to have the following: pain reliever, eye drops, bandage strips, bandages, alcohol, spirit of ammonia, iodine solution, burn and

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anti-bacterial ointments, cotton, aspirin, antacid, anti-histamine, scissors, clean drinking water etc.

Skipper and Dive Boat . Always bring drinking water in the boat. . Proper rope, anchor and buoys. . Always check boat engine before leave. . Check if there is enough fuel for the duration of dive. . Always bring tools and boat spare parts. . Torch/flashlights for night navigation. . Boat shed to protect divers from direct sun exposure. . Garbage bin for the rubbish and junk.

GUIDELINES FOR ANCHORING

1. Before leaving, check boat equipments, tools, drinking water, and specially anchor. 2. All dinghy boats must be equipped with at least 20m ropes and a plow anchor. 3. The ideal anchor should have a durable metal, aluminum, or stainless steel hook type. Do not use rounded metal, rock, or scrap metal. This will not anchor in the sand or mud substratum. 4. It is best to have a secondary anchor with 20m ropes as extra in case of an emergency. This can be use to reinforce the main anchor for boat stability in anchorage.

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Figure 1: Type of anchors that will lock up in sand, muddy and rocky substrates.

5. The best anchoring depth is between 4-8 meters, always anchor in the sand or muddy areas.

Figure 2: Always anchor at non-living reef structure, such as sand, mud, or rocks/dead corals. Always check the anchor to avoid the damage to corals.

6. Never anchor on coral. Your ground tackle will damage the corals; the anchor will most likely get fouled.

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7. Always approach your intended anchoring spot against the wind or tide whichever is the strongest. 8. Approach the anchorage slowly (less than 3 knots), with the dinghy tied alongside and short. Ensure that the rope is not in the water and that the anchor is ready to be dropped. Have a crewmember at the aft looking for any reef.

9. Here are a few tips to confirm that your anchor has taken:  Check any vibration on your chain by physically feeling it. If the chain is vibrating after it is completely stretched out, then your boat is most likely dragging anchor, slacken the rope to enable your anchor to dig in properly. If it is still dragging re-anchor.  Once you turn off your engine you can take a bearing on a fixed object from your bow and 90 degrees from that point or from your beam. Check periodically if these two bearings maintain a 90-degree angle to ensure time and again that the anchor is not dragging.

*Always remember, “safety first” plan the dive and never go out in rough seas. If the current is strong, abort the dive.

Table 1: Types of marine habitat zone with survey equipment used during the RAM Survey

Types of Marine Habitat Coral Reefs Inter-tidal Reef Shallow/Flat Survey Depth/Reef Zone or Depth (2-4 meters) Equipment slope (5-10 Beach Sandy Mud Rocky Seagrass meters) Transect line (100 meters       long) Underwater Slates with       pencil SCUBA Gear NA NA NA NA NA  Snorkeling Gear NA     

Poker/Rod with hook      NA PNG RAM Survey Manual | AUGUST 2009 11

Types of Marine Habitat Coral Reefs Inter-tidal Reef Shallow/Flat Survey Depth/Reef Zone or Depth (2-4 meters) Equipment slope (5-10 Beach Sandy Mud Rocky Seagrass meters) Rubber Glooves      NA Torch      

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Chapter 4

Manta Tow Survey (Optional)………………………

This process is optional. It is not necessary to conduct manta tows if a village representative or the boat captain is familiar with the dive sites and habitat or reefs.

Manta tows (English et al. 1997) are used to assess broad or large portion of the reefs. It enables visual assessment of large areas of reef within a short time and it is perform for determining and selecting sites that are representative of different habitat types such as sea grass, sand, muddy bottom and coral reef.

The manta tow involves towing an observer, using a rope and manta board (made-up of marine plywood), behind a small boat and towed at low speed (approx. 2knots) with 3 minutes each tow. During the process, one scientist will record the GPS, time and record the readings in the boat. The method is not suitable for areas with poor visibility (less than 6 meters)

Logistics

Personnel Manta tow surveys conducted by teams of 1 or more pairs of trained marine biologist. The duties of the team are divided between the boat driver and the observer. Periodically each tow the scientist in the boat will signal and stop the boat and get the reading of the tow from the observer.

Each series of manta tow is coordinated by a team leader who is responsible for the safety of personnel and for ensuring that the technique is conducted proper way.

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Equipment . Small boat with an outboard motor is used for towing observers. . A 15 meters rope connects the manta board to the boat (Fig. 1) . Manta board is 24 X 14 X 0.5 in. (length X breadth X thickness). It is recommended that the board be made from marine ply. . The data sheets or observer record a set of biological variables and other significant observations. (Table. 2) . Diagrammatic representations of coral cover categories are attached to the board for observer reference (Fig. 2). . A pencil(s) is attached with light twine to the board. . The observer wears snorkeling equipment (mask, snorkel, and fins) and for safety purposes a full-length dive suit and wear hood to avoid stings and jellyfish. . Dive watch for timing the duration of tows.

Figure 3: Observer towed by boat over the reefs

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Figure 4: Diagrammatic representations of coral cover categories

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Table 2: Printed data sheets used by observers to record manta tow data

PNG MANTA TOW DATA SHEETS Province: Reef Name: Sample ID: Date: Time: Climate: Observer:

GPS (Southing, Tow No. Live Coral Cover Remarks Easting)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ….. …..

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Manta Tow Site Selection

Before the survey is executed, the sites should be refered to an aerial map or navigational map in order to have a reference of the area. Orient and discuss with the skipper the dive sites and location of the reefs. The reefs will be surveyed by manta tow if the skipper does not know the reefs. Whole reef perimeters are surveyed where possible. Shoals and ill-defined areas of reef, separated by deeper water, are not usually surveyed. Tows are carried out from an easily identifiable point on the reef. This is particularly important when resurvey of the reef is intended. A site would be marked by GPS for relocating sites for the next survey. If there are two teams conducting the survey, the teams should start from the same point and then proceed in opposite directions. Tows are continued until the boats meet again. If it is not possible to complete a survey in a single set of consecutive tows, marker buoys are left to denote where the next set of tows will begin.

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Chapter 5

Belt Transect Survey ……………………………………

Two steps of Resource Assessment and Management (RAM) Surveys.

Step 1. Rapid Resource Assessement (RRA) = Spot survey by using line transect line to obtain a broad qualitative picture of large areas in a certain FMA on the selected dive sites with a total of 20 dives sites sample from different macrohabitat should be survey.

Step 2. Full Resource Assessment Survey (FRA) = A thorough survey using a line transect on all fishing reefs inside the respective boundary in a FMA. Transects line must be laid systematically and objectively, generally parallel to the reef edge, or stratified according to local habitat features.

Area Cover and Duration of the Survey

Before each dive, the chief scientist must carry out an orientation and discussion regarding the dive sites, climate, condition and safety procedures for the benefit of the survey team and the boat captain.

The duration of the survey would depend the size of the reefs on a certain boundary of the area. If possible, it is suggested that 20 percent of the total reef area should be surveyed. In Rapid Resource Assessment (RRA), minimum dive sites to be produced should not be lower in 20-dive sample in the project area. A navigational map or a GIS map image is provided so that it will plan and identify the dive site areas. It is highly recommended to survey and select sites that are representative of different habitat types such as sea grass, sand, muddy bottom,

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rocky and coral reef. The survey should be conducted during diurnal and nocturnal time. The purpose of this diurnal and nocturnal survey is to find at least all aquarium species that are active both day and night.

Figure 5: Sample of dive sites for RRA and FRA.

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Categories of RAM Survey

5.A Diurnal survey is conducted any time from 8:00 in the morning until 4:00 in the afternoon. 5.B Nocturnal survey is conducted in two ways; but this is not applicable in Rapid Resource Assessment (RRA) survey. 5.B1. Early in the morning and late afternoon, this starts at 5:00 – 7:00 in the morning and 4:00 – 6:00 in the afternoon. 5.B2. Night Dive survey starts at 7:00 till 10:00 in the evening.

Before the survey start 1) Prepare datasheets (record the names of the Team Leader, Team Scientist andTeam Members, as well as the date, site name and depth on all data sheets and start to complete the Site Description Form to include recording the Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of your survey site. 2) Prepare all necessary equipment.

1. Assign team members to survey tasks

There are many acceptable ways to divide up the survey tasks depending on the skills of the team members and team size. Some team members will feel more comfortable recording vertebrates (fish) or invertebrates, and others corals and foodfish and Beche de Mer. Because each team will be different, the data collection strategy should be adjusted to match the ability and experience of each team member. The best quality data will be obtained by allowing an experienced Team Leader or Team Scientist to assign tasks appropriate for each team member. The Team Leader/Team Scientist must ensure that every team member understands their assignment and is capable of carrying it out properly. It is recommended to pairing up experienced survey officer with those with less experience.

2. Prepare data sheets

Prepare the data sheets and ensure that you have sufficient slates for all team members. The number of slates and sheets will depend on the number of people in each team. Every surveyor should have underwater slates to complete his or her portion of the survey. Remember, for each site, you will need two (2)

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complete sets of the opposite Belt Transect line at same depths. Only one Site Description Form is needed.

3. Prepare all necessary equipment Prepare and distribute all equipment used during a RAM survey as follows:  GPS or nautical chart to mark position of survey.  Transect Lines: Recommend using a 100 m fiberglass measuring tape with a hand crank. Alternatively, you can easily make a transect line by placing meter marks on plastic rope using colored wire or tags.  Underwater Slates with pencil attached: Teams may use underwater slate/s. These may be pre-printed with the required template using a permanent felt pen (slates) or laser printer.  Plumb Line: String (1.5-2 m) with a small weight (e.g. fishing sinker) for the Substrate Survey. Note that a standard builder’s plumb “bob” (weight) is larger and heavier than needed.  Safety Gear: Dive flag, sunscreen, a First Aid kit, and plenty of water.

Laying Down the Transect Line (100 meters long)

Before each survey, the site should be mark by GPS for reference purposes. Marking each site by GPS would also make it easy to locate the next dive site for the next survey. It is usually convenient that the fish observer lay’s the transect line while counting and identifying fish and recording the data using the stop- swim method to avoid disturbing the fish while recording data. Seconded by the inverts observer and, Beche de mer, substrates and corals observer. While the last observer collects the transect line (always observed dive buddy system). The transect line should be laid parallel to the shoreline and as close to the coral reef substratum as possible. It must follow the coral reef contour and as much as possible at uniform depth. When the reef forms spurs-and-grooves, transect line should follow the contour as long as the path of the transect line does not overlap. Otherwise, it can run down the spurs. The belt transect surveys should be laid in all surveys type of substrates (reef, mud, seagrass, sand) to get the area cover of all sites for analysis purposes. Belts transect line survey covers 100 m long, 5 m wide (2.5 m on each side) and 5 m above the line (fig. 3) all aquarium invertebrates, fish, corals, substrates and all seafood’s, sea cucumber are identifies and counted. Beach, shallow reefs (3-5 meters), reef crest (6-10 meters) or in a flat reefs are the reef zone to be surveyed (fig. 4). At the depth of 16 to 30 meters, a free surveys would be done like time swim (6 minutes) PNG RAM Survey Manual | AUGUST 2009 21

and identifying and counting some key species only of fish, inverts, beche de mer, seafoods, corals. In laying a transect line it is advisable to laid a transect line once in a separated reefs or a small reefs (120-200 meters)

Table 3:Type of marine habitat and reef zone with the type of data collected

Types of coral reef resources surveyed Beche Reef Aquarium Aquarium Sea Type of Corals -me- Zone Fish Invertebrates foods Substrates der Shore   N/A N/A N/A  (>1M) Shallow   Were   (2-5 m) necessary Reef       Crest/ Flat (6-15 m) Depth X X X X X X (<16 M)

Figure 6: Basic Resource and Management Survey (imaginary tunnel underwater)

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Figure 7: RAM survey dive sites in different habitats and reef zones

Naming the Dive Site

Site description should be filled-up before each survey, take notes on the coordinates (GPS) to mark the positions of the dive site. Labeling the reefs name is important. The proper way to label each site is “the full name of the reef+site number and team_type of the reefs+replicate/s (e.g. DaugoIsland1A_SH1).

Survey of Aquarium Fish Species

The observer swims slowly along the transect line first, stopping at regular intervals to count fishes and allow cryptic species to come out of hiding. Size and abundance of each species on the survey are recorded.

When a school of fish exceeds 50 individuals, an imaginary quadrant over the school will be used. Count the abundance of fish in that section and then scale up the count accordingly. Estimate size from the tip of the caudal fin (tail) to the tip of the snout (total length) to the nearest centimeter. Count first the fast and easy to

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hide fish, before the slow moving and stand still fishes. Survey of Aquarium Invertebrates and Corals Species

After the transect line is laid, the second observer slowly swims along the transect line. All possible marine aquarium species within the 2.5 meters of both side of the line should be recorded and counted. Organisms are counted and/or sized in centimeters within these dimensions of the survey.

Table 4: List of invertebrates under the trade to be measured All anemones Some species of Sea stars (Linkia spp, Choriaster spp, Culcita spp, Echinaster spp, Gomophia spp, Protoreaster spp) All Sea Cucumbers All Hard and Soft Corals

Figure 8: Marine non-coral invertebrates to be measured during RAM survey.

5.1 Inter-Tidal and Beach Survey

Inter-tidal or in beach surveys are used to survey marine aquarium invertebrates and mostly clown fishes. It is part of the reef where an observer can walk along the beach or can snorkel from a 1meter depth. A transect line (100 meters) will be deployed to get the survey area covered. All aquarium invertebrates that are inside the 2.5 meters in each side of the transect line are counted and identified. The transect line is divided into four segments that are used as statistical PNG RAM Survey Manual | AUGUST 2009 24

replicates. Replicates extend over the following lengths of the transect line: 0-20 m, 25-45 m, 50-70 m and 75-95m.

Logistics

. Transect lines will be laid and if possible 2 transect lines laid in every kilometer of the area. This method will be used for further analysis of the data. . The surveyor should wear booties to avoid any danger/puncture from dangerous or broken glass/bottles, nails etc. . Underwater slates are used to write the data gathered. Rocks will be checked to find hiding invertebrates and sea cucumber.

5.2 Reef Flat or Shallow Zone Survey

Reef flat zone of marine ecosystems mostly consist of mixed sand, corals, rocks coral rubble zone. It is sometimes muddy when it is near a river or mangroves forest area. Mostly, sea grass grows in the depth of 1 to 4 meters deep. A number of aquarium plants and animals, including fishes, sponges, marine worms, , seashells, sea stars, holothurians, and nudibranchs/sea slugs are abundant in this area.

In this zone, snorkeling survey are carried out to gather data in a depth of 2-4 meters. A belt transect line are laid to get the 100 meters in one total survey area cover. All marine aquarium fish and invertebrates are counted, identified and measured within 2.5 meters at both side of the transect line.

When a school of fish exceeds 50 individuals, practice visually superimposing an imaginary quadrant over the school.

5.3 Reef Crest Survey

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Belt transect line are used to survey aquarium fish and invertebrates in this habitat at the depth of 5 to 10 meters depth. A substrate data point should be gathered in every .05 meters along the transect lines.

Team members are advised to estimate the width using their extended arm lengths from the transect line during field exercises.

A survey site in a kilometer of reef front should have get a dive sample belts transect surveys: one in 5-7 m depth and another in 8-10 m depth. For wide reefs (>100 m wide), two parallel belt transects are recommended for every 100 m increment of coral reef.

Logistics . Transect lines will be laid and if possible 2 transect lines laid in every kilometer of the area. This method will be used for further analysis of the data. . The scientist should use SCUBA gear to conduct surveys. . Underwater Slates is used to write the data gathered.

5.4 Substrate Survey

The goal of the substrate survey is to determine the health of the coral reef based from the cover data. For this purpose, each transect line will be point-sampled at 0.5 m intervals. To reduce bias, it is useful to carry a 5-mm diameter nut or other small metal object tied onto a 3-m cotton or nylon string for use as a "plumb-line."

The substrate type is recorded at 0.5 m intervals along the line, i.e., at: 0.0 m, 0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m etc. up to 19.5 m (40 data points for every 20-m transect segment). The observer should stop at every 0.5 m and record the substrate at that point. (0.0 m, 0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m, etc… 19.5 m). The use of the plumb line prevents parallax error of surveyors who are swimming above the substrate. Plumb lines are useful in cases where the transect line is hanging above the substratum and swinging back and forth with the surge. Dropping the plumb line at the designated mark eliminates any choice in where to measure. See Table 5

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for substrate category abbreviations below.

Table 5: Coral reef health substratum survey categories and code

Abbreviation Substratum Category

HC Hard Coral

SC Soft Bodied Coral

SG Seagrass

RKC Recently killed coral

AL

SP Sponges

RC Rock

RB Rubble

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Abbreviation Substratum Category

SD Sand

SI Silt

OT Others (Sessile organisms and non living substrata)

Category Guidelines for Determining Substratum Types: (Note that these are practical definitions and not geotechnical ones.)

. Hard coral: include fire coral (Millepora), blue coral (Heliopora) and organ pipe coral (Tubipora) as well as all types of “reef builders”. . Soft coral: include zoanthids, but not sea anemones (which is under "others”). . Seagrass: all species of seagrass, not to be confused with algae. . Recently killed coral: record coral that has died within the past year. The coral may be standing or broken into pieces, but appears recently killed. (Coral is white, structurally intact, only partially overgrown by algal turf, etc.) This will be particularly important in detecting the possible impacts of cyanide and the evidence of dynamite use. . Algae: do not include coralline or turf algae in this category. . Sponge: all sponges (but no ) are included. . Rock: any hard substratum whether it is covered in algae (turf or encrusting coralline), barnacles, oysters or other organisms is placed in this category. Rock will also include dead coral that is more than about 1 year old, i.e., worn down so that few coral structures are visible, and covered with a thick layer of encrusting organisms and/or algae.

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. Rubble: includes rocks (often laying over sand) between 0.5 and 15 cm diameter. If it is larger than 15 cm, it is rock; if smaller than 0.5 cm, then it is considered as sand. . Sand: smaller than 0.5 cm and falls quickly to the bottom after being re- suspended. . Silt/clay: sediment that remains in suspension if disturbed. . Others: any other sessile organism including sea anemones (which are also included in the invertebrate belt), tunicates, gorgonians or nonliving substrata.

5.5 Night Surveys

The goal of night survey is to find the nocturnal species under the aquarium trade. This methodology could be quite dangerous other scientists do not recommend night surveys. For this circumstance, night surveys are suggested in order to get a census of available species. At least 6-10 night dives should be carried out in a certain area along the survey timeline duration. Night dives should be executed during calm conditions of the sea.

Logistics: . GPS to mark the position of the dive sites. . Complete dive gear and preferably all divers would wear hoods. . All divers should have a torch or flashlight with new batteries. Each diver should also have a secondary torch. . Transect Line: A 100-meter fiberglass measuring tape. . Underwater Slates with pencil and spare. . Buoys and plumb line with torch lowered under water as a light guide of divers back to the boat. . Whistle attach to the BCD. . Tank banger/Shaker . First Aid Kit . Communication (radio, moblile phone), establish a contact line with an in land base personnel just in case of emergency. . Fresh cloths and warm towels. . Tool box

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Following activities and safety procedure during Night Dive Survey.

A. Before the Dive: a. Be sure the boat has enough fuel for the destination dive site/s. Having extra fuel is also recommended. b. Check all gear and equipment before jumping in the water. c. Lower the underwater guide lights at the bottom of the boat. d. There should always a standby diver in the boat. e. Mark the dive site with GPS. f. If the current is strong abort the dive and transfer to protected or inner reefs.

B. During the Dive: a. Secure boat in the target reef or site by anchoring. b. Check all gear before the dive (checklist). c. Dive buddy system is strictly implemented. Check your dive buddy regularly. d. Fish observers must first do one at each side of the transect line due to limited vision and lay the transect line while counting and identifying the nocturnal fish. e. Followed by invertebrates’ observers. f. All night active marine aquarium fish and invertebrates species should be identify and counted only. g. Avoid touching anything to avoid accidents. Beware of dangerous sea creatures such as which are very aggressive at night and other nocturnal feeders, sea snakes (they are attracted to lights) jelly fishes, , stonefish etc. Be watchful but don’t panic, turn off the torch and move 3-4 meter away. h. Swim 2 meters adjacent to your buddy and maintain that distance, both must always be within the sight of each other until the dive is finished. i. You must always be aware of your position in relation to where the boat is anchored so returning to the boat would not be very difficult especially in emergency situations. j. Always control buoyancy. Don’t panic, stay relaxed and maintain normal breathing.

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C. After the Dive: a. Check your dive buddy and ascend together. b. Once the diver is on the boat, immediately change to warm dry clothing. c. Check all equipments, data sheets, dive buddies before leave the dive sites.

Survey on Corals, Zoanthids, Coralliomorpharians and other Polyps for Aquarium

Approximately 500 species of corals are known from Indo-Pacific to the richest area is centered around , Indonesia and including Papua New Guinea where about 70 percent of the species are found. So, in this manual all corals under the coral trade are surveyed to gather information on the species availability and population, around PNG seawaters.

During the survey, corals will also be assisted. All possible corals for the market are counted and measured.

The imaginary quadrant method for clumped corals such as Goniopora, Diaceris, Polyphyllia and Fungia are used. (Use body length as a tool to visually superimpose imaginary quadrats with a maximum size of 2.5 by 2.5 m, depending on area coverage of both side of the transect line.) Count and size normally when they are not clumped. Measure the length along the longest aspect of the corals.

Record the abundance in the size classes: ≤ 5 cm, 6-15 cm, 16-25 cm, 26-50 cm and more than 50 cm. (These are the size categories used in the trade.).

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Table 6: Coral data sheet for coral survey

Names of Corals, Zoanthids & Size Class Counts Remarks Polyps 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Legends:  5 cm = A 16-25 = C 50 above = E 6-16 cm = B 26-50 = D

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Chapter 6

Sea Food Survey ………………………………………...

Fish and Invertebrate Food Survey

During transect surveys, divers swim throughout a dive site and record all observed fish species that can be positively identified. All seafood’s are listed in a sheet form and only the counts are recorded. The goal is to have an idea of the status of the reefs species for food.

Food Fish

Surgeon fishes, Rabbit fishes, sweet lips, eels, , trevallies, snapper, fusiliers, emperor fishes, goatfishes, parrot fishes, surgeonfish, triggerfish and other fish for food. The search for fish begins as soon as the observer lays a transect line during the gathering of the marine aquarium species.

Other Food Fish

All seafood’s that are under local PNG people diets are surveyed such as lobsters, squids, cuttlefish, , octopuses, shells and other seafood’s are recorded and identified also for future reference and data analysis. All seafood are identified and counted also.

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Table 7: Food Fish data sheet

Province: Reef Name: Date:

Time: Climate: Observer: Transect Orientation:

Name of Other Name of Food Fish Count Seafood’s (Lobsters, Count Cuttlefish, Octopus) 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Remarks:

Sea Cucumber (Beche de Mer) Survey

Sea cucumbers are found beneath rocks, sandy bottoms, everywhere from the inter-tidal zone to the deepest parts of the ocean. Sea cucumber or beche-de- mer is one of the main livelihoods of the fishermen around PNG. But due to the abundance these organisms are easily collected. Although reproduction is very slow, harvesting of sea cucumbers are unlimited due mainly to its economical value. Often price is a powerful drive to overexploitation. On the other hand, the economic importance of targeted beche-de-mer is also an incentive to develop management strategies to make fishing sustainable especially when properly explained to local stakeholders.

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Gathering of data are done alongside the survey of marine aquarium fish and invertebrates. All species of sea cucumber are counted and identified. All sea cucumbers are measured at the dorsal vertically from mouth to the anus. Habitats of the sea cucumber are also recorded.

Table 8: Beche-de-mer data sheet

Name of Reefs:______Climate:______Date:______Transect Orientation: _____ Observer: ______GPS: ______

Transect Line No. ______

List of Species Counts Size Type of Habitats 1 Amberfish (Thelenota anax) 2 Black Teatfish (Holothuria nobilis) 3 Blackfish (Actinopyga miliaris) 4 Brown Sandfish (Bohadschia vitiensis) 5 Chalkfish (Bohadschia similis) 6 Curryfish (Stichopus hermanni) 7 Deep-water Redfish (Actinopyga echinites) 8 Dragonfish (Stichopus horrens) 9 Elephant Trunkfish (Holothuria fuscopunctata) 10 Flowerfish ( graeffei) 11 Greenfish (Stichopus chloronotus) 12 Lollyfish (Holothuria atra) 13 Pinkfish (Holothuria edulis) 14 Frickly Redfish (Thelenota ananas) 15 Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) 16 Snakefish (Holothuria coluber) 17 Stonefish (Actinopyga lecanora) 18 Surf Redfish (Actinopyga mauritiana) 19 Tigerfish (Bohadschia argus) 20 White Teatfish (Holothuria fuscogiva) 21 Papillate Sea Cucumber (Holothuria hilla) 22 (Holothuria noctivagus) 23 Black-fringed Sea Cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota) 24 Red-lined Sea Cucumber (Thelenota rubralineata) 25 (Holothuria erinacae)

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Other Endangered Species

Any species of sea turtles, , sea cow/Manatees, Giant Clams, and other endangered species listed in CITES seen during the survey should also be recorded and identified for future references and analysis.

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Chapter 7

Data Banking and Analysis…………………….

Each team member should quickly transcribe the data into a notebook before it is transcribed in a computer. All data should be entered into a database or spreadsheet format. A TAC (Total Allowable Catch) will be produced in every area or by reef owned clan/. All areas will be surveyed once a year in different different seasons (starts of winter and summer) to find-out the spawning period and new coming recruits. After 3-4 years of successive surveys a permanent TAC will produce.

The total allowable catch (TAC) is the number of organisms of a certain species that can be harvested in a body of water that still allows that species’ population to be viable. If fishing of this particular species does not go beyond the TAC figure, then the species is being collected in a sustainable manner and it would continue to provide steady income to the fishers.

Determining Total Allowable Catch for Aquarium Fish and Invertebrates in a new open area/s.

The total allowable catch is a portion of a targeted species’ standing stocks/population or a level of harvest that is deemed sustainable to harvest.

Fishery models in combination with available catch records are used to estimate a portion of population or a level of fishing that can be sustainably harvested. On the other hand, fishing limits for aquarium invertebrates are set at 20%of local stock until the availability of enough size class data for natural mortality analyses of which FiSAT will be use to calculate the relative-yield-per-recruit analysis. .

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Calculating Total Stock Abundances

The abundances of aquarium stocks in an area were estimated based on average densities, standard deviation, 95% confidence interval and the coral reef area. The coral reef areas are estimated from GIS satellite maps and available navigational maps. Obvious species that lived in a specific habitat or substrate, the size on coral reef area has to calculate separately to produce a separate TAC.

Total Allowable Catch (TAC) Based on MAQTRAC calculations.

It is one of the key management interventions in the area management plan. Catch limits, as a management tool is deemed appropriate in the NFA/ECOEZ certification program with the order system being implemented. In this system, only species ordered by exporters are fished. This is to avoid wastage of unwanted species.

Fishing limits for fish are determined from the estimates of natural mortality rates. These natural mortality rates (M) are used to estimate total allowable catch as suggested by various fisheries literature for these species. Natural mortality rates are calculated using Pauly’s empirical equation using data on growth rates (k), length infinity (L∞) and water temperature from various species with adequate size class data. As much as possible, estimates are determined for various species representing different families. These estimates are later applied for other species in the same families and/or ecologically similar species.

On the other hand, fishing limits for aquarium invertebrates were set at 20% of local stock until the availability of enough size class data for natural mortality analyses.

In both fish and invertebrate aquariums, the fishings limits are indicated as ranges (from average density and 95% confidence interval) given the variability of stock abundance estimates. In the other hand, aquarium species that has no TAC will be use the 20% of the standing TAC of the nearby project site. This entire species should be noted for the next year re-survey. And the survey team should be set as a priority to find all species that have no TAC in their natural

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habitat to identify and documented.

Yield-per-recruit analysis

Population parameters (growth, mortality and relative yield-per-recruit estimation) were derived for various species that had representative (recruits, juveniles and adults of ideally 150 to 200 individuals) size class data using FiSAT software. (The FiSat software can be downloaded free of charge from the website http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/fisoft/fisat/downloads.htm. Length-at-first capture data (the smallest size of the species collected in the trade) was obtained from catch records of fishermen. The latter data is important in relative-yield-per-recruit analysis.

The following is a guideline in natural mortality estimation and relative yield-per- recruit analysis for fish and invertebrates (except corals) using FiSat software:

1. Use size class data that range from recruits to adults and ideally with a total of 150-200 individuals.

2. Group size data into classes. We recommend 1 cm groupings for and other fishes that have a maximum size around 5 to 6 cm; 2 to 3 cm groupings for anemonefishes; 3 to 4 cm groupings for and other fishes that have maximum size from 15 to 20 cm; and 5 cm groupings for the bigger angelfishes (e.g. Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus) and other fishes with maximum size more than 20 cm. (Encode data in the necessary query in FiSat.);

3. To estimate the growth coefficient k and L-infinity, go to (a) Assess query; (b) to Direct fit of length frequency data; (c) to ELEFAN 1; and then (d) k scan;

4. To estimate total mortality rate (Z), go to (a) Assess; then to (b) Mortality Estimation; then to (c) Z from steady-state sample; then to (d) Length converted catch curve; and then to (e) Catch Curve;

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5. To estimate natural mortality rate (M), go to (a) Assess; then to (b) Mortality Estimation; then to (c) Natural Mortality; and then to (d) Pauly’s M equation. Use 280C for temperature in tropical situations. The inverse of this natural mortality M is a provisional catch limit expressed as % of the standing stock.

For a fishery with historical catch records proceed to yield-per-recruit analysis:

6. Calculate separately the ratio of M/k and lc/L-infinity. The number lc is the smallest size collected for that species in the ornamental trade.

7. To do relative yield-per-recruit analysis, go to (a) Assess; then to (b) Beverton-Holt Y/R Analysis; then to (c) Knife-edge; and then (d) fill-in the

value M/k and lc/L-infinity.

8. Note the reference points E10, E50 and Emax.

Marine Aquarium target classifications based on Ecology and their TAC implementation

7.2A Targeted Aquarium Species List (TASL) The species under this list are collected. This list includes all species under the demand and currently traded species on aquarium trade.

Classes of Targeted Aquarium Species List (TASL) 1. Class A = High-end species, and Endemic/localized species of the country and most demand species in the trade 2. Class B = “Bread and butter species” or the common species on the aquarium trade. 3. Class C = New introduce species in the aquarium trade

7.2B Banned Species List (BSL)

The species under this list are prohibited to collect. This list includes all species under Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) list and species under Red-list in

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Papua New Guinea. This is also the local prohibited species in area and banned species by NFA.

All Sea Horses Species (Hippocampus) All Giant Clams Species (Tridacnids) Hemiscyllium strahani (Hooded Epaulette Shark) All Sea Cucumber (by Season)

7.2C Unsuitable Species List (USL)

The species of marine aquarium that would not survive in captivity, and therefore it is recommended that they should not be fished. From a scientific perspective, the USL should include species that have low survivorship in captivity (e.g. coral eaters,).

Angelfishes; Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus; Queen Angelfish Apolemicthys trimaculatus; Flagfin Angelfish over 5 inches Pygoplites diacanthus; Regal Angelfish over 5 inches

Butterflyfises; baronessa; Baroness Chaetodon bennetti; Bennetti’s Butterflyfish Chaetodon meyeri; Meyer’s Butterflyfish Chaetodon octofasciatus; Eight Banded Butterflyfish Chaetodon ornatissimus; Chaetodon plebeius; Blue-blotch Butterflyfish Chaetodon reticulatus; Reticulated Butterflyfish Chaetodon speculum; Ovalspot Butterflyfish Chaetodon triangulum; Triangular Butterflyfish Chaetodon trifasciatus / lunulatus; Chaetodon trifascialis; Chevroned Butterflyfish Parachaetodon occellatus; Occelated Butterflyfish

Wrasses: Labroides dimidiatus; Cleaner

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Misc. species Oxymonacanthus longirostris; Harlequin/Orange-spot filefish Plectorhincus chaetodonoides; Harlequin/Clown Sweetlips tuka; Purple Queen strigatus; Razorfish

Sea Slug/Nudibrach: Bornella anguilla; Slippery Bornella Cheilodonura electra; Electric Tailed Slug Chelidonura inornata; Inormate Tailed Slug Chromodoris bullocki; Antenna Purple Chromodoris egrettae; Egrett's Chromodoris Chromodoris elizabethina; Elizabeth's Chromodoris Chromodoris geometrica; Geometric Chromodoris Chromodoris kuiteri; Antenna Orange Nudibranch Chromodoris kuniei; Kuniei's Chromodoris Chromodoris lochi; Antenna White Nudibranch Chromodoris magnifica; Magnificent Sea Slug Chromodoris quadricolor; Antenna Multicolor Nudibranch Chromodoris sp; Assorted Colors Slugs Chromodoris strigata; Strigate Chromodoris Coriocella nigra; Black Coriocella Dematobranchus sp; Speckled Dematobranchus Flabellina bilas; Bilas Flabellina Flabellina exoptata; Desired Flabellina Glossodoris atromarginata; Black-Margined Glossodoris Halgerda aurantiomaculata; Gold-Spotted Halgerda Hexabranchus sanguineus; Giant Spanish Dancer Jorunna funebris; Jorunna's Sea Slug Notodoris gardeneri; Yellow Sea Slug Notodoris sp; Winged Notodoris Philinopsis gardineri; Gardener's Tailed Slug arabica; Black Nudibranch (Assorted) Phyllidia babai; Baba's Phyllidia Phyllidia coelestis; Celestrial Phyllidia Phyllidia elegans; White Nudibranch (Assorted) Phyllidia ocellata; Ocellate Phyllidia Phyllidia pustulosa; Pustolose Phyllidia

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Phyllidia sp; Red Turtle Nudibranch Phyllidia willani; Willan's Phyllidia/ Slug Phyllidiopsis shireenae; Shiren's Phyllidiopsis Plakobranchus sp; Hooded Plakobranchus Pteraeolidia ianthina; Violet Pteraeolidia lineolata; Lined Nembrotha Reticulidia fungia; Abstract Reticulidia Reticulidia halgerda; Decorated Reticulidia Robastra arika (Roboastra); Black Nudibranch / Green Nudibranch Robastra sp. (Roboastra); Green Nudibranch Risbecia imperialis; Imperial Risbecia Staylocheilus longicauda (Stylocheilus); Sea Hare Algae Slug

7.2D Limited To Catch Species List (LCSL)

The species that can be fished but whose fishing should be closely monitored. The species under in this list should have limited TAC due to the very slow production of its own species and it’s very slow to grow. From a scientific perspective, the LCSL should include species that direct habitat of fish and invertebrates (e.g. anemones,). Under this list also are species that have very small abundance seen during the survey or hard to find (e.g. zebra octopus, flamboyant cuttlefish, wobbegong and some species of shark). For Leopard and White-Tip shark, it is inforce in getting a special permit in National Fisheries Authority to export this marine aquarium species.

Table 9: List of limited to catch marine aquarium species

Scientific name Common name Sand Anemone Heteractis crispa Sand Anemone Purple Base Anemone Heteractis sp. Clown Anemone

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Scientific name Common name Macrodactylia dorensis Base Anemone Giant Carpet Anemone Carpet Anemone Stichodactyla mertensis Merten’s Carpet Anemone Stichodactyla sp. Multicolor Carpet Anemone Stegostosoma fasciatus Leopard Shark Eucrossohirus dasypogon Tasselled Wobbegong Octopus zebra Zebra Octopus Triaenodon obesus White-Tip Shark

7.2E Dangerous Species List (DSL)

The species on this list should be avoided. Some of this species are deadly and therefore no TAC, this is provided for the fishermen not to fish these kinds of species.

The following species classified according to the level of danger;

DSL with TAC

. Blue Ringed Octopus (= with a beak that can penetrate a wet suit, they are one little cute creature to definitely look at BUT don’t touch. The blue-ringed octopus is the size of a golf ball but sits poison is powerful enough to kill an adult human in minutes. There's no known antidote. Residing in rock pools and coral, the blue ring octopus' rings will "glow" an electric blue when provoked or is on the defense. This is when it is most dangerous, especially to children, as it looks very pretty and harmless.

Species Description

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Hapalochlaena lunulata Which is the larger and grows up to 20cm (8 in) across its stretched tentacles.

Hapalochlaena Is small and more common, maculosa weighing a mere 28 grams (1 oz) found in the shallow coral and rock pools

. Cone Shells = Look very pretty, but several types are known to be very dangerous to humans. The venom of some contains the most potent neurotoxins known to man. . Lion Fish = Lionfish have venomous fin spines that can produce painful puncture wounds. Fatalities, however, are rare. The fish have elongated spines and enlarged pectoral fins, and each species has a pattern of zebra like stripes. . Selected Stone Fish ( verrucosa)= With 13 dorsal spines that release a poisonous toxin when pressed, the Stonefish can inflict excruciating pain and possible death to the unwary. They dwell on stony, muddy bottom areas. Visitors walking on the beaches (especially at low tide) should always wear covered shoes with a sturdy sole.

DSL with NO TAC

. Sea Snakes = Approx 15 species of sea snakes can be found on the reef. ALL OF THEM PRODUCE LETHAL VENOM. Having small fangs, they are not normally aggressive. There have been no reported deaths from sea snakes, however they should still be treated with respect. . Stingrays = Fatalities reported from stingray deaths are few and far between. Barbs on the stingrays' tail whip up when trodden on and can inflict serious lacerations and deep wounds. Tetanus is also a possibility if the wound becomes infected.

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Chapter 8

Marine Aquarium Survey Data Storage …………….

The data format should include information on the area, site name, GPS reading (decimal degrees or DD format), observer, date of survey, fishing (yes or no), (on- site description worksheet), species, size estimate, count and special remarks (on the data input worksheet). The fish and invertebrate data on overall coral reef health should be recorded and associated with the same GPS coordinates as the aquarium data. Posters for each area will provide a poster of aquarium fish, unsuitable species list (USL), Mobile and Sessile invertebrates.

The data will be stored at EcoEZ and TRADE database. Any parties wanting to access/have a copy of the data should have an accord signed by Director of ECOEZ for any use of the data based in the agreement.

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Chapter 9

Equipment Record Maintenance and Inventory…….

Scientific Diving

Standards for Equipment Use

Educational technology equipment is typically purchased with EcoEZ funds earmarked for instruction. For this reason, usage for administrative and record keeping functions is restricted. When equipment is purchased for RAM survey the equipment must be protected and maintain up to the lifespan duration.

Purchase Guidelines

All equipment purchased with EcoEZ funds must be in accordance with the regulations of the funding source. The equipment purchased must be reasonable and necessary to effectively operate the program.

Recipients will be required to maintain inventory as per the Inventory Guidelines listed below and follow local inventory policies and procedures.

For those recipients utilizing Kina, Pesos, and Dollars for equipment, an EcoEZ Application for Authorization of Expenditures form for prior approval of equipment purchases must be submitted. Supporting invoices and the serial number for equipment with a “per-unit” cost. For those equipments without receipts or lost, the recipient should provide an oath about the equipment purchased with signature attach provided with witness signature.

Inventory Control Guidelines

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All capital outlay (equipment) units is subject to the following inventory management and control requirements:

1. Inventory must be current and available for review and audit. The following information must be included in the recipient’s inventory records: a. A description of the equipment. b. A serial number, model number, or other identification number. c. The funding source and percentage under which the equipment was acquired. d. The acquisition date and unit cost. e. The source of equipment (company name, where purchased). f. The present location, use, condition of the equipment, and date the information was reported. g. All pertinent information on the final transfer, replacement, or disposition of the equipment.

2. Inventory must be updated as equipment items are purged or new purchases are made.

3. Equipment items purchased with funds are to be identified and physically marked as such.

4. Adequate safeguards must be in place related to the loss, damage, or theft of the equipment. Any loss, damage, or theft should be investigated and fully documented.

5. Adequate maintenance procedures should be implemented to keep the equipment in good condition.

6. A physical inventory of equipment items must be taken and the results reconciled with the inventory records at least twice anually.

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Table 10: RAM inventory equipment.

INVENTORY OF RAM EQUIPMENT RAM Division Issued Date of Serial Number/Model CODE Item Qty Durability Status To Purchased Number # A. Computer and Laptop

B. Dive Gear

C. Other Equipment

Table 11: RAM Equipment Maintenance Records.

RAM TEAM WEEKLY EQUIPMENT MAINTAINANCE RECORD

As of______2009

Checking Boat Status Recommendation REMARKS/Notes done 1 Seasmart 1(petrol) 2 Fuel hose 3 Fuel tanks 4 12SM battery 5 Ignition key 6 Rope & anchor 7 Seasmart2 (diesel) 8 Fuel hose 9 Fuel tanks 10 Refuelling container

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RAM TEAM WEEKLY EQUIPMENT MAINTAINANCE RECORD 11 Ignition key 12 Rope & anchor UHF/VHF radio 13 receiver 14 Handheld radio 15 Battery charger Vehicle 16 CAR 945 Air Compressor 17 Electric Compressor 18 Diesel Compressor Dive Gear 19 Scuba Tanks 20 Regulators 21 BCD 22 Wet suit 23 Torch 1 24 Torch 2 25 Search light 26 Slates 27 Mask/Snorkle

Check by:

Disposition Guidelines

The disposition/transfer of equipment policy applies to any equipment item that is obsolete, not repairable, damaged, destroyed, lost, or stolen. This policy covers any equipment item purchased by a recipient with EcoEZ funds.

Equipment Transfer

When original or replacement equipment acquired is no longer needed for the

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original project or program, the equipment may be transferred and used in other projects or programs currently or previously funded EcoEZ. Recipients must request approval from the Project Director in the to transfer items of equipment to different programs. Permission to transfer items from inventory will be granted following review and approval of the recipient’s request.

Bibliography

MAQTRAC (Marine Aquarium Trade Coral Reef Monitoring) Gregor Hodgson and Domingo Ochavillo; April 2006.

Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources.

Queensland Marine Aquarium Fish And Coral Collecting, Aquarium Fish and Coral Fisheries Working Group

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Identification References ………………………………..

. Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques; Jay F. Hemdal; © 2006. . Angelfishes, A Comprehensive Guide To ; Helmut Debelius, Hiroyuki Tanaka & Rudie H. Kuiter; © 2003. . Angelfishes Of The World; Kiyoshi Endo, © 2007. . Coral Reefs Animals Of The Indo-Pacific; Terence M. Gosliner, David W. Behrens, and Gary C. Williams, © 1996. . Discover Loloata Island, Guide To Papua New Guinea, Neville Coleman, © 1998. . www.fishbase.org . Indo-Pacific Coral Reef Field Guide; Dr. Gerald R. Allen and Roger Steene, © 2003. . Giant Clams In The Sea And The Aquarium, James Fatherree, © 2006 . Marine Fisher, 500+ Essential-to-know Aquarium Species, Scott W. Michael, © 1999. . , 500+ Essential-to-know Aquarium Species, Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D, © 2004. . Reef Fish Identification Tropical Pacific, Dr. Gerald Allen, Roger Steene, Paul Humann, and Ned Deloach, © 2003. . Sharks & Rays, Elasmobranch Guide Of The World, Ralf M. Hennemann, © 2007. . The Marine Life of Bootless Bay of Papua New Guinea, Mark Baine and David Harasti, © 2007.

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Appendices

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I. MARINE AQUARIUM SPECIES MASTERLIST

Appendix 1: Marine Aquarium Species Masterlist

PNG MARINE AQUARIUM VERTEBRATES SPECIES Other Traded Scientific Name Common Trade Name Common Name 2 Group Classification Name Abalistes stellaris Starry Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Ablabys taenianotus Cockatoo Waspfish Waspfish TASL Abudefduf lorenzii Lorenzi Black-Tail Sergeantfish Damselfish TASL Abudefduf sexfasciatus Scissortail Sergeantfish Damselfish TASL Abudefduf sordidus Blackspot Sergeantfish Damselfish TASL Abudefduf vaigiensis Indo-Pacific Sergeantfish Damselfish TASL Acanthochromis Spiny Chromis Damselfish TASL polyacanthus Acanthurus albipectoralis Whitefin Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus bariene Black-Spot Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus blochii Ringtail Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus dussumieri Eyestripe Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus fowleri Fowler's Surgeonfish Blackspine Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus grammoptilus Fine-Lined Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus guttatus Whitespotted Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus leucocheilus Palelipped Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus lineatus Lineatus Tang Lined Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus maculiceps White-Freckled Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus mata Yellowmask Surgeonfish Elongate Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus nigricans Whitecheek Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus nigricauda Epaulette Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus nigrofuscus Brown Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus nigroris Nigroris Tang Blue-lined Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus nubilus Nubilus Tang Bluelined Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus olivaceus Shoulder Tang Orangespot Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus pyroferus Chocolate Tang Mimic Surgeonfiish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus thompsoni Thompson's Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus triostegus Convict Tang Convict Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acanthurus xanthopterus Yellowfin Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Acreichthys tomentosus Bristle-tail Filefish Filefish TASL Aeoliscus strigatus Razorfish Razorfish USL Aioliops megastigma Mini Dartfish Dartfish TASL Aipysurus laevis Saddleback Grouper Grouper TASL Alectis ciliaris African Pompano Pompano TASL Aluterus scriptus Scrawled Filefish Filefish TASL Amanses scopas Broom Filefish Triggerfish TASL Amblycirrhitus bimacula 2-Spot Hawkfish Hawkfish TASL Amblyeleotris fasciata Red-Banded -Goby Goby TASL Amblyeleotris fontanesii Giant -Goby Goby TASL Amblyeleotris guttata Spotted Prawn-Goby Spotted Shrimpgoby Goby TASL Amblyeleotris Masked Shrimp-Goby Goby TASL gymnocephala Amblyeleotris Broad-banded Shrimpgoby Periophthalma Prawn-Goby Goby TASL periophthalma Amblyeleotris randalli Randall's Prawn-Goby Goby TASL Amblyeleotris rhyax Volcano Shrimp-Goby Goby TASL Amblyeleotris sp. Five-Bar Shrimp-Goby Goby TASL Amblyeleotris steinitzi Steinitz' Prawn-Goby Goby TASL Amblyeleotris wheeleri Gorgeous Prawn-Goby Goby TASL Amblyglyphidodon aureus Golden Damselfish Damselfish TASL Amblyglyphidodon Staghorn Damselfish Damselfish TASL curacao Amblyglyphidodon Yellowbelly Damselfish Damselfish TASL leucogaster Amblygobius decussatus Orange-Striped Goby Goby TASL Amblygobius hectori Hectori Goby Yellowstripe Goby Goby TASL Amblygobius nocturnus Nocturn Goby Goby TASL Amblygobius phalaena Banded Goby Goby TASL Amblygobius rainfordi Old Glory Goby TASL Amblygobius sphynx Sphinx Goby Goby TASL Amblypomacentrus Black-Banded Demoiselle Damselfish TASL breviceps Amphiprion chrysopterus Orangefin Clownfish Clownfish TASL Yellowtail Clownfish / Clarks Amphiprion clarkii Clarkii Clownfish Clownfish TASL Anemonefish / Whitetail Clownfish

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Amphiprion frenatus Tomato Clownfish Clownfish TASL Amphiprion leucokranos Whitebonnet Clownfish Bonnet Anemonefish Clownfish TASL Amphiprion melanopus Melanopus Clownfish Fire Clownfish Clownfish TASL Amphiprion ocellaris False Percula Clownfish Clown Anemonefish Clownfish TASL Amphiprion percula Percula Clownfish Clownfish TASL Amphiprion perideraion Pink Skunk Clownfish Clownfish TASL Amphiprion polymnus Clownfish TASL Amphiprion sandaracinos Orange-skunk Clownfish Saddle Clownfish / Yellow Clownfish Clownfish TASL Anampses Bluespotted Wrasse Wrasse TASL caeruleopunctatus Anampses geographicus Geographic Wrasse Wrasse TASL Anampses melanurus White-Spotted Wrasse Wrasse TASL Anampses meleagrides Spotted Wrasse Yellowtail Wrasse Wrasse TASL Anampses neoguinaicus New Guinea Wrasse Wrasse TASL Anampses twistii Yellowbreasted Wrasse Wrasse TASL Anomalops katoptron Splitfin Flashlightfish Flashlightfish TASL Antennarius coccineus Scarlet Frogfish Frogfish TASL Antennarius maculatus Warty Frogfish Frogfish TASL Antennarius nummifer Spotfin Frogfish Frogfish TASL Antennarius pictus Painted Frogfish Frogfish TASL Antennarius striatus Striated Frogfish Frogfish TASL Anyperodon White-lined Grouper Grouper TASL leucogrammicus Apogon aureus Ring-Tailed Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon bandanensis Banda Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon chrysopomus Yellow Cardinalfish Spotgill CardinalFish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon coccineus Ruby Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon compressus Split-Banded Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon cyanosoma Yellowstriped Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon exostigma Narrowstripe Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon fraenatus Spurcheek Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon fragilis Fragile Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon hartzfeldii Hartzfeld's Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon kallopterus Iridescent Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon leptacanthus Threadfin Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon moluccensis Moluccan Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon nigrofasciatus Blackstripe Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon notatus Spotnape Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon perlitus Pearly Cardinalfish Good-Luck Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon properupta Coral Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon sealei Bargill Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon sp. Similar Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apogon thermalis Half-Barred Cardinalfish Translucent Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Apolemichthys 3-Spot Angelfish Threespot Angelfish Flagfin Angelfish Angelfish USL trimaculatus Aprion virescens Green Jobfish Soapfish TASL Archaemia fucata Orangelined Cardinalfish Narrow-lined Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Archamia zosterophora Girdled Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Arothron Blue-Spotted Pufferfish Pufferfish TASL caeruleopunctatus Arothron hispidus White-Spotted Pufferfish Pufferfish TASL Arothron manilensis Striped Pufferfish Map Pufferfish Pufferfish TASL Arothron meleagris Guineafowl Pufferfish Pufferfish TASL Arothron nigropunctatus Dogface Pufferfish Blackspotted Pufferfish Pufferfish TASL Arothron stellatus Star Pufferfish Pufferfish TASL Aspidontus dussumieri Lance Blenny Blenny TASL Aspidontus taeniatus False Cleanerfish Goby TASL Assessor flavissimus Yellow Devilfish Devilfish TASL Assessor macneilli Blue Devilfish Devilfish TASL Asterropteryx Starry Goby Halfspotted Goby Goby TASL semipunctata Atrosalarias fuscus Brown Coral Blenny Blenny TASL holomelas Aulostomus chinensis Trumpetfish Chinese Trumpetfish Trumpetfish TASL Balistapus undulatus Undulate Triggerfish Orange-Lined Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Balistoides conspicillum Clown Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Balistoides viridescens Pineapple Triggerfish Titan Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Blenniella chrysospilos Red-Spotted Blenny Blenny TASL Bodianus anthioides Lyretail Hogfish Wrasse TASL Bodianus axillaris Scissortail Hogfish Axilspot Hogfish Wrasse TASL Bodianus bilunulatus Tarry Hogfish Wrasse TASL Bodianus bimaculatus 2-Spot Hogfish Wrasse TASL Bodianus diana Diana's Hogfish Wrasse TASL Bodianus loxozonus Blackfin Hogfish Wrasse TASL Bodianus mesothorax Coral Hogfish Splitlevel Hogfish Wrasse TASL

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Bothus mancus Flowery Flounder Peacock Flounder Flounder TASL Bryaninops amplus Large Whip Goby Goby TASL Bryaninops natans Redeye Goby Goby TASL Bryaninops yongei Whip Coral Goby Goby TASL Butis amboinensis Olive Flathead-Gudgeon Gudgeonfish TASL Callionymus delicatulus Delicate TASL Callionymus keeleyi Long Filament Dragonet Dragonets TASL Calloplesiops altivelis Cometfish / Cometa Betta Marine TASL Calotomus carolinus Carolines Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Calotomus spinidens Spinytooth Parrotfish Raggedtooth Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Cantherhines dumerilii Whitespotted Filefish Filefish TASL Canthigaster amboinensis Spider-Eye Pufferfish Pufferfish TASL Canthigaster bennetti Bennett's Pufferfish Whitebelly Toby Pufferfish TASL Canthigaster compressa Fingerprint Pufferfish Pufferfish TASL Canthigaster janthinoptera Honeycomb Pufferfish Pufferfish TASL Canthigaster papua Papuan Pufferfish Pufferfish TASL Canthigaster rivulata Brown-Lined Pufferfish Pufferfish TASL Canthigaster solandri Spotted Pufferfish Spotted Sharpnose Pufferfish TASL Canthigaster valentini Valentinni's Sharpnose Pufferfish Black-Saddled Toby Pufferfish TASL Caracanthus maculatus Spotted Coral Croucher Croucherfish TASL Caranx melampygus Bluefin Trevally Trevally TASL Centriscus scutatus Grooved Razorfish Rigid Razorfish TASL aurantia Golden Angelfish Angelfish TASL Centropyge bicolor Bicolor Angelfish Oriole Angelfish Angelfish TASL Centropyge bispinosa Coral Beauty Angelfish Twospined Angelfish Angelfish TASL Centropyge flavicauda Blue Pygmy Angelfish White-tailed Pygmy Angelfish Pygmy Angelfish Angelfish TASL Centropyge heraldi Yellow Angelfish Angelfish TASL Centropyge loricula Flame Angelfish Angelfish TASL Centropyge multifasciata Barred Angelfish Banded Angelfish Angelfish TASL Centropyge nox Midnight Angelfish Angelfish TASL Centropyge tibicen Keyhole Angelfish Angelfish TASL Centropyge vrolikii Halfblack Angelfish Pearlscale Angelfish Angelfish TASL argus Peacock Hind Peacock Grouper Grouper TASL Cephalopholis boenak Chocolate Grouper Halfblack Coral Hind Grouper TASL Cephalopholis Bluespotted Grouper Grouper TASL cyanostigma Cephalopholis formosa Bluelined Hind Grouper TASL Cephalopholis microprion Freckled Grouper Grouper TASL Cephalopholis miniata Coral Hind Grouper TASL Cephalopholis urodeta Flagtail Grouper Grouper TASL Cetoscarus bicolor Bicolour Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Golden Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon auriga Auriga Butterflyfish Threadfin Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Baroness Butterflyfish / Eastern Chaetodon baronessa Baronessa Butterflyfish Butterflyfish USL Triangular Butterflyfish Chaetodon bennetti Bennett Butterflyfish Bluelashed Butterflyfish Butterflyfish USL Chaetodon burgessi Burgess' Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon citrinellus Yellow Citron Butterflyfish Speckled Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon ephippium Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon guentheri Crochet Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon kleinii Chocolate Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon lineolatus Lined Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon lunula Raccoon Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon melannotus Blackback Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Checkered Mertensii Butterflyfish Atoll Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Buterflyfish Chaetodon meyeri Meyeri Butterflyfish Butterflyfish USL Chaetodon ocellicaudus Spot-Tail Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon octofasciatus 8-Band Butterflyfish Butterflyfish USL Chaetodon ornatissimus Orna Butterflyfish Ornatus Butterflyfish Butterflyfish USL Chaetodon oxycephalus Spot-Nape Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Sunset Butterflyfish / Dot and Dash Pelewensis Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Butterflyfish Chaetodon plebeius Blueblotch Butterflyfish Blue-Spot Butterflyfish Butterflyfish USL Chaetodon Punctato Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL punctatofasciatus Chaetodon rafflesii Rafflesii Butterflyfish Latticed Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Rainford's Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon reticulatus Reticulatus Butterflyfish Mailed Butterflyfish Butterflyfish USL Chaetodon selene Yellow- Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon semeion Semeion Butterflyfish Dotted Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon speculum Oval-Spot Butterflyfish Butterflyfish USL Chaetodon trifascialis Butterflyfish USL Chaetodon trifasciatus Melon Butterflyfish Indian Redfin Butterflyfish Butterflyfish USL

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Chaetodon ulietensis Pacific Double-Saddle Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon unimaculatus Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodon vagabundus Vagabundus Butterflyfish Vagabond Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chaetodontoplus Scribbled Angelfish Angelfish TASL duboulayi Chaetodontoplus Black-Velvet Angelfish Angelfish TASL melanosoma Chaetodontoplus Vermiculated Angelfish Queen Angelfish / Singapore Angelfish Angelfish USL mesoleucus Cheilinus chlorourus Floral Wrasse Wrasse TASL Cheilinus fasciatus Redbreast Wrasse Wrasse TASL Cheilinus trilobatus Tripletail Wrasse Wrasse TASL Cheilinus undulatus Humphead Wrasse Napoleon Wrasse Wrasse BSL Cheilio inermis Cigar Wrasse Wrasse TASL Cheilodipterus isostigmus Dog Toothy Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Cheilodipterus macrodon Tiger Cardinalfish Large Toothed Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Cheilodipterus Mimic Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL parazonatus Cheilodipterus Fivelined Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL quinquelineatus marginalis Margined Coralfish Butterflyfish TASL Chelmon rostratus Chelmon Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Chlorurus bleekeri Bleeker's Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Chlorurus japanensis Palecheek Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Chlorurus sordidus Daisy Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL anchorago Orange-Dotted Tuskfish Anchor Tuskfish Wrasse TASL Choerodon fasciatus Harlequin Tuskfish Wrasse TASL Choerodon jordani Jordan's Tuskfish Wrasse TASL Choerodon monostigma Dark-Spot Tuskfish Wrasse TASL Choerodon schoenleinii Blackspot Tuskfish Wrasse TASL Choerodon zosterophorus Zoster Wrasse Darkstripe Tuskfish Wrasse TASL Chromis amboinensis Ambon Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis analis Yellow Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis atripectoralis Black-Axil Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis atripes Dark-Fin Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis elerae Twinspot Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis flavipectoralis Black-Axil Chromis Malayan Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis iomelas Half-And-Half Chromis Pacific half and Half Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis lepidolepis Scaly Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis lineata Lined Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis margaritifer Bicolor Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis retrofasciata Blackbar Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis ternatensis Ternate Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis vanderbilti Vanderbilt's Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis viridis Green Chromis Blue Green Damselfish Damselfish TASL Chromis weberi Weber's Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis xanthochira Yellow-axil Chromis Damselfish TASL Chromis xanthura Paletail Chromis Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera biocellata Twinspot Damselfish Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera brownriggii Surge Damselfish Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera Blueline Damselfish Damselfish TASL caeruleolineata Chrysiptera cyanea Blue Damselfish / Sapphire Devilfish Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera cymatilis Papuan Damselfish Milne Bay Demoiselle Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera cymatilis Papuan Damselfish (New) Damselfish TASL (new) Chrysiptera flavipinnis Yellowfin Damselfish Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera niger Black Damselfish Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera oxycephala Blue-Spot Damselfish Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera parasema Goldtail Damselfish Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera parasema Goldtail Damselfish (New) Damselfish TASL (new) Chrysiptera retrofasciata Blackbar Chromis Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera rex King Damselfish Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera rollandi Rolland's Damselfish Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera sinclairi Sinclair's Damselfish Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera sp. Sinclair's Damselfish (New) Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera talboti Talbot's Damselfish Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera tricincta 3-Band Demoiselle Damselfish TASL Chrysiptera unimaculata 1-Spot Damselfish Damselfish TASL condei Redback Wrasse Wrasse TASL Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura Blueside Wrasse Wrasse TASL Cirrhilabrus exquisitus Wrasse TASL Cirrhilabrus filamentosus Filamented Flasher Wrasse Wrasse TASL Dotted Wrasse Wrasse TASL Cirrhilabrus temminckii Peacock Wrasse Threadfin Wrasse Wrasse TASL

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Cirrhilabrus walindi Walindi Wrasse Wrasse TASL Cirrhitichthys aprinus Spotted Hawkfish Threadfin Hawkfish Hawkfish TASL Cirrhitichthys falco Dwarf Hawkfish Hawkfish TASL Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus Pixy Hawkfish Coral Hawkfish Hawkfish TASL Cirrhitus pinnulatus Stocky Hawkfish Hawkfish TASL Cirripectes castaneus Chestnut Eyelash-Blenny Blenny TASL Cirripectes chelomatus Lady Musgrave Blenny Blenny TASL Cirripectes filamentosus Filamentous Blenny Blenny TASL Cirripectes springeri Springer's Blenny Blenny TASL Cirripectes stigmaticus Red-Streaked Blenny Blenny TASL Cirripectes variolosus Red-Speckled Blenny Blenny TASL Conger cinereus Longfin African Conger TASL Congrogadus subducens Carpet Eel-Blenny Blenny TASL Coradion altivelis Highfin Coralfish Butterflyfish TASL Coradion chrysozonus Goldengirdled Coralfish Butterflyfish TASL Coradion melanopus 2-Spot Coralfish Butterflyfish TASL Coris aygula Clown Coris Wrasse TASL Coris batuensis Batu Coris Wrasse TASL Coris caudimacula Spottail Coris Wrasse TASL Coris dorsomacula Pale-Barred Coris Wrasse TASL Coris gaimard Red Wrasse Yellowtail Coris Wrasse TASL Corythoichthys Messmate Pipefish Reeftop Pipefish Pipefish TASL haematopterus Corythoichthys intestinalis Banded Pipefish Pipefish TASL Corythoichthys ocellatus Orange-Spotted Pipefish Pipefish TASL Cromileptes altivelis Grouper TASL Crossosalarias Triplespot Blenny Blenny TASL macrospilus Cryptocentrus Blue-Speckled Shrimp-Goby Goby TASL caeruleomaculatus Cryptocentrus cinctus Yellow Prawn-Goby Goby TASL Cryptocentrus fasciatus Y-Bar Shrimp Goby Goby TASL Cryptocentrus Pink-Spotted Shrimp-Goby Goby TASL leptocephalus Cryptocentrus Blacktip Shrimp-Goby Goby TASL polyophthalmus Cryptocentrus sp. Shrimp-Goby Prawn Goby Goby TASL Cryptocentrus strigilliceps Target Shrimp-Goby Goby TASL Ctenochaetus binotatus 2-Spot Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Ctenochaetus Bluelipped Bristletooth Tang/Surgeonfish TASL cyanocheilus Ctenochaetus striatus Striated Surgeonfish Lined Bristletooth Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Ctenochaetus tominiensis Tomini Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Ctenogobiops Aurocingulus Gold-Streaked Prawn- Goby TASL aurocingulus Goby Pomasticus Gold-Specked Prawn- Ctenogobiops pomastictus Goby TASL Goby Ctenogobiops sp. Speckled Prawn-goby Goby TASL Ctenogobiops tangaroai Tangaroa Shrimp-Goby Goby TASL Ctenotrypauchen Comb Goby Goby TASL microcephalus Cymbacephalus beauforti Crocodile Fish Crocodilefish TASL Cymolutes torquatus Collared Razorfish Razorfish TASL Cypho purpurascens Oblique-Lined Dottyback Dottyback TASL Cyprinocirrhites polyactis Swallowtail Hawkfish Hawkfish TASL Dactyloptena macracantha Spotwing Flying Gurnard Gurnardfish TASL Dactyloptena orientalis Oriental Flying Gurnard Gurnardfish TASL Dactylopus dactylopus Fingered Dragonet Dragonets TASL Dactylopus kuiteri Orange & Black Dragonet Dragonet TASL Whitetail / Humbug Dascyllus aruanus 3-Stripe Damselfish Damselfish TASL Damselfish Dascyllus melanurus 4-Stripe Damselfish Blacktail Humbug Damselfish TASL Dascyllus reticulatus Reticulate Damselfish Reticulated Damselfish Damselfish TASL Dascyllus trimaculatus Domino Damselfish Damselfish TASL biocellatus 2-Spot Turkeyfish Fu Manchu Lionfish Lionfish TASL Dendrochirus Dwarf Lionfish Shortfin Turkeyfish Lionfish TASL brachypterus Zebra Lionfish Zebra Turkeyfish Lionfish TASL Diademichthys lineatus Urchin Clingfish Clingfish TASL Diagramma pictum Painted Sweetlips Sweetlips/Grunts TASL Diodon holocanthus Long-Spine Porcupinefish Porcupinefish TASL Diodon hystrix Porcupinefish Spot-Fin Porcupinefish Porcupinefish TASL Diodon liturosus Black-Blotched Porcupinefish Porcupinefish TASL Diplogrammus goramensis Goram Dragonet Dragonet TASL Diploprion bifasciatum Barred Soapfish Soapfish TASL Diproctacanthus xanthurus Yellowtail Tubelip Wrasse TASL Dischistodus Palespot Damselfish Damselfish TASL chrysopoecilus

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Dischistodus melanotus Blackvent Damselfish Damselfish TASL Dischistodus perspicillatus White Damselfish Damselfish TASL Dischistodus Honeyhead Damselfish Damselfish TASL prosopotaenia Dischistodus Monarch Damselfish Damselfish TASL pseudochrysopoecilus Discordipinna griessingeri Spikefin Goby Goby TASL Discotrema crinophila Crinoid Clingfish Clingfish TASL Doryrhamphus Banded Pipefish Ringed Pipefish Pipefish TASL dactyliophorus Doryrhamphus excisus Bluestripe Pipefish Pipefish TASL excisus Drepane longimana Concertina Sicklefish Sicklefish TASL Drepane punctata Spotted Sicklefish Sicklefish TASL Echeneis naucrates Live Sharksucker Sharksucker TASL nebulosa Snowflake Moray Moray TASL Echidna polyzona Barred Moray Moray TASL aequalis 4-Line Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius australianus Australian Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius axelrodi Clown Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius bicolor Bicolor Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius collettei Spotted-Row Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius lividanalis Blackspot Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius midas Persian Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius namiyei Black Comb-Tooth Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius pictus White-Lined Comb-Tooth Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius prooculis Striped Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius sellifer Saddle Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius sp. Papuan Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius sp. (new) Papuan Blenny (New) Blenny TASL Ecsenius taeniatus White-Lined Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius trilineatus Three-Lined Blenny Blenny TASL Ecsenius yaeyamaensis Yaeyama Blenny Blenny TASL Eleotris fusca Dusky Sleeperfish Sleeperfish TASL Ephinephelus Hexagon Grouper Grouper TASL hexagonatus Epibulus insidiator Slingjaw Wrasse Wrasse TASL fasciatus Blacktip Grouper Grouper TASL Epinephelus fuscoguttatus Brown-Marbled Grouper Grouper TASL Epinephelus howlandi Blacksaddle Grouper Grouper TASL Epinephelus lanceolatus Giant Grouper Grouper TASL Highfin Grouper Grouper TASL Epinephelus merra Dwarf spotted Grouper Grouper TASL Epinephelus Grouper Grouper TASL polyphekadion Epinephelus quoyanus Longfin Grouper Grouper TASL Eucrossorhinus Tasslled Wobbegong Wobbegong LCSL dasypogon Eurypegasus draconis Short-Nosed Dragonfish Dragonfish TASL Eviota bifasciata Twostripe Pygmy Goby Goby TASL Eviota fasciola Barred Pygmy Goby Goby TASL Eviota nigriventris Blackbelly Goby Goby TASL Eviota pellucida Pellucida Pygmy Goby Goby TASL Eviota prasina Hairpin Pygmy Goby Goby TASL Exallias brevis Leopard Blenny Blenny TASL Exocoetus volitans Tropical Two-wing Flyingfish Flyingfish TASL Exyrias bellisimus Beautiful Goby Mud Reef-Goby Goby TASL Exyrias puntang Puntang Goby Goby TASL Fistularia commersonii Bluespotted Cornetfish Cornetfish Cornetfish TASL Foa brachygramma Weed Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Longnose Butterflyfish / Flavissimus Forcipiger flavissimus Yellow Longnose Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Butterflyfish Forcipiger longirostris Yellow Longnose Butterflyfish Big Longnose Butterflyfish Butterflyfish TASL Fusigobius neophytus Common Fuse-Goby Goby TASL Fusigobius signipinnis Signalfin Goby Goby TASL Genicanthus lamarck Blackstriped Angelfish Angelfish TASL Genicanthus melanospilos Zebra Angelfish Spotbreast Angelfish Angelfish TASL Gerres acinaces Longtail Silver Biddy Silver Biddy TASL Glossogobius giuris Tank Goby Goby TASL Glyptoparus delicatulus Delicate Blenny Blenny TASL Gnathanodon speciosus Pilotfish Golden Trevally Trevally TASL Gnathodentex Striped Large-Eye Bream Monocle Bream TASL aureolineatus Gnatholepsis anjerensis Eyebar Goby Goby TASL Gobiodon ceramensis Ceram Coral-Goby Goby TASL Gobiodon citrinus Poison Goby Goby TASL Gobiodon histrio Broad-Barred Goby Goby TASL

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Gobiodon okinawae Okinawa Goby Yellow Coralgoby Goby TASL Gobiodon rivulatus Rippled Coral-Goby Goby TASL Gobiodon spilophthalmus White-Lined Coral-Goby Goby TASL Gomphosus varius Bird Wrasse Wrasse TASL Gracila albomarginata Strawberry Grouper Grouper TASL Grammistes sexlineatus 6-Line Soapfish Soapfish TASL Gunnellichthys curiosus Curious Wormfish Wormfish TASL Gunnellichthys Onespot Wormfish Wormfish TASL monostigma Gymnocranius euanus Japanese Large-Eye Bream Monocle Bream TASL Gymnocranius microdon Bluespotted Large-Eye Bream Monocle Bream TASL Gymnocranius sp. Blacknape Large-Eye Bream Monocle Bream TASL Gymnomuraena zebra Zebra Moray Moray TASL Gymnothorax eurostus Abbott's Moray TASL Gymnothorax favagineus Laced Moray Eel Blackspotted Moray Moray TASL Gymnothorax fimbriatus Fimbriated Moray Moray TASL Gymnothorax Yellow-Edged Moray Moray TASL flavimarginatus Gymnothorax isingteena Spotted Moray Moray TASL Gymnothorax javanicus Giant Moray Eel Moray TASL Gymnothorax meleagris Turkey Moray Moray TASL Gymnothorax sp. (Yellow Yellow Eel Moray TASL Eel) Gymnothorax undulatus Undulated Moray Moray TASL Gymnothorax zonipectis Barred-Fin Moray Moray TASL argus Argus Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres binotopsis Wisata Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres biocellatus Red-Lined Wrasse Twospot Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres Green-Headed Wrasse Wrasse TASL chlorocephalus Halichoeres chloropterus Green Wrasse Pastel-Green Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres chrysus Yellow Wrasse Canary Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres hartzfeldii Hartzfeld's Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres hortulanus Marble Wrasse Checkerboard Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres leucurus Chain-lined Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres margaritaceus Pink-Belly Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres marginatus Dusky Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres melanochir Black Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres melanurus Pinstripped Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres miniatus Circle-Cheek Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres nebulosus Nebulous Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres ornatissimus Ornamented Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres prosopeion 2-Tone Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres purpurescens Purple Striped Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres richmondi Tailspot Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres scapularis Zigzag Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres timorensis Timor Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres trimaculatus 3-Spot Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halichoeres zeylonicus Gold-stripe Wrasse Wrasse TASL Halophyrne diemensis Banded Toadfish Toadfish TASL Helcogramma striatum Tropical Striped Triplefin Triplefins TASL Hemiglyphidodon Lagoon Damselfish Damselfish TASL plagiometopon Hemigymnus fasciatus Barred Thicklip Wrasse TASL Hemigymnus melapterus Blackeye Thicklip Wrasse TASL Hemiscyllium freycineti Freycinet's Epaulette Shark Epaulette Shark BSL Hemiscyllium hallstromi Papuan Epaulette Shark Epaulette Shark TASL Hemiscyllium ocellatum Ocellated Epaulette Shark Epaulette Shark TASL Hemitaurichthys polylepis Pyramid Butterflyfish Bannerfish TASL Heniochus acuminatus Black & White Heniochus Longfin Bannerfish Bannerfish TASL Heniochus chrysostomus Brown Heniochus Threeband Pennantfish Bannerfish TASL Heniochus diphreutes False Moorish Idol Bannerfish TASL Heniochus monoceros Masked Bannerfish Bannerfish TASL Heniochus pleurotaenia Phantom Bannerfish Bannerfish TASL Heniochus singularis Singular Bannerfish Bannerfish TASL Humphead Bannerfish / Horned Heniochus varius Fake Heniochus Bannerfish TASL Bannerfish Hetereconger hassi Garden Eel Eel TASL Glass-Eyefish Glasseyefish TASL cruentatus Hipposcarus longiceps Pacific Longnose Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Histrio histrio Sargassumfish Sargassumfish TASL Ring Wrasse Wrasse TASL Hologymnosus doliatus Pastel Ring Wrasse Wrasse TASL Hologymnosus sp. Rare Orange Wrasse Wrasse TASL Hologymnus annulatus Ring Wrasse Wrasse TASL

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Hologymnus doliatus Pastel Ring Wrasse Wrasse TASL Hoplolatilus cuniculus Pale Dusky Tilefish Tilefish TASL Hoplolatilus fronticinctus Pastel Tilefish Tilefish TASL Hoplolatilus purpureus Purple Sand Tilefish Tilefish TASL Inegocia japonica Japanase Flathead Flatheadfish TASL Iniistius aneitensis Yellowblotch Razorfish Razorfish TASL Iniistius pavo Peacock Wrasse Wrasse TASL didactylus Bearded Ghoul Stone/Scorpionfish TASL Istiblennius edentulus Rippled Rockskipper Rockskipper TASL Istiblennius lineatus Lined Rockskipper Rockskipper TASL Istigobius decoratus Decorated Goby Goby TASL Istigobius goldmanni Goldman's Goby Goby TASL Istigobius nigroocellatus Black-Spotted Goby Goby TASL Istigobius ornatus Ornate Goby Goby TASL Istigobius rigilius Orangespotted Goby Goby TASL Kyphosus bigibbus Grey Sea Chub Sea Chub TASL Kyphosus cinerascens Topsail Drummerfish Drummerfish TASL Kyphosus vaigiensis Lowfin Drummerfish Drummerfish TASL Labracinus Fire-Tail Devilfish Dottyback TASL cyclophthalmus Labrichthys unilineatus Tubelip Wrasse Tubelip Wrasse Wrasse TASL Labroides bicolor Bicolor Cleaner Wrasse Wrasse TASL Labroides dimidiatus Cleaner Wrasse Bluestreak Cleaner Wrasse Rainbow Wrasse Wrasse USL Labroides pectoralis Multicolor Wrasse Blackspot Cleaner Wrasse Wrasse TASL Labropsis alleni Allen's Tubelip Wrasse TASL Labropsis manabei Northern Tubelip Wrasse TASL Labropsis xanthonota Yellowback Tubelip Wrasse TASL Lactoria cornuta Longhorn Cowfish Boxfish TASL Lactoria diaphana Roundbelly Cowfish Boxfish TASL Lagocephalus sceleratus Silverstripe Blaasop Pufferfish TASL Lepidozygus tapeinosoma Fusilier Damselfish Damselfish TASL Leptojulis cyanopleura Shoulder-Spot Wrasse Wrasse TASL Leptoscarus vaigiensis Marbled Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Lethrinus atkinsoni Yellowtail Emperor Emperorfish TASL Lethrinus erythropterus Longfin Emperor Emperorfish TASL Lethrinus harak Thumbprint Emperor Blackspot Emperor Emperorfish TASL Lethrinus laticaudis Grass Emperor Emperorfish TASL Lethrinus microdon Smalltooth Emperor Blue Spotted Large-Eye Bream Emperorfish TASL Lethrinus nebulosus Spangled Emperor Emperorfish TASL Lethrinus obsoletus Orange-striped Emperor Emperorfish TASL Lethrinus olivaceus Longface Emperor Emperorfish TASL Lethrinus ornatus Ornate Emperor Emperorfish TASL Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Spotcheek Emperor Emperorfish TASL Lethrinus variegatus Slender Emperor Emperorfish TASL Lethrinus xanthochilus Yellowlip Emperor Emperorfish TASL Liza vaigiensis Squaretail Mullet Mulletfish TASL Lotilia graciliosa Whitecap Goby Whitecap Shrimpgoby Goby TASL argentimaculatus Mangrove Red Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus biguttatus 2-Spot Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus bohar Red Snapper Twin-Spot Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus carponotatus Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus decussatus Checkered Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus ehrenbergii Blackspot Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus fulviflamma Longspot Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus fulvus Blacktail Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus gibbus Humpback Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus kasmira Common Bluestripe Snapper Bluestripe Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus malabaricus Malabar Blood Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus quinquelineatus 5-Lined Snapper Snapperfish TASL Emperor Red Snapper Snapperfish TASL Lutjanus semicinctus Black Banded Snapper Snapperfish TASL Luzonichthys waitei Luzon Anthias Waite's Splitfin Anthias Anthias TASL Macolor niger Black & white Snapper Snapperfish TASL Macropharyngodon Leopard Wrasse Blackspotted Wrasse Wrasse TASL meleagris Macropharyngodon Yellowspotted Wrasse Black Wrasse Wrasse TASL negrosensis Macropharyngodon False Leopard Wrasse Ornate Wrasse Wrasse TASL ornatus Mahidolia mystacina Flagfin Prawn Goby Goby TASL brevirostris Quakerfish Tilefish TASL Malacanthus latovittatus Blue Blanquillo Tilefish TASL Meiacanthus anema Threadless Blenny Blenny TASL Meiacanthus atradorsalis Forktail Blenny Yellowtail Fang Blenny Blenny TASL

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Meiacanthus grammistes Striped Poison-Fang Blenny Blenny TASL Meiacanthus midas Blenny TASL Meiacanthus oualensis Canary Fangblenny Blenny TASL Meiacanthus smithi Smith's Fang Blenny Blenny TASL Meiacanthus vittatus 1-Striped Fangblenny Blackstripe Fang Blenny Blenny TASL Melichthys niger Black Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Melichthys vidua Pinktail Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Monodactylus argenteus Silver Moony Diamondfish TASL Monotaxis grandoculis Humpnose Big-Eye Bream Monocle Bream TASL Mulloidichthys Yellowstripe Goatfish Goatfish TASL flavolineatus Mulloidichthys mimicus Mimic Goatfish Goatfish TASL Mulloidichthys Yellowfin Goatfish Vanicolo Goatfish Goatfish TASL vanicolensis Myrichthys colubrinus Banded Snake Eel Eel TASL Myrichthys maculosus Tiger Snake Eel Eel TASL Myripristis berndti Blotcheye Soldierfish Squirrelfish TASL Myripristis kuntee Shoulderbar Soldierfish Squirrelfish TASL Myripristis murdjan Pinecone Soldierfish Blotcheye Soldierfish Squirrelfish TASL Myripristis trachyacron East Indian Soldierfish Squirrelfish TASL Myripristis violacea Violet Soldierfish Squirrelfish TASL Myripristis vittata Whitetip Soldierfish Squirrelfish TASL Myrispristis berndti Blotcheye Soldierfish Squirrelfish TASL Myrispristis murdjan Pinecone Soldierfish Squirrelfish TASL Naso annulatus Whitemargin Unicornfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Naso brachycentron Humpback Unicornfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Naso brevirostris Spotted Unicornfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Naso caeruleacauda Bluetail Unicornfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Naso hexacanthus Sleek Unicornfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Naso lituratus Lipstick Tang Orangespine Unicornfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Naso lopezi Elongate Unicornfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Naso minor Blackspine Unicornfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Naso thynnoides Oneknife Unicornfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Naso unicornis Bluespine Unicornfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Naso vlamingii Bignose Unicornfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL decora Elegant Firefish Firefish TASL Helfrichs' Dartfish Firefish TASL Firefish Fire Goby / Fire Dartfish Firefish TASL Neocirrhites armatus Flame Hawkfish Hawkfish TASL Neoglyphidodon melas Bluefin Damselfish Damselfish TASL Neoglyphidodon nigroris Blackmouth Damselfish Damselfish TASL Neoniphon sammara Sammara Squirrelfish Squirrelfish TASL Neopomacentrus azysron Yellow-Tail Damselfish Damselfish TASL Neopomacentrus Regal Damselfish Damselfish TASL cyanomos Neopomacentrus Filamentous Damselfish Brown Demoiselle Wrasse TASL filamentosus Neopomacentrus nemurus Coral Damselfish Damselfish TASL Novaculichthys Seagrass Wrasse Seagrass Razorfish Wrasse TASL macrolepidotus Novaculichthys taeniourus Dragon Wrasse Rockmover Wrasse Wrasse TASL Odonus niger Redtoothed Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Omobranchus elongatus Cloister Blenny Blenny TASL Omobranchus ferox Gossamer Blenny Blenny TASL Opistognathus Blotched Jawfish Jawfish TASL latitabundus Oplopomus caninoides Triplespot Goby Goby TASL Oplopomus oplopomus Oplopomus Spinecheek Goby Goby TASL Ostracion cubicus Yellow Boxfish Boxfish TASL Ostracion meleagris Whitespotted Boxfish Spotted Boxfish Boxfish TASL Ostracion solorensis Reticulate Boxfish Solor Boxfish Boxfish TASL Oxycheilinus bimaculatus 2-Spot Wrasse Wrasse TASL Oxycheilinus celebicus Celebes Wrasse Wrasse TASL Oxycheilinus diagramma Cheeklined Wrasse Wrasse TASL Oxycheilinus orientalis Oriental Maori Wrasse Wrasse TASL Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Ringtail Maori Wrasse Wrasse TASL Oxymetopon Blue-Barred Ribbon Goby Goby TASL cyanoctenosum Oxymonacanthus Harlequin Filefish Longnose Filefish Filefish USL longirostris Oxyurichthys microlepis Maned Goby Goby TASL Oxyurichthys papuensis Frogface Goby Goby TASL Paracanthurus hepatus Blue Tang Palette Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Paracentropogon Wispy Waspfish Waspfish TASL longispinis Parachaetodon ocellatus 6-Spine Butterflyfish Butterflyfish USL Paracheilinus filamentosus Filamentous Wrasse Wrasse TASL

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Paracirrhites arcatus Arc-Eye Hawkfish Hawkfish TASL Paracirrhites forsteri Blackside Hawkfish Freckled Hawkfish Hawkfish TASL Paracirrhites hemistictus Halfspotted Hawkfish Hawkfish TASL Paragobiodon Redhead Goby Goby TASL echinocephalus Paragobiodon Emerald Coral Goby Goby TASL xanthosomus Paraluteres prionurus Mimic Filefish Filefish TASL Parapercis clathrata Latticed Sandperch Sandperch TASL Parapercis cylindrica Sharpnose Sandperch Sandperch TASL Parapercis hexophtalma Speckled Sandperch Sandperch TASL Parapercis lineopunctata Nosestripe Sandperch U-marked Sandperch Sandperch TASL Parapercis millepunctata Spotted Sandperch Sandperch TASL Parapercis schauinslandii Red-Spotted Sandperch Sandperch TASL Parapercis tethracantha Reticulated Sandperch Sandperch TASL Parapercis xanthozona Yellowbar Sandperch Sandperch TASL Parascorpaena Mozambique Scorpionfish Scorpionfish TASL mossambica nudus Naked Dartfish Dartfish TASL Parupeneus barberinoides Bicolor Goatfish Goatfish TASL Parupeneus barberinus Dash-And-Dot Goatfish Goatfish TASL Parupeneus bifasciatus Doublebar Goatfish Goatfish TASL Parupeneus cyclostomus Yellow Goatfish Goldsaddle Goatfish Goatfish TASL Parupeneus indicus Indian Goatfish Goatfish TASL Parupeneus macronemus Longbarbel Goatfish Goatfish TASL Parupeneus multifasciatus Manybar Goatfish Goatfish TASL Parupeneus pleurostigma Sidespot Goatfish Goatfish TASL Parupeneus trifasciatus Indian Doublebar Goatfish Goatfish TASL Parupenues indicus Indian Goatfish Goatfish TASL Pastinachus sephen Cowtail Stingray Stingray TASL Pempheris adusta Dusky Sweeperfish Sweeper TASL Pempheris oualensis Silver Sweeperfish Sweeper TASL Pentapodus paradiseus Paradise Whiptailfish Monocle Bream TASL Pentapodus trivittatus 3-Striped Whiptailfish Monocle Bream TASL Periophthalmus Barred Mudskipper Mudskipper TASL argentilineatus Pervagor janthinosoma Blackbar Filefish Fangblenny TASL Pervagor melanocephalus Redtail Filefish Filefish TASL Petroscirtes breviceps Striped Poison-Fang Blenny Shorthead Fang Blenny Blenny TASL Petroscirtes mitratus Floral Blenny Highfin Fang Blenny Blenny TASL Petroscirtes xestus Xestus Sabretooth Blenny Blenny TASL Phempheris adusta Dusky Sweeperfish Blenny TASL Pholidichthys leucotaenia Convict Blenny Blenny TASL Photoblepharon Eyelight Fish Flashlightfish TASL palpebratum Plagiotremus laudandus Bicolor Fangblenny Blenny TASL Plagiotremus Bluestriped Fangblenny Blenny TASL rhinorhynchos Plagiotremus tapeinosoma Piano Fangblenny Blenny TASL Platax batavianus Humpback Batfish Batfish TASL Platax boersii Golden Spadefish Boersii Batfish Batfish TASL Platax orbicularis Orbi Batfish Orbicular Batfish Batfish TASL Platax pinnatus Pinnatus Batfish Dusky Batfish Batfish TASL Platax teira Tiera Batfish Batfish TASL Plectorhinchus Harlequin Sweetlips Many-Spotted Sweetlips Sweetlips/Grunts USL chaetodonoides Plectorhinchus Goldstriped Sweetlips Sweetlips/Grunts TASL chrysoptaenia Plectorhinchus lessonii Striped Sweetlips Sweetlips/Grunts TASL Plectorhinchus lineatus Yellowbanded Sweetlips Diagonal-banded Sweetlips Sweetlips/Grunts TASL Plectorhinchus orientalis Oriental Sweetlips Sweetlips/Grunts TASL Plectorhinchus picus Painted Sweetlips Dotted Sweetlips Sweetlips/Grunts TASL Plectorhinchus polytaenia Ribbon Sweetlips Sweetlips/Grunts TASL Plectorhinchus vittatus Vitattus Sweetlips Sweetlips/Grunts TASL Plectroglyphidodon dickii Blackbar Devil Damselfish TASL Plectroglyphidodon Johnston Damselfish Damselfish TASL johnstonianus Plectroglyphidodon Jewel Damselfish Whitespotted Devilfish Damselfish TASL lacrymatus Plectroglyphidodon Singlebar Damselfish Damselfish TASL leucozonus laevis Blacksaddle Grouper TASL Plectropomus leopardus Grouper TASL Plectropomus maculatus Spotted Coral Grouper Grouper TASL Plesiops coeruleolineatus Crimsontip Longfin Longfin TASL Plesiops corallicola Bluegill Longfin Longfin TASL Plotosus lineatus Lineatus Catfish Striped Eel Catfish / Stripe Catfish Catfish TASL Polydactylus sexfilis Sixfinger Threadfin Threadfin/Grunter TASL

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Pomacanthus annularis Bluering Angelfish Angelfish TASL Pomacanthus imperator Empetor Angelfish Angelfish TASL Pomacanthus navarchus Majestic Angelfish Bluegirdled Angelfish Angelfish TASL Pomacanthus Blue Koran Angelfish Semicircle Angelfish Angelfish TASL semicirculatus Pomacanthus sexstriatus 6-Barred Angelfish Angelfish TASL Pomacanthus Blueface Angelfish Yellowmasked Angelfish Angelfish TASL xanthometopon Pomacentrus adelus Obscure Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus aurifrons Goldhead Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus bankanensis Speckled Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus bipunctatus Twinspot Damselfish Double Dot Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus brachialis Charcoal Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus burroughi Burrough's Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus chrysurus Whitetail Damselfish Yellowtail Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus coelestis Neon Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus colini Colin's Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus Bluespot Damselfish Damselfish TASL grammorhynchus Pomacentrus lepidogenys Scaly Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus melanochir Indonesian Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus milleri Milleri Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus moluccensis Lemon Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus Nagasaki Damselfish Damselfish TASL nagasakiensis Pomacentrus nigromanus Goldback Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus pavo Pavo Damselfish Sapphire Damselfish / Blue Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus philippinus Philippine Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus reidi Reid's Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus simsiang Blueback Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus stigma Blackspot Damselfish Damselfish TASL Pomacentrus Brackish Damselfish Damselfish TASL taeniometopon Pomacentrus vaiuli Ocellate Damselfish Damselfish TASL Premnas biaculeatus Maroon Clownfish Spinecheek Anemonefish Clownfish TASL hamrur Moontail Bullseye Squirrelfish TASL Priolepis cinctus Girdled Goby Goby TASL Priolepis semidoliata Half-Barred Goby Goby TASL Pristotis obtusirostris Gulf Damselfish Damselfish TASL Psammoperca waigiensis Sand Bass Sea Bass TASL Pseudanthias bartlettorum Bartlett's Anthias Anthias TASL Pseudanthias bicolor Bicolor Anthias Anthias TASL Pseudanthias dispar Peach Fairy Basslet Dispar Anthias Anthias TASL Pseudanthias fasciatus Red-Stripe Basslet Anthias TASL Huchtii Anthias Red-Cheeked Fairy Basslet Anthias TASL Pseudanthias Stocky Anthias Pink Anthias Anthias TASL hypselosoma Pseudanthias kashiwae Silver-Streak Goldie Anthias TASL Pseudanthias luzonensis Luzon Fairy Basslet Anthias TASL Pseudanthias pascalus Purple Queen Anthias Anthias TASL Pseudanthias pleurotaenia Square Anthias Anthias TASL Pseudanthias randalli Randall's Fairy Basslet Anthias TASL Pseudanthias rubrizonatus Red-Blotched Basslet Anthias TASL Pseudanthias smithvanizi Princess Anthias Anthias TASL Pseudanthias Scalefin Anthias Anthias TASL squamipinnis Purple Anthias / Yellowstriped Fairy Pseudanthias tuka Tuka Anthias Anthias USL Basslet Pseudechidna brummeri White Ribbon Eel Eel TASL Pseudobalistes Yellowmargin Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL flavimarginatus Pseudobalistes fuscus Yellow-Spotted Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Pseudocheilinus evanidus 8-Lined Wrasse Striated Wrasse / Disappearing Wrasse Wrasse TASL Pseudocheilinus 6-Line Wrasse Sixstripe Wrasse Wrasse TASL hexataenia Pseudocheilinus 4-Stripe Wrasse Wrasse TASL tetrataenia Pseudochromis Doublestriped Dottyback Dottyback TASL bitaeniatus Pseudochromis Surge Dottyback Dottyback TASL cyanotaenia Pseudochromis fuscus Yellow/Brown Dottyback Brown Dottyback Dottyback TASL Pseudochromis Royal Dottyback Dottyback TASL paccagnellae Pseudochromis paranox Midnight Dottyback Dottyback TASL Pseudochromis Blackstripe Dottyback Dottyback TASL perspicillatus Pseudochromis Magenta Dottyback Dottyback TASL porphyreus Pseudochromis sp. Raja Dottyback Dottyback TASL

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Pseudocoris heteroptera Torpedo Wrasse Wrasse TASL Pseudocoris yamashiroi Redspot Wrasse Wrasse TASL Pseudodax moluccanus Chiseltooth Wrasse Wrasse TASL Pseudomonocanthus Strapweed Filefish Filefish TASL macrurus Pseudoplesiops typus Hidden Basslet Dottyback TASL Pteragogus flagellifer Cocktail Wrasse Wrasse TASL evides Blackfin Dartfish Twotone Dartfish Dartfish TASL Ptereleotris grammica Lined Dartfish Dartfish TASL Blue Hana Goby Goby TASL Ptereleotris heteroptera Blacktail Goby Goby TASL Ptereleotris microlepis Blue Gudgeon Gudgeonfish TASL Ptereleotris monoptera Monofin Dartfish Dartfish TASL Ptereleotris uroditaenia Flagtail Dartfish Dartfish TASL Chinese Zebra Goby Goby TASL antennata Antennata Lionfish / Broadbarred Firefish Lionfish TASL Pterois radiata Whitefin Lionfish Clearfin Lionfish / Radial Firefish Lionfish TASL Black Peacock / / Brown Pterois volitans Lionfish TASL Lionfish Pygoplites diacanthus Regal Angelfish Angelfish USL Rachycentron canadum Cobia Cobia TASL Rhineacanthus aculeatus Humuhumu Triggerfish Picasso Triggerfish/Blackbar Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Rhinecanthus rectangulus Wedge-Tail Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Rhinecanthus verrucosus Blackbelly Triggerfish Blackspatch Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Rhinomuraena quaesita Blue/Black/WhiteRibbon Eel Ribbon Moray Moray TASL Rhinopias aphanes Lacy Scorpionfish Scorpionfish TASL Rhinopias frondosa Frondosa Scorpionfish Weedy Scorpionfish Scorpionfish TASL Salarias ceramensis Seram Blenny Blenny TASL Salarias fasciatus Jewelled Blenny Blenny TASL Salarias guttatus Breast-Spot Blenny Blenny TASL Salarias patzneri Patzner's Blenny Blenny TASL Salarias segmentatus Segmented Blenny Blenny TASL Salarias sinuosus Fringelip Blenny Blenny TASL Salarias sp. Gray-Barred Blenny Salarias Blenny TASL Sargocentron Silverspot Squirrelfish Tailspot Squirrelfish Squirrelfish TASL caudimaculatum Sargocentron cornutum 3-Spot Squirrelfish Squirrelfish TASL Sargocentron Crown Squirrelfish Squirrelfish TASL Sargocentron ensiferum Yellow-Striped Squirrelfish Squirrelfish TASL Sargocentron Speckled Squirrelfish Squirrelfish TASL punctatissimum Sargocentron spiniferum Sabre Squirrelfish Squirrelfish TASL Scarus altipinnis Filament-fin Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus chameleon Chameleon Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus dimidiatus Yellowbarred Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus flavipectoralis Yellowfin Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus forsteni Bluepatch Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus frenatus Bridled Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus ghobban Blue-Barred Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus globiceps Globehead Parrotfish Violet-lined Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus niger Dusky Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus oviceps Dark Capped Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus prasiognathos Singapore Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus psittacus Common Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus psittacus Palenose Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus rivulatus Surf Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus rubroviolaceus Ember Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus schelgeli Yellowband Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus sordidus Bullethead Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus sp. Common Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus spinus Greensnout Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scarus tricolor Tricolour Parrotfish Parrotfish TASL Scolopsis affinis Pale Monocle Bream Monocle Bream TASL Scolopsis bilineatus 2-Lined Monocle Bream Bridled Monocle Bream Monocle Bream TASL Saw-jawed Monocle Bream / Silverline Scolopsis ciliatus Whitestreak Monocle Bream Monocle Bream TASL Bream Scolopsis ciliatus Silverline Bream Monocle Bream TASL Scolopsis lineata Striped Monocle Bream Monocle Bream TASL Scolopsis margaritifer Pearly Monocle Bream Monocle Bream TASL Scolopsis monogramma Monogram Monocle Bream Monocle Bream TASL Scolopsis xenochrous Pearl-streak Monocle Bream Monocle Bream TASL Scorpaenodes parvipinnis Lowfin Scorpionfish Stone/Scorpionfish TASL False Stonefish Stone/Scorpionfish TASL Scorpaenopsis macrochir Flasher Scorpionfish Stone/Scorpionfish TASL Scorpaenopsis oxycephala Tasseled Scorpionfish Stone/Scorpionfish TASL

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Scorpaenopsis papuensis Papuan Scorpionfish Stone/Scorpionfish TASL Sebastapistes Yellow-Spotted Scorpionfish Stone/Scorpionfish TASL cyanostigma Selenotoca multifasciata Spotbanded Scatfish Scatfish TASL Serranocirrhitus latus Hawkfish Anthias Anthias TASL Siganus argenteus Streamlined Spinefoot Forktail Rabbitfish Rabbitfish TASL Siganus canaliculatus White-Spotted Rabbitfish Vermiculated Rabbitfish Rabbitfish TASL Siganus corallinus Blue-Spotted Spinefoot Rabbitfish TASL Siganus doliatus Barred Rabbitfish Rabbitfish TASL Siganus guttatus Golden Rabbitfish Rabbitfish TASL Siganus javus Streaked Spinefoot Rabbitfish TASL Siganus lineatus Golden-Lined Spinefoot Rabbitfish TASL Siganus puellus Masked Spinefoot Rabbitfish TASL Siganus punctatissimus Fine-Spotted Rabbitfish Rabbitfish TASL Siganus spinus Little Spinefoot Scribbled Rabbitfish Rabbitfish TASL Siganus vermiculatus Vermiculated Spinefoot Rabbitfish TASL Siganus virgatus Barhead Spinefoot Rabbitfish TASL Siganus vulpinus Foxface Rabbitfish Rabbitfish TASL Signigobius biocellatus Twinspot Goby Signal Goby Goby TASL Solenostomus paradoxus Ornate Ghosh Pipefish Ornate Ghosh Pipefish Pipefish TASL Sphaeramia nematoptera Pajama Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Sphaeramia orbicularis Orbicular Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Stanulus seychellensis Seychelles Blenny Blenny TASL Stegastes fasciolatus Pacific Gregory/Damselfish Damselfish TASL Stegastes lividus Bluntsnout Gregory/Damselfish Marquesan Gregory Damselfish TASL Stegastes nigricans Dusky Gregory/Damselfish Damselfish TASL Stegostoma fasciatum Zebra Shark Shark LCSL Stethojulis bandanensis Red Shoulder Wrasse Wrasse TASL Stethojulis interrupta Cutribbon Wrasse Wrasse TASL Stethojulis strigiventer 3-Ribbon Wrasse Three-line Wrasse Wrasse TASL Stethojulis trilineata 3-Lined Rainbowfish Wrasse TASL Stonogobiops Yellownose Prawn-Goby Goby TASL xanthorhinica Sufflamen bursa Bursa Triggerfish Boomerang Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Sufflamen chrysopterus Halfmoon Triggerfish Flagtail Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Sufflamen fraenatum Masked Triggerfish Bridled Triggerfish Triggerfish TASL Symphorichthys spilurus Sailfin Snapper Snapperfish TASL Synanceia horrida Estuarine Stonefish Stone/Scorpionfish TASL Synanceia verrucosa Stonefish Stone/Scorpionfish TASL bartlesi Bartel's Dragonet Dragonet TASL Synchiropus marmoratus Marbled Dragonet Dragonet TASL Synchiropus ocellatus Ocellated Dragonet Dragonet TASL Synchiropus picturatus Picturesque Dragonet Dragonet TASL Mandarinfish Dragonet TASL Synodus rubromarmoratus Redmarbled Lizardfish Lizardfish TASL Synodus variegatus Reef Lizardfish Variegated Lizardfish Lizardfish TASL Taenianotus triacanthus Leaf Scorpionfish Stone/Scorpionfish TASL Taeniura lymma Bluespotted Ribbontail Ray Stingray TASL Bluntheaded Wrasse Two-tone Wrasse Wrasse TASL amblycephalum Thalassoma hardwicke 6-Bar Wrasse Wrasse TASL Thalassoma jansenii Jansen's Wrasse Wrasse TASL Thalassoma lunare Thalassoma Wrasse Moon Wrasse / Crescent Wrasse Wrasse TASL Thalassoma lutescens Yellow-Brown Wrasse Sunset Wrasse Wrasse TASL Thalassoma purpureum Surge Wrasse Wrasse TASL Thalassoma 5-Stripe Wrasse Wrasse TASL quinquevittatum Thalassoma trilobatum Wrasse TASL Toxotes chatareus Largescale Archerfish Archerfish TASL Toxotes jaculatrix Banded Archerfish Archerfish TASL Triaenodon obesus White-Tip Reef Shark Shark LCSL Trichonotus halstead Goldbar Sand Diver Sand Diver TASL Trichonotus setiger Spotted Sand-Diver Sand Diver TASL Trimma naudei Naude's Rubble Goby Goby TASL Trimma striata Stripehead Goby Goby TASL Trimma tevegae Blue-Striped Cave Goby Goby TASL Upeneus sulphureus Sulphur Goatfish Goatfish TASL Upeneus tragula Freckled Goatfish Goatfish TASL Upeneus vittatus Yellowstriped Goatfish Goatfish TASL Uropterygius concolor Unicolor Snake Moray Moray TASL Uropterygius Needle-Tooth Moray Moray TASL macrocephalus Valenciennea helsdingenii 2-Stripe Goby Goby TASL Valenciennea longipinnis Long-Finned Goby Goby TASL Valenciennea muralis Mural Goby Goby TASL

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Valenciennea puellaris Maiden Goby Orange-Dashed Goby Goby TASL Valenciennea sexguttata 6-Spot Goby Clear Goby Goby TASL Valenciennea strigata Blueband Goby Goby TASL Valenciennea wardii Ward's Sleeper Goby TASL Vanderhorstia ambanoro Twin-Spotted Shrimp-Goby Goby TASL Vanderhorstia mertensi Mertens' Prawn-Goby Goby TASL Vanderhorstia ornatissima Ornate Prawn-Goby Goby TASL louti Yellow-Edged Lyretail Grouper TASL Wetmorella nigropinnata Sharpnose Wrasse Wrasse TASL Xenojulis margaritaceus Finspot Wrasse Wrasse TASL Xiphasia setifer Hairtail Blenny Blenny TASL Xyrichthys pavo Pavo Razorfish Razorfish TASL Xyrichtys pentadactylus 5-Finger Wrasse Wrasse TASL Yongeichthys nebulosus Shadow Goby Goby TASL Zanclus cornotus Moorish Idol Morish Idol TASL Zebrasoma rostratum Longnose Surgeonfish Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Zebrasoma scopas Brown Tang Twotone Tang Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Zebrasoma veliferum Sailfin Tang Tang/Surgeonfish TASL Zoramia gilberti Gilbert's Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL Zoramia leptacantha Threadfin Cardinalfish Cardinalfish TASL

Appendix 2: Marine Aquarium Invertebrates List

PNG MARINE AQUARIUM INVERTEBRATES SPECIES Other Traded Scientific Name Common Traded Name Other Common Name Name/s Group Classification Acanthaster planci Crown-Of-Thorn Sea Star Sea Star TASL Acanthella cavernosa Spiny Orange Sponge Sponge TASL Acanthella sp. Ball Sponge Sponge TASL Acanthozoon sp. Spotted Black Marine Worm TASL Actinodendron arboreum Branching Anemone Abonimate Anemone TASL Actinodendron sp. Hellfire Anemone Anemone TASL Alioporcellana sp. Soft Coral Porcellanid Crab TASL Allogalathea elegans Elegant Squat Lobster Lobster TASL Alpheus djiboutensis Djibout Snapping Shrimp Pistol Shrimp Shrimp TASL Alpheus sp. Purple Shrimp Snapping Shrimp Shrimp TASL Alpheus strenuus Shrimp Shrimp TASL Alpheus yaldwyni Red Stripe Symbiosis Shrimp Shrimp TASL Amphianthus sp. Colonial Anemone Anemone TASL Amplexidicus sp. Elephant Ear Polyps TASL Amplexidiscus fenestrafer Fenestrafer Elephant Ear Polyps Giant Cup (Fenestrafer) Polyp TASL Aniculus maximum Hairy Crab TASL Arachnanthus sp. Nocturnal Tube Anemone Anemone TASL Archaster typicus Sand Star Typical Sand Star Sea Star TASL Architectonica perspectiva Sundial Shell Sea Shell TASL Astraea caelata Star Snail Snail TASL Astropecten sp. Sand Swifter Sea Star Sea Star TASL radiata Radiant Fire Sea Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Atrina pectinata Razor Clam Sea Shell TASL Atriolum robustum Sea Squirts Ascidian TASL Axiopsis sp. Ghost Shrimp Shrimp TASL Feather Sea Bispira guinensis Feather Duster Pink Feather Duster Pink White Star TASL

Bornella anguilla Slippery Bornella Slug/Nudibranch USL Briareum sp. Carpet Polyp Polyp TASL Calappa calappa Shame-face Crab Crab TASL Calappa hepatica Box Crab Livid Box Crab Crab TASL elegans Blue Legs Hermit Crab Crab TASL Calcinus minutus Minute Hermit Crab Crab TASL Red Leg/Blue Knuckle Hermit Calcinus sp. Crab Hermit Crab (Carcinus sp.) Crab TASL Calcinus tibicen Red Leg Hermit Crab Crab TASL

Caloria indica Caloria Slug/Nudibranch USL Camposcia retusa Decorator Crabs Decorator Spider Crab Crab TASL

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Caphyra sp. Decorator Spider Crab Crab TASL Cassiopea andromeda Upside-down Jellyfish Jellyfish TASL Celerina heffernani Heffernan's Sea Star Sea Star TASL Ceratosoma sinuatum Miamira Sinuata Slug/Nudibranch TASL Cerianthus sp. Tube Anemone Anemone TASL Charybdis sp. Swimming Crabs Crab TASL

Cheilodonura electra Electric Tailed Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL

Chelidonura inornata Inormate Tailed Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL

Chelidonura sp. Chelidonura Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Chicoreus microphyllus Short-fronded Murex Shell Sea Shell TASL Chicoreus ramosus Ramosus Murex Shell Sea Shell TASL Chlamys squamosa Scallop Sea Shell TASL Choriaster Cushion Sea granulatus Pillow Sea Star Doughboy Sea Star Star Sea Star TASL

Chromodoris bullocki Antenna Purple Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Chromodoris egrettae Egrett's Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Chromodoris elizabethina Elizabeth's Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Chromodoris geometrica Geometric Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL

Chromodoris kuiteri Antenna Orange Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL

Chromodoris kuniei Kuniei's Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL

Chromodoris lochi Antenna White Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Chromodoris magnifica Magnificent Sea Slug Magnificent Chromodoris Slug/Nudibranch USL Chromodoris quadricolor Antenna Multicolor Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Chromodoris reticulata Reticulated Sea Slug Sea Slug USL

Chromodoris sp. Black Sea Slug Black Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL

Chromodoris strigata Strigate Chromodoris Slug/Nudibranch USL Cladiella sp. Soft Coral Colt Tree Soft Coral TASL Clathria sp. Peach Encrusting Sponge Sea Sponge TASL Clavularia sp. Star Polyps (Clavularia sp.) Polyp TASL Clavularia viridis Star Polyps (Viridis) Polyp TASL Clibanarius seurati Hermit Crab (Seurati) Crab TASL Clibanarius sp. Hermit Crab Crab TASL Collisella striata Limpet Sea Shell TASL Colobocentrotus atratus Shield Sea Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Colochirus robustus Yellow Mini Sea Cucumber Sea Cucumber BSL Comanthina schlegelii Noble Feather Sea Star Sea Shell TASL Comanthus Feather Sea parvicirrus Black Feather Sea Star Star TASL Feather Sea Comanthus sp. Colored Feather Sea Star Star TASL Feather Sea Comaster multifidus Brown Feather Sea Star Star TASL Conus capitaneus Cone Shell Sea Shell TASL Conus eburneus Ivory Cone Shell Spotted Cone Shell Sea Shell TASL Conus flavidus Flavidus Cone Shell Sea Shell TASL Conus litteratus Litter Cone Shell Sea Shell TASL Conus marmoreus Marbled Cone Shell Sea Shell TASL Conus planorbis Planorbis Cone Shell Sea Shell TASL Conus sp. Cone Snail Sea Shell TASL Conus textilus Textile Cone Shell Sea Shell TASL Conus vexillum Cone Shell Sea Shell TASL Conus virgo Virgo Cone Shell Sea Shell TASL Coralliophila neritoidea Pink Shell Coral Shell Sea Shell TASL Coriocella nigra Black Shell Slug Black Coriocella Sea Shell USL adhaesivum Adhesive Sea Anemone Anemone TASL PNG RAM Survey Manual | AUGUST 2009 69

Ctenocella sp. Flayed Sea Fan Anemone TASL Cucumaria miniata Pink Sea Cucumber Sea Cucumber BSL Culcita novaeguineae Pin Cushion Sea Star Pillow Sea Star Sea Star TASL Culcita sp. Square Sea Star Sea Star TASL Cymatium lotorium Black-spotted Triton Hairy Trumpet Shell Sea shell TASL Cypraea annulus Gold-Ringed Money Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea arabica Arabica Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea argus Argus Cowry Eyed Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea aurantium Aurantium Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea chinensis Chinese Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea eglantina Eglantina Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea erosa Erosa Cowry Eroded Cowry Univalves TASL Cypraea histrio Histrio Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea lynx Lynx Cowry Univalves TASL Cypraea moneta Money Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea ovum Ovum Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea sp. Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea teres Teres Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea tigris Tiger Cowry Sea Shell TASL Cypraea vitellus Vitellus Cowry Sea Shell TASL Dardanus guttatus Blue-spotted Hermit Crab Red Knee Hermit Crab Crab TASL Dardanus lagopodes Red Banded Hermit Crab Crab TASL Dardanus megistos Red Hermit Crab White-spotted Hermit Crab Crab TASL Dardanus pedunculatus Anemone Hermit Crab Crab TASL Dardanus sp. Hermit Crab Crab TASL Dascycaris zanzibarica Zanzibar Shrimp Shrimp TASL

Dematobranchus sp. Speckled Dematobranchus Slug/Nudibranch USL Dendronephthya sp. Cauliflower Soft Coral Soft Coral TASL Long Spined Hatpin Urchins Diadema savignyi (Savignyi) Sea Urchin TASL Long Spined Hatpin Urchins (Setosum) Sea Urchin TASL Didemnum molle Green Sea Squirt TASL Discosoma sp. Mushroom Corallimoph TASL Shoulderblade Sea Dolabella auricularia Eared Sea Hare Cat/Blunt-end Sea Hare Sea Hare TASL Purple Drupe / Mulberry Drupa morum Drupe Shell Drupe / Sharp Shell Sea Shell TASL Drupa rubusidaeus Drupe Shell Sea Shell TASL Echinaster luzonicus Luzon Sea Star Orange Sea Star Sea Star TASL Echinogorgia sp. Stolid Sea Fan Sea Star TASL Mathae's Rock Boring Sea Echinometra mathaei Common Algae Sea Urchins Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Echinometra sp. Rock boring Sea Urchin Pencil Sea Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Echinostrephus aciculatus Needle Spined Sea Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Echinothrix calamaris Banded Urchin Long Spined Hatpin Urchins Sea Urchin TASL Short Spine Hatpin Urchin Double-Spined Sea Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Enoplometopus debelius Purple Reef Lobster Lobster TASL Enoplometopus Oriental Reef Lobster / Red Hairy occidentalis Reef Lobster Lobster TASL Entacmaea quadricolor Bubbletip Anemone Bulb Anemone Anemone TASL Erythropodium sp. Encrusting Carpet Polyps Polyp TASL Etisus sp. Reef Crab Crab TASL Eurythoe complanata Bristle Worm Worm TASL

Flabellina bilas Bilas Flabellina Slug/Nudibranch USL

Flabellina exoptata Desired Flabellina Slug/Nudibranch USL Fromia indica Indian Sea Star Sea Star TASL Fromia milleporella Thousand-pores Sea Star Sea Star TASL Fromia monilis Red Starfish Dotty White Necklace Sea Star Sea Star TASL Fromia sp. Purple-Tip Sea Star Sea Star TASL Galathea sp. White-Spotted Squat Lobster Lobster TASL Glossodoris atromarginata Black-Margined Glossodoris Slug/Nudibranch USL Glossodoris cincta Girdled Glossodoris Sea Star TASL Gomophia egeriae Egeri's Sea Star Sea Star TASL Gomophia watsoni Watson's Sea Star Sea Star TASL PNG RAM Survey Manual | AUGUST 2009 70

Gomphia gomphia Beaded Sea Star Sea Star TASL Gorgonian fan Colored Gorgonian Sea Fan TASL Halgerda aurantiomaculata Gold-Spotted Halgerda Slug/Nudibranch USL Haliclona sp. Trumpet sponge Sponge TASL Halimeda capiosa Coralline Alga Algae TASL Haliotis ovina Ovate Abalone Sheep's Ear Abalone Sea Shell TASL Haliotis sp. Miscellaneous Gastropod Sea Shell TASL Hamodactylus corallicola Mushroom Coral Shrimp Shrimp TASL Hapalochiaena maculosa Blue Ring Octopus Octopus TASL Heteractis aurora Beaded Anemone Anemone LCSL Heteractis crispa Sand Anemone Leathery Sea Anemone Anemone LCSL Heteractis magnifica Purple Base Anemone Magnificent Sea Anemone Anemone LCSL Heteractis malu Delicate Sea Anemone Anemone LCSL Heteractis sp. Clown Anemone Leathery Sea Anemone Anemone LCSL Heterocentrotus mammillatus Globe Sea Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Hexabranchus sanguineus Giant Spanish Dancer Slug/Nudibranch USL Himerometra Feather Sea robustipinna Robust Feather Star Star TASL Holothuria atra Sand Cucumber Black Sea Cucumber BSL Holothuria edulis Pink Sea Cucumber Sea Cucumber BSL Holothuria floridana Atlantic Sea Cucumber Sea Cucumber BSL Holothuria fuscogilva White Teatfish Sea Cucumber Sea Cucumber BSL Holothuria hilla Papillate Sea Cucumber Sea Cucumber BSL Holothuria leucospilota Snakefish Sea Cucumber Sea Cucumber BSL Holothuria nobilis Black Teatfish Sea cucumber Sea Cucumber BSL Huenia heraldica Arrowhead Crab Crab TASL Hymmenocera picta Harlequin Shrimp Shrimp TASL Hyotissa hyotis Giant Coxcomb Oyster Sea Shell TASL Hypselodoris Bullock's Hypselodoris bullockii Nudibranch Sea Slug USL

Jorunna funebris Jorunna's Sea Slug White Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Junceela fragilis Delicate Sea Whip Sea Whip TASL Lambis chiragra Chiragra Spider Shell Sea Shell TASL Lambis lambis Lambis Spider Conch Shell Sea Shell TASL Lambis scorpius Scorpion Spider Shell Sea Shell TASL Red Finger Sponge / Orange Latrunculia corticata Finger Sponge Sponge TASL Lima scabra Flame Scallop Red File Shell Clam Sea Shell TASL Lima sp. Flame Shell Sea Shell TASL Limaria fragilis Fragile Fire Shell Sea Shell TASL Linckia guildingi Yellow Sea Star Sea Star TASL Linckia laevigata Blue Starfish Sea Star TASL Linckia multiflora Multicolored Sea Star Sea Star TASL Linckia sp. Orange Starfish Sea Star TASL Lissocarcinus laevis Sea Anemone Crab Crab TASL Lithophyton arboreum Arboreum Soft Coral Soft Coral TASL Leather Finger Soft Coral Lobophytum sp. (Lobophytum sp.) Soft Coral TASL Lopha cristagalli Cock's Comb Oyster Sea Shell TASL Lophiotoma acuta Marbled Turrid Shell Sea Star TASL tessellata Boxer Crab Crab TASL Orange Skunk Shrimp Amboin Shrimp TASL Lysmata sp. Peppermint Shrimp Shrimp TASL Corkscrew Tenticle Anemone Anemone LCSL Macrodactyla sp. Long Tentacle Anemone Anemone LCSL Maja squinado Spiny Spider Crab Crab TASL Majidae sp. Decorator Crab Crab TASL Mancinella echinata Prickly Rock Shell Sea Shell TASL Feather Sea Megalomma sp. Variegated Feather Duster Star TASL Melible fimbriata Common Crab Crab TASL Mespilia sp. Multicolor Short Spine Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Mespilla globulus Globe Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Mictyris sp. Soldier Crab Crab TASL

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Nardoa novaecaledoniae Speckled Sea Star Sea Star TASL Nardoa sp. Speckled Sea Star Sea Star TASL Nardoa turberculata Tuberculate Sea Star Speckled Sea Star Sea Star TASL Nassarius papillosus Sea Shell TASL

Nembrotha lineolata Lined Nembrotha Slug/Nudibranch USL Nempthea sp. Nempthea Soft Coral Soft Coral TASL Neocallichirus sp. Orange Ghost Shrimp Shrimp TASL Neoferdina cumingi Cumming's Sea Star Sea Star TASL Neopetrolisthes maculatus Anemone Porcelain Crab Crab TASL Neopetrolisthes ohshimai Oshima's Porcellanid Crab Crab TASL Nephthyigorgia sp. Red Chillie Soft Coral Soft Coral TASL Nepthea sp. Soft Coral Soft Coral TASL Nerita polita Nerita Shell Sea Shell TASL

Notodoris gardeneri Yellow Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL

Notodoris sp. Winged Notodoris Slug/Nudibranch USL Octopus sp. Common Octopus Octopus TASL Octopus vulgaris Brown Octopus Squitte Brown Octopus TASL Octopus zebra Zebra Octopus Wanderpus Octopus LCSL Odontodactylus Mantis Shrimp / Harlequin scyllarus Green Mantis Shrimp Mantis Shrimp Shrimp TASL Opheodesoma sp. Worm Sea Cucumber Sea Cucumber BSL Ophiarachna incrassata Green Brittle Sea Star Brittle Sea Star TASL Ophiarachna sp. Brittle Sea Star Sea Star TASL Ophiarachnella gorgonia Brown Banded Brittle Sea Star Gorgon Brittle Sea Star Brittle Sea Star TASL

Ophiarachnella sp. Banded Brittle Sea Star Brittle Sea Star TASL

Ophiarthrum elegans Elegant Brittle Sea Star Brittle Sea Star TASL

Ophiarthrum pictum Brittle Sea Star Pictum Brittle Sea Star TASL Ophiathrum sp. Sea Fan Brittle Sea Star Sea Star TASL Black / Ophiocoma sp. Black Brittle Sea Star Black/Spiny Brittle Star Brittle Sea Star TASL

Black Brittle Starffish / White Brittle Starffish / Gray Brittle Banded Serpent Ophioderma sp. Colored Brittle Sea Star Starffish Sea Star Brittle Sea Star TASL Ophiolepis sp. Serpent Sea Star Sea Star TASL Ophiolepis superba Black Banded Sea Star Superba Serpent Star Sea Star TASL

Ophiomastix janualis Black Brittle Sea Star Babysitting Brittlestar Brittle Sea Star TASL

Ophiomastix sp. Brittle Sea Star Brittle Sea Star TASL Ophiomastix variabilis Elegant Brittle Sea Star Brittle Sea Star TASL Ophionereis reticulata Reticulated Brittle Star Sea Star TASL Ophionereis sp. Reticulated Brittle Star Sea Star TASL Ophiothrix armata Common Brittle Seastar Sea Star TASL Ophiothrix nereidina Pupple-striped Sea Star Sea Star TASL

Ophiothrix purpurea Purple Sponge Brittle Sea Star Sea Fan Brittle Star Brittle Sea Star TASL

Ophiothrix sp. Sponge Brittle Sea Star Brittle Sea Star TASL

Ophiothrix sp. Fancy Yellow Sea Star Sponge Brittle Star Brittle Sea Star TASL

Ophiothrum pictum Painted Brittle Sea Star Brittle Sea Star TASL Ovula ovum Egg Cowry Sea Shell TASL Oxycomanthus Feather Sea bennetti Bennett's Feather Sea Star Star TASL Feather Sea Oxycomanthus sp. Colored Feather Sea Star Star TASL Pachyclavularia violacea Star Polyps Polyp TASL Paguristes sp. Red Legged Hermit Crab Crab TASL Palinurella wieneckii Red Dwarf Spiny Lobster Lobster TASL Palythoa caesia Investing Zoanthids Zoanthid TASL PNG RAM Survey Manual | AUGUST 2009 72

Palythoa sp. False Coral Polyp Zoanthid TASL Palythoa tuberculosa Tuberculosa Polyp Zoanthid TASL Panulirus versicolor Spiny Lobster Painted Rock Lobster Lobster TASL Parasalenia gratiosa Short Spinned Sea Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Parasalenia poehlii Poehl's Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Parasalenis gratiosa White-Tip Sea Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Parazoanthus gracilis Polyps Rock Polyp TASL Parazoanthus sp. Wood Polyps Zoanthid TASL Parribacus antarcticus Sculptured Slipper Lobster Lobster TASL Patelloida saccharina Limpet Sea Shell TASL Pedum spondyloideum Coral Scallop Sea Shell TASL Percnon guinotae Guinot's Swift Footed Crab Crab TASL brevicarpalis Sexy Shrimp Anemone Shrimp Shrimp TASL Periclimenes Glass Anemone Shrimp / holthuisi Sexy Anemone Shrimp Holthuis's Shrimp Shrimp TASL Periclimenes imperator Emperor Shrimp Shrimp TASL Periclimenes magnificus Magnificent Shrimp Shrimp TASL Periclimenes soror Sea Star Shrimp Soror Shrimp Shrimp TASL Periclimenes sp. Snow-Cap Shrimp Shrimp TASL Periclimenes tenuipes Glass Shrimp Shrimp TASL Periclimenes tosaensis Tosaensis Anemone Shrimp Anemone shrimp Shrimp TASL Periclimenes venustus Graceful Shrimp Shrimp TASL Phakellia flabillata Orange Fan Sponge Sponge TASL Phallusia julinea Julin's Ascidian Ascidian TASL

Philinopsis gardineri Gardener's Tailed Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Phos senticosus Common Pacific Phos Shell Sea Shell TASL Arabica Black Nudibranch Phyllidia arabica (Assorted) Slug/Nudibranch USL

Phyllidia babai Baba's Phyllidia Slug/Nudibranch USL

Phyllidia coelestis Celestrial Phyllidia Slug/Nudibranch USL

Phyllidia elegans White Nudibranch (Assorted) Slug/Nudibranch USL

Phyllidia ocellata Ocellate Phyllidia Ocellate Warty Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL

Phyllidia pustulosa Pustolose Sea Slug Pustolose Phyllidia Slug/Nudibranch USL

Phyllidia sp. Red Turtle Nudibranch Warty Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL

Phyllidia varicosa Varicose Sea Slug Fish Killing Nudibranch Slug/Nudibranch USL

Phyllidia willani Willan's Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Phyllidiopsis shireenae Shiren's Phyllidiopsis Slug/Nudibranch USL Pinctada margaritifera Blacklip Pearl Shell Pearl Oyster Sea Shell TASL Pinna bicolor Pen Shell Sea Shell TASL Pisaster sp. Pisaster Sea Star Sea Star TASL Plagusia depressa Surge Crab Crab TASL Plagusia depressa. Red Spotted Sea Slug Sea Slug USL

Plakobranchus sp. Hooded Plakobranchus Green Sea Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Pleurobranchus grandis Tailed Sea Slug Sea Slug USL Pleuroploca filamentosa Threaded Band Shell Sea Shell TASL aurata Monkey Sponge Gold-mouthed Ascidian Sponge TASL Polychaeta terebellidae Spaghetti Worm Marine Worm TASL Polythoa caesia False Coral Polyp Zoanthid TASL Prionociclaris baculosa Crown Spined Pencil Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Protopalythoa grandis Button Polyps Big Colonial Polyps Polyp TASL Protoreaster nodosus Chocolate Chip Sea Star Horned Sea Star Sea Star TASL Protoreaster sp. Horned Starfish Sea Star TASL Protorester nodosus Chocolate Chip Sea Star Sea Star TASL

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Protorester sp. Chocolate Sea Star Sea Star TASL Protula bispiralis Coco Worm Marine Worm TASL hancockanus Handcock Flatworm Marine Worm TASL Pseudoceros dimidiatus Dimidiatus Polyclad flatworm Marine Worm TASL Pseudoceros sp. Polyclad Flatworm Marine Worm TASL Pseudocolchirus sp. Sea Apple Multicolour Sea Cucumber BSL Pseudosuberites andrewsi Yellow Sponge Sponge TASL Pseudovertagus aluco Aluco's Shell Sea Shell TASL

Pteraeolidia ianthina Violet Pteraeolidia Slug/Nudibranch TASL

Reticulidia fungia Abstract Reticulidia Slug/Nudibranch USL

Reticulidia halgerda Decorated Reticulidia Slug/Nudibranch USL Rhodactis inchoata Small Elephant Ear Corallimoph TASL Rhodactis Small Hairy Elephant Ear indosinensis Corallimorphs Corallimoph TASL Rhodactis mussoides Oval Elephant Ear Corallimophs Corallimoph TASL Rhodactis rhodostoma Giant Cup (Rhodostoma) Corallimoph TASL Rhodactis sp. Bullseye Mushroom Corallimoph TASL Rhopalaea crassa Blue Ascidians Tude Asidians Ascidian TASL Rhynchocinetes durbanensis Camel Shrimp Hinge-beak Shrimp Durban Shrimp Shrimp TASL Rhynchocinetes sp. Hinge-beak Shrimp Red Shrimp Shrimp TASL Ricordea sp. Beaded Corallimorph Mushroom Corallimoph TASL

Ricordea yuma Pimple Mushroom Mushroom Coral TASL

Risbecia imperialis Imperial Risbecia Slug/Nudibranch USL Robastra arika Black Nudibranch / Green (Roboastra) Nudibranch Slug/Nudibranch USL Robastra sp. (Roboastra) Green Nudibranch Slug/Nudibranch USL Sabellastarte indica Indica Tube Worm Marine Worm TASL Sabellastarte magnifica Magnificient Tube Worm Marine Worm TASL Feather Sea Sabellastarte sp. Feather Duster Assorted Paper Tube Worm Star TASL Sabellastarte Feather Sea spectabilis Feather Duster Star TASL Sacrophyton Leather Mushroom Soft Coral ehrenbergi (Ehrenbergi) Soft Coral TASL Leather Mushroom Soft Coral glaucum (Glaucum) Soft Coral TASL Sarcophyton sp. Leather Mushroom Soft coral Soft Coral TASL Sarcophyton teniu Leather Mushroom Soft Coral spiculatum (Teniu Spiculatum) Soft Coral TASL Sarcoptilus sp. Sea Comb / Sea Pen Soft Coral TASL Saron inermis Marble Shrimp Shrimp TASL Marble Shrimp Marmorate Shrimp Shrimp TASL Saron rectirostris Purple Legs Marble Shrimp Shrimp TASL Saron sp. Tapestry Shrimp Marble Shrimp Shrimp TASL dura Flower Leather Soft Coral Soft Coral TASL Leather Finger Soft Coral Sinularia flexibilis (Flexibilis) Soft Coral TASL Leather Finger Soft Coral Sinularia sp. (Sinularia sp.) Soft Coral TASL Spirastrella vagabunda Mound Sponge Sponge TASL Spirobranchus corniculatus Multicolor Worms (Porites) Marine Worm TASL Spirobranchus Polychaete giganteus Christmas Tree Worms Worm TASL Spondylus sp. Thorny Oyster Sea Shell TASL Stegopontonia commensalis Sea Urchin Shrimp TASL cyanoscelis Blue Legs Boxing Shrimp Shrimp TASL Banded Coral Shrimp Banded Shrimp Shrimp TASL Stenopus sp. Banded Coral Shrimp Shrimp TASL Stenopus tenuirostris Blue Boxer Shrimp Shrimp TASL Stenopus Red Boxing Shrimp / Yellow zanzibaricus Boxing Shrimp Shrimp TASL PNG RAM Survey Manual | AUGUST 2009 74

Stepanometra Feather Sea comaster Giant Feather Sea Star Star TASL Stichodactyla gigantea Giant Carpet Anemone Gigantic Sea Anemone Anemone LCSL Stichodactyla haddoni Carpet Anemone Haddon's Sea Anemone Anemone LCSL Merten's Carpet Anemone Anemone LCSL Stichodactyla sp. Multicolor Carpet Anemone Anemone LCSL Stichopus horrens Dragon Fish Sea Cucumber Sea Cucumber TASL Strombus alatus Conch Sea Shell TASL Strombus aratrum Black Mouthed Stromb Shell Sea Shell TASL Strombus aurisdianea Aurisdianea Stromb Shell Sea Shell TASL Strombus bula Stromb Shell (Bulla) Spiny Strumbus Sea Shell TASL Strombus epidromis Stromb Shell (Epidromis) Sea Shell TASL Strombus gibberulus Gibbose Stromb Shell Sea Shell TASL Strombus luhuanus Luhuanus Stromb Shell Red Mouthed Stromb Shell Sea Shell TASL Strombus minimus Minimus Stromb Shell Sea Shell TASL Strombus sp. Stromb Shell Sea Shell TASL Strombus variabilis Variable Stromb Shell Sea Shell TASL Studeriotes sp. Christmas Tree Soft Coral Soft Coral TASL Stylissa carteri Corn Sponge Sponge TASL Stylissa sp. Tube, Lollipop Sponge Sponge TASL Stylocheilus longicauda Sea Hare Algae Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Synalpheus stimpsonii Black Shrimp Shrimp TASL Spotted Sea Cucumber (Medusa Synapta maculata worm) Sea Cucumber TASL Tectarius pagodus Periwinkle Gastropod Sea Shell TASL Tectus niloticus Top Shell Sea Shell TASL Tectus sp. Pyramid Top Shell Sea Shell TASL Thais armigera Armigera Rock Shell Drupe Shell Sea Shell TASL Thais tuberosa Tuber-like Rock Shell Sea Shell TASL Amboin Anemone Shrimp Sexy Pistol Shrimp Shrimp TASL

Thuridilla splendens Splendid Sap Sucker Slug Slug/Nudibranch USL Thysanozoon sp. Polyclad Flatworm Marine Worm TASL Toxopneustes pileolus Flower Urchin Poison Sea Urchins Sea Urchin TASL Trachycardium orbita Cardita Clam Sea Shell TASL Trapezia rufopunctata Trapezia Crab Crab TASL Trapezia sp. Coral Crab Trapezia Crab Crab TASL Tridacna crocea Burrowing Giant Clam Sea Shell BSL Tridacna maxima Elongate Giant Clam Sea Shell BSL Tridacna squamosa Fluted Giant Clam Sea Shell BSL Tripneustes gratilla Cake Urchin Sea Urchin TASL Trizopagurus strigatus Strigated Hermit Crab Crab TASL Trochus maculatus Maculatus Top Shell Maculate Shell Sea Shell TASL Turbo chrysostoma Turban Shell (Chrysostoma) Sea Shell TASL Turbo niloticus Niloticus Turban Shell Sea Shell TASL Turbo petholatus Cat's Eye Turban Shell Sea Shell TASL Turbo sp. Cat's Eye Turban Shell Sea Shell TASL Uca vomerus Fiddler Crab Crab TASL Valonia ventricosa Sailor's Eyeball Algae TASL Vexillum luculentum Black Banded Mitre Shell Mitre Shell TASL Vexillum sp. Mitre Shell Sea Shell TASL Vir philippinensis Philippine Shrimp Shrimp TASL Virgularia sp. Sea Pen Sea Pen TASL Xenia sp. Pulse Soft Coral Soft Coral TASL Xenocarcinus depressus Gorgonia Spider Crab Crab TASL Zebrida adamsii Urchin Crab Crab TASL Zoanthus sp. Colonial Polyps Polyp TASL

Appendix 3: Marine Aquarium Hard and Soft Corals List traded

PAPUA NEW GUINEA MARINE AQUARIUM CORAL SPECIES 1 Hard Corals Acanthastrea enchinata Acanthastrea

PNG RAM Survey Manual | AUGUST 2009 75

PAPUA NEW GUINEA MARINE AQUARIUM CORAL SPECIES 2 Hard Corals Acanthastrea lordhowensis Acanthastrea 3 Hard Corals formosa Staghorn Acropora Coral 4 Hard Corals Acropora sp. Branch Acropora 5 Hard Corals Alveopora Sp. Flowerpot Coral 6 Hard Corals Blastomussa merletti Salim Pipe/Blastomussa Pipe 7 Hard Corals Blastomussa wellsi Swollen Brain Coral 8 Hard Corals Catalaphyllia jardinei Elegant Coral 9 Hard Corals Caulestrea curvata Trumpet Coral 10 Hard Corals Caulestrea furcata Candy Cane Coral 11 Hard Corals Cynarina lacrymalis Modern Coral 12 Hard Corals Enchinophyllia sp. Enchinophyllia 13 Hard Corals Euphylia yaeyamaensis Tube Branch Grape Coral 14 Hard Corals Euphyllia ancora Hammer Coral 15 Hard Corals Euphyllia divisa Frogspawn/Anchor Coral 16 Hard Corals Euphyllia glabrescens Torch Coral 17 Hard Corals Euphyllia paradivisa Torch Coral 18 Hard Corals Euphyllia sp Green Branch Coral 19 Hard Corals Favia sp. Moon Stone Coral 20 Hard Corals Favites sp. Pineapple Coral 21 Hard Corals Fungia sp. Short Polyp Plate Coral 22 Hard Corals Galaxea fascicularis Galaxi Star Coral 23 Hard Corals Goniopora sp. Jewel or Flowerpot Coral 24 Hard Corals actiniformis Long Tentacled Green Plate Coral 25 Hard Corals Heliofungia sp. Long TentacledPlate Coral 26 Hard Corals Labophyllia hemprichii Brain Coral 27 Hard Corals Leptoria phrygia True Brain Coral 28 Hard Corals Lobophylia sp. Flat Brain Coral 29 Hard Corals Merulina sp. Ruffled Coral 30 Hard Corals Montipora danae Superman Danae 31 Hard Corals Montipora sp. Montipora Coral 32 Hard Corals Nemenzophyllia turbida Fox Coral 33 Hard Corals Pectinia paeonia Palm Lettuce Coral 34 Hard Corals Physogyra lichtensteini Pearl/ Bubble Coral 35 Hard Corals Physogyra sp. Rice Coral 36 Hard Corals Plerogyra simplex Branch Bubble Coral 37 Hard Corals Plerogyra sinuosa Cat-eye/Bubble Coral 38 Hard Corals verrucosa Pink Cauliflower 39 Hard Corals Polyphyllia talpina Slipper/Tongue Coral 40 Hard Corals Porites cylindrica Jeweled Finger Coral 41 Hard Corals Porites sp. Porites Sp. W/Multicolor Feather Duster 42 Hard Corals Scleractina sp. Live Rock w/ Red Algae 43 Hard Corals Scolymia sp. Doughnut Coral 44 Hard Corals Seriatopora histrix Birdnest Coral 45 Hard Corals Symphyllia sp. Dented Brain Coral 46 Hard Corals Trachyphyllia geofroyi Open Brain Coral 47 Hard Corals Tubastrea faulkneri Sun Coral 48 Hard Corals Tubastrea micrantha Black Sun Coral 49 Hard Corals Tubinaria reniformis Yellow Scroll Coral 50 Hard Corals Tubipora musica Organ Pipe Coral

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PAPUA NEW GUINEA MARINE AQUARIUM CORAL SPECIES 51 Hard Corals Turbinaria peltata Pagoda / Cup Coral 52 Hard Corals Wellosophyllia sp. Open Brain 53 Soft Corals Cladiella sp. Soft Coral Colt Tree

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II. RESOURCE ASSESSMENT & MANAGEMENT (RAM) SURVEY FORMS AND SHEETS

Appendix 4: Dive Site Description Table

PNG Resource Assessment & Management (RAM) Survey Dive Site Description Sheet

Reef Name:

BASIC INFORMATION Owner/s of the Reefs: Province/District: Area/Site End of Date: Time: Start of survey: survey: Longitude (deg. min. Latitude (deg. min. sec): sec) : Spur and Reefs Structure: Fringing Reefs Barrier Reefs Islets Groove Platform (mid- Seagrass lagoon) Drop-off beds Atolls Marine Habitat: Reefs: Sand: Rock: Mud: Beach: Transect Orientation: S-N N-S E-W W-E NW-SE SE-NW NE-SW SW-NE Depth: Minimum Depth Maximum Depth Distance : from shore (m): from nearest river (km): 51-100 River mouth width: <10 m 11-50 m m 101-500 m Population size Distance to nearest population center (km): (x1000): Travel Time from Airport: Type of Transportation Sat- Communication: Cellphone Landline Phone Radio Weather: sunny cloudy raining Visibility (m) :

Is this best reef in the Why is this site selected: area? Yes: No : IMPACTS: Always Is this site: sheltered: Sometimes: Exposed:

Major coral damaging storms Yes: No If yes, When was last storm:

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Overall anthropogenic impact None: Low: Med: High:

Is siltation a problem Never: Occasionally: Often: Always:

Blast fishing None: Low: Med: High:

Poison fishing (plants, Sodium Cyanide) None: Low: Med: High:

Aquarium fishing None: Low: Med: High:

Harvest inverts for food None: Low: Med: High: Harvest inverts for curio sales None: Low: Med: High:

Tourist diving/snorkeling: None: Low: Med: High: Sewage pollution (outfall or boat) None: Low: Med: High:

Industrial pollution None: Low: Med: High:

Commercial fishing (fish caught to sell for food) None: Low: Med: High:

Live food fish trade None: Low: Med: High:

Artisinal/recreational (personal consumption) None: Low: Med: High: How many yachts are typically present within 1km Med (3- of this site None: Few (1-2): 5): Many (>5):

Other impacts: PROTECTION:

Any protection (legal or other) at this site? Yes No If yes, answer questions below

Is protection enforced Yes: No: What is the level of poaching in protected area? None: Low: Med: High

Check which activities below are banned: Spearfishing Commercial fishing Recreational fishing Invertebrate or shell collecting Anchoring Diving Other (please specify)

Other comments

TEAM INFORMATION

PNG RAM Survey Manual | AUGUST 2009 79

Submitted by Site Coordinator: Team Leader: Team Members:

Note: All pink boxes should be answered

PNG RAM Survey Manual | AUGUST 2009 80

Appendix 5: Spreadsheet Sample for inputting invertebrates

Papua New Guinea Assessment &Management (RAM) Survey Invertebrates Data Entry Sheets

PROVIN DISTRI TYPE OF REEF DEPTH VISIBILI TARGET Size DATE CE CT FMA SURVEY TRANSECT NAME RECORDER ZONE HABITAT (M) TY GRP CLASS Trade Name SPECIES Count (cm) Hood Yellow Sea 15-Feb-10 Central Rigo Lagoon FRA Mae'ana 1B_CR1 Selma Pamolak Crest HC,RK,RB 4m 10 m Invertebrates TASL Star Linckia guildingi 2 22 Hood Linckia 15-Feb-10 Central Rigo Lagoon FRA Mae'ana 1B_CR1 Selma Pamolak Crest HC,RK,RB 4m 10 m Invertebrates TASL Blue Sea Star laevigata 4 28 Hood Archaster 15-Feb-10 Central Rigo Lagoon FRA Mae'ana 1B_CR1 Selma Pamolak Crest HC,RK,RB 4m 10 m Invertebrates TASL Sand Sea Star typicus 227 X Hood Banded Coral Stenopus 16-Feb-10 Central Rigo Lagoon FRA Pero Mae'ana 1B_CR1 Simeon Daple Shallow HC,SG,RB 2m 7 m Invertebrates TASL Shrimp hispidus 3 X Hood Red Hermit Dardanus 16-Feb-10 Central Rigo Lagoon FRA Pero Mae'ana 1B_CR1 Simeon Daple Shallow HC,SG,RB 2m 7 m Invertebrates TASL Crab megistos 6 X Hood Thor 16-Feb-10 Central Rigo Lagoon FRA Pero Mae'ana 1B_CR1 Simeon Daple Shallow HC,SG,RB 2m 7 m Invertebrates TASL Sexy Shrimp amboinensis 2 X

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Appendix 6: Spreadsheet sample for transcribing Vertebrates data.

Papua New Guinea Assessment &Management (RAM) Survey Vertebrates Data Entry Sheets TRANSECT Size DATE PROVINCE DISTRICT FMA TYPE OF SURVEY NAME RECORDER REEF ZONE HABITAT DEPTH (M) VISIBILITY TARGET GRP CLASS Trade Name SPECIES Count (cm) 1-Dec- Hiri 09 NCD District Taurama FRA Gadawa2A_SH1 Philip Sokou Shallow SD,SL,HC 4.5 4 Vertebrates TASL Red Wrasse Coris gaimard 6 4 2-Dec- Hiri 09 NCD District Taurama FRA Ladaera2A_CR3 Philip Sokou Crest HC,RK,AL 4.5 4 Vertebrates TASL Blue Tang Paracanthurus hepatus 8 10 2-Dec- Hiri 09 NCD District Taurama FRA Ladaera2A_CR3 Philip Sokou Crest HC,RK,AL 4.5 4 Vertebrates TASL Gold Nugget Wrasse Xenojulis margaritaceus 11 4 21-Sep- Hiri Pari Renante Coral 09 NCD District Village RRA Iriu1A_SH1 Ruz Shallow Reef 3 3 Vertebrates TASL Percula Clownfish Amphiprion percula 3 2.5 21-Sep- Hiri Pari Renante Coral 09 NCD District Village RRA Iriu1A_SH1 Ruz Shallow Reef 3 3 Vertebrates TASL Auriga Butterflyfish Thalassoma lunare 2 8 22-Sep- Hiri Pari Renante Coral Scorpaenopsis 09 NCD District Village RRA Varovaro1A_CR1 Ruz Reef Crest Reef 3 3 Vertebrates TASL Papuan Scorpionfish papuensis 1 10

Appendix 7: Marine Aquarium Coral Data Sheets

Papua New Guinea Assessment &Management (RAM) Survey Coral Data Entry Sheets TRANSECT Size DATE PROVINCE DISTRICT FMA TYPE OF SURVEY NAME RECORDER REEF ZONE HABITAT DEPTH (M) VISIBILITY TARGET GRP CLASS Trade Name SPECIES Count (cm) 1-Dec- Hiri Elliot Galaxea 09 NCD District Taurama FRA Gadawa2A_SH1 Tovaboda Shallow SD,SL,HC 4.5 4 Coral TASL Crystal Coral fascicularis 1 C 2-Dec- Hiri Elliot 09 NCD District Taurama FRA Ladaera2A_CR3 Tovaboda Crest HC,RK,AL 4.5 4 Coral TASL Merulina ampliata Merulina ampliata 1 A 2-Dec- Hiri Elliot 09 NCD District Taurama FRA Ladaera2A_CR3 Tovaboda Crest HC,RK,AL 4.5 4 Coral TASL Brusg Coral Seriatopora sp. 1 B 21-Sep- Hiri Pari Coral Amphiprion 09 NCD District Village RRA Iriu1A_SH1 Renante Ruz Shallow Reef 3 3 Coral TASL Percula Clownfish percula 1 D 21-Sep- Hiri Pari Coral 09 NCD District Village RRA Iriu1A_SH1 Renante Ruz Shallow Reef 3 3 Coral TASL Bushy Acropora millepora 2 B

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22-Sep- Hiri Pari Coral 09 NCD District Village RRA Varovaro1A_CR1 Renante Ruz Reef Crest Reef 3 3 Coral TASL Leather Coral Sarcophyton sp. 1 E

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Appendix 8: Spreadsheet sample substrates data sheet

PNG Resource Assessment & Management (RAM) Survey Substrates Data Entry

Dive Site Date Oberver Visibility Coordinates: Time Start: Time Finish: Transect Orientation: Depth: Segment A Substrate Segment B Substrate Segment C Substrate Segment D Substrate

0.0 25.0 50.0 75.0

0.5 25.5 50.5 75.5

1.0 26.0 51.0 76.0

1.5 26.5 51.5 76.5

2.0 27.0 52.0 77.0

2.5 27.5 52.5 77.5

3.0 28.0 53.0 78.0

3.5 28.5 53.5 78.5

4.0 29.0 54.0 79.0

4.5 29.5 54.5 79.5

5.0 30.0 55.0 80.0

5.5 30.5 55.5 80.5

6.0 31.0 56.0 81.0

6.5 31.5 56.5 81.5

7.0 32.0 57.0 82.0

7.5 32.5 57.5 82.5

8.0 33.0 58.0 83.0

8.5 33.5 58.5 83.5

9.0 34.0 59.0 84.0

9.5 34.5 59.5 84.5

10.0 35.0 60.0 85.0

10.5 35.5 60.5 85.5

11.0 36.0 61.0 86.0

11.5 36.5 61.5 86.5

12.0 37.0 62.0 87.0

12.5 37.5 62.5 87.5

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13.0 38.0 63.0 88.0

13.5 38.5 63.5 88.5

14.0 39.0 64.0 89.0

14.5 39.5 64.5 89.5

15.0 40.0 65.0 90.0

15.5 40.5 65.5 90.5

16.0 41.0 66.0 91.0

16.5 41.5 66.5 91.5

17.0 42.0 67.0 92.0

17.5 42.5 67.5 92.5

18.0 43.0 68.0 93.0

18.5 43.5 68.5 93.5

19.0 44.0 69.0 94.0

19.5 44.5 69.5 94.5

Number of Substrates HC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RKC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Substrates Percentage Total HC 0 0 SC 0 0 SG 0 0 RKC 0 0 AL 0 0 SP 0 0 RC 0 0 RB 0 0 SD 0 0 SI 0 0 OT 0 0 Total 160 100

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Appendix 9: Seafoods Data Sheets

SEAFOOD’S DATA SHEETS

Dive Site: ______Time Started: ______Date: ______Time Finished: ______Depth: ______Climate: ______Visibility: ______Observer: ______Transect Orientation: ______Transect Line No. ______

Province: Reef Name: Date:

Time: Climate: Observer: Transect Orientation:

Name of Fish for Counts Name of Other Counts foods Seafood’s (Lobsters, Cuttlefish, octopus) 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15

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Appendix 10: Beche de Mer Data Sheets

BECHE DE MER DATA SHEETS

Dive Site: ______Time Started: ______Date: ______Time Finished: ______Depth: ______Climate: ______Visibility: ______Observer: ______Transect Orientation: ______Transect Line No. ______

List of Species Counts (Size (L X W)) Type of Habitats 1 Amberfish (Thelenota anax) 2 Black Teatfish (Holothuria nobilis)

3 Blackfish (Actinopyga miliaris)

4 Brown Sandfish (Bohadschia vitiensis) 5 Chalkfish (Bohadschia similis) 6 Curryfish (Stinopus hermanni) 7 Deep-water Redfish (Actinopyga echinites) 8 Dragonfish (Stinopus horrens) 9 Elephant Trunkfish (Holothuria fuscopunctata) 10 Flowerfish (Pearsonothuria graeffei) 11 Greenfish (Stichopus chloronotus) 12 Lollyfish (Holothuria atra) 13 Pinkfish (Holothuria edulis) 14 Frickly Redfish (Thelenota ananas) 15 Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) 16 Snakefish (Holothuria coluber) 17 Stonefish (Actinopyga lecanora) 18 Surf Redfish (Actinopyga mauritiana) 19 Tigerfish (Bohadschia argus) 20 White Teatfish (Holothuria fuscogiva) 21 Papillate Sea Cucumber (Holothuria hilla) 22 Tiger’s Tail (Holothuria leucospilota)

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Appendix 11: EcoEZ Diving Policy

Definitions: . Experienced diver - more than 100 hours of dive experience (with dive certificate proving at least advanced dive certification or equivalent) . Beginner diver - less than 10 hours of dive experience (with dive certificate (from appropriate authority i.e. PADI) proving at least open water certification.

Requirements:

. The observer diver should be certified to a minimum of open water level certification (or equivalent with other dive schools) with at least 10 hours dive log documented diving and certification details and updated logbooks. . Only work related dives would be allowed, with direct supervisor/Dive Team Leader signature on the request. . Divers must have health insurance/life and accident insurance and a separate insurance that covers diving and drowning incidents (i.e. DAN insurance). . The diver should be in good working condition before commencing any dive: . No excessive alcohol the day before a dive or survey . No chewing of Buai or beetle nut while at work especially during survey. . Should have adequate sleep (preferably 8 hours). . Must drink plenty of fluids and water during the day dives. . Not be under the influence of medications or drugs. . There should be no dive activity when sea conditions are rough (half a meter or bigger in wave height), staff need to check daily with their head office for weather reports. . The divers must carry at all times their safety card (with telephone and contact names of local hospitals and dive doctors) and inform office staff, managers and their supervisor of communication mechanism if cell phones are not available. . Newly certified diver should only be with a more experienced diver and should dive within 9 meters deep only. . If a diver has not dove for a least one year, he/she needs to undergo a refresher course before diving (dive with the experienced diver). . Buddy system is a must when diving. There should be an assigned team leader

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per area. The corresponding buddy should be within eyesight at all times. . Each diving staff should have a monthly dive check up of their equipment and diving skills in emergency situations with the Chief scientist and / or instructor. . Each SCUBA gear and data’s are responsible by the owner/s to keep.

Emergency Protocol

. Emergency Protocol procedures must be prepared and discussed with the boat operator in case of an emergency prior to the surveys. . The boat captain should be oriented on the underwater dive track and be well briefed of emergency protocol in case of an emergency. The boat operator should be in charge of the above security. . In case of a dive or water incident, the able dive buddy or companions should immediately call the following 1- nearest hospital on capable to aid diving related accident. 2 -the other dive team or Coordinator, and 3 -their immediate supervisor as soon as possible. . The divers should use a seaworthy boat that is economical but sturdy enough and have a spare boat or engine (and communication mechanism) easily available in case of problems at sea.

Contact Details: Port Moresby . Port Moresby Medical Services; Telephone numbers. (675) 325-6633, (675) 683-4444 . Niugini Air Rescue; Telephone numbers (675) 323-2033, (675) 683-0305 . Medivac Pacific Services; Telephone numbers (675) 323 5626, (675) 683 5227 . The Dive Centre, Telephone numbers. (675) 323-1355, (675) 324-5200, B-mobile 6831200, Digicel 72162150 . EcoEZ PNG Ltd. Office, Telephone number. (675) 3201950, (675) 3201465 . Police; Dial 000 . Ambulance; Dial 111 . Disaster and Emergency contacts (Konedobu); 321 4170 . Disaster and Emergency contacts (City Hall); 325 2700 . Royal Papua Yatch Club (RPYC); 321 1700 (Channel 84 in Radio) . DAN (Divers Alert Network) . Marine Search and Rescue; Tel number 323-6187

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Oro Province  Disaster and Emergency contacts (Popondetta); 3297345  Hospital; 329 7066

Milne Bay Province  Disaster and Emergency contacts (Alotau); 6411264  Hospital; 641 1200

Standard Operating Procedures in the Field: . Upon Arrival to the area call the office to inform area assigned . List name of persons who to contact in case of emergency . Inform the area coordinator before anything else . Get weather updates from Port Moresby office on a daily basis

RAM Survey Limitations: . No Cave dives . Diver should have rested 24 hours before their flight . Maximum Dive Depth of 50 feet/ Belt transect surveys should not be done deeper than 80 feet. . Should have an Annual Medical / Physical Examination. . Make sure that all divers have a complete set of diving accessories.

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EcoEZ Inc. Secretariat 5320 Truman Avenue Alexandria VA, 22304 USA Telephone: 1 703 823 7980 | Fax: 1 703 823 7990

National Fisheries Auhtority PO Box 2016 Port Moresby, NCD Level 11 Delotte Tower Douglas St. Port Moresby Telephone: 675 309 0444 | Fax: 675 320 2061

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