Mária Vargha European University May 201 Budapest - CENTURY HUNGARY

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DRESS ACCESSORIES AND JEWELLERY FROM TWELFTH TYPOCHRONOLOGY AND SOCIAL AND THIRTEENTH BASED ONFINDSFROMBASED KÁNA VILLAGE MA ThesisStudies inMedieval Central Mária Vargha European University May 201 Budapest - CENTURY HUNGARY

- ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION 3

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DRESS ACCESSORIES AND JEWELLERY FROM TWELFTH Central European University,f Budapest, partial in TYPOCHRONOLOGY AND AND THIRTEENTH Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CEU of the totheDepartmentThesis submitted Studies, ofMedieval ______of theMasterArts of BASED ONFINDSFROMBASED KÁNA VILLAGE Chair, Examination CommitteeChair, Examination

Thesis Supervisor SOCIAL Mária Vargha May 201 Examiner Examiner Budapest Hungary degree Studies. inMedieval - CENTURY HUNGARY by

- ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION ii 3

ulfillment of therequirementsulfillment ______

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DRESS ACCESSORIES AND JEWELLERY FROM TWELFTH Central European University,f Budapest, partial in TYPOCHRONOLOGY AND SOCIAL AND THIRTEENTH Accepted inconformancewith totheDepartmentThesis submitted Studies, ofMedieval ______of theMasterArts degree of Studies. inMedieval BASED ONFINDSFROMBASED KÁNA External Mária Vargha Budapest May 201 May Hungary - CENTURY HUNGARY by

Reader

- iii ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION the standards CEU of the 3

ulfillment of therequirementsulfillment VILLAGE

CEU eTD Collection

DRESS ACCESSORIES AND JEWELLERY FROM TWELFTH Central European University,f Budapest, partial in TYPOCHRONOLOGY AND SOCIAL AND THIRTEENTH Accepted in Thesis submitted totheDepartmentThesis submitted Studies, ofMedieval ______of theMasterArts degree of Studies. inMedieval BASED ON BASED conformance withthe standards CEU of the ______FINDSFROM KÁNA VILLAGE External Supervisor Mária Vargha Supervisor Budapest Hungary May201 - CENTURY HUNGARY by

- ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION iv 3

ulfillment of therequirementsulfillment

CEU eTD Collection Budapest degree. academic an for education higher of institution other any to thesis form the this in of submitted part been has no that declare also I copyright. institution‟s or person‟s any on a infringes others, of work the of no made was that use declare illegitimate I and bibliography. unidentified and notes in credited properly as information external such only and research my on based work, own my exclusively is thesis present the that herewith undersigned, I,the

, __ May 2013 , __May Mária Vargha Mária

, candidate for the for candidate , v

______MA degree in Medieval Studies Medieval in degree MA Signature nd no part of the thesis the of part no nd

, de , clare CEU eTD Collection more with thedeadthan the time living. and patient being for family and friends my thank to wish I least, kind forand his his tireless help for Mordovin, Maxim to thank to much particularly have I since. ever supportive constantly thank to Iwish also CEU, Outside orthography. and style with assistance her for Rasson Judith to grateful am I interest. providing for Szende helping for Department Studies Medieval the of advice. and guidance valuable enthusiasm, to thank to like would thesis. this Apart from the efforts of myself, of efforts the from Apart I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to to gratitude my express to opportunity this take I me essential literature for my topic, and topic, my for literature essential me György Terei, for involving me in the Research of Kána, and be Kána,and ofResearch the in me involving Györgyfor Terei, y uevsr József supervisor, my

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and calming answers to my unceasing concerns. Last, but not Last, butnot concerns. calming unceasing tomy and answers

many people were instrumental in my completing my in instrumental were people many I would also like to thank to like also would I vi

me Laszlovszky for his constant support, support, constant his for Laszlovszky

n ay ways many in

also them

for her her for supportive while I spent I while supportive Frt n frms, I foremost, and First . CEU F CEU especially , kind support and support kind aculty to Members Members Katalin Katalin ing ing CEU eTD Collection CHAPTER TWO CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Buckles Buttons Pins Brooches Rings Lockrings Summary Methodology research ofthe present The social statusofthevillage The chronological ofthe framework settlement Archaeologicalat the medieval research Kána village of Problems the rese with Rhombus Bird brooches shaped Circular brooches Destroyed settlements Churchyard cemeteries Hoards

...... Hoards indating jewellery Spatial interpretationhoards of

......

...... - shaped brooches

...... - ......

Typochronology of the Finds of Typochronology

...... arch ofArpadian ......

......

...... TABLE OF CONTENTS

......

...... - ...... age jewellery age vii ......

......

12 11 10 68 65 63 61 55 52 52 43 32 27 25 23 21 20 17

9 8 2 2 1

CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION CHAPTER THREE Summarychronological reinterpretation ofthe Pectorals Mounts

......

...... –

The SocioThe ...... - Economic Jewellery of Interpretation ...... viii

......

...... 106 104

90 84 81 79

CEU eTD Collection Picture 5. Tablecomparative 18.The chronologyartefacts of Table 17. Table 16. Table 15. Table 14. Table 13. Table 12. Ta Table 10. Table 9. Table 8. Table 7. Table 6. Table 5. Table 4 Table 3. Table 2 Table 1. Picture 4. Picture 3. 2. Picture A 1. Picture ble 11. 2007, 81. Kiss 1983.177. . .

Pin fromPin Kána. Rhombus Bird Circular brooches. graves,Occurrence fingerrings and inhoards settlement features. of theRing period. types of of lockringsThe ingraves, occurrence and hoards settlement features cemeteryThe ofthe phases ofKána. Lockof Kána ring types village.

Pectoral from KánaPectoral from Ká fromMounts graves, ofbuckles andThe in hoards settlement occurrence features The of hoard Esztergom Belt ironbuckles.Round, Buckles. Button Kána. types of The Tyukod hoard of Jewellery thehoardfrom of Pátroha The distribution of hoards connected to the Mongol invasion of Hungary by Tóth by Hungary of invasion Mongol the to connected hoards of distribution The The hoard of NyáregyházaThe hoard of typical field cemetery, Majs cemetery, field typical - shaped brooches

buckle

shaped broochesshaped s decorated applications with flower

LIST OFLIST

Bagolyvár. Jakab

- Szentkirály. .

- Pusztapótharaszt. ParádiPusztapótharaszt. 1975,123. ILLUSTRATIONS

- Udvari rétek, and a method for analysation: coins. analysation: for method a and rétek, Udvari ix - Butorka dűlő

- Balázs 2007.

Jakab

12.

Balázs

, 2007,

2 4 .

CEU eTD Collection value revealabout oftheir the social/economic situations owners. information and nature personal their as economy and society study to material base good a are jewellery and accessories Dress artefacts. these of evaluation economic and social a and chronological even or characteri economic, social, different imply may associations and contexts archaeological different because artefact each of environment contemporary the consider will lon no were but period, this in found be can which those distinguish then will I century. thirteenth and twelfth the hoardsage ofMongol the ofthe invasion the in found be can that jewellery the with research the complete will I villages. same the of features settlement the from and cemetery churchyard a from data combine to opportunity comp investigated and excavated was and century, thirteenth and twelfth churchyard the in question, in period the in precisely existed which village, Kána cemeteryof the and features settlement diverse from finds on based be will research The present thes of aspects my economic and social, chronological, in the investigate will Thus, I research finds. the of analysis complex more a require would and methods, realis I Ianalysed thechurchyardcemetery inwhichKána village. wrote MAthesis, of my previous thirteenth ed that both the chronological and social distinction is hardly feasible by traditional traditional by feasible hardly is distinction social and chronological the both that ed First, I will determine what type of jewellery and/or dress accessories can be dated to dated be can accessories dress and/or jewellery of type what determine will I First, the is topic research My

stics of these objects. My aim is to study these issues in a detailed typochronology detailed a in issues these study to is aim My objects. these of stics centuries in the Carpathian Basin. I met first with the issues of this topic, when I when topic, this of issues the with first met I Basin. Carpathian the in centuries ger being produced, and those which marked contemporary fashion. I fashion. contemporary marked which those and produced, being ger fashion of jewellery and dress accessories in the twelfth and and twelfth the in accessories dress and jewellery of fashion INTRODUCTION , which will providewill a, which stabile chronological point. 1

letely. Thus, it offers a unique a offers it Thus, letely.

relatively high high relatively e artefacts. e

CEU eTD Collection 2005 kiadó, Akadémiai (Budapest: 18 Hungarica Archaeologica Varia Mende, in: Review,” A tenth Hungarians: of culture L‟Ha material (Budapest: the into research Archaeological Kárpát a kutatása régészeti kultúrájának anyagi magyarság századi 3 approach. work, 12 1907): Akadémiai, (Budapest: Period], Conquest 2 cemeteries Universit (Exeter: Williams field are grounds burial in Interpreted?” Be these for “Anglo Astille, nameGrenville see: process, the appropriate on information most the Therefore deceased. the bury to place appropriate most the been have could it it; cultivated who people the among identity common antique Astill most the churches. were near fields settlements the of of because stabilisation that the argues with started burials churchyard as similar, was Hungary w parishes local emerged, system field new a when as customs, burial of change the with connection strong t a had use land and calls landscape the of he formation the that states Astill burials; areas; both in same the churchyard clearly was process the differences, of chronological start the “ and goods cemeteries,” grave extensive with cemeteries Anglo o because 1 idea. that to remains archaeological their matched research the thus horse as Hungarians conquering the saw period the of ideal romantic jewellery. Slavic particularly as rings lock tenth the of places funeral the as trinkets cheap few, field the identified he which in Hampel, social or ethnic chronological, their about diagnostic utility. contra and pro argued and them on mostly among S the mainly but the various, that of research for example good A interpretation. ethnic and general in chronology questions: Problems the research Arpadian with of

These cemeteries in Hungarian and German research are called row cemetery ( rowcemetery called are research German and Hungarian in cemeteries These József Hampel, Hampel, József o a eald nlss f h hsrrorpy f h rsac, e Ptr Langó, Péter see research, the of histroriography the of analysis detailed a For

- letüe ds rhr itlles n Ungarn in Mittelalters früher des Alterthümer ao rsac, n sae ta the that states and research, Saxon These debates on Arpadian on debates These the jewellery of the period, thus it is not surprising that research has concentrated concentrated has research that surprising not is it thus period, the of jewellery the eerh no Arpadian into Research te ragmn o te graves the of arrangement the f

rdtoa ly eeeis o mr otn fed eeeis” lhuh hr ar there Although cemeteries.” “field often more or cemeteries” lay traditional rmattan, 2009). See also Péter Langó, “Archaeological Research on the Conquering Conquering the on Research “Archaeological Langó, Péter also See 2009). rmattan, Újabb tanulmányok a honfoglalási kor emlékeiről emlékeiről kor honfoglalási a tanulmányok Újabb

Mortuary Practices and Social Identities in the Middle Ages Middle the in Identities Social and Practices Mortuary

ere established, and thereafter burials were restricted to the churchyard. The process in in process The churchyard. the to wererestricted burials thereafter and established, ere y of Exeter press, 2009), 223 2009), ypress, ofExeter Research

- n h Peitr o te ugras A Review A Hungarians: the of Prehistory the on g jwley a be fcsd n w mi research main two on focused been has jewellery age -

. Granville Astill dealt with the naming of such cemeteries in the the in cemeteries such of naming the with dealt Astill Granville . e r cmtre wih ee sd ewe te bnomn of abandonment the between used were which cemeteries are se age jewellery started with the influen the with started jewellery age CHAPTER ONE - type common most the was This rings. lock ended cemeteries -

age jewellery 2

- This idea was most common at that time as the as time that at common most was idea This 14. An interesting contradiction is that in his previous previous his in that is contradiction interesting An 14. , published in 1905, he used a different, chronological chronological different, a used he 1905, in published , 2

- element of the landscape it could also have created a created have also could it landscape the of element 231. - Saxon Attitudes: How Should Post Should How Attitudes: Saxon 1

- - contain large number of graves, but only only but graves, of number large contain century Hungarians in the Carpathian basin], basin], Carpathian the in Hungarians century eleventh century Slavic population, and population, Slavic century eleventh

[New studies on the material culture of the of culture material the on studies [New medencében medencében ), ), 175 soros temető soros , ed. Duncan Sayer and Howard Howard and Sayer Duncan ed. , [What is hidden by the earth... earth... the by hidden is [What – Amit elrejt a fold... A 10. 10. A fold... a elrejt Amit 340. - 3 iig aros and warriors, riding

tial work of József of work tial lhuh Hampel Although

, ed. Balázs Gusztáv Gusztáv Balázs ed. , hem “open ground ground “open hem , Reihengräberfeld - AD 700 Burials Burials 700 AD Fr more For . e some some e ) CEU eTD Collection so ofthe spread and emergence 8 28 1938) Múzeum, Tiefebene ungarischen 7 6 10 Hungaricae im Syrmien und Slawonien heutigen des magyarság 5 culture], 4 establish to century. able was he eleventh coins with dated the graves using important; also before are chronology the it concerning deny not did he but use, entire its through chronological and ethnic the S examined the of who interpretation Kralovánszky, Alán of studies two the were topic this on step research important next The topic. the neglected decades two for and and century) fourteenth to period (tenth time broader much a in use their determined which rings, Szabó‟s lock Kálmán about as contribution such results, different completely with studies were there Although con Niederle‟s supported Fettich Nándor Bijelo the discuss to here space no is there bound withthe research the so into were group, this in finds of type common most the as rings lock particularly cemeteries, the from jewellery the on Research cemeteries. these to connected artefacts of group the of name cr Niederle Lubor research. later in ingrained became interpretation ethnic the theory), his contradicted that data historical important ignoring uncritically, research previous of results (using weaknesses uncertaint some out pointed himself

Bálint, Bálint, Alán Kralová Alán For a detailed synthethic study of the historiography of the research on the Bijelo Brdo culture, see: Báli see: culture, Brdo Bijelo the on research the of historiography the of study synthethic detailed a For snd áit “ mgasg s z n Bielo ún. az és magyarság “A Bálint, Csanád Kálmán Szabó, Szabó, Kálmán A magyarság A In the following only the most important works of that process will be mentioned, as as mentioned, be will process that of works important most the only following the In Cumania

, and Attila Kiss, “Zur Frage der Bjelo Brdo Kultur. Brdo Bjelo der Frage “Zur Kiss, Attila and , that the appearance of this type of lock ring appeared in the Carpathian and Czech Czech and Carpathian the in appeared ring lock of type this of appearance the that

25 (1973). 25 nszky, “Adatok az ún. S ún. az “Adatok nszky,

4 (1976), (1976), 226. 4 - z löd mga np űeőétréei emlékei művelődéstörténeti nép magyar alföldi Az 29. , ae te ocp o te ieo Brdo Bijelo the of concept the eated

225 [The culture historical remains of the Hungarians of the Great Plain] (Kecskemét: Városi Városi (Kecskemét: Plain] Great the of Hungarians the of remains historical culture [The

- 226. - ne lc rn. e eetd hs bet s mre o ethnicity of marker a as object this rejected He ring. lock ended - called S called

- végű hajkarika kialakulásának és időrendjének kérdéséhez” [Data on the the on [Data kérdéséhez” időrendjének és kialakulásának hajkarika végű -

ended lock rings], rings], lock ended had no ethnic interpretation, ethnic no had - called i hs hoy ad i wr dfntl hs some has definitely work his and theory, his in y – 11. Jahrhundert,” Jahrhundert,” 11. et wih ped n bcm mr significant. more became and spread which cept, Bijelo culture on. Brdo thattime from - ro utr” Hnain ad h so the and [Hungarians kultúra” Brdo - 3 ro eae n detail. in debate Brdo

Archaeologiai Értesítő Értesítő Archaeologiai Bemerkungen zu den ethnischen Verhältnissen Verhältnissen ethnischen den zu Bemerkungen Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Scientiarum Academiae Archaeologica Acta

culture, - utrecihlce ekäe der Denkmäler Kulturgeschichtliche 7

4 later research ignored them ignored research later

hc bcm te official the became which 5 84 (1957): 175 (1957): 84

Later, Jan Eisner, and and Eisner, Jan Later, - called Bjelo Bjelo called 8

- 183. i results His

- Brdo nt, nt, A 6

CEU eTD Collection 12 35. 11 86 1962): Akadémiai, (Budapest: ageHungarians], Arpadian early and period Conquest 10 ofthe so role 9 culture. material unified a had which group a as Hungarians conquering the imagined Váňa generalisation: the is work his with problem The collection. data accurate on work his cont the in least at outstanding, is Váňa Zdeňek of work the of culture material the as both them last the to Conquest the from parts; chronological two in divided he which commoners, the of culture material the separated He Hungarians. the of layer social each of finds typical the identified Avaro the of stratification complex. already was area the of component ethnic the century ninth the of end the by that stated He Avar. were culture (material) and appearance whose incoming the ninth from the Slavs identified the He Hungarians. of culture material the separate to tried He culture. Brdo background. ethnic mixed had who commoners 960 around basin Carpathian the in emerged that jewellery period Avar late of subtype new a as rather but phenomenon, S where sites S multiple where sites Avar late the between relationship the out pointed he and development local a of result the as ring lock type this of identifiedHe period. the of jewellery accessories the dressand with dealthe work Arpadian early and period Conquest the of remains the on published century. tenth the of half second the in basins

Szőke, Ibid., Ibid., Szőke, Alán Kralovánszky, “Adatok az ún. S ún. az “Adatok Kralovánszky, Alán Béla Szőke, “A bjelobrdoi kultúráról” [About the Bijelo Brdo culture], Brdo Bijelo the [About kultúráról” bjelobrdoi “A Szőke, Béla Béla Szőke, Szőke, Béla

third of third - called S called 36 A honfoglaló és kora Árpád kora és honfoglaló A - - ne lc rns ee on. hs h dd o cnie ti a a new a as this consider not did he Thus, found. were rings lock ended 44.

the 960s and 970s, and from that time to the twelfth century, and identified identified and century, twelfth the to time that from and 970s, and 960s the -

ended lock rings]lock ended

- Slav and Hung and Slav

- 7. codnl, e int he Accordingly, 970.

- Archaeologiai Értesítő Értesítő Archaeologiai - ne okrns ee fou were rings lock ended végű hajkarika etnikumjelző szerepéhez” [Data for the ethnic the for [Data szerepéhez” etnikumjelző hajkarika végű the Hungarian commoners. Hungarian the - - kori magyarság régészeti magyarság kori etr popula century arian society, and, using finds from cemeteries, he he cemeteries, from finds using and, society, arian 4

10 9

He also surveyed the concept of the Bijelo the of concept the surveyed also He o mc ltr éa zk‟ suy was study Szőke‟s Béla later much Not 83 (1956): 211 (1956): 83 in f h Craha bsn s Slavs, as basin Carpathian the of tion erpreted it as the jewellery of of jewellery the as it erpreted emlékei nd, and the early Arpadian age age Arpadian early the and nd, emporary situation, as he ba he as situation, emporary Archeologiai Értesítő Archeologiai 12

- Among foreign researchers,foreign Among 212. 11 [Archaeological remains of the the of remains [Archaeological

e oprd h social the compared He -

age Hungarians. In Hungarians. age - 89.

86 (1959): 34 (1959): 86 - marker marker

this this sed -

CEU eTD Collection Majs fieldcemetery, A 1. typical Picture

- Udvari rétek, and a methodan for a and rétek, Udvari 5

alysation: coins alysation: . Kiss 1983. 177. Kiss . 1983.

CEU eTD Collection Karpatenbecken,” im und Jahrhunderts 11. 10. 15 14 Südslowakei.” inder Jahrhundert twelfth X nálezů archeologických 13 b would interpretation ethnic century. mid the in started which phase, later elevent the of third first the until century tenth the of middle the from lasted which phase, early the I, Brdo Bijelo phases: two separated has He view. of point chronological a from mainly problem the on research the influenced contribution extent. small a to only but country, the of middle the in population Slavic local with mixing possible so concluded tothe Hungarians.He the various ofthethat relations interdisciplinary material the re and problems their analysed He researchers. Slav and Hungarian of theories and culture Brdo Bijelo the of represents them. culture material the that stated and commoners Hungarian the of appearance the of beginning the at disappeared him, to according research Hungarian the to similar mid the beginning: earlier an suggested and culture o chronology the revised also He Hungarians. all for not certainly and Hungarians for only characteristic not were they although mounts, of types some or dirhams Arabic as such Hungarians, the of indicators ethnic as artefacts some identify to him led This

Ibid., 248 Ibid., Bálint, Bálint, Jochen Giesler, “Untersuchungen zur Chronologie der Bijelo Brdo Bijelo der Chronologie zur “Untersuchungen Giesler, Jochen - called

etr] century], 14 Jochen Giesler made a detailed analysis of the jewellery of Bijelo Brdo Bijelo of jewellery the of analysis detailed a made Giesler Jochen th of researcher latest The A magyarság A 15

- ieo ro utr i te aeil ean o te ugra cmoes wt a with commoners, Hungarian the of remains material the is culture Brdo Bijelo He stated that the origin of the “culture” cannot be defined yet; he claimed that an that claimed he yet; defined be cannot “culture” the of origin the that stated He 249.

Slovenská Archeologia Archeologia Slovenská 13

, 229 , obolus

- XII století” [Magyers and Slavs in the light of archaeological finds of the tenth to the to tenth the of finds archaeological of light the in Slavs and [Magyers století” XII - 230. For more detailed information see Zdeňek Váňa, “Mad‟ari a Slovane ve světle světle ve Slovane a “Mad‟ari Váňa, Zdeňek see information detailed more For 230. H cnetd h sra o te clue t te as ria of arrival mass the to “culture” the of spread the connected He . Slovenská Archeologia Archeologia Slovenská e desirable, but not but desirable, e

e concept was Csanád Bálint, who discussed all the debates the all discussed who Bálint, Csanád was concept e – 2 (1954) and Anton Točik, “Flachgräberfelder aus dem X. und XI. XI. und X. dem aus “Flachgräberfelder Točik, Anton and (1954) 2 -

eleventh century and lasted until the turn of the eleventh the of turn the until lasted and centuryeleventh with the exception of the end of the “culture,” which, “culture,” the of end the of exception the with Praehistorische Zeitschrift Praehistorische 6

19 (1971). 19 yet - tenth century. Anton Točik‟s opinion was opinion Točik‟s Anton century. tenth possible. He confirmed the result noted result the confirmed He possible.

eleventh century, together with the the with together century, eleventh - Kultur. Ein Beitrag Ein Kultur. h century; and Bijelo Brdo II, the Brdo Bijelo and century; h

56 (1981): 151 (1981): 56 - 152. f the Bijelo Brdo Brdo Bijelo the f

zur Archäoligie des des Archäoligie zur

culture; his culture; - analysed CEU eTD Collection flaringends] Ar the of wear the of remarks [Some karikák.” záródású 21 237. 20 Hungaricae Archaeologicae century.)] fifteenth to thirteenth the of history fashion the for (Data Majs. from mould period 19 139 (2004): Edelény from niello with decorated buckle [A Borsodról.” Évkönyve Múzeum Ottó Hermann of 18 investigations [Archaeological 2010) MTA Intézet, Régészeti kutatása” (Budapest: Kovács, Gyöngyi and Benkő Elek régészeti ed. Hungary], in Age Modern temetők Early the and Ages Middle köröli templom in “A cemeteries], churchyard recent: most the and ered 17 16 t led has situation This difficult. dating precise makes which excavated, partially been only have them of most that namely, situation, research their and cemeteries Bes jewellery. age Arpadian early on those to compared be could which churchyards these of rings, typ particular decades. past the in develop to started latter the on research although churchyards, and cemeteries field to applied be can scheme same t to according century) eleventh (tenth period earlier an to fragments cemetery these dated uncritically researchers ring, lock so the of artefacts some and whene situation; research misleading a to lead This period. the of half second the neglected rather and age Arpadian early the of material the on (over)concentrated researchers that was consequence heaviest The jewellery. age Árpadian a Hungary of Kingdom the of areawidespread created. of behaviour pattern interment the in century eleventh the in that namely, above,

Giesler, Giesler, Zsuzsa Lovag Zsuzsa On this topic see the works of Ágnes Ritoók, “A magyarországi templom körüli temetők feltárásának újabb újabb feltárásának temetők körüli templom magyarországi “A Ritoók, Ágnes of works the see topic this On Gábor János Ódor János Gábor iáy ucá, Nhn mgeyé a Árpád az megjegyzés “Néhány Kulcsár, Mihály áz Révész, Lászó ményei” [New results of excavations of churchyard cemeteries in Hungary], Hungary], in cemeteries churchyard of excavations of results [New ményei”

ides this state of the research, the cause of this situation is the poorness of churchyard of poorness the is situation this of cause the research, the of state this ides 20

h dbt ruhy rjce aoe a a eiu impact serious a had above projected roughly debate The and lock rings with flaring ends, flaring with rings lock and Bjelo - 161. Savaria Savaria - , Brdo lyre as such object, of e

“Árpád

Lr aaú stk Kárpát a csatok alakú “Líra , 22, no. 3 no. 22, , 154 ,

“Anjou

kori pecsétgyűrűk I” [Arpadian age seal rings I], I], rings seal age [Arpadian I” pecsétgyűrűk kori - 155.

kzpo é a oa újk kora a és középkor A (1998): -

kori öntőforma Majsról (Adatok a 13 a (Adatok Majsról öntőforma kori (1996): 249 (1996):

called Bijelo Brdo culture was recovered, such as an S an as such recovered, was culture Brdo Bijelo called

123 7 (1989): 27 e eut o te eerh n h Bijelo the on research the of results he - 137. -

275.

eecbn [Lyre medencében” 21 513 hpd buckles, shaped

- no overall analysis has been made of the material the of made been has analysis overall no oi aiakzrk ieeée kréée. z n köpűs ún. Az kérdéséhez. viseletének karikaékszerek kori - 17 4; ái Wl, Nel dse boz st Edelény csat bronz díszes “Nielló Wolf, Mária 542; or régészete Magyarországon Magyarországon régészete or

7 Although there have been several studies on a on studies several been have there Although

padian - Borsod], Borsod], 16

ver a part of a cemetery was excavated was cemetery a of part a ver - age lock rings. The so The rings. lock age - - 18 hpd uke i buckles shaped A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve Évkönyve Múzeum Ottó Herman A 15. századi viselettörténethez)” [Angevin [Angevin viselettörténethez)” századi 15.

rhombus Folia Archaeologica Folia Folia Archaeologica Archaeologica Folia -

hpd buckles, shaped on the research into into research the on o dating objects from from objects dating o Te rhelg o the of archaeology [The te aptin basin] Carpathian the n - - aldlc ig with rings lock called Brdo culture. The The culture. Brdo Communicationes Communicationes

31 (1980): 31 46 (1997) 46 19 - ended

XLIII

seal 221 - - -

CEU eTD Collection Akadémia Tudományos Magyar (Budapest: 81. 2010), Intézet, Régészeti Kovács Gyöngyi and Benkő Elek ed. Hungary], in Magyarországon Age Modern régészete újkor kora a és középkor 37 (2005): 2004 district,” residential Tóváros – 23 vonDunaújváros” 151 (1975): 26 coins. by dated jewellery century [Thirteenth 22 e housing new a of construction the before operation rescue a was It 2005. and 2003 between has focused research ofArpadian on the medieval Hungarian since period this from settlements published and excavated Árpádian excavated, accordinresearch,as medieval attheArchaeological Kána of village research problem,solve this more ofdatatogether. kinds shouldbeexamined i cemeteries excavated partially mostly poor, the on only based as easy, not is such creating However, desirable. be would commoners of jewellery century thirteenth e although a nolonger gener is this the support to them use researchers time to time from century, thirteenth the of end the least at to tenth the from use in were they because dating that burials, not and hoards, investigatingby out, pointed 1970s the in studies two Although yielded rings. lock and of case debate, the in especially Brdo dating, inadequate Bijelo the by influenced works from cemeteries churchyard

state. In the framework of this project, the whole settlement was excavated: 200 houses, 4 houses, 200 excavated: was settlement whole the project, this of framework the In state.

Preliminary report on the excavation of a village from the Arpadian Period on the territory of the Kőérberek the of territory the on Period Arpadian the from village a of excavation the on report Preliminary György Terei, “Előzetes jelentés a Kőérberek a jelentés “Előzetes Terei, György ádr aái “ézke kleet II sáai kzrk A Nyáregyháza A ékszerek. századi XIII. keltezett “Pénzekkel Parádi, Nándor yry ee drce te xaain f hs ie i te Ih itit f Budapest, of district XIth the in site, this of excavation the directed Terei György this for point starting ideal an is village Kána from material the of investigation The and twelfth the of typochronology precise more a that suggest might this All - 152, see also István Bóna, “Arpadenzeithliche Kirche und Kirchhof im südlichen Stadtgebiet Stadtgebiet südlichen im Kirchhof und Kirche “Arpadenzeithliche Bóna, István also see 152, - 39; see also: György Terei, “Az Árpád “Az Terei, György also: see 39; Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Közleményei KirályMúzeum István Az Regia. Alba - g to the present knowledge it is the largest, or rather the most completely most the largest,rather the or is knowledgeit presentthe gto

age village in the Carpathian basin, Carpathian the in village age

Régé szeti Kutatások Magyarországon Magyarországon Kutatások szeti

al situation. The hoard f Nyáregyháza f hoard The - - age villages from villagesthebeginning.age very Tóváros

8 - Te rhelg o te M the of archaeology [The

- kori Kána falu” [The Arpadian age Kána village] In village] Kána age Arpadian [The falu” Kána kori lakópark lelőhelyen folyó Árpád folyó lelőhelyen lakópark – 23 lock rings are not really suitable for for suitable really not are rings lock

Archaeological Investigations in Hungary Hungary in Investigations Archaeological 16 (1978): 125 (1978): 16

- although there are many partially many are there although Pusztapótharaszt], Pusztapótharaszt], ry aig f aiu features, various of dating arly

- pusztapótharaszti kincslelet.” kincslelet.” pusztapótharaszti - iddle Ages and the Early Early the and Ages iddle 139. t is not feasible. To feasible. not is t

- Folia Archaeologica Folia kori falu feltárásáról feltárásáról falu kori

archaeolog

22 A y -

CEU eTD Collection ofthe coins. 27 1996). Akadémiai, (Budapest: 26 1968], to years1965 the between Tiszaörvény at excavations 25 317 1991): Múzeum, János Damjanich (Szolnok: LászlóMadaras, Tiszafüred ásatások [Settlement objektumok” későközépkori és kori Tiszafüred at Ages k 24 cemetery, the from finds latest The century. fourteenth the from coins and material the of lack the is dating this for argument Another finds. century fourteenth of appearance sporadic twelfth the to dated roughly be can settlement the of culture material the and recovered not were invasion Mongol the after dated coins as foundation, the use the end of the medieval Unfortunately, featuresthe period. settlement from around thereare no it, zone narrow a in even churchyard, the of area the within as village, the of foundation the century. twelfth the of third chronologicalThe framework the settlement of abbey and village. its excavated, were Kána of abbeynearby the of parts some also but village, the only not as fortunate, more even Tiszafüred as such details, w hoard a even case one in cemetery, and church, settlement, the of part significant a where excavations, were there although village, entire excavated previously other excep an is This burials. 1100 nearly with village, the of churchyard the and church the and features, archaeological different of number large a pits, storage large ésőközépkorig a tiszafüredi Morotvaparton” Morotvaparton” tiszafüredi a ésőközépkorig

I would like to thank Márton Kálnoky wouldthank Márton to I like éaHráh “ Horváth, Béla János Katalin H. Gyürky, Gyürky, H. Katalin

A coin of Béla II (1131 II Béla of coin A shadBl rvck n ósf Laszlovszky, József and Kriveczky Béla and Cseh of the cemetery (and the settlement) cannot be determined as precisely as the time of of time the as precisely as determined be cannot settlement) the (and cemetery the of

Előzetes jelentés a z 1965 z a jelentés Előzetes - - 26 Morotvapart], Morotvapart], Morotvaparton [Archaeological excavation at Tiszafüred at excavation [Archaeological Morotvaparton

hc pr which Bd mlet kni ptá feltárása apátság kánai melletti Buda A

Morotvapart 27 vds n potnt t eaie h cneto bten the between connection the examine to opportunity an ovides site offered the opportunity for a complete investigation of an an of investigation complete a for opportunity the offered site Múzeumi Levelek Múzeumi

The foundation of the church possibly happened together with together happened possibly church the of foundation The - 1141) dates the foundation level of the church to the second the to church the of level foundation the dates 1141) - Gyöngyössy, Péter Schmidt and Tamás Csanádi for the identification thefor identification Csanádi Tamás and Schmidt Péter Gyöngyössy, - 68. évi tiszaörvényi feltárásokról” [Preliminary report about the the about report [Preliminary feltárásokról” tiszaörvényi évi 68. [Settlement and burials from the Prehistory to the Late Middle Middle Late the to Prehistory the from burials and [Settlement

features from the Arpadian and Late Middle Ages] in: Régészeti Régészeti Ages]in: Late Middle and Arpadian from the features 24

or Tiszaörvény. or

47 9 - 48 (1985): 3 (1985): 48

as excavated but these are not published in published not are these but excavated as

Archaeologiai Értesítő Archaeologiai “ Településnyomok és temetkezések az őskortól a őskortól az temetkezések és Településnyomok

- [The excavation of Kána abbey near Buda] Buda] near abbey Kána of excavation [The 384. - 27. and also József Laszlovszky, “Árpád Laszlovszky, József also and 27. 25

In case of Kána, the situation is situation the Kána, of case In - hrenh cen thirteenth - Morotvapart] ed. László tálas and and tálas László ed. Morotvapart]

97 (1970): 126 (1970): 97 inl iuto,a no as situation, tional uy ih some with tury, - 133.

- CEU eTD Collection 29 28 also theexpanding village was ofthe However, desertion forthat time. probably the cause the both as too, known, are data archaeological and historical opportunities economic their point certain a to Up abbey. the landlord: ecclesiastical an had settlement The village). any in diverse been have would status (althoug village the of status social the about conclusions Kána of property the of boundaries the within lay village the that clear is it analysis, landscape with this Matching sources. written from known are settlement the hi the of aspects Some here. excavated objects the of interpretation social the feasible analysed thoroughly latter the cemetery, and settlement excavated completely the socialstatusThe of village large finds,is ahighly numbers of sample. representative relatively and graves thousand one than more with Kána, that important also is It there. from a provides it as relati finds, the of dating and interpretation the in advantage great a is which century. some churchyard, and church its with together deserted, was settlement the Probably the period. earlier an in minted were which coins, despite invasion, Mongol the after continuity show pieces These century. fourteenth roug dated be can graves, latest the from belts as such

The cemetery analysis was the core of core was the cemetery The analysis Terei, ve and, to some exte some to and, ve Kána falu Kána The fortunate situation situation fortunate The 28

The cemetery analysis of the churchyard of the village has already been made, been already has village the of churchyard the of analysis cemetery The , 108. ,

nt, absolute nt,

my previous MA thesis at Eötvös Loránd University. Loránd Eötvös at thesis MA my previous refer to vine cultivation in the area, which was profitable at at profitable was which area, the in cultivation vine to refer

historical data completed with archaeological data, a a data, archaeological with completed data historical

chronology of each phase of the graveyard for the finds the for graveyard the of phase each of chronology

ie n h scn hl o ed f h thirteenth the of end or half second the in time 10

hly to the turn of the thirteenth and and thirteenth the of turn the to hly

h not the individuals, as their social their as individuals, the not h

Abbey. All this led to to led this All Abbey.

-- story of of story makes makes 29

CEU eTD Collection 31 grapes. cultivating burgers the to let abbeys theby owned land, of piece a of lease a stated was It Telki. and Kána 30 problematic is other each to connected and Arpadian economy of the society on sources great are themselves in hoards possibilities, and problems a conclusions to lead might which hoard, each family. the of savings and trinkets the as appreciated as just were they as tools, his of value the and hoard the hid who person show This tools. agricultural contained socioeconomic which those the with contained jewellery which clarify hoards the can compare to analysis is possibility Another an finds. the such of interpretation cases some in and accurate, more ob the of dating the make help can settlements and cemeteries, churchyard trustworthy system. existing investigation datingfinds combined thanthe from The of hoards, more provide can sources, archaeological other from data with supported advantage, This research. such for point starting good a are Kána at graves excavated of number large and complexity, size, the still site, single a by dated be cannot country whole a from objects of the discuss will I following, the a and weaknesses In conclusions. new to lead to expected be therefore may finds, same the of evaluations economic or social chronological, different in result may parallels collect and invasion Mongol the of time the from hoards from jewellery with and features settlement diverse from theMethodology present of research Mid late the in even area the in continuous was evidence, charter to according which, viticulture,

For example, the hoard ofNyáregyháza example,the hoard For On this see the charter nr. DL 98067. The charter was issued by the bishop of Veszprém for the abbots of of abbots the for Veszprém of bishop the by issued was charter The 98067. DL nr. charter the see this On dle Ages. In the present research I will compare the finds from the cemetery of Kána with finds with Kána of cemetery the from finds the compare will I research present the In 30

dvantages of finds from burials and from hoards. Although clearly groups clearly Although hoards. from and burials from finds of dvantages -

g rrl epe Hwvr te eerh iuto i wih hy are they which in situation research the However, people. rural age

n otmoay ugr. ifrn acaooia contexts archaeological Different Hungary. contemporary in - 31 Pusztapótharaszt,. see: Parádi, see: Parádi, Pusztapótharaszt,.

Another possibility is to investigate the environment of environment the investigate to is possibility Another

and this has an impact on the source value of these these of value source the on impact an has this and 11 bout the possible owners. Summarising these these Summarising owners. possible the bout

Pénzekkel keltezett ékszerek keltezett Pénzekkel s the profession of the the of profession the s jects of the period the of jects of Pest Maior Pest , 119. ,

for

CEU eTD Collection Társa, és Szinovszky (Budapest: Hungary] medieval from hoards coin 1996.) age Arpadian 156 the of [Synthesis 34 33 295. 2004): Landesmuseum, in 32 mor to connected be mainly can periods earlier in hidden were which hoards The contents. and extent their of analysis an for suitable hoards these makes which society, and country whole the affected crisis the as (1241 Hungary of invasion Mongol the Ages, (1131 II Béla by minted was it period: same the century. the of half second the with associated be can hoards More numerous. not are they and century eleventh the of half first the from the come age, hoards earliest Arpadian the In mixture. a or work, agricultural to related tools other or sickles iron cases some in jewellery, coins, contain may hoards These excavations. archaeological fromcome them of some but work, agricultural unintentionally,mainlyduring situa political insecure of k some to connected be can cases most in which hoard, the of dating loose a give always coins The latest places. could occurredindifferent society, have situations as critical different su short archaeological the see context) and context numismatic the (on hoards of interpretation and terminology the On valuables. their hide owners the made which danger perceived of kind some indicates Hoards cemeteries hoards, from finds of investigation (especiallygrave settlement isdated and features. by the a when coin), joint the is this for solution The finds.

Ernő Saltzer, Saltzer, Ernő Parádi, von Fuchsenhof”, Schatzfund dem aus Rohmaterialen und metallenenTrachtbestandteile “Die StefanKrabath, Der Schatzfund von Fuchsenhof von Schatzfund Der

Hoards are always connected to so to connected always are Hoards

33 Pénzekk

The coin which appears most frequently in the Arpadian age hoards comes from comes hoards age Arpadian the in frequently most appears which coin The A történelmi Magyarország területén fellelt 156 Árpádházi éremkincslelet összefüggő áttekintése áttekintése összefüggő éremkincslelet Árpádházi fellelt 156 területén Magyarország történelmi A el keltezett ékszerekkeltezett el

b - chapter in Fuchsenhof. in chapter in ete lcl r regional. or local either tion, , ed. Bernhard Prokisch and Thomas Kühtreiber (Linz: Oberoesterreichisches Oberoesterreichisches (Linz: Kühtreiber Thomas and Prokisch Bernhard ed. , lcl niet. eas o tae n mntr sses the systems, monetary and trade of Because incidents. local e

, 126. ,

me kind of crisis, as the cause of the act of hiding of act the of cause the as crisis, of kind me 12 - 1242

- 1141). 32

) resulted in a specific horizon of hoards, of horizon specific a in resulted ) This could have affected all layers of the of layers all affected have could This 34

Within many hoards of the Middle the of hoards many Within eleventh century and the twelfth the and century eleventh

ot ors oe o light to come hoards Most

ol, mainly tools, ind

CEU eTD Collection Hungaricae Scientiarum Academiae 35 own their mint to started nobles as Empire Roman Holy the in emerged mints more century qualit good but market, the satisfy to able not were coins Hungarian the that was spread extensive and fast the of cause The Hungary. medieval of area whole the over north the from Danube the of line the along route, spre The West. the to directed completely was trade Hungarian when century, thirteenth the of half first the in flourish to started mints and mines the However, Veit. St. in Carinthia of prince the and Friesach in Salzburg of archbishop the century, twelfth the of half first the in earliest, The Pfennig.” “Friesacher of name collective the earned they similarity their of Because diverse. were looks their although ecclesi so the are but kings, Hungarian of coins the not are invasion Mongol the of hoards the in coins i an make could king the so ones minted year newly for previous the of coins the exchange to had People silver. of amount less and less contained which year every coins new minted Hungary of kings the as needs, local started Hun the However, money. in services their demanding landlords economy; money and the system with market advanced together more a happened of This development transaction. money developed more required which a already was trade Hungarian century, twelfth the of end the At hoards. the of content the on impact an had also which economy money the in change a caused century thirteenth the of half first the in and twelfth the of end the at HungarianByzantine and kings rulers. of mintings rather but coins, Western contain not do hoards century twelfth and eleventh

- Istvá calledFriesach Gdi “rme üzn m aptneks u dn 11 den aus Karpatenbeckes im Münzen “Fremde Gedai, n sia laes itd hi on on, hc wr smlr n ult ad style, and quality in similar were which coins, own their minted leaders astical Changes in political relations and the direction of tradetogether of direction the and relations political in Changes denarius

, which contained a constant amount of silver. Various, which amountofsilver.a containedsecularand constant

21 (1969): 111. See also Saltzer, Saltzer, also See 111. (1969): 21 ncome. Considering this it is not surprising that most of the of most that surprising not is it this Considering ncome. y money was minted in close proximity. In the thirteenth the In proximity. close in minted was money y 35

tbe ate i Wsen uoen trade, European Western in partner stable ad of the Friesach mints shows the same the shows mints Friesach the of ad garian coins could not even satisfy the the satisfy even not could coins garian 156 Árpádházi éremkincslelet Árpádházi 156 - 13. 13. Jahrhuderten” Jahrhuderten”

with the lack of silver silver of lack the with Acta Archaeologica Archaeologica Acta

were minted by by minted were

CEU eTD Collection 79. 2007): Múzeum, MagyarNemzeti coins], by dated invasion, 39 459 2003): Osiris, Nagy (Budapest: Balázs ed. invasion], 38 37 36 animals, or land as such forms other in kept been have must people of property the of amount social a provide to possible it made spread, diffused their and hoards the of number large the with together This, population. rural the among even circulation, money everyday in trade, retail in role great a played denarius, IVthese coinstoBélawell. couldbe as related numbers large relatively in hoards these in appear they because reconsideration; need might the but III, Béla to related as researchers by defined anonymous are coins the of Most hoards. the in minority a are (1200 Salzburg of Eb of mints the are invasion Mongol the of hoards the in coins latest the Typically, century. thirteenth the of half first the in popular most the were they but century, Pfennigs”. “Friesach stable the in Acc savings their kept people but coins, valuable less value. stable had which coins produced have could oc that bullion famine and silver general the of because as a coins, possible Friesach the made of region production Harz flourishing the and Britain in mines the of collapse the with together counts t as such coins, archaeology]. and invasion [Mongol régészet” és “Tatárjárás Laszlovszky, József Ian Blanchard, Blanchard, Ian Gedai, sb Tt, A tatár “A Tóth, Csaba rig o hs iuto, reah on apae i Hnay t h ed f h twelfth the of end the at Hungary in appeared coins Friesach situation, this to ording

of Fremde Münzen Fremde By the mid the By

Görz Mining, Metallurgy a Metallurgy Mining, curred in the first half of the thirteenth century, only these mines and mints and mines these only century, thirteenth the of half first the in curred

he in

- 1246), and Bernhard, prince of Carinthia (1202 Carinthia of prince Bernhard, and 1246), princes thirteenth century, money circulation, and especially the use the especially and circulation, money century, thirteenth Lienz járás korának pénzzel keltezett kincsleletei” [The hoards of the age of the Mongol Mongol the of age the of hoards [The kincsleletei” keltezett pénzzel korának járás

, 111 , A tatárjárás tatárjárás A - . 113. 36

h fruae iuto o te ie i te ra f Friesach of area the in mines the of situation fortunate The

Andechs

nd Minting in the MiddleAges. the in Minting nd [The Mongol invasion], ed. Ágnes Ritoók and Éva Garam (Budapest: (Budapest: Garam Éva and Ritoók Ágnes ed. invasion], Mongol [The - economic interpr economic

ea, the Meran, 14 39 - 460.

bishops

The everyday money economy used the used economy money everyday The tto o h ors Ee fa great a if Even hoards. the of etation latest research suggests that this idea idea this that suggests research latest

(Stuttgart: Steiner, 2001): 708 2001): Steiner, (Stuttgart:

of Bamberg bracteates - 1256). Hungarian coins Hungarian 1256). Tatárjárás Tatárjárás erhard II, archbishop II, erhard

in , which have been been have which ,

Villach of the silver the of [The Mongol Mongol [The - 710. ,

and

the 38

CEU eTD Collection 738 2004): Landesmuseum, Oberoesterreichisches (Linz: Kühtreiber Thomas and Ber 43 92. 2004): Landesmuseum, (Linz: Oberoesterreichisches Kühtreiber, Scha 42 11 2004): Landesmuseum, 41 40 or century) fifteenth and fourteenth the of half (second period later rather a from are sources them. descri the but value, the only not examined They itself. jewellery the written about also and stones the and metals precious about examined sources Researchers possible. was finds the of evaluation accurate an and numisma only not research; broader for opportunity (1272 IV Ladislaus king, Hungarian the of mintings are which coins, latest the by determined be can smi more or probably one to connected high, be can particularly hoard the because is hoard this in jewellery of items of number The materials. semi and fragmented, (whole, of pieces 360 than more conta hoard The Austria. Upper in Freistadt of town the near 1997 in Hungarian kings. a detailed and complexity, size, its of because outstanding is which Fuchsenhof, of hoard the is those of One important. methodologically are them of some but studies, the of all review cannot to possible it make classify them. contents and value diverse their and hoards the of number large the Gertrud Blaschitz and Stefan Krabath, “Schmuck im mittelalterlichen Alltag unter besonderer besonderer unter Alltag mittelalterlichen im “Schmuck Krabath, Stefan and Blaschitz Gertrud des Anteil numismatische “Der Winter, Heinz and Prokisch, Bernhard Emmerig, Hubert Alram, Michael ed., Kühtreiber, Thomas and Prokisch Bernhard Laszlovszky, ücksichtigung des Schatzfundes von Fuchsenhof,” in: in: Fuchsenhof,” von Schatzfundes des ücksichtigung zuds o Fcsno, in: Fuchsenhof,” von tzfundes 43

The hoard of Fuchsenhof is one of the largest and most recent finds. It was discovered Itwas recentfinds. most and largest the of one is Fuchsenhof of hoard The de have Researchers They also examined the appearance of jewellery in orders for clothes, however, these however, clothes, for orders in jewellery of appearance the examined also They nalysis, together with its Hungarian relation: mintings of some thirteenth some of mintings relation: Hungarian its with together nalysis, - 1290). Tatárjárás és Tatárjárás 40

h uuuly ih ubr f eelr ies lo rvdd the provided also items jewellery of number high unusually The

- 12. régészet

alt with hoards beyond hoards with alt

, 460 , e Shtfn vn Fuchsenhof von Schatzfund Der tos n ieay ore aot h bles once to connected beliefs the about sources literary in ptions - 461.

Der Schatzfund von Fuchsenhof von Schatzfund Der 15 Der Schatzfund von Fuchsenhof von Schatzfund Der

the area of medieval Hungary; t Hungary; medieval of area the tic, but also detailed technical analysis, analysis, technical detailed also but tic, - finished) jewellery, and diverse raw raw diverse and jewellery, finished)

th‟s workshop. th‟s

ed. Bernhard Prokisch and Thomas Thomas and Prokisch Bernhard ed. - 741.

ined around 7000 coins, 7000 around ined (Linz: Oberoesterreichisches Oberoesterreichisches (Linz:

The date of hiding of date The ed. Bernhard Prokisch Bernhard ed. his paper paper his - century

CEU eTD Collection 45 44 site, a of search repeated and finds, old of reconsideration the for examples positive some are There results. false no be will there complete presumed not are which hoards of quality i However, solution. perfect no is there problem this For found. were them of all not or museum, the reached finds the all not that happened have might it and find accidental an was it as not, or fragmented is hoard a if decide to hard ev In unknown. is content and size original the and fragmented are finds cases, many In problem. first the causes finds these of discovery unintentional/accidental environment. t mostly connected be can which invasion, Mongol the the of time with the from comparable hoards hardly is environment urban and/or noble a from century and fifteenth fourteenth the from evidence written The relevant. be can jewellery and coins about conclu social and chronological the Still, sources. written relevant the are so and here, study because slightly islimited Fuchsenhof hoard the of than tobe is discussed later theones possibili research the also important. exact. more are that results give but r also Holland of counts the of calculationbooks century fourteenth The environment. royal a from and century fourteenth the from are sources the too. aspect, this for important areinvestigation this of results the toHungarian and researchers, available thatis thenumber larger than hoard ismuch this with connected be can that sources written of number The sources. written in appeared dif a from

Blaschitz and Krabath, Krabath, and Blaschitz 751. Ibid., hr ae ay rbes ih h itrrtto o te ors The hoards. the of interpretation the with problems many are There The versatile investigation of the find of Fuchsenhof is exemplary and demonstrates demonstrates and exemplary is Fuchsenhof of find the of investigation versatile The

eet ra Fac ad Spain). and (France area ferent

Fuchsenhof is f ors Hwvr te s o ter eut ad ehd i this in methods and results their of use the However, hoards. of ties

, , 745 - 746. 45

The investigation of the organisation of goldsmiths is goldsmiths of organisation the of investigation The

hy lo netgtd rcs f eelr that jewellery of prices investigated also They 16

te eerh osdr te fragmented the considers research the f epresent an aristocratic environment, environment, aristocratican epresent

The problem is that most of most that is problem The en more cases, it is it cases, more en o the rural rural the o

therefore sions - CEU eTD Collection 19 Múzeum, társtudományok a és numizmatika Árpád késő S hoards. the period. of catalog the detailed from a hoards has fifty study and other hundred no However, one was than more are settlement there Székely the V. György where to according example, Szank, is that of example good A 48 values. different Tóth, see: Mongols, the by completelydestroyed have which site one from 47 invasion], ofthe Mongol 46 as material), recorded or (published, research of state the augment to likely however, is, This the of fin fragmented more, stageare there as research, first the only considered be should this that admits he although them, of 87 of interpretation Spatial hoards the same financialstatus and social social the of uncertainty the status, economic and social between difference the is problem other int overall the influence heavily not does it cases,but individual owner its of wealth the of proportion tiny a represents only hoard above mentioned situation The problem. this for compensate can hoards of number relativel The money. into possessions other turn to way possible no was there and suddenly came crisis the as hide not could he which property other have not did hoard a hid contemporary standa the represent necessarily not does which crisis of moment a reveal hoards these why is That way. normal a in behave not do people situation critical the of because therefor quickly, happens a in it that hidden is invasion Mongol the like crisis a of features important were most of One situation. critical hoards the that is problems all nearly of basis The finds. the of spread recov complete the in result may

Laszlovszky, “Social Stratification,” 51 Stratification,” “Social Laszlovszky, Tóth, Tóth, Attila Jakab, “Tatárjárás kori kincslelet Tyukod kincslelet kori “Tatárjárás Jakab, Attila - rds. The points of this problem were mentioned above; one cannot know that whoever that know cannot one above; mentioned were problem this of points The rds. legal status, and the fact that not all individuals in the population of a village were of were village a of population the in individuals all not that fact the and status, legal A tatárjárás kin tatárjárás A Csaba Tóth recently collected the hoards of the age of Mongol invasion. He identified identified He invasion. Mongol of age the of hoards the collected recently Tóth Csaba - 94), 118. 94), kori éremleletek keltezéséhez” [Notes for the dating of late Arpadian age coin finds], finds], coin age Arpadian late of dating the for [Notes keltezéséhez” éremleletek kori

csleletei

A Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum évkönyve Múzeumévkönyve András Jósa Nyíregyházi A e, there is no time to prepare for it. Another important feature is that that is feature important Another it. for prepare to time no is there e, , 79. First footnote. Some researchers mention a larger number of hoards, for hoards, of number larger a mention researchers Some footnote. First 79. ,

[Numismatics and its disciplines], ed. Ádám Nagy (Szeged: Móra Ferenc Ferenc Móra (Szeged: Nagy Ádám ed. disciplines], its and [Numismatics

ery of the finds. the of ery - . 54. The latter probl latter The 54. 47

A tatárjárás kincsleletei tatárjárás A - Bagolyvárról” [Hoard from Tyukod from [Hoard Bagolyvárról” ds, which are presumably from the same period. same the from presumably are which ds, 17

46 em is most obvious when there are several hoards hoards several are there when obvious most is em

This can also affect the research on the on research the affect also can This ee also: György V. Székely, “Megjegyzések a a “Megjegyzések Székely, V. György also: ee 49 (2007): 247 (2007): 49 , 86 , erpretation of the hoards. The The hoards. the of erpretation - 87.

may have been true in in true been have may - - 296. Bagolyvár from the age age the from Bagolyvár

– y large large y

that a that 48 A

CEU eTD Collection country, Szabolcs of territory the in Hungary, Northeast concentrated; hoards of number high especially an more was invasion the where Danube, the of more found be can hoards research reveal museum.Tóth„sthat reached a finds of the atsome cases least in most

- between Szatmár -

Bereg and in Hajdú in and Bereg

the or less over the whole country, but more can be found on the territory east territory the on found be can more but country, whole the over less or

Tisza Tisza

and Danube, - Bihar County in a smaller area in the middle of the of middle the in area smaller a in County Bihar

in today‟s destructive. However, there are two areas where areas two are there However, destructive. 18

Pest and

Bács - Kiskun

counties . This

CEU eTD Collection 3. Picture 2. Picture

The hoard of hoard Tyukod The The distribution of hoards connected to the Mong to connected hoards distributionof The - Bagolyvár. Jakab Bagolyvár. - Balázs 2007. 12. 2007. Balázs 19

ol invasi ol

on of Hungary by ofonHungary Tóth

2007 ,

81.

CEU eTD Collection in fashion, thereor use, isineveryday as theobject 51 50 49 more were which fashionable, newer items. family, the in use current in were hoar that Hence, trinkets items. the jewellery contained probably of number the than larger much is coins of number the ones, largest the of case in even idea; this supports hoards of feature Another coins. did they sold be to had it adaptableas less jewellerywasthe but it, for need atherewas if spent easily be could coins practical: is this for explanation The it. hid people when time the of fashion the represents it well. as times previous from crisis case incaseof ofjewellery, However, in coins be may there although hiding, the of date the gives mints latest the coins of case the In treasure. as collected were which jewellery and coins on. going still was production that means which use, everyday in were they when period the shows definitely it but assumed), be can it condition, mint in are objects the when mainly cases, some in (although made were in jewellery the when date exact the define not does hiding of date the Naturally, 5 a to hoard each of hiding dating in useful incredibly is This advantage. an as regarded be also can moment, that represent jewelleryHoards indating state of research. probably Transylvania of area the in hoards the of absence The shows

Tóth, A tatárjárás kincsleletei, 79. kincsleletei, A tatárjárás Tóth, 79 kincsleletei, A tatárjárás Tóth, Logically, the period of production and the period of everyday use should be about the same because as long long as because same the about be should use everyday of period the and production of period the Logically,

two aspects: the intensity of the invasion and the development of the money economy. economy. money the of development the and invasion the of intensity the aspects: two the objects of the hoards, as the numismatic research made it possible to date the the date to possible it made research numismatic the as hoards, the of objects the The basic situation of these finds, that people hid them in a time of crisis and they and crisis of time a in them hid people that finds, these of situation basic The

first. Because of that, people might not have collected jewellery in the way the in jewellery collected have not might people that, of Because first. 49

- -

80. interval, year 10

The explanation for this m this for explanation The is a market for it, which requires production. whichrequires marketit, for a is 20 50 they presumably hid what was in use, and thus inuse, was what they hid presumably

hc cno b si aot h jewellery. the about said be cannot which ight be that hoards contain hoards that be ight has a different cause: the cause: different a has

the hoards hoards the ds ds CEU eTD Collection Museum National Hungarian the in held conference the 13 between of Presentations cemeteries. churchyard medieval előadásai konferencia kutatása megtartott temetők körüli templom középkori resu and Kápolna:possibilities 53 Mare: Transilvania din Ecclesias medievala religioasa Arhitectura 52 completely. Kápolna, Szállásföldek, Kána). Krasn Váhom, nad Moravany (Ducové, period Arpadian the to dated partially least at been have and completely excavated were which cemeteries eight only are there Basin Carpathian the In cemeteries. dating with problem greatest The cemeteries. from parallels with lies cases most in objects the dating for basis the connected, rarely is cemeteries and hoards into research as and significant, is cemeteries from material Mon the of hoards the of horizon notable the in jewellery of appearance the and cemeteries (churchyard) of impoverishment the of consequence in era, Arpadian the of half second the in somewhat changed situation this Although jewellery. In contrast,and from thereareburials notmanyperiod. frequ hoards this away), it throw to valuable too still was material raw the damaged, was artefact the or longer always are settlements in found artefacts following: the is this for reason The features. settlement or hoards in than graves in up turned jewellery more far era Arpadian the of half first the field and churchyardcemeterie Churchyard cemeteries

Ágnes Ritoók, “A templom körüli temetők felfedezése” [The discovery of churchyard cemeteries] in in cemeteries] churchyard of discovery [The felfedezése” temetők körüli templom “A Ritoók, Ágnes ge Rtó, “Zalavár Ritoók, Ágnes

Editura Muzeului Sătmărean, 2007), 255. 2007), Sătmărean, Muzeului Editura

The problems of churchyard cemeteries are particularly important, as finds from both from finds as important, particularly are cemeteries churchyard of problems The rare, as in most cases these are lost pieces (even if they did not want to use it any it use to want not did they if (even pieces lost are these cases most in as rare, ia Acietr i Transylvania in Architecture tical 53 - 16

Ducové th

of May], Opuscula Hungarica 6 (Budapest: Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Magyar Nemzeti (Budapest: 6 Hungarica Opuscula ofMay], 54 , Főnyed o,

52 and Kána have be have Kána and

An even greater problem is that among these cemeteriesgreater even among these problemZalavár onlyAn that is t o a eeey nlss in: analysis] cemetery a of lts - áon: g tmt eezs eeőée é eemne” [Zalavár eredményei” és lehetőségei elemzés temető egy Kápolna: “ I m akn i te aly f h sao o dea of shadow the of valley the in walking am I [“…

- s are the source, where majority of the material comes from. In thematerial source, wherecomes majorityof from. s are the óysa Esztergom Gólyásfa,

objects from burials is the lack of analysed and published and analysed of lack the is burials from objects

- 4, ed. Péter Levente Szőcs and Adrian Andrei Rusu (Satu (Satu Rusu Andrei Adrian and Szőcs Levente Péter ed. 4,

en analysed and none of them have them of none and analysed en Mga Nmei úema, 03 mjs 13 május 2003. Múzeumban, Nemzeti Magyar A 21 -

Középkori egyházi építészet Erdélyben Erdélyben építészet egyházi Középkori - sdd Zalavár Zsidód, … hll ryknk ögée járok”. völgyében árnyékának halál a “… gol invasion. Still, the amount of amount the Still, invasion. gol - áon, Hajdúdorog Kápolna, ently some contained

2005), 173 2005),

th.” Research into into Research th.” been published been - 183. - -

6 között 16. Medieval

A - - - CEU eTD Collection 11. zum bis 6. vom Donau mittleren der 391 1996), Slovakia, Academyof the Veda, (Bratislava: Zabojnik Jozef and Bialeková an Verhältnisse kulturelle und Etnische in: Jahrhunder,.” 13. dem vor Kirchenfriedhöfen und Reihengräberfeldern sog. den zwischen Beziehungen der 54 be can objects some of use the consequence, In this. recognise to impossible not if hard, quite is it adults for but well, as adults with happened have could This property. own his/her h not must which clothing, or jewellery of piece old worn, a with buried is child a when obvious most is situation This deceased. the by not least at or life, everyday in use in rank, his/her define not did deceased fr jewellery the with buried objects the time this As well. as grave regardedasbe always to generation from passed cloth was Therefore, generation. which heirloom an been have might it did, it if even or deceased, the to belonged have not might grave the in jewellery the clothes; the as problems dress the only Howe cases remain. most jewellery and in accessories as questions, these answer cannot usually better Archaeology or clothes regular own, the person, deceased clothed a of case the In shroud. a in or clothed dead: the buried they way the about tell accessories dress burials, of case the In together. dead the and grievers the or deceased the or them represent might jewelleryor thedress they thedead, buried way dead. the Therefore the towards burials) concerning customs and law the (besides attitude their represents and grieving are who people for held always is ceremony The detail. in investigated been yet not h problem this period, Arpadian the In fashion. everyday the represent necessarily not do graves from objects because way different a in regarded be should cemeteries from material

Alexander Ruttkay, “Mittelalterlicher Ruttkay, Alexander

The om graves can be considered as re as considered be can graves om

oe rcs dtn o te bet fo had i a ra avnae s the as advantage great a is hoards from objects the of dating precise more

- es, jewellery, and the dress accessories of the deceased should should deceased the of accessories dress the and jewellery, es, clothes

Friedhof in Ducové, Flur Kostolec, Bez. Trnava: Beitrag zum Studium Studium zum Beitrag Trnava: Bez. Kostolec, Flur Ducové, in Friedhof - ult cohs o smtig opeey different. completely something or clothes, quality --

which in some cases could have been everydayclothes been have cases could some in which

ver, the artefacts in the grave present the same same the present grave the in artefacts the ver, question is whether they buried the dead in his/her his/her in dead the buried they whether is question 22 - used objects which might no longer have been been have longer no might which objects used

accessories in the graves, inthe accessories – 409. Ja hrhundert

e: Dana ed: , ave been been ave as as

CEU eTD Collection Hejőkeresztúr], 58 Hungaricae Scientiarum 57 56 Bács (Kiskunfélegyháza: hagyaté kunok in relations], Cuman possible their and Kiskunság Southern the of hoards century 14 Kiskunság déli peri that of hoards in the about use, information more longer For years. much hundred a show even cases which some of many centuries, next the of hoards the to contrast some shows This worn. be can which jewellery contained invasion 55 Magdolna by collected recently were Szilágyi sites rural These inside. corpses with situation, critical a of signs show pits, or houses features, settlement the of Some ways. different in return. could one no cases some in dead, the buriedand ruins the up cleaned settlement the to returned who people as rare, is destruction of evidence untouched the Although settlements. destroyed invasion: Destroyed settlements or sealarefrom butthey rings) cemeteries, churchyard known ingraves rarely. appear c most the that This seen. be is problem the it, can summarising but chapter, next the in difference detail in discussed be will dichotomy slight a cemeteries contemporary from and hoards from of dating the in gap a is there that implies graves hoards of composition The recovered. were jewellery and coins both fromwhere information collect to is situation research this for solution The cemeteries. identified. still be can usage its but anymore, likely not is object the of production the when artefact, the of appearance latest the and used, and made probably most was jewellery of type particular a when period the object: extended.

Laszlovszky, Mária Wolf, “Árpád Wolf, Mária Clearly, this could have happened with hoards as well, but until now no hoards connected to the Mongol Mongol the to connected hoards no now until but well, as hoards with happened have could this Clearly, adla zlgi “eihd Árpádian “Perished Szilágyi, Magdolna nte tp o acaooia suc hs rsre te oet f th of moment the preserved has source archaeological of type Another 57 55 (Hejőkeresztúr

The dichotomy in dating could be dissolved by apply by dissolved be could dating in dichotomy The Tatárjárás és régészet és Tatárjárás ka npádrákr itl uaó 8 találk 8. kutatói fiatal népvándorláskor A ommon types of jewellery found in hoards (such as lock rings with flare ends ends flare with rings lock as (such hoards in found jewellery of types ommon - 15. századi kincsleletei és azok lehetséges kun vonatkozásai” [The fourteenth and fifteenth fifteenth and fourteenth [The vonatkozásai” kun lehetséges azok és kincsleletei századi 15. [„Cuman - kori település Hejőkeresztúr határában” [Arpadian age settlement in the boundaries of boundaries the in settlement age [Arpadian határában” Hejőkeresztúr település kori 56

63 (2012):174 63 Kiskun Megyei Önkormányzat Múzeumi Szervezete, 2009), 74. 2009), Szervezete, Múzeumi Önkormányzat Megyei Kiskun

These completely destroyed settlements destroyed completely These - - picture‟ The remains of the Cumans of Hungary], ed. Rosta Szabolcs Szabolcs Rosta ed. Hungary], of Cumans the of remains The picture‟ Vizekköze, finds from graves and finds from hoards. By comparing jewellery jewellery comparing By hoards. from finds and graves from finds

, 457 , - 175. - 48. 58

dated to a significantly earlier period, although many pieces are are pieces many although period, earlier significantly a to dated -

g villa age

h pro o ue a b takd y id from finds by tracked be can use of period The Cegléd, 23 ge at Dunaföldvár,” Dunaföldvár,” at ge

59 ozójának előadásai előadásai ozójának

D unaföldvár preserve the moment of crisis of moment the preserve ing a double dating for each for dating double a ing ca rhelgc Academiae Archaeologica Acta - ó hegy, Ló Te rsnain o te 8 the of presentations [The „Kun od see: Gábor Hatházi, “A Hatházi, Gábor see: od -

kép‟ A magyarországi A kép‟ 60

Mongol e Szabolcs

th -

CEU eTD Collection tatarjaraskori_kincslelet_szank_hatarabol hoar 62 Archaeologica Folia 61 60 52 2007), tatárjárás Megyei Veszprém (Veszprém: Perémi 59 S. Ágota ed. period], 169 1999), Múzeumi Igazgatóság, migration the of researchers young of meeting a of body uncovered accidentally work construction the 1950s in jewellery, some and money of amount small a of hoard a Besides unearthed. been archaeological with connected be can This away. ran then and houses their burnt horses, their killed silver), (gold, valuables their hid people that writes He destroyed. was it under city the but itself, defend could castle stone attack. the during behaviour people‟s Rogerius‟s in Esztergom the and invasion Mongol the of destruction the aboutsources written arethere as extended, more evenare residents. researchopportunities the context, the of one to belong necessarily not did house that in up turned that headpiece golden the Therefore, place. this in them with together objects valuable their f not did they searched, were ruins the later much not Although them. around burnt house the but refuge, sought house) the of inhabitants the only (not village the of people where unearthed more interpreted be can site of type this cases, exceptional In cemeteries. and hoards both from missing is which thing, same the represent accessories and clothes their pits), (houses, features such in bodies of moment a represent they because useful also are reconstructed. features settlement These entire is an Hejőkeresztúr household and by that , Kisfalud

Szilágyi, Gyöngyi Gulyás, “Egy elpusztult falu Cegléd határában”[A destroyed settlement on the edge of Cegléd], Cegléd], of edge the on settlement destroyed határában”[A Cegléd falu elpusztult “Egy Gulyás, Gyöngyi Unpublished material. The best summary is: Gábor Wilhelm, “Tatárjáráskori kincslelet Szank határából.” [A [A határából.” Szank kincslelet “Tatárjáráskori Wilhelm, Gábor is: summary best The material. Unpublished svn oo, Vräfg Brct br i Asrbn ds ofs Szabolcs Dorfes des Ausgrabung die über Bericht “Vorläufige Fodor, István d from the age of the Mongol Invasion from the edge of Szank] Szank] of edge the from Invasion Mongol the of age the from d ind everything, as the excavated remains make it clear that people hid themselves and themselves hid people that clear it make remains excavated the as everything, ind - 61 53. [The Mongol invasion], ed. Ágnes Ritoók and Éva Garam (Budapest: Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Múzeum, Nemzeti Magyar (Budapest: Garam Éva and Ritoók Ágnes ed. invasion], Mongol [The Perished village Perished . mn tee ie cmlt hue wr ecvtd n pbihd ny at only published and excavated were houses complete sites these Among ).

26 (1975):26 176

like a hoard. At the site of Szank, part of a destroyed house was was house destroyed a of part Szank, of site the At hoard. a like , 161 , Carmen Miserabile Carmen - 164. - 170. - 177.

(last accessed: May 2013 May accessed: (last

evidence, as some traces of the Mongol invasion have have invasion Mongol the of traces some as evidence,

24 is such example, in w in example, such is

the everyday life of these people, just as the as just people, these of life everyday the .)

gold

http://sirasok.blog.hu/2010/03/26/ http://sirasok.blog.hu/2010/03/26/ mt wt hs belongings, his with smith hich he describes that the the that describes he hich - ifld m ar 1971 Jahre am Kisfalud 62

n n urban an In

- 73”, 73”, A

CEU eTD Collection pieces. as lost considered be should they doubted, cannot be deposition ofconscious thewhereaction 66 65 64 63 investigation, asof theytheperiod thefashion represent actual studied. this for source best the are lost, probably were which finds, Those deposition. of situation from finds of w investigation which the settlements, is solution best the problem, this solve To finds. these of value source the influences which crisis, is to connected are they situation the However, t for sources great are themselves in hoard. each of context family. the of saving and jewellery like j were they as tools, his of value the and hoard, the hid who person the of profession the implies with clearly This tools. occurs agricultural contain that possibility hoards research different A objects. these of aspects different highlight t weaknesses, and advantages different has each as sources different have to has social the augment cases settl Summary focus. will paper present the which on above, described those than differently interpreted be should in himself hide to tried who

For an outstanding example for such an investigation see: Jakab, see: Jakab, such investigation an for example an outstanding For ofNyáregyháza hoard example,the For Laszlovszky, Considering the relatively greater value of these artefacts and the value of their raw material, except for cases, cases, for except material, raw their of value the and artefacts these of value greater relatively the Considering ements can help make the dating of the objects of the period more precise and in some some in and precise more period the of objects the of dating the make help can ements

cmie ivsiain f h fns rm ors cucyr cmtre, and cemeteries, churchyard hoards, from finds the of investigation combined A

Tatárjárás

r ete ls o trw away thrown or lost either ere , 458 , 65

Summarising the problems an problems the Summarising - economic interpretation of the finds. An accurate typochronology accurate An finds. the of interpretation economic - 461.

gan pit. grain a

- Pusztapótharaszt, see: Parádi, Parádi, see: Pusztapótharaszt, he economy and society of Arpadian age rural people. rural age Arpadian of society and economy he 63 64

eas o te ifrn cnet tee remains these context, different the of Because nte psiiiy s h ivsiain f the of investigation the is possibility Another 25

66 d possibilities discussed above discussed possibilities d Tatárjáráskori kincslelet Tatárjáráskori

ust as appreciated as the small items small the as appreciated as ust n teeoe ersn a different a represent therefore and Pénzekkel keltezett ékszerek keltezett Pénzekkel

, 266 , herefore they herefore - 269. , 119. ,

: hoards :

CEU eTD Collection

Picture 4. 4. Picture The hoard ofNyáregyháza hoard The

26 - Pusztapótharas

zt. Parádi 1975, Parádi zt.

123.

CEU eTD Collection any to the phases. notof sorted were evidence, fragmented graves, those more, For this. to contradicts which data, no is there and orientation, of pattern this support other each with superposition clear con 68 Tóth, Pátro Ladánybene Hajdúszoboszló 67 all). at superposition in not were cases some in (or phases particular with superposition in not were which phases, orientat about pattern graves dividing gaveThis wasfortunate the ofa feasible because bysuperposition a situation: graves. eighty and hundred eight group to able w was I method, this With data. supplementary it when or, graves the of elevation the used I outcomes, clear resulted not were orientation and superposition when cases, those In orientation. and superposition their by phases chronological eight into graves the divided seventy and thousand one and graves nine twenty and thousand one Altogether summarised. be to need results its and cemetery this of usage the of reconstruction chronological the of methodology the village, Kána of cemetery because the customs. different of burial twelfth and contemp from materials concentrateon jewellery. and coins contained which invasion, Mongol the of twenty the in present are but village, the for characteristic not are dat precise more For village. Kána at found accessories

I am aware of the situation that not all the graves can be dated to a certain period with equal confidence, and I I and confidence, withequal period certain a to dated be can graves the all not that situation the of aware am I sidered this during the evaluation of the finds and the graves. On the other hand, all the graves that are in in are that graves the all hand, other the On graves. the and finds the of evaluation the during this sidered bn, Akasztó Abony, ha A tatárjárás kincsleletei A - uok dl, ée, áigöge Tatabánya Tápiógyörgye, Pécel, dűlő, Butorka As the basis of this typochronology is the chronology of the phases of t of phases the of chronology the is typochronology this of basis the As dress and jewellery of types characteristic most the review will I chapter, this In - Hornyák - etr fed eeeis ol rqie cmltl dfeet methodology, different completely a require would cemeteries field century - rnse, Jászdózsa Aranyszeg, - ob Medgyesegyháza domb, - uzaznir, Bajó Pusztaszentimre,

CHAPTER TWO 68 ion. This made possible to identify graves with various chronological various with graves identify to possible made This ion.

hs netit ocre msl i cs o te is chronological first the of case in mostly occurred uncertainty This , 81 , which could have belonged to more than one phase, or there was only little or or little only was there or phase, one than more to belonged have could which - 87.

- ázpt htr űő Kra, Kecskemét Karcag, dűlő, határ Jászapáti orary churchyard cemeteries as research into eleventh into research as cemeterieschurchyard orary -

- , amzjáo I, uaet Esztergom Budapest, I., Balmazújváros t, ákt Nyáregyháza Bánkút,

Typochronology of the F of Typochronology - s osbe ter eain o h cuc a a as church the to relation their possible, as five individuals we individuals five 27 - áhd ad Tyukod and Bánhida

ing, I will also will I ing, - uzaóhrst Nyírmártonfava Pusztapótharaszt, re excavated in the cemetery. I cemetery. the in excavated re - - 67 aoyá. olce b Csaba by Collected Bagolyvár. three hoards from the time time the from hoards three inds

o cmaio, will I comparison, For -

Nyír, Kisbér, Korpona, Korpona, Kisbér, Nyír,

include types which which types include he churchyard he - Szentkirály, Szentkirály, - Gut, Gut, - -

CEU eTD Collection of case as in hard not as was parish their of change the probably community, rural the a of were Kána phase of latest people the the that Regarding after graveyard. or in burials sporadic of signs show not does pattern cemetery the property Kána, the of in parish remained have of should Kána beginning of the people the from for churches rights parish own the their Although had existence. their villages surrounding the as unlikely, also is churchyard the of using if matter no phase, century by determined cemetery the of chronology the fourteenth or dating, traditional significant a of cemetery the in or village, the in either sign no is or sett thehouses, of end pits, The features. any other any without it around circle a is there more, for and feature, settlement any with superposition beginnin 69 of both phases; unusual rather two, by followed was This time. that around occurred church the of extension the that indicated phase fourth the in graves the of elements architectural the of area the phases, four of theartefacts. typochronology general the determining when dating traditional the to control chronological f the and graveyard the of dating the use to possible is it also. Thus, that for chronology stabile gives village excavated completely the and church the grave by necessarily not cemetery the of use general the date to possibility the is im Also avoidable. argumentationis circular a of risk the dating, this using by because useful, is This cemetery. the of phase each dating for artefacts the of dating traditional the the investigate to relies ongrave not goods,butmainlyexact inamore method: grave eight mentioned the of chronology relative the Thus, phases. occurre individual few a In area. inner the in borderline the by example (for influenced been have could orientation the where cemetery, the of edge the grav the case in occurred mostly latter This location. their of because situations fewer in and condition, fragmented/disturbed their of because mostly phases the p hase. It was not possible to attach the remaining one hundred and forty andhundred one remaining attachthe possibleto not It hase.was

A question could be raised whether the cemetery and the village existed in precisely in the same period. The The period. same the in precisely in existed village the and cemetery the whether raised be could question A g is clear; the church and churchyard were surely founded together with the village as they are not in in not are they as village the with together founded surely were churchyard and church the clear; is g The phases of the cemetery also cemetery the of phases The -

wall/ditch of the cemetery) and/or the superpositions were not as frequent as frequent as not were superpositions the and/or cemetery) the of wall/ditch chronology of artefacts by the chronology of the cemetery, without using without cemetery, the of chronology the by artefacts of chronology burgers or nobleman. or burgers

churchyard was more or less the same. The appearance of of appearance The same. the less or more was churchyard lement and the churchyard can be determined less clearly. However, there there However, clearly. less determined be can churchyard the and lement

revealed the changes of the churchyard. In the first the In churchyard. the of changes the revealed nces the orientation could not fit into any of the of any into fit not could orientation the nces 28

the method described above. The longer use longer The above. described method the stratigraphy inds in its phases as a kind of kind a as phases its in inds - groups of the cemetery the of groups es that were located at at located were that es - . This makes possible . This nine graves to anyofgraves to nine - goods, as goods, portant

of the the of 69

CEU eTD Collection the , Kána] of agevillage of phase no is there probably most Thus, 71 church. the to ofthe church. orientation thefoundation before existed which cemetery, similar has cemetery the of phase unl is latter (this already started construction the or clear, already was place its than dug, were graves first the when already standing not was it wa there However, church. the of orientation the as same the quite not are phase first the of graves the of orientation the 70 the thirteenth century. village the that imply spurs type rowel as (white types pottery certain of) amount (the However, century. thirteenth the the of of material half theone to precisely settlement date to hard is it as settlement, the of finds the of analysis deta more a require would dating confident A up. turn not did invasion Mongol the after the church. the of a third century, twelfth second the for safely dated be can churchyard the and before, church mentioned the was of it emergence As graves. the in found were pieces eleven only as coins, was churchyard the but rearranged; areaconstricted. its was the again, normal phases, was two graves the remaining of the pattern In spatial and certified. orientation be cannot this village, the in destruction ther as but invasion, Mongol the with it connect to tempting mid the occurredaround churchyardthis chronologythe the of by and settlement, the of life the in situation abnormal an suggests which orientation, inverse have may It explain not does this church,but the of part Western the clear.of rebuilding the correlatedwith not is peculiarity this of cause The chancel. the from East area small contained them

The question could be raised if there were graves which can be dated before the foundation of the church, as as church, the of foundation the before dated be can which graves were there if raised be could question The György s no sign of an earlier church, and the first church was not disturbed any graves, which indicates that if that indicates which graves, any disturbed not was church first the and church, earlier an of sign no s h determinati The

Terei and Antónia Horváth, “Az Árpád “Az Horváth, Antónia and Terei 70

– The end of the cemetery and the village cannot be set that precisely. dated Coins setthat be cannot thevillage thecemeteryand The of end

in a few cases painted cases few a in ny eea gae wt rvre oinain wih ee l lctd n a in located all were which orientation, reversed with graves several only s a coin of Béla II (1131 II Béla of coin a s Budapest Régiségei Régiségei Budapest

on of the absolute chronology of the cemetery cannot be made by by made be cannot cemetery the of chronology absolute the of on ikely, as nothing in the graves implies such situation). For more, only the last last the only more, For situation). such implies graves the in nothing as ikely,

41 (2007): 168. (2007): 41

pottery, Austrian type pots type Austrian pottery, - kori Kána falu vasleletei II” [The iron finds of the Arpadian Arpadian the of finds iron [The II” vasleletei falu Kána kori - -

1141) was discovered in the foundation level of level foundation the in discovered was 1141) in some form some in 29

–

still existed in the second half of half second the in existed still - thirteenth century.bethirteenth Itwould e is no direct evidence for for evidence direct no is e ), and some iron finds, such finds, iron some and ), s thes iled CEU eTD Collection http://ganymedes.lib.unideb.hu:8080/dea/bitstream/2437/78896/3/de_2448.pdf dissertation. PhD River.] Tisza 2003). ofthe Debrecen: University (Debrecen: from East area the of population age Arpadian and period Conquest the of Hüse, Lajos (1960): siecles” XI et X Székesfehérvár. de environs des Nord (1958): Transdanubie. la de Population impo are “ Nemeskéri, István statements and Acsádi Gyula See: models. their demographic by only analysed be hardly outdated, can graveyards are works and these cemeteries, of of aspects material some anthropological today the although on based were These period. the of issues paleodemographic 73 dating. rough a only obviously is which years, sixty and hundred one in this determined I calculation, for number exact an needed I As century. vill the that assumed I Thus, appears. them of none and distinguishable, is century fourteenth the to and twelfth the of beginning the to dated material the of dating the for possibility th another settlement: is there this, Besides settlement. the from material the and church the (1131 II Bela of coin the was that for basis The years. sixty and hundred one 72 chronology, this to contradict not do Coins decades. three even probably cases some in two, of looseness eight 1275to1290. from the and 1275 to 1260 around from dated be can seventh the therefore years, six maximum th 1240, to 1200 third the 1200, to the 1180 second the 1180, to 1140 aroundroughly dated gives be can phase first The results: following This phase. each of individuals the of number the by multiplied 880/160) case ye phases/approximate the of individuals of (number likely tohave been. not is which rate, death constant a presumes also it and phase, any into grouped not were graves those consideration of out leaves it phase each of length the of estimation the in cemetery. the of usage of length approximate the known, is

In this case I determined the length of the existence of the settlement (both the village and th and village the (both settlement the of existence the of length the determined I case this In rvos eerh el fr ln ti long a for dealt research Previous

497 359 It is very important to note, that these are only approximate datings, and it can it and datings, approximate only are these that note, to important very is It settlement the existenceof the if results; same the shows cemetery the of analysis The Mathematically, the length of each phase can be calculated by the annual death rate death annual the by calculated be can phase each of length the Mathematically, - - 2. o te eerh f h sm qetos y new by questions same the of research the For 522. See 392. A Tiszántúl Honfoglalás Tiszántúl A e lack of certain finds. It is hard to date material within the twelfth and thirteenth century, but the the but century, thirteenth and twelfth the within material date to hard is It finds. certain of lack e

but length of each phase can roughly determined by the number of graves and the and graves of number the by determined roughly can phase each of length

it also Kinga K. Kinga also

73 neither

can

Éry, and Alán Kralovánszky, “ Kralovánszky, Alán and Éry, -

g xse rmte mid the from existed age really support it, as showsthat really it supportit, és Árpád és - Est. e ih life with me e fourth 1240 to 1260, a fifth and fifth a 1260, to 1240 fourth e

” nae Historico Annales - kori népességének szociodemográfiája. szociodemográfiája. népességének kori

Annales Historico Annales 30 72 - xetny te otlt rt ad eeal wt the with generally and rate mortality the expectancy,

This determination is inexact mostly because mostly inexact is determination This - r fteueo h eeey n this in cemetery, the of use the of ars twelfth century until the end of the thirteenth thirteenth the of end the until century twelfth - auae Msi ainls Hungarici Nationalis Musei Naturales Analyse paléosociographique des cimetieres cimetieres des paléosociographique Analyse methods, concerning social issues also see see also issues social concerning methods, - Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici Hungarici Nationalis Musei Naturales - 1141) from the foundation level of of level foundation the from 1141)

the use ofcoins graves in is sixth lasted together for for together lasted sixth rtant. Most of all is that that is all of Most rtant. [The sociodemography sociodemography [The e cemetery) in in cemetery) e

have a have which which

La 50 52

CEU eTD Collection

Table 1. The phases of the cemetery of Kána. of phasesof the cemetery 1. The Table

CEU eTD Collection rings.lock to wereoxidized strips oftextile Kána graves few Ina it. underneath 75 kincslelete tatárjárás A 74 found inthe graves the cemetery. of sett diverse from came six finds, stray eighty Altogether, copper alloy, areand butthere numerous also silver pieces, mainly is material The twisted. or shape), oval an of more be can pieces worn of case the in cross the of shape the is feature S (the open simple, ring: the of end the by distinguished trinket, rin lock one least at chapter previous the in described wasof thedeceased. braided intothe hair of strip a to attached been have to seem rings these cases most in sites, other many and Kána at seen As cemeteries. churchyard and field both of graves the in frequently L some casesbe can between decades thefirstmint. andlast in as situation, this for proof good are Hoards circulation). money (in coins such of use long the of because happened probably most This cemetery. the of phase ones last the in with associated also but phase, first the to belonged surely which graves, was It in all. discovered among pieces) eleven of out (six mint frequent most the II, Géza of coins the much

ock rings In extreme cases extreme In This was determined by the usual finding situation of lock rings: a pair near the two sides of the skull or one one or skull the of sides two the near pair a rings: lock of situation finding usual the by determined was This - longer, than their use could have been in money circulation. A good example for that for example good A circulation. money in been have could use their than longer, end may be ribbed or plain) and lock rings with flaring end(s). Another dist Another end(s). flaring with rings lock and plain) or ribbed be may end Kána is an excellent basis for this research as all types of lock rings were found there. found were rings lock of types all as research this for basis excellent an is Kána documented be can burials churchyard in goods grave of incidence low The Arpadian of type common most the are rings Lock

thirteenth century Friesach denarius occurred together with the coin of Ladislaus I. See Tóth, See I. Ladislaus of coin withthe together occurred denarius Friesach century thirteenth - four lock rings were unearthed during the excavation. Eight pieces were were pieces Eight excavation. the during unearthed were rings lock four i, g represents the jewellery of the period. There are several subtypes of this this of subtypes several are There period. the of jewellery the represents g

81 - 87.

- section of the wire; it may be round, diamond round, be may it wire; the of section --

but in nearly every excavation of a churchyard cemetery churchyard a of excavation every nearly in but lement features and the remaining seventy pieces were were pieces seventy remaining the and features lement 75

74 -

end lock rings, S rings, lock end some examples oflead lockrings.

- age jewellery; they appear appear they jewellery; age

- ended lock rings lock ended - shaped (which shaped textile which textile -- ht are that

inctive as was as

CEU eTD Collection especiallybronze. 79 78 77 t shaped smith not relevant either. is the shape therefore, that for purpose; tool thanone the which with more had have may pliers smith the Second, ring. lock single a on appear or that ribs of number the than more producing tool flattening the First, rings. lock the of making the of process the understanding to information additional any give not does it as, this do not will 76 of twisted eleven the of ten and alloy, copper of made were sections lock the All distinct. more even are that results gives lock only The co open simple the of Six material. raw expensive the of because sized, ribbe fifteen had whichthe end istapered towards S ribbed, above the wire, thick unusually twisted t three are ribbed. hal a and finds, sixty of the ( wire (4mm) thick a of made ( alloy copper of made rings his kind of wire. The remaining rings fall into two nearly equal groups: eleven pieces have have pieces eleven groups: equal nearly two into fall rings remaining The wire. of kind his

The average diameter is two centimetres; the average thickness of the wire is one millimetre. wireisone ofthe thickness average the centimetres; is two diameter average The centimet three approximately They are Although researchers often give details about about details give often researchers Although

h rao bhn ti cud e rcia: ivr s sfe, oe lal mtra ta cpe alloys, copper than material pliable more softer, a is silver practical: be could this behind reason The pear thick, the including silver, of made were two only and alloy, pper

silver, 77

Fifty cross of type common most The eighty the of Out (T twisted - f, S f, ended lock ring, with a wire that has a diamond shaped, four mm wide cross section section crossdiamond wideamm fourhasshaped, that wire a with ring, lock ended

ab 2 ab which - - nine lock rings were made of copper alloy and twenty and alloy copper of made were rings lock nine ends ( ends - ring with flaring ends was made of copper alloy. Examining the cross the Examining alloy. copper of made was ends flaring with ring /6

- 76 ie S wire d S ) and ten have diamond shaped diamond have ten and )

suggest suggest seven pieces, have S pieces, have seven Eightand therefore are pieces damaged,ends cannotexamined. the be - Tab. 2 Tab. ends, and only seven had flat S flat had and seven only ends,

ne pee te ivr ok ig wr al ahr small, rather all were rings lock silver the pieces ended - four lock rings, eight have simple open ends. Two of these are large are these of Two ends. open simple have eight rings, lock four

/5 that ). Thirty ). Tab. 2 Tab. Tab. 2 Tab.

the -

mentioned silver one, pear one, silver mentioned (Tab. 2 res in diameter. diameter. in res

/1)

cross /7 - four S four

). Only one lock ring has a flaring end ( end flaring a has ring lock one Only ). - and one is the so the is one and ends; two of these originally had multiple, at least one multiple, originallyof had these ends; two - /4). the number, and sometimes the shape of the ribs of the ends, I ends, the of ribs the of shape the sometimes and number, the section of the wire is round; sixty round; is wire the of section

section

- ends are simple, flat hammered ones and thirty and ones hammered flat simple, are ends 33

–

most most

- or oval or ends. With theexception of ends. With

- probably called pear shaped, small silver ring ring silver small shaped, pear called - ig wt diamond with rings –

- shaped ring, and ring, shaped

wire. Only two lock rings have rings lock two Only wire. - -

ended rings were made of of made were rings ended wire lock rings were made made were rings lock wire associated withmaterial. associated e is a srl cpbe of capable surely was ribs he - five of silver, of which of silver, of five - - shaped lock shaped three pieces have have pieces three

a copper alloy, copper a Tab 2 Tab -

hpd cross shaped

two, medium medium two, 78

/3 - probably sections ). Most Most ). -

ring. 79 - -

CEU eTD Collection K/2612. 9: K/2973, 8: K/2794, 2 Table . Lock ring types of Kána village. 1: K/1037, 2: K/337, 3: K/633, 4: K/1977, 5: 5: K/1977, 4: K/633, 3: K/337, 2: K/1037, 1: village. Kána of types ring Lock

K/177, 6: K/2966, 7: K/2966, 6: K/177, CEU eTD Collection 82 ofMezőcsát], edge the on churchyard 81 80 heirloom. a was is that suggests however, (damaged), object the of condition The century. thirteenth the of half second the in use in still was ring lock of type this burials) of case in least (at that se the from came alloy) copper of (made piece last the However, century. thirteenth the of beginning or twelfth the of end the to dated have still may which phase, third the of grave a in found was piece another and rough dated cemetery, the of phase first the of graves that show Kána contains them of longer. none any time that at fashionable as not were they because presumably hoards, the by supported also is idea This ofexamination hoards support thepredictions. earlier research chronological the whether discuss will I following open large, form; shaped cross diamond thick wire; twisted are: attributes chronological invasion. Mongol the of time the from hoards examining by centuries thirteenth and twelfth the in used were rings larger the that concluded Parádi although century, thirteenth the of turn the until century tenth the of half the fromuse typein was this that noted Theypurpose. that for used be not ring should S the type, frequent most the that 1970s the as early as stated Parádi Nándor and ca three only in flat S the that is rings lock twisted the of characteristic Another Bóna, Onthe cont eet Szabó,”Árpád Levente Dunaújvá Lock rings with twisted wire are regarded as eleventh as regarded are wire twisted with rings Lock

rary, both diamond and round cross section are present, see Parádi, ibid.. 151. ibid.. Parádi, see present, sectionare cross round and diamond both rary, ros, ros, generally 125 ses.

- 139; Nándor Parádi, Parádi, Nándor 139; - oi epo é tmt Mzcá htrbn [n Arpadian [An határában” Mezőcsát temető és templom kori

Lock rings are often used for dating cemeteries, although István BónaIstván although cemeteries, dating for used often are rings Lock

this statement is true, as most of these lock rings were found in the in found were rings lock these of most as true, is statement this - ne rns oe n a af S half a and one rings; ended

venth, last but one, phase of the churchyard, and this indicates indicates this and churchyard, the of phase one, but last venth, A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve Évkönyve Múzeum Ottó Herman A Pénzekkel keltezett ékszerek keltezett Pénzekkel 80

te faue o lc r lock of features Other 35

phases of the cemetery at Kána and the the and Kána at cemetery the of phases ly to the middle of the twelfth century, twelfth the of middle the to ly - ends, and a flaring end. In the the In end. flaring a and ends, - 45 (2006): 40. (2006): 45 end was ribbed in six cases and cases six in ribbed was end -

, 151 and twelfth and sections, tapered wire; a pear a wire; tapered sections, - 152. ns as rgre as regarded also ings,

The grave goods at goods grave The - century trinkets. century

uh jewellery, such - age church and and church age - ended lock lock ended second second 81 n -

CEU eTD Collection Szegvár of cemetery century 88 Évkönyve Múzeum Pannonius Janus 87 Zalavár 86 85 84 367. 2008): kiadó, Akadémiai (Budapest: 83 it case this in that implies embellishment ofthe head/hair. which skull, the of area the around S another with together found was ring lock the missing, was skull the although deceased. the of elbow the to next le a of remains the with together found were rings lock these where cemetery, Szegvár at 378 grave from excavated rings 1010. around hidden was which Nagyharsány, century.eleventh typicalthe for S the on concentrated (which research there cemetery, the century. twelfth the of beginning the to century, eleventh the of half second the from dated be to considered jewel typical a as appears it chronology regardedgeneral asnota exceptionaltype and this useof century. inthe thirteenth ( age the considering even dating, late rather a is This century. thirteenth the of third first the in interred probably churchyard, the of phase fourth the of grave a in found was Kána from later in appear which of neither rings, of types similar by bounded Visonta at 4 grave from ring a is senilis

Gi Révész, Révész: László Lívia Bende and Gábor Lőrinczy, “A szegvár szegvár “A Lőrinczy, Gábor and Bende Lívia svn ea,X. zzd knsee Nghráyó” A el [An Nagyharsányból” kincslelet századi Gedai,”XI. István aot Ttaat, A zalavár “A Tettamanti, Sarolta esler, esler, - Község I], I], Község o te eesd oa. ni more Until woman. deceased the of ) h tik sal pear small, thick, The cross diamond thick, The Bjelo Heves -

Brdo , 402. , Heves megye 10 megye Heves 85 Archaeologiai Értesítő Értesítő Archaeologiai

, 107 , The piece from Kána was found in a quite late grave of the first phase of phase first the of grave late quite a in found was Kána from piece The

oe ae t te eod af f h tefh etr, lhuh previous although century, twelfth the of half second the to dated fore

- 108. - Oromdűlő] Oromdűlő]

- - 11. századi temetői. századi 11. ösg I sáú I sáai eeő [h eleventh [The temető” századi XI. számú I. községi

86 - - shaped ring also represents an early type, in Giesler‟s Giesler‟s in type, early an represents also ring shaped -

18 (1972 18 sectioned, S sectioned, Numerous pieces appear even in the contemporary hoard ofcontemporary the hoard appear in evenpieces Numerous Studia Archaeologica Archaeologica Studia

- 98 (1971), 216 (1971), 98 Felsőrét. 88

- h fn stain t áa niae a ifrn use; different a indicates Kána at situation find The end variant of this type of jewellery) regarded it as it regarded jewellery) of type this of variant end - – ey f h late the of lery 73): 88 73):

oromdűlői 10 oromdűlői 83 - 36 - rműő a tenth a Oromdűlő, [The tenth [The

ended piece is rather early. The closest parallel closest The early. rather is piece ended 87

aall ae icvrd ti pee hud be should piece this discovered, are parallels - h crnlg o ti tp o lc rn is ring lock of type this of chronology The -

89. 219. 219. The closest parallel to Kána is a pair of lock of pair a is Kána to parallel closest The

3 (1997): 209. (1997): 3 - - 11. századi temető” [The tenth [The temető” századi 11. eventh eleventh century graveyards of Heves county] county] ofHeves graveyards century eleventh - Bjelo - century hoard from Nagyharsány], Nagyharsány], from hoard century - ro hs, n tu, t was it thus, and phase, Brdo

n eleventh and

graves, a te sa role: usual the had - century cemetery of of cemetery century 84

- u te piece the but century field field century - pouch ather and eleventh and -

n one end A -

CEU eTD Collection Parkoló. 94 honfoglaló 2. Monographien Austriaca Archaeologia II. Awarenforchungen 93 ed. Daim 938 (1992): Böhlau Vienna: Falko in Jahrhunderts.” 9. des 92 91 90 century. thirteenth the from found hoards in be also washe 53 1987), Akadémiai, (Budapest: Pusztaszentlászló]. of 89 century. twelfth the to dated S ribbed with silver of made were Zalavár of cemetery churchyard the in found was type later This ribbed. even cases some in and flattened, was it variants bent simply was wire the pieces early the in While formed. was end the way the pieces: age Arpadian (late) and early the between difference significant century. tenth the century, ninth the and are sizes among present, and themlarge per the of size typical nor type major the as regarded be cannot it undeniable, age Arpadian later the in typical were Comparing mid the until use in constantly was it that means which cemetery, the of phases seventh and fourth, third, second, the in present are rings lock alloy copper ended, twel the in use in was type this century. eleventh the in use of out went which

Parádi, Parádi, Révész, I would like to thank Ágnes Ritoók for providing me with unpublished data from her excavation at Zalavár at excavation her from data unpublished with me providing for Ritoók Ágnes thank to like would I Béla Miklós Szőke, “Die Beziehungen zwischen dem oberen Donautal und Westungarn in der ersten Hälfte Hälfte ersten der in Westungarn und Donautal oberen dem zwischen Beziehungen “Die Szőke, Miklós Béla Vándor, László and Szőke Miklós Béla The latest graves wi graves latest The the one who indicated the early dating of such lock rings, but he also noted that large sized lock rings can ringscan lock sized large that noted he also but rings, suchlock of theearlydating whoindicated one the

Lock rings with one and a half S half a and one with rings Lock Large Pénzekkel keltezett ékszerek, ékszerek, keltezett Pénzekkel Heves , , 44. this with the perception of Nándor Parádi Nándor of perception the with this

- , 402. , ie, open sized, 92 93

th the early type are: Rusovce (Slovakia) Grave 40., Halimba Grave 527. See Szőke, Szőke, See 527. Grave Halimba 40., Grave (Slovakia) Rusovce are: type early the th

and according to the present research, went out of fashion b fashion of out went research, present the to according and lhuh h fr o te S the of form the Although

- 965. - ne, opr lo rns ee rvosy osdrd s items as considered previously were rings alloy copper ended,

One piece recovered from the eleventh the from recovered piece One fth century. fth 150. - Vársziget -

ends, an ends, Pusztaszentlászló Árpád Pusztaszentlászló 91

– -

ends appear as early as the late Avar cemeteries of cemeteries Avar late the as early as appear ends it is clear that although the presence of this type is type this of presence the although that clear is it

90 - - akl, n rvs 09 ad 7. oh pieces Both 170. and 60/96 graves in Parkoló, d the latter has a twisted wire. These pieces are pieces These wire. twisted a has latter the d sized pieces are asized minority.

37 In the cemetery of Kána open large sized, open sized, large open Kána of cemetery the In - 89 54. See also Giesler, Giesler, also See 54.

- Recent research shows that in certain cases certain in that shows research Recent n o te ok ig i smlr tee s a is there similar, is rings lock the of end – -

kori temetője. kori namely, that large that namely,

to an S an to Bjeldo -

shaped form, in the later later the in form, shaped [The Arpadian age cemetery cemetery age Arpadian [The - century field cemetery field century -

Brdo - hrenh century. thirteenth , 105 , - sized lock rings lock sized iod, as all forms all as iod, - y the end of end the y 106. Although 106. A - CEU eTD Collection 11 outskirtsofPest, 97 1960 Évkönyve Múzeum Ferenc Móra 96 Évkönyve Múzeum 95 jewellery of type this time long a for situation; the research was misunderstanding the of cause The ring. lock a as used was it grave a of context the in found was jewellery such whenever that stated and finds the all for evidence examined this of study recent Kulcsár's Mihály until rings arm as or rings lock finds as either these considered Researchers century. twelfth the of third last the to roughly dated such centuries. S multiple the to related not rings, lock ended te the on loop another make to was solution the best the long, too of little a wire technique of piece a hammered easy artisan the if the formation; probably is appearance sporadic their for reason The dating. i jewellery of type this of subgroup a represent S ribbed or flattened multiple, with rings lock that believe I rings, three these of thi similarity the Despite the century. twelfth the of turn of the around dated is grave therefore and cemetery a from came which Kána, from piece the and century, Főnyed at cemetery churchyard the particularlythick. and silver frommade is wire S ribbed a has It utca. Timur Budapest at cemetery field the Povádzug. (1077 Ladislaus Saint drawing. a from known only is Sellye, of

Ottó Trogmayer, “X Trogmayer, Ottó Kata tia is “ slyi Árpád sellyei “A Kiss, Attila piece was found at Kána, in a grave from the second phase of the cemetery, therefore therefore cemetery, the of phase second the from grave a in Kána, at found was piece lin Írásné Melis, “Árpád Melis, Írásné lin The most interesting find of all is probably the lock ring with a flaring end. Only one one Only end. flaring a with ring lock the probably is all of find interesting most The

Another piece was dated to the eleventh century (by its details) from grave 50 of 50 grave from details) its (by century eleventh the to dated was piece Another

1967 (1968): 72. (1968): 1967 - 13 - th XII. századi Magyar temető Békésen” [X Békésen” temető Magyar századi XII.

centuries], centuries],

- 10 95) in grave 32 of the early Arpadian age field cemetery at Békés at cemetery field age Arpadian early the of 32 grave in 95) - kori temetők a pesti határban, 11 határban, pesti a temetők kori rminal of the ring. These objects should be considered normal S normal considered be should objects These ring. the of rminal - oi te kori

Budapest Régiségei Budapest - 1962 1962 mető” [The Arpadian age cemetery a Sellye], Sellye], a cemetery age Arpadian [The mető” - Gólyásfa, which has been dated to the twelfth the to dated been has which Gólyásfa, (1962):14. 95

Two pieces were found associated with a coin of coin a with associated found were pieces Two 38

31 58 (1997): 31 97 n the Arpadian age and are not significant for for significant not are and age Arpadian the n

A close parallel is a piece from grave 381 ofgrave381 piecefrom a parallelis A close - ne lc rns f h nnh n tenth and ninth the of rings lock ended - XII - 13. század” [Arpadian age cemeteries on the on cemeteries age [Arpadian század” 13. th -

59. century Hungarian cemetery at Békés], Békés], at cemetery Hungarian century -

end, the ring is a larger size, the size, larger a is ring the end, was only known from hoards, hoards, from known only was A Janus Pannonius Pannonius Janus A d hs o the of phase rd

jewellery. He He jewellery. - ends do not do ends - thirteenth A - -

CEU eTD Collection 104 103 102 Tyukod and Tiszaörvény Nyírmártonfalva Pusztapótharaszt, Akasztó Hajdúszoboszló jewellery: 148 101 100 99 so The rings. ends], lock age Arpadian of wearing the to regard [In karikák” záródású 98 Nyáregyháza S time, same Atthe fifty sites. and hundred thanone cemeteries,research ismore tochurchyard if even which, period, the of cemeteryevery nearly in found be canjewellery S of occurrences the with situation this compares one jewellery. containing hoards all nearly in occur as period, the of hoards the of find common most the Zenta Pusztaszentlászló, Nagyecsed, Csepreg Csengele, Cegléd, plébániatemplom, Belvárosi Budapest Bészob, (Baracs, cemeteries sixteen onlygraves in from recovered were endsflaring ringswith lock numerous; not arecemeteries cemetery, field one only is There where period. Pusztaszentlászló, the of cemeteries the in finds rare are these century. fourteenth the of decades first the to twelfth the of beginning wristlet of type a were they that size, large usual the of because assumed, who Hampel, József researcher, influential an of statement the of because accepted was interpretation This unknown. was it wore people way the therefore

- Ibid., 258 Ibid.,

iáy ucá, Nhn mgeyé a Árpád az megjegyzés “Néhány Kulcsár, Mihály ended lock rings are not common finds in hoards; they only appear in those from from those in appear only they hoards; in finds common not are rings lock ended Ibid., 136. Ibid., 130. Ibid., Parádi, 270. Ibid, After them, the most frequent finds are rings are finds frequent most the them, After - 149. A total of eighteen hoards contained lock rings with flaring ends out of the twenty the of out ends flaringwith rings lock contained hoards eighteen of total A 149. Savaria Savaria - Pénzekkel keltezett ékszerek, ékszerek, keltezett Pénzekkel S - etiáy Dcv, gr Hódmezővásárhely Eger, Ducové, zentkirály,

259.

22/3 (1992 22/3 - - Pusztapótharaszt, rnse, acg Ladánybene Karcag, Aranyszeg,

- uzaznir, aó, amzjáo, Budapest Balmazújváros, Bajót, Pusztaszentimre, -

Bagol - 1995): 249 1995): n gae otie sc a ok ig Ocrecs n churchyard in Occurrences ring. lock a such contained grave one yvár. See Par yvár.See - Gut, Oros, Pátroha Oros, Gut,

- 102 250. 124.

100 ádi: Ibid. 128 Ibid. ádi: Akasztó

and Kána). This is most striking because this type is type this because striking most is This Kána). and , mainly seal rings, see: Parádi, Parádi, see: rings, seal mainly , - oná dm, egeeyáa ákt Nyáregyháza Bánkút, Medgyesegyháza domb, Hornyák - . oi aiakzrk viseletének karikaékszerek kori 98 - 39 Butorka dűlő, Pécel, Tápiógyörgye, Tatabánya Tápiógyörgye, Pécel, dűlő, Butorka

- Kulcsár dated the use of these items from the from items these of use the dated Kulcsár Pusztaszentimre,

- 101 148

The picture is even more complicated if complicated more even is picture The

and Tóth, and Tóth, –

- unlike other types of trinkets of types other unlike ne lc rns Ti widespread This rings. lock ended - Kútvölgy, Kaposvár, Krásno, Krásno, Kaposvár, Kútvölgy, A tatárjárás kincsleletei tatárjárás A 103

- - called lock rings with flaring with rings lock called Rákosszentmi Pénzekkel keltezett ékszerek, ékszerek, keltezett Pénzekkel Karc

édshz A ú. köpűs ún. Az kérdéséhez. 99

Despite this dating this Despite ag, - six which contained contained which six one restricts the restricts one 104 hály, Geszti, Geszti, hály,

, 81 , - 87. Tyukod - Bánhida, Bánhida,

they - - CEU eTD Collection 113 112 Ceglédat 111 the on cemetery churchyard and 110 church [Medieval II” II], outskirtsofKaposvár határában Kaposvár temető Kaposvár], és of templom “Középkori outskirts the on cemetery 109 108 107 106 105 precious. more was Eger from pair electron the and alloy. silver of made Madarászhalom, rings silver or lead either are Kaposvár from ones the alloy, copper of made are Kána from examples The publications. the in indicated always not is material their Krásno, and Kaposvár (except rings lock two or one only are there cases most in although picture, diverse rather bronze. gilded is which Tápiógyörgye, from item the sil mainly metal, precious of made was which jewellery containhoards the all surprisingly, Not hoards. in gravesand in artefacts the comparing jewellery the of material the in differences some are There artefacts. the of used be cannot they dating, on made exclusively,everycase. in be can tendencies Although issue. complex a gold.naturaland ofsilver alloy Bagolyvár

Ibid., 252, footnote 3; 256 3; footnote 252, Ibid., Kulcsár, “Árpád Topál, Judit Krásno] [Medieval Krásno” “Stredoveké Krupica, Oldrich Tóth, ibid Parádi, See Oros. finds: Karcag, Electron/gold 140. Ibid., 138. Ibid., Edit Bárdos, “Középkori templom és temető Kaposvár határában” [A medieval church and churchyard churchyard and church medieval [A határában” Kaposvár temető és templom “Középkori Bárdos, Edit

of Krásno are made of either silver or bronze, or silver either of made are Krásno of Possible reasons for this contradiction are either the n the either are contradiction this for reasons Possible is dating their that clear, is it rings, lock of chronology the of results the Summarising A tatárjárás k tatárjárás A - madarászhalom], madarászhalom], Kopűs 105

n Tiszaörvény and , 266. , 111 incsleletei

- kori temető és templom Cegléd és templom temető kori Szob

112

Somogyi Múzeumok Közleményei Múzeumok Somogyi Studia Comitatensia Comitatensia Studia where more pieces more where

The material of the gold the of material The .

- Bészob, and Csengele are also bronze. The piece from Téglás was Téglás from piece The bronze. also are Csengele and Bészob,

, 87. ,

- Templomdomb. ver, and in two cases electron or gold. or electron cases two in and ver, ooy Mzuo Közleményei Múzeumok Somogyi 1. (1972): 62. 1. (1972): –

. , 134; , 138 134; eight and sixteen 40 - Madarászhalmon” [Arpadian age church and churchyard churchyard and church age [Arpadian Madarászhalmon”

106 -

plated silver piece from Hódmezővásárhe from piece silver plated 14 (2000): 17. (2000): 14

Zápádné Slovensko Slovensko Zápádné l o te wr md o eeto, a electron, of made were them of All 113 - 110 140. 108

Summarising these pieces, it can be can it pieces, these Summarising the pair of lock rings from Cegléd from rings lock of pair the

reat fo cmtre so a show cemeteries from Artefacts ature of burials and/or the value value the and/or burials of ature

–

lock rings were found), and and found), were rings lock - plated bronze, plated 3 (1978): 193; Edit Bárdos, Bárdos, Edit 193; (1978): 3 5 (1978): (1978): 301 5 107

An exception is exception An - 329. 109

the lock the ly - CEU eTD Collection therareness explain not larger. ofthisjewellerygraves. thisdoes However, in 4 average an with larger, much flarin the centimetres; 2 around diameter a with small, rather were S silver the of most Kána, from finds the In rings. the of size average copperelectron alloy.S Goldor the of 30% Kána, about (yet) written been has synthesis no although others, the of that to similar rare. extremely is electron orgold and silver than cemeteries in common more is bronze that stated

nte rao wy ny h flaring the only why reason Another ends flaring with rings lock of material the of distribution The Table 3 Table ok rings lock . The occurrence of lock rings in graves, hoards and hoards graves, ringsin oflock occurrence . The

2 pieces) (25 - - 5 centimetres diameter. This means that their value was also was value their that means This diameter. centimetres 5 ended ringsendedarea wr sle; l te other the all silver; were , 41 - ne sle lc rns ee idn s the is hidden were rings lock silver ended

lso rare finds.

settlement features settlement artefacts g - ne lc rns are rings lock ended - ended or open rings rings open or ended hrfr i quite is therefore

were made of of made were the issue. At issue. the

CEU eTD Collection 116 there. found werekind 115 114 headgear: of form new a and pins hair coronets. of appearance the in seen is which changed, hairdo the also but jewellery, only not on, century fourteenth the From fashion. in change a as it viewing by explained be can graves later in ring lock of type this of appearance sporadic Krásno. and Kaposvár in exemplified centuries, fourteenth and thirteenth the between flarin of number graves. contemporary rarelyin but hoards, in appears often also) decoration the but general, in rings (seal which sign, lis de fleur a with ring seal a with associated was rings fourte contained also 22 grave Kaposvár, of cemetery the in however: examples, definite some are There published. rarely is which grave, same the in finds associated or cemetery the of analysis an without graves date to hard p The century. fourteenth the into and thirteenth the of turn the from graves, later in ends flaring with rings lock the expect should one Therefore, them. of eleventh the but jewellery, of piece outdated pear the of example the mentioned already contemporarythe same way.fashion in t when moment contemporary the contrary,show the on Hoards, pieces. valuable less the buried they because or time long a such for objects these used they because either fashion, contemporary the than older bit little pattern, a shows this All years. hundred a even maybe cases few a in by decades, sometimes itself, burial the than older much were which items had

Bárdos, ibid., 194. Bárdos, Bárdos, Although there is a counter a is there Although hr i go eiec fr hs rm w pros n to ye o lc rns I rings. lock of types two and periods two from this for evidence good is There often deceased the that Kána of cemetery the in noticeable is it before, described As 116 Kaposvár

l ti mat ht hy ee es iey o s te l lc rns i rings lock old the use to likely less were they that meant this All g , 205.; 210. 205.; ,

ne lc rns a fud n eeeis wih ee n osat use constant in were which cemeteries, in found was rings lock ended

- example at Ducové, where they continued in use, but only two lock rings of this this of rings lock two only but use, in continued they where Ducové, at example

e wr hde, n teeoe hy o o rlt to relate not do they therefore and hidden, were hey

- nh etr haga; rv 29 pi o lock of pair a 249 grave headgear; century enth shaped ring, which in the context of Kána w Kána of context the in which ring, shaped - century hoard of Nagyharsány had twenty had Nagyharsány of hoard century 42

that the artefacts of the graves are a are graves the of artefacts the that roblem with this is that it is it that is this with roblem 114

The largestThe burials, n 115 - as an an as three three

The

CEU eTD Collection 120 119 118 117 external ovens. church, alto as Kána, Rings becausegold the of stapling. remained only piece this of fragments small the as originally, put been have could material mob appears, headwear of kind any of traces no where graves, many in that possibility,the to attention draws also piece this However, headgear. or hairstyle diverse of existence parallel the for proof nice a is piece exclude be cannot coronet a probableas headgear this of interpretation the that suggests textile most the mob scruff, a be the would headgear mostly the of covered interpretation shreds the As determined. be cannot type orshape original the fragmented,that so were remains The discovered. headgearwereof kind some of scraps girl, young a of grave this In cemetery. the of phase last the to belonged byimplied ring the early lock types. Great the (1342 Louis of coins with associated are rings lock no Kulcsár, Mihály to according f the of beginning the from rings lock are there and century, thirteenth the of half second the in already appears coronets of types earliest the as process, sudden a not was fashion in change the Although graves. in appear not do they therefore

SE SE ( 601 394 (K/1732), (K/1821), 327 no. Grave Kulcsár, - - 7154 (K/1976) 7154 (K/2100) 810 -

1382). 119 Comparing to lock rings, finger rings were much less represented in the cemetery of of cemetery the in represented less much were rings finger rings, lock to Comparing can change This

Kopűs n oe rm work a from one and 117 gether only eight pieces were found, six from graves from six found, were pieces eight only gether 120 , 259. ,

hrfr, aho ses o ae hne oe a hre pro ta that than period shorter a over changed have to seems fashion Therefore,

be noticed in one grave of Kána, which according to this tendency this to according which Kána, of grave one in noticed be -

caps or coronets made of only only of made coronets or caps

- i i te eteet hc cn e soitd ih two with associated be can which settlement the in pit

K/1794), 664 (K/2600), 861 (K/2777) and and (K/2778) 947 (K/2777) 861 (K/2600), 664 K/1794), 43

- a. oee, h dlct, close delicate, the However, cap. textiles or some other organic organic other some or textiles ourteenth century. However, However, century. ourteenth 118 , one from a pit near the near pit a from one , - d. This d.

woven woven –

CEU eTD Collection Árpád the at Közleményei Múzeumok excavations the of [Summary 126 125 Rétköz] ageArpadian and period Conquest 124 (Biharudvari)], Sárrétudvari of cemeteries 123 Homokmégy from fragment cemetery century 122 121 Főnyed Rétköz. of cemeteries Homokmégy as such age cemeteries, Arpadian early in common most are pieces undecorated or decorated Similar shape. rhomboid a in originally broadened, is ring the of top the but decoration, no has and plate with both pie first The shapes. and decoration different but ends, K/1732) open narrow (K/2778, plate silver of made were pieces two and K/2100) K/1821, they the end until o were inuse undecorated, open damage later some of because or formed was it which of ratheras some reason for a piece which but form, independent an as regarded be not should it because probably piece, this to parallel shaped was one other the but one unusual: particularly is latter the ends; open have pieces Both (2777). alloy copper of piece flat a of made was other the and (K/1794) wire semicircular of made was one alloy; copper of made were pieces Two types. different but rings, band

Szabó, Szabó, Szőke Károly Mesterházy, “A sárrétudvari (Biharudvari) X (Biharudvari) sárrétudvari “A Mesterházy, Károly Zsolt Gallina and Gabriella Hajdrik, “10 Hajdrik, Gabriella and Gallina Zsolt str svnvt, A ékz ofgaá é Árpád és honfoglalás Rétköz “A Istvánovits, Eszter sla . rd, A főnyed “A Aradi, M. Csilla - h rmiig ie ig wr md o sle; he pee wr cs (K/2600, cast were pieces three silver; of made were rings five remaining The church) the near pit the in one the (including cemetery the from finds All – Gólyásfa, Mezőcsát

Vándor, Vándor, , 45. , Pusztaszentlászló 126 - ended wire and band rings were used widely from the late Avar period and and Avar period thelate widely from used ringsand were wireended band

or Krásno, the latter of which extends the use of this kind of jewellerytoofkind this of use the extends which of latter the Krásno, or

124 (1998): 122. 117, (1998):

hy lo per n rvs f hrhad, ie Mezőcsát, like churchyards, of graves in appear also They - óysa Árpád gólyásfai

f the eleventh century. , 68. See also Révész, also See 68. , --

oh ie wr n were sides both A Bihari Múzeum Évkönyve Évkönyve Múzeum Bihari A -

Székes, (Nyíregyháza: Jósa András Múzeum, 2003): 303. 2003): Múzeum, András Jósa (Nyíregyháza: -

11. századi temetőrészlet Homokmégy temetőrészlet századi 11. - - Székes] Székes] gd eeey n stlmn o Főnyed of settlement and cemetery aged --

for - kori temető és település eddigi ásatásának összegzése” összegzése” ásatásának eddigi település és temető kori 122 44 example becauseofthesheet metal ofthe shape Cumania Cumania

- XI. századi temetők” temetők” századi XI.

Biharudvari, - Heves oi méayg” Te aeil ean o the of remains material [The emlékanyaga” kori roe. o a, hv nt fou not have I far, So arrowed. 121 15 (1998): 146, 157. 146, (1998): 15 , 420. 420. ,

2 (1978): 33. 2(1978):

123 –

took on this shape. Simple, Simple, shape. this on took r ay ics rm the from pieces many or [The tenth and eleventh century century eleventh and tenth [The ce is made of a thin silver thin a of made is ce end of the ring is simple, simple, is ring the of end

- [Tenth Székesen” - Gólyás

fa], are simple simple are - nd any any nd Somogyi Somogyi eleventh eleventh 125

CEU eTD Collection 130 Giesler, c for Brdo Bjelo the of phase characteristic second the type this considered Giesler publications. in indicated not usually is this but ends, narrowing 129 Gyalu),” Hung.: Jumarkt; (Germ.: 128 127 rings finger band and ends open narrowing with rings finger simple work, his to According period. time each for jewellery characteristic the determined also he and coins by phases ring. the of surface the over all forms, > in decoration punched and ends narrowing with ring band a recovered: was form similar very a Krásno, of churchyard the In Slovakia. of area the of piec similar but analogue, precise a without tenth the from piece one as such artefacts parallel few a are there rings, braided or wire in common more form ring this but parallel, exact punched shaped, no has < this now, Until > ring. the of geometric, middle the a in rhombus a has within cross a It with decoration, ring. the of middle the from narrows it and earlier. time considrable some made was it that suggests artefact the of condition the but century, ph first the to belonged grave this that shows graves the of superposition The owner. new the fit to ring the of ends the altered they therefore and child, the for large too was ring the that mention condition its from judging but since the excavatedfragment ofdated thecemetery tothe twelfth was century. thirteenth the of half second the

Krupica, Krupica, Krupica, din Ia, ri Gl, n Siád á, A 12 “A Gál, Szilárd and Gáll, Erwin Isac, Adriana Istvánovits, 130

Bjelo

The second open second The is Kána from piece The In the churchyar the In Krásno Krásno ase of the cemetery and therefore it can be dated to the second half of the twelfth twelfth the of half second the to dated be can it therefore and cemetery the of ase - Brdo Rétköz - eleventh century field cemetery of Tiszabercel of cemetery field centuryeleventh , 113, and Table 53. and 113, Table , , 301, table XVIII. 17. table XVIII. 301, , 288 , 22 Peual, ay ics hc hd ns et vr ah te hd similar had other each over bent ends had which pieces many Presumably, 202. , -

289. -

d cemetery of Ducové, Alexander Ruttkay separated chronological separated Ruttkay Alexander Ducové, of cemetery d ended silver ring (K/1732) is slightly thicker than the than thicker slightly is (K/1732) ring silver ended Ephemeris Napocensis Napocensis Ephemeris

ulture, and therefore dated it to the second half of the eleventh century, see: see: century, eleventh the of half second the to it dated therefore and ulture, very worn very

– t rgnly ut ae eogd o oen es, o to not else, someone to belonged have must originally it

narrowing, open ended open narrowing, 127 . It comes from a grave of a twelve a of grave a from comes It .

es can be can es The piece found in Gilău can be dated similarly, dated be can Gilău in found piece The 45 th

century cemetery fragment from Gilău (Cluj county) county) (Cluj Gilău from fragment cemetery century

(2012): 303 (2012):

found, among others, in the cemeteries cemeteries the in others, among found, --

- was 307. - Újsor.

widespread, although it was it although widespread, 129 - thirteenth century.thirteenth

The decoration is also is decoration The - year previous one, previous - old child, old 128

CEU eTD Collection 12. 2007, Tóth K/1976, 8: K/2100, 7: Table

4 . Ring types of the period. 1 period. the Ringtypes of

9: 9: Tyukod

- Bagolyvár, typical ring types of hoards hoards of types ring typical Bagolyvár, -

8: Kána, Kána, 8:

1: K/1794, 2: K/1777, 3: K/2778, 4: K/1821, 5: K/1732, 6: K/2600, K/2600, 6: K/1732, 5: K/1821, 4: K/2778, 3: K/1777, 2: K/1794, 1:

–

seal rings and rings with rings and seal rings

inset

stones, stones, CEU eTD Collection 138 137 82. 136 eleventh 135 Dunújváros 134 133 132 131 mid the to the of turn century. eleventh Gyula cemetery Nagytőke of Dunaújváros of cemetery period type this of dating earlier possible century. thirteenth the of half second the until afterwards continuously used were and century, twelfth the of half first the the culture. Brdo Bjelo of types artefact latest the of one them considered he therefore and century, eleventh the of third last the from used were rings band cast simple Giesler, to According periods. t from came types two the cast, were pieces both Although (K/2600). tiers the of joints the in lines vertical and sides, the in lines horizontal middle, the in cross a it: a K/1821) suggestsfor apiece. dating this similar which century, twelfth the of half first the to dated both be can decoration geometric with

Giesler, Giesler, Szőke, Ruttkay, Giesler, Ruttkay, Török, Gyula Attila Szemán,“X Attila oá Hráh “ Dunáújváros “A Horváth, Jolán

Török suggested a dating from the second half of the tenth century to the turn of the the of turn the to century tenth the of half second the from dating a suggested Török

eerhr hv hd ies oiin aot h crnlg o tier of chronology the about opinions diverse had have Researchers and (K/2100 rings band undecorated simple are pieces two rings, cast three the of Out centuries.] centuries.] A honfoglaló A Bjelo Bjelo - nd one piece has a very worn but still visible tiered top, with carved decoration on decoration carved with top, tiered visible still but worn very a has piece one nd Ducové Ducové Öreghegy] Öreghegy] - twelfth century twelfth eleventh century. eleventh - - Die Bewohner von Halimba im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert 11. und 10. im Halimba von Bewohner Die Brdo Brdo , 405. , , A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve Évkönyve Múzeum Ferenc Móra A 136 - 397, 405. 397, XI. századi filigrános mellkereszek” [Pectorals with filigree decoration from the the from decoration filigree with [Pectorals mellkereszek” filigrános századi XI. , Table 53. , Table 53. and 113, Table , 132 , , 98. Alba Regia Regia Alba

Because of the rareness of rareness the of Because

- In Ducové, closed finger rings with rings finger closed InDucové, Jámborhalom.

137

138

17 (1978): 284. (1978): 17

and Giesler dated Giesler and - öreghegyi honfoglalás kori temető” [The Conquest period cemetery from from cemetery period Conquest [The temető” kori honfoglalás öreghegyi 133

Besides the piece from Kána, there are similar objects from objects similar are there Kána, from piece the Besides

eie tee tee r as eape wih ugs a suggest which examples also are there these, Besides -

Öreghegy 135 f ig a sc a ic rcvrd rm h Conquest the from recovered piece a such as ring, of 131

47 134 1 (1989): 92. 1 (1989):

these objects, Béla Szőke dated Szőke Béla objects, these

it from the beginning of the e the of beginning the from it r nte i te tenth the in another or

diverse decorations can be dated todated be can decorations diverse

(Budapest: Akadémaiai Kiadó, 1962): Kiadó, Akadémaiai (Budapest: - wo different time time different wo lvnh century eleventh leventh century leventh -

opd rings. topped it around the around it tenth

and and CEU eTD Collection 145 144 143 142 county] Csongrád and Békés Archaeologica Studia Évkönyve: Múeum Ferenc from crosses reliquary type [Byzantine megyében” Csongrád és Békés mellkeresztek ereklyetartó típusú “Bizánci Szatmári, see: Imre century, eleventh the halfof second the around to cemetery, churchyard a in found was it that stated research Later (1095 Coloman of coin a and cross reliquary The unknown. is situation 141 154. (2002): 23 te 140 Kiszombor], 139 we rings such ten altogether cross century. thirteenth flaring with rings lock of pair a with together one another and century twelfth the of half second the to dated part the from one Ducové, Mezőcsát, of pyramid a piecewas one village; the fromone this contemporarywith with rings for parallels The been. have could cross sides withanincised moreis nofragment, thana apyramid therefore have theoriginal must shape been sharper. Kán from piece The ringtop. the shaping in similar above the of case in as detached, as not are top the on and Csanádpalota. from cemetery later slightly a most tenth the nth and eleventh and nth Skoperda Újkígyós, Medgyesi,”Az Pál Krupica, Krupica, Ruttkay, Aradi, M. Szabó, This latter find was bought by the museum at the beginning of the twentieth century, therefore the exact find find exact the therefore century, twentieth the of beginning the at museum the by bought was find latter This éa üt, “Kisz Kürti, Béla - dot decoration. Although the piece from Kána bears a different decoration, and the tiers tiers the and decoration, different a bears Kána from piece the Although decoration. dot - ac pten a fud oehr ih h ci o Sehn (1270 V Stephen of coin the with together found was pattern hatch The only piece which was not found in the cemetery, but in an external oven complex, complex, cemetery,external oven foundan not inthebut The was piece only which Mezőcsát - lvnh etr cmtr o Kiszombor, of cemetery century eleventh Ducové Krásno Múzeumi Kutatások Csongrád Megyében Megyében Csongrád Kutatások Múzeumi Főnyed

142

, 210, 304 (grave168). 304 210, , , 400 , 45. , century cemetery at Újkígyós Újkígyós at cemetery century n Főnyed and - Gólyásfa 144 mo X ombor

401 (grave 642, 1823). (grave 401 642, In the churchyard cemetery of Krásno, one piece with a similar incised similar a with piece one Krásno, of cemetery churchyard the In ny nomto i ta i ws on i a eeey wee bsds h rn a ring the besides where, cemetery, a in found was it that is information only , , 117. - - hatch pattern, with a hole on the top where originally a glassa insert originally onthe topwhere hole hatch with pattern, a I sáai eőeyiő” Aot h tnh n eleventh and tenth the [About lelőhelyeiről” századi XI. re recovered, dated from the second half of the twelfth to the end the to twelfth the of half second the from dated recovered, re - Gólyásfa.

- aynl etr 10 feltárt tanyánál - - 1116) were found, but not necessarily together, in the same grave. grave. same the in together, necessarily not but found, were 1116) shaped ring top made of copper alloy, ofcopper ringshaped topmade de 143

1 (1995): 240. (1995): 1

– w mr pee wr fud n h cmtr of cemetery the in found were pieces more Two

Skoperda tanya], Skoperda 48

2006 (2007): 105. 2006(2007): ends ends

141 -- -

11. századi temetőrészlet” [Partially excavated excavated [Partially temetőrészlet” századi 11. 139 a is very worn and in worse condition, worse in and worn very is a

from a part dated to the first half of the of half first the to dated part a from All of these fin these of All probably in the early part, which can be dated dated be can which part, early the in probably

- Újkígyós mentioned pieces, the intention was intention the pieces, mentioned A Békés Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei Múzeumok Megyei Békés A found in the churchyard cemetery churchyardthe in found

- shaped top are more or less less or more are top shaped –

kpra Tanya, Skoperda ds have punched ring punched have ds

- corated on the corated onthe century sites of of sites century 1272), 140 145 A

Móra Móra

and but -- -

CEU eTD Collection Karcag of cemetery field Cuman see: Parádi, fourteenthcentury, the at 153 research settlement], the history of medieval the archaeological the about 152 remarks Or few [A 151 150 Tyukod and Tiszaörvény Pécel, Medgyesegyháza Karcag, 149 148 97. 2007): Múzeum, Nemzeti Magyar (Budapest: ÉvaGaram Ritoókand Ágnes ed. invasion], 147 In finds. common more 146 are rings seal however, Slovakia, of area the from cemeteries In Szer, at grave one contexts century fourteenth in appears above. noted as graves, in finds rare also are which ends, flaring with rings lock contained grave whi find otherany of without unfortunately but Kaposvár, cemetery the in found were rings seal few A Kána. of graveyard the in unearthed was rings ring of type this of example single a not above, or described was As cemeteries. (contemporary) ring of kind some contained invasion Mongol the of age the from dating hoards twelve (altogether hoards in finds common are artefacts with rings silve from (made rings seal hoards: in frequently present were them of types and er Arpadian the of half second the from graves the in rather but cemeteries, age Arpadian Europe, Althou Pátrohaof hoard the century. fourteenth the of and Szer of church parish [The története” középkori település a és plébániatemploma “Szer Horváth, Ferenc gondaszentmiklós]. (Kiskunfélegyháza: Bács (Kiskunfélegyháza: gondaszentmiklós]. Bárdos, Bárdos, Szabó, 291. Ibid., László Selmeczi, “A karcag “A Selmeczi, László For example, Pátroha example, For In the case of these pieces, the first contributor on hoards also noticed that they are mostly dated to the the to dated mostly are they that noticed also hoards on contributor first the pieces, these of case the In Akasztó –

exceptcemeteries thearea for from the ofSlovakia 150 h hs ye a i ue rm h eeet t te hrenh etr i Western in century thirteenth the to eleventh the from use in was type this gh Comparing the rings that appear in cemeteries and in hoards, it is clear that two main two that clear is it hoards, in and cemeteries in appear that rings the Comparing 148 Mezőcsát

Kaposvár I Kaposvár The most common type of seal ring, that with the sign of the the of sign the with that ring, seal of type common most The -

uzaznir, Balmazújváro Pusztaszentimre,

t apaac i Hnay s o ta ery a tee r nt rsn i Early in present not are these as early, that not is Hungary in appearance its inset , 45. ,

tns rrl md o sle, oty ae f lcrn r od. These gold). or electron of made mostly silver, of made (rarely stones 152 , 209, 210, 216. 216. 209, 210, ,

- Butorka dűlő, see: Attila Jakab, “Pátroha Jakab, Attila see: dűlő, Butorka -

and from the area of Kecskemét of area the from and Bánkút, Nyáregyháza Bánkút, Butorka Dűlő, which was hidden at the time of the Mongolthe invasion. of time the at hidden waswhich Dűlő, Butorka 146 - - Pénzekkel keltezett Pénzekkel orgondaszentmiklósi kun szállástemető régészeti kutatásának néhány tanulsága” tanulsága” néhány kutatásának régészeti szállástemető kun orgondaszentmiklósi Bagolyvá, see: Parádi, Ibid. Ibid. 128 see: Parádi, Bagolyvá,

Another piece can be also dated to the thirteenth century, from century, thirteenth the to dated also be can piece Another

A Móra Feren Móra A I Esztergom I, s , such as two graves at Karcag at graves two as such , - Kiskun Megyei Önkormányzat Múzeumi Szervezete, 2009) Szervezete, Múzeumi Önkormányzat Megyei Kiskun - Pusztapótharaszt, Nyírmártonfalva Pusztapótharaszt, , 149 , c Múzeum Évkönyve 1974 Évkönyve Múzeum c 49 - 150, Footnote 35. Footnote 150,

- znkry Gst, Hajdúszoboszló Geszti, Szentkiráy, - 153 148 and and Tóth, 148 ch could help date them, although one althoughthem, date help could ch - Butorka dűlő”, in dűlő”, Butorka . These are usually very worn pieces. worn very usually are These . –

they are ofrings. rare types 149

, but ), A tatárjárás k tatárjárás A - 75 - (1975): 354, 356. 354, (1975): Orgondaszentmiklós, - hy aey per in appear rarely they Gut, Pátroha Gut, A tatárjárás tatárjárás A lu d lis de fleur incsleletei

r) and various various and r) - Butorka dűlő, dűlő, Butorka [The Mongol Mongol [The -

Aranyszeg, Aranyszeg, , 81 ,

- also

87. 147 151 a, a,

CEU eTD Collection Cumania 156 155 154 because missing, are thirteenth pieces of century types fashionable the that suggests this All piece. leftover a from probably a from made piece simplest the maybe also and unique most the is piece reversed(WSW somehoworientation a graveswith of consists century,and (K/2777) c twelfth the in buried were they that means which cemetery, the of phase third the than earlier surely are K/1821) and (K/1794 pieces Two century. twelfth the came (K/1732) mid the in deposited was piece worn) very already (this therefore cemetery, the of phase first the from grave a to belonged surely K/2778) and that graves the contained ringsthe cemetery within of situation chronological the of examination the However, period. this in rings many contained cemeteries these of graves the as pattern, this in differences regional ceme the However, Hungary. in cemeteries churchyard contemporary in appear rarely century thirteenth the for typical are hoards, contemporary to twelfth century. o end the around period, earlier an to dated be can ring the as case, this in seen be still can difference a However, artefacts. other many among ring seal a contained also century, the of grave The groups. ethnic different of customs burial the between differences the out points grave afterwards. continuously appear rings seal Ducové, nrs Pálóczi András Krupica, Krupica, Ruttkay, Summarising the chronology of the rings, it can be stated that rings, which, rings, that stated be can it rings, the of chronology the Summarising

11 (1989): 125. (1989): 11

can be associated with a later phase, which can be dated around the mid the around dated be can which phase, later a with associated be can Ducové, Ducové, Krásno

noble Cuman woman of Balotapuszta, who was interred in the mid the in interred was who Balotapuszta, of woman Cuman noble - Horváth, “A Balota pusztai középkori sírlelet” [The medieval grave from Balota puszta], puszta], Balota from grave medieval [The sírlelet” középkori pusztai Balota “A Horváth, 156 from the second phase of the cemetery, which dates it to the second half of of half second the to it dates which cemetery, the of phase second the from , 290 , 405.

291.

154 as early as the second half of the twelfth century, and are present are and century, twelfth the of half second the as early as

h cmtr o Kán ws similar. was Krásno of cemetery The

of Kána reveals a different situation. Two pieces (K/2600 adifferentKána reveals Twopieces(K/2600 situation. of –

ih h ecpin f h rn K/2777 ring the of exception the with 50

- twelfth century. Another ring, probably probably ring, Another century. twelfth teries of Krásno and Ducové suggest Ducové and Krásno of teries 155

entury. Only one piec one Only entury. nte contemporary Another copper alloy sheet, sheet, alloy copper - ENE). This latter This ENE).

- - according thirteenth thirteenth –

n the in f the the f e CEU eTD Collection be can which general in artefacts and decorations cross with jewellery as decoration, their is this for argument second The heirlooms. even not were pieces these then by that implies t from hoards the in appear not do they first, things; two by supported also is This century. eleventh the in already ended probably production of period their century,andtwelfth the of half secondthe alreadyin heirlooms pieceswerethese ones silver the worn, This generations. very through use a suggesting cases are most in rubbed, are rings especially the of all that noted, be to has is unacceptable, be graves into put not were rings these reason, some for but denied, be cannot rings these of use the pyramid a with settlement the from piece one the contrary, the reco were rings no cemetery the of phases century thirteenth – Although a twelfth century dating for the rings found in the graves at Kána would not not would Kána at graves the in found rings the for dating century twelfth a Although 5 Table

at least not inthe thirteenat not least . Occurrence of finger rings in graves, hoards and settlement features. settlement and hoards graves, ringsin offinger Occurrence . th century.

he time of the Mongol invasion, which invasion, Mongol the of time he vered from the graves at all at graves the from vered - shaped ring top suggests that suggests top ring shaped

suggests that suggests . On On . CEU eTD Collection similar. be can size and as theirshape other fromeach them distinguish c to hard that sometimes is it publications the is in indicated not is it when problem and settlements, and cemeteries age The Arpadian contexts. rural with associated be cannot of these even although pieces sophisticated gold, most the silver, or alloy copper of made usually more are and from section rarely cross Conque rectangular and as iron early of made as were appeared cases and many metals, in precious section, cross circular a have cases most in buckles 159 158 157 thi for parallel exact an find not could I spokes. crossing by interrupted are which concentric circles three with decorated is front the and alloy, silver of made is It house. a inside original exact its but (K/462 broochesCircular wasfind. astray f settlement different from came three graves; from are them of None rhombus a brooches, ring circular rhombus the for only made been has Hungary contemporary from finds the of analysis comprehensive century. thirteenth the of half first the in widespread o centurybut twelfth the of end the as early as appeared it that showed they coins, with dated graves using and, Europe, in artefact this of spread and emergence the examined of treasure Brooches yet,was inthe twelfthwhichsituation widespread century. not was nolonger the expressio direct the with connected

On these, see: Ódor, see: Ódor, Onthese, Krabath, It is impo is It , One of the circular ring brooches ring circular the of One two Kána: at represented are types three only brooches of variants many the Of the researchon connectedwith is general broochesin of recent investigation most The

Tab.6 -

and star Die metallenen Trachtbestandteile metallenen Die rtant to distinguish these ring brooches from circular buckles. The basic difference is that circular circular that is difference basic The buckles. circular from brooches ring these distinguish to rtant Fuchsenhof, which contained many variations of this jewellery item. Researchers item. jewellery this of variations many contained which Fuchsenhof, /2 ). It was found with a metal detector in the area of the medieval settlement, medieval the of area the in detector metal a with found was It ).

shaped brooches;shaped Majs

context is unknown. The other piece (K/14 piece other The unknown. is context , 123 , - 134.

- n of Christianity, are more frequent in the period, when it it when period, the in frequent more are Christianity, of n shaped brooch, and an open an and brooch, shaped 158

, all theother typesare pub 250. 159 t eid otxs Rn boce, n otat hv a flat a have contrast, in brooches, Ring contexts. period st

from Kána is made of copper alloy, undecorated alloy, copper of made is Kána from 52

157

ept hi eua curne a occurrence, regular their Despite

- , lished lished individually. framed bird framed Tab.6 eatures and one piece one and eatures /1 ircular buckles appear in in appear buckles ircular ) was found in a pit pit a in found was ) - shaped brooch. brooch. shaped

nly became became nly

s CEU eTD Collection 166 Historica Archaeologia informácia 165 rural the ofthe Slovakia], area in the population among decoration and clothes in fashion Gothic the of [Elements Slovenska” území na obyvatel‟stva 164 Váhom], nad Skalka settlement in medieval the of [Reconstruction 163 162 161 castle], Eger cemeteryof 160 the beside However, GRACI. MARI AVE AVEMA, forms: GRACIA abbreviated MARIA in AVE or PLENA, MARIA, AVE as such angelus, the from mainly inscriptions, today‟s of area the in Denma Germany, Europe, of part northern the in found are artefacts these of Most century. thirteenth the of half first the to dated be can appearance first their widespread; basin Carpathian century contexts. Ducové, in excavated in Váhom nad Skalka sporadic is Krásno from appearance piece one their is there excavated, graves; contemporary been have brooches ring such Although equipped richly puszta Balota of grave Cuman rich the thirteenth from cemeteries contemporary in present often not are however, brooches, Circular opportunity. research a is form the of analogues the examining century thirteenth andgreatdecoration, decorationsgivenforms brooches ofannular ofthe inthe variety the but

Krabath, Krabath, Krupica, Pálóczi Ruttkay, Ruttkay, lxne Rtky “ Ruttkay, Alexander ia Hnla ad aaa eprv, “Reko Nešporová, Tamara and Hanuliak Milan Árpád vár egri “Az Kozák, Károly A special subtype of these brooches also has an issue related to ethnicity within the within ethnicity to related issue an has also brooches these of subtype special A - Horváth, výsledkoch o Fuchsenhof Krásno Ducové - century contexts; a grave in the cathedral of Eger (a fragment only), fragment (a Eger of cathedral the in grave a contexts; century , 272, grave 1574. 329, 272, , -- , 405. See also: Alexander Ruttkay, “Prvky gotickej módy v odeve a ozdobách dedinského dedinského ozdobách a odeve v módy gotickej “Prvky Ruttkay, Alexander also: See 405. , Balota puszta Balota

rk, Poland, Scandinavia, and the Baltic region. Most pieces bear religious bear pieces Most region. Baltic the and Scandinavia, Poland, rk,

graves of the cemeteries in th in cemeteries the of graves --

,245. 22 (199 22 (

Tab.6 Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve Évkönyve Múzeum Egri Az [xaain i Nitra in [Excavations ” Nitre, v Michala sv. kostola výskum Archeologický piece ( Tab.6

7): 7): 18. /4) wih er ies isrpin. hs ye f roh was brooch of type This inscriptions. diverse bear which s , 126. , 163

/6)

164 Archaeologia Histori Archaeologia which can be dated be can which

- oi tem kori

n Nitra and

( Tab.6 - etőjének feltárása I” [The excavation of the Arpadian age age Arpadian the of excavation [The I” feltárása etőjének ržve i St. in Dražovce, 16 šrki srdvkh oílna Sak nd Váhom” nad Skalke v osídlenia stredovekého nštrukcia 53 /5) - - 17 (1978 17 Dražovce

. e area of Slovakia show a similar situation. situation. similar a show Slovakia of area e 161 ca ca

Surprisingly, in this case the case this in Surprisingly,

14 (1989): 370. (1989): 14 to the thirteenth century, but the pieces the but century, thirteenth the to - 1979): 164. 1979): Archaeologia Historica Historica Archaeologia

– ( ( Tab.6

Tab.6 Michael‟s church and its environment], environment], its and church Michael‟s /7) /3)

165 162 časť

ae rm fourteenth from came n aohr n from one another and nytopee are pieces two Only . ržve v eo okolí jeho v a Dražovce 26 (2001): 335. (2001): 26 –

otherwise 160

and 166 - -

CEU eTD Collection 168 2009):147 Hungar in Europe], in 167 garmentsbeen oftheliving. worn onthe have could it that suggesting graves not settlement, the in found were brooches supported; be c Cuman in cases many in appear also they brooches; not and buckles as used were they cases many in and century fourteenth the of half second the in appear only they use; and distribution different somewhat a show they Nitra 7, Ducové, 6 Table and France,are religious ofthe there more worldly thanthe pieces. so are there pieces, liturgical

Fogas, Ottó Fogas, “A gótikus feliratos csatok európai elterjedése” [The spread of gothic brooches with incriptions incriptions with brooches gothic of spread [The elterjedése” európai csatok feliratos gótikus “A Fogas, Ottó ] e. ot Saoc (iknéeyáa Bács (Kiskunfélegyháza: Szabolcs Rosta ed. y], . Circular brooches. 1 brooches. Circular .

Gótikus csatok Gótikus - 148. 148. „Kun

- Dražovce - kép‟ A magyarországi kunok hagyatéka hagyatéka kunok magyarországi A kép‟ , 156. ,

- 2: Kána, K/ 14 and K/462, 3: Krásno, 4: Skalka nad Váhom, 5: Balota 5: Váhom, nad Skalka 4: Krásno, 3: K/462, and 14 K/ Kána, 2:

me with secular inscriptions. In several areas, especially Britain Britain especially areas, several In inscriptions. secular with me

ontexts.

54 168 -

Kiskun Megyei Önkormányzat Múzeumi Szervezete, Szervezete, Múzeumi Önkormányzat Megyei Kiskun

At Kána such an ethnic conclusion cannot conclusion ethnic an such Kána At [„Cuman - picture‟ The remains of the Cumans of of Cumans the of remains The picture‟ 167

In Hungary, however,

puszta, 6: 6: puszta,

CEU eTD Collection 173 172 171 this to artefact. myattention calling for Ferenczi 170 it. my to attention calling for Bíró Gyöngyvér and 7 2010): Stadtarchäologie, L Hansestadt 169 ones different fromfromof the is thepieceKána Thebeen workshop. decoration inthe same made have may they that decoration and shape both in similar so are Greetwell, and Lympne from Two simple. one and elaborate one forms, different two shows tail the of decoration: similar bear shape The eye. England the depicts which one and bird the of body the along all rows in dots from punched pieces The decoration. their by Kána from one t according dated be rather should and parallels, distant more by dated were finds other twelfthtogetherpitawith in found was it asperiod, shorter not is chronology their England are Lüneburg contexts: urban from but (K/548 Kána settlement Age Arpadian Until decoration. D tail, head, a similar: are features main The rarity. their of because important also is function in discussed be will type this situation chronological complex their of Because context. broader a in made be should investigation their Europe, of areas diverse in identified be can pieces rare such of presence Bird shaped brooches -

http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/ukdfddata/showrecords.php?product=32621 http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/220759 http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/392099 hpd oy ad vn h rw aeil cpe aly Te an ifrne s their is difference main The alloy. copper material: raw the even and body, shaped Jan Stammler and Ines Wullschläger, “Petschaft und Fürspan. Ein Einblick in die frühe Geschichte der der Geschichte frühe die in Einblick Ein Fürspan. und “Petschaft Wullschläger, Ines and Stammler Jan http://www.le.ac.uk/ulas/services/small_finds.html stray finds. The remaining three pieces were all found through metal detection in e in detection metal through found all were pieces three remaining The finds. stray

from seil ru o mdea rn boce wer brooches ring medieval of group special A at Lympne, at

nbr, in üneburg,” England, now, onl now,

(

Tab.7

as - 12.

exact; only the piece from Kána can be dated without doubt, and to a a to and doubt, without dated be can Kána from piece the only exact; ekaplg i Lnbr 2010 Lüneburg in Denkmalpflege

it a more a I would like to thank Ines Wullschläger for providing me details about the piece, piece, the about details me providing for Wullschläger Ines thank to like would I y six such brooches are known: o known: are brooches such six y

/2) is

171

also

Aslacton, deta

punched ( Tab.7 il ed way ed

Tab.7

/6)

( Tab.7 , butwit

169 55 /1 at cesd 0. 2013. 04. accessed: Last

than the other types. The examination of their of examination The types. other the than

), two other finds are also from excavations, from also are finds other two ),

Last access Last 2013. 04. accessed: Last and Leicester and /4) 172 h chevronforms, >) (< ed. ,

and Greetwell and ed: 04. 2013. 04. ed: e shaped like birds. Because the the Because birds. like shaped e -

ne piece was found in a pit in the the in pit a in found was piece ne Last accessed: 04. 2013. Last 04. accessed: thirteenth century pottery. All the All centurypottery.thirteenth Edgar Ring (Lüneburg: Lüneburger Lüneburger (Lüneburg: Ring Edgar

( Tab.7

I would like to thank László László thank to like would I

/5)

( Tab.7 , 170

and both of them of both and

pieces, the ones ones the pieces, not /3) 173

dots, whichdots, . Th . erefore astern astern o the o

CEU eTD Collection Nyáregyháza such or as Bajót, invasion, Mongol the of age the of hoards the in already appear stones inset with decorated brooches that 174 would be more acceptable. thirteenth a Kána, from piece the with similarity brooche the of dates date. similar a have should piece this therefore and brooches century fourteenth a decoration of kind this that stated piece that of researcher The decoration. has it as different bit a is however, Lüneburg, from with bird. the of body the along lines two structure Table

Stammler

7 the thirteenth century, as diverse punched decorations were use at that time. The piece The time. that at use were decorations punched diverse as century, thirteenth the . . Bird - - Wullschläger, Wullschläger, shaped brooches. 1: Kána, 2: Lympne, 3: Greetwell, 4: Aslacton, 5: Leicester, 6: Lüneburg 6: Leicester, 5: Aslacton, 4: Greetwell, Lympne,3: 2: Kána, 1: brooches. shaped

- Pusztapótharaszt. Pusztapótharaszt. gvn n h Egih webpages English the on given s Fürspan

, 12. Without questioning the dating of that piece it has to be mentioned, mentioned, be to has it piece that of dating the questioning Without 12. , See: Parádi, Parádi, See: 56 Pénzekkel kelt

oh id fdcrto a e associated be can decoration of kinds Both - , or at most most at or , inset

ezett ékszerek r qetoal. eadn the Regarding questionable. are

glass beads instead of punched punched of instead beads glass fourteenth , 124, 132. 124, , - ppears mostly on mostly ppears , century dating dating century ,

174

The later The

CEU eTD Collection 178 Ages” Medieval and Viking middelalder og vikingtid mellom 177 176 medievalbird Early doves. 175 brooche these on birds the of all not As cross. in a with together were formed birds graves these of in many furthermore, contexts, and Germany, Christian in cathedrals in many of undoubtedly churchyards them of many and Europe, Central f be can brooches shaped bird century ninth the after that conclusion the century. eleventh tothe mainlydated from England, also and from are Sweden, known other examples 1100. to 1050 c. from period shorter the to restricted is distribution their Norway of In thearea Denmark. and as long as inthe of continuous productionwas time use) and not the howe occurrence, Their too. elsewhere, appeared they Denmark, second century theeleventh halfexisted and inthe of first still half ofthe twelfth. st only is bird the where those are brooches bird of set latest and last The century. twelfth the of beginning and eleventh the to dated be can group this finds, Scandinavian to According claws. even sometimes and feathers, beaks, birds: the on features mid the in emerged which style, Urnes the by followed soon were and century, tenth late the in emerged styles styles: an two Ringerike of consists group first The reference. chronological a had also which groups widespread mainlyareaDenmark. inScandinavia, of inthe t tenth the of brooches shaped bird the collected Pedersen Anne areas. certain in centuries previous the in common more

Pedersen, Pedersen, Pedersen, Anne Pedersen, “Rovfugle eller duer. duer. eller “Rovfugle Pedersen, Anne Ingunn Marit Rastad, “En fremmed fugl: „Danske‟ smykker og forbindelser på Østlandet i overgangen overgangen i Østlandet på forbindelser og smykker „Danske‟ fugl: fremmed “En Rastad, Marit Ingunn lhuh h peec o bird of presence the Although was it period, the of brooches the among unusual quite is shape bird the Although 178

Rovf Rovfugle Pedersen examined the possible meaning of bird shaped brooches. She came to came She brooches. shaped bird of meaning possible the examined Pedersen d Urnes. These are both characteristic for their wriggling appearance. These These appearance. wriggling their for characteristic both are These Urnes. d ugle , 64. 64. , 62 , - eleventh century. The second group is distinguished by the naturalist the by distinguished is group second The century. eleventh

- 63. -

shaped brooches,” brooches,” shaped Viking.

–

A strange „bird‟: Danish brooches and affiliations in Eastern Norway in the the in Norway Eastern in affiliations and brooches Danish „bird‟: strange A Norsk arkeologisk årbok årbok Norskarkeologisk o twelfth centuries and she states that these artefacts were were artefacts these that states she and centuries twelfth o Fugleformede fibler fra den tidlige middelalder middelalder tidlige den fra fibler Fugleformede Aarbøger for nordisk oldkyndighed og historie og oldkyndighed for nordisk Aarbøger - hpd rohs a ms cmo i te ra of area the in common most was brooches shaped 57

(2012): 204. (2012): 175

She differentiates threeShe differentiates stylistic

ylised. These appear in the in appear These ylised. ver, (both the time of of time the (both ver, s are similar, probably probably similar, are s ound in Western and Western in ound - 1999 (2001): 65. (2001): 1999

Birds of prey or or prey of Birds 176

177

A few A ic

- CEU eTD Collection 179 piece the of exception the with that peculiar is it distribution, clear a define to opportunity no there therefore and rare, were artefacts these Although objects. these of meaning symbolic the in continuity possible a indicates space in sometimes and time in form the of continuity these that which indicates feet, clawed of lack the is exception only The ways). similar (in formed carefully features important most The style. naturalistic the of ones followin the from above enumerated In with the appearance shaped ofbird brooches. symbolism. Christian in role a S play definitely birds possible, are interpretations different Although kind. some of meaning symbolic carried also but garment, the of elements for evidence clear of depiction the with together coin, the of side one on depicted were birds similar where rulers, Danish of coins objects: contemporary of idea the contrast, In hunting. and falconry of depictions the as interpreted be should artefacts these that theory the weakens also explanation This society. the of layer elite the to connected not were they identifiable, of made were them of Most objects. common more were brooches These elite. were the with associated they mostly were Scandinavia, they and widespread, contemporary not definitely from known are bones peacock some although interpre these Among symbols. Christian important been have interpretations different have can which species, different depicted they adnva nte cs spot ti itrrtto; h sra o Crsint coincided Christianity of spread the interpretation; this supports case another candinavia

Ibid., 65 Ibid., Although none of the Scandinavian brooches are exact parallels for the bird brooches bird the for parallels exact are brooches Scandinavian the of none Although - 66. nepee a ege, eccs r oe, f hc bt te is ad at are last and first the both which of doves, or peacocks eagles, as interpreted

the interpretation of bird brooches, bird of interpretation the

birds are not likely to be birds of prey. Despite the differences, the the differences, the Despite prey. of birds be to likely not are birds

hita smoim s upre b aohr ye of type another by supported is symbolism Christian g centuries, they are not are they centuries, g Agnus Dei Agnus 179 58

probably they were not only decorative decorative only not were they probably on the other side. other the on ain te eks i te peacock; the is weakest the tations

– copper alloy, and when it was was it when and alloy, copper

h ha, ek tail beak, head, the differing

Although there Although very much from the from much very . In most cases they they cases most In . –

r all are is

no is CEU eTD Collection 181 156 1997): Nauka, (Moscow: [Drevniaia Макарова. Ивановна Татьяна 180 became and century thirteenth the of beginning the at emerged ones circular common most and simplest the which of brooches, framed open or ring of group the to belong undoubtedly contempor examine to best is it artefacts, impact onScandinavian fashion. bird of use the and form the unlikely, is areas other. each with connections no had jewellery of kinds two the that implies used were brooches/pendants th century. fourteenth the until fashion in were pendants Such Petersburg. and Moscow, Smolensk, of area the in appeared vari many centuriestwelfth and eleventh the In Novgorod. of area the in that after and LadogaRiver the along widespread already were they century tenth the in centuries; later in spread they places Finno neighbouring duck of form the in birds, animals, depicting amulets many Of hunts. of targets the were which of tradition The tradition. different t prehistoric a to backdates amulets zoomorphic from coming are they also and ones, mentioned However Ukraine. form was stronger. all Kána from s eid rsaces f cniain id hv age ta te ifrn wy f bird of way different the that argued have finds Scandinavian of researchers period, is

Pedersen, Pedersen, B. A Kolchin and T. I. Makarova, Makarova, I. T. and Kolchin A B. - hpd edns r mlt, perd is aon te it cnuy n h areas the in century sixth the around first appeared amulets, or pendants shaped o a etr nesadn o te yblc n crnlgcl set o these of aspects chronological and symbolic the of understanding better a For w brooches shaped birds where area, Another tos xse, n bsds h duck the besides and existed, ations 181 Rovfugle

Although a similar symbolic background of bird shaped jewellery shaped bird of background symbolic similar a Although of them were found in Northwest in found were them of , 65. , ,

hs boce hv a ifrn sae n maig hn h above the than meaning and shape different a have brooches these - gi terri Ugric

- 159. 180

Although this area had close connections with Scandinavia in Scandinavia with connections close had area this Although Древняя Русь. Быт и культура. культура. и Быт Русь. Древняя

ois sc a i te ra f k ad oa. rm these From Mokai. and Oka of area the in as such tories, Rus ' : Byt i kul'tura kul'tura i Byt : r boce. h sx id rohs n question in brooches bird six The brooches. ary 59 imes, depicting diverse creatures, usually those usuallythose creatures, depicting diverse imes,

Europe, where the tradition of such a brooch a such of tradition the where Europe, - hpd eelr isl cud ae a an had have could itself jewellery shaped - hpd om a e, chicken new, a forms shaped ere spread are in present day Russia and Russia day present in are spread ere -

nin Rus Ancient Ред.: Борис Александрович Колчин Колчин Александрович Борис Ред.: sia. Way of life and the culture] the and life of Way sia.

of these two these of - ish form form ish -

CEU eTD Collection 187 Békéscsaba], 186 185 184 183 182 them of some contrary, the on and thoughts, religious th of Some century. thirteenth the in already widespread OMNIA AMOR VINCIT. inscription ancarries also piece one as evidence:direct is there cases some Inloyalty. of kind b have could which loyalty, of hands as interpreted are to they difficult Usually understand. a is motif handshake The couple. the of explanation worldly a is so obvious, couple. hands, praying handshake, a depicting brooches as aworldly they understanding.and both religious possible make inscriptions. secular with pieces also in piecesbeardescribedliturgicalwas As most above, inscription. had which pieces the is group apparent most the period, the of brooches the all investigates one ce bird these that from suggests Kána, evidence with together appeared, forms these when time the dating, the Regarding hear a like drop rhomboid, as such century, thirteenth the as early as locally spread shapes diverse more form, basic from widespread

ntury. Krabath, ibid, 246. ibid, Krabath, Krabath, Fogas, Parádi, Nándor Krabath, Imre Szatmári, “A békéscsabai későromán kori arany melltű” [The late Romanesque golden brooch from from brooch golden Romanesque late [The melltű” arany kori későromán békéscsabai “A Szatmári, Imre 186 umrsn tee bet, ay aitos h open the variations many objects, these Summarising so illustrate which those examining is possibility research Another If difficult. more much is brooches these of agency the or meaning the Interpreting A gótikus feliratos csatok feliratos gótikus A

Fuchsenhof Fuchsenhof t The interpretation of the praying hands is doubtful, and although seems although it doubtful, and is hands praying ofThe the interpretation Archaeologiai Értesítő Archaeologiai - shaped brooch shaped - Pénzekkel keltezett ékszerek Pénzekkel shaped, star shaped, the

,245 ,236.

Pyrenees -

246. 187 183 -

shaped, octagonal, etc. forms, together with more unique pieces, unique more with together forms, etc. octagonal, shaped,

, 147 ,

or pieces where the brooch had additional molded decoration. molded additional had brooch the where pieces or

130 (2005): 195. (2005): 130 to - hpd rohs ae en n s aray n h thirteenth the in already use in been have brooches shaped

- Transylvania 148. 148. 184

, 124. ,

Thus, the inscriptions lead to no direct interpretation, direct no to lead inscriptions the Thus,

and

185

from

r h idvda pee hc dpcs a depicts which piece individual the or –

Scandinavia

even the same type of brooches of type same the even m uey a b cnetd with connected be can surely em

- framed brooches were were brooches framed

scriptions, but therearebut scriptions, to

Italy mething, such as as such mething, . 182

Besides this Besides een many een --

CEU eTD Collection 189 188 concentrated more circular a shows form widespread rhomboid the the brooches, to Opposite division. their brooches: these of aspect interesting century. al use their prove settlements and hoards from finds cemeteries, sources. visual contemporary the of testimony the despite century, thirteenth the to dated be could which 5/3) th from pieces and typ 5/1) Tab. (K/958, Rhombus used were they continuouslycenturies and, for as motifs, beloved be to seemed they birds, that interpreted is stated people be however can that thing only the artefacts, these of situation find the from comes use and it interpreted people that way the but roots, religious had havecould original meaningthe that is apparent explanation most the me, For excluded. be cannot love worldly of interpretation the century, thirteenth the of brooches the regarding However, artefacts. these of meaning Christian symbolic – ways, both in interpreted easily be can which Bird love. worldly with associated were

a depiction ofHoly Ghost

Ódor, Ódor, Szabó, e, revealing that besides one piece from the cemetery of Mezőcsát of cemetery the from piece one besides that revealing e, , Karcag, Soltszenti Karcag, , h smwa mr etne rsac o te uhehf or rvae another revealed hoard Fuchsenhof the on research extended more somewhat The rhombus cast,a Kánais in found brooch of type third The the in continuity indicate may centuries earlier in brooches bird the of spread The Majs

Mezőcsát

- shaped brooches , 129 , 189 - , 46. , 130. 130.

. Recent studies have addressed the appearance and spread of this brooch brooch this of spread and appearance the addressed have studies Recent . Thus, in spite of the lack of rhombus of lack the of spite in Thus, e hoards of the Mongol invasion: invasion: Mongol the of hoards e

See also: See Krabath, mre and Tiszaörvény and mre

or lovebirds (doves).

perhaps surprisingly,way:as inasimilar brooches. Fuchsenhof - hpd rohs mns tee ersn a group a represent these amongst brooches shaped - d them may have differed. Since no information no Since differed. have may them d 61 as these pieces can be understood both as doves as both understood be can pieces these as Templomdomb, , 239. ,

Esztergom - shaped brooches in thirteenth century thirteenth in brooches shaped

distribution; most of the finds are finds the of most distribution;

there is no archaeologi no is there - – shaped copper alloy broochalloy copper shaped ed fo mid from ready

Szentkirályi földek Szentkirályi - Csicske, other themes of the of themes other

(Tab. 5/2) (Tab.

- thirteenth cal find cal

(Tab. (Tab. 188

CEU eTD Collection 190 above. ar including century, fourteenth pieces these of Most west. the to nearby and half) western the (especially basin Carpathian the in concentrated

Kühtreiber, Kühtreiber, 190 Table 8 Table

Fuchsenhof . Rhombus .

-- , 238 , -

shaped brooches. 1: Kána, 2: Mezőcsát, 3: Esztergom 3: Mezőcsát, 2: Kána, 1: brooches. shaped with the exception of the above mentioned finds mentioned abovethe of exception the with - 239.

tefacts from the cemeteries from the area of Slovakia cited Slovakia of area the from cemeteries the from tefacts 62

- Szentkirály --

can be dated to the to dated be can

CEU eTD Collection 191 it but precisely, that dated be cannot pin undamaged The four a the of grave disturbed in found was piece fragmented the as dating, this support Kána from pieces two The the beginningof the to latest the century,at twelfth the characteristicfor are pins these finds other diverse with association by 1975 in already stated Dunaújváros, 9 Table Pins not endupincontemporarygraves,rather the fourtefrom only did usually brooches these inserts, stone/glass with ones the or rings seal as such types ring finger or ends flaring with rings lock fashionable the to similarly but jewellery), such with depi not usually are (who population rural the amongst use in also were pieces valuable) (less that and life, everyday in present was representations visual in seen jewellery century d was that piece the

Bóna, Bóna,

. Pin from Kána, K/2667 . from Pin Kána, The chronologies of all the above described brooch types lead to the same conclusion: same the to types lead brooch described above the all of chronologiesThe Dunaújváros , 136 , iscovered in the settlement of Kána indicates that the typical thirteenth typical the that indicates Kána of settlement the in iscovered

- 137, 140. 140. 137, - year

- old child which came from the second phase of the cemetery. cemetery. the of phase second the from came which child old

examining lower, the only hemispherical is fragment two The from pieces. soldered hemispherical hollow, was which head, spherical a with pin pointed narrow, long, a is piece whole The alloy. coppe of made are pieces Both recovered. were pin of type (K/2095 whole one Kána of cemetery the In used. been have could pins also but brooches, only not body, upper the on garments close To

the 63

, Tab. 9 Tab. ,

jewellery part

. ) and a fragment (K/2667) of a same same a of (K/2667) fragment a and ) of

discovered was surely earlier than the third third the than earlier surely was the enth century.

head.

in thirteenth century. thirteenth István

the

graveyard

Bóna,

cted cted

191 at by r

CEU eTD Collection 195 194 Kisnána], Castle cemeteryof 193 (Cluj Vártérség] 192 artefacts, besolved. problemcannot this m without Nevertheless, century. a after fashion the of renewal sudden a than likely more be would hairpins of fashion the of continuation a thus, and on, century fourteenth the from accessories headgear as foll popular became and pins previous Furthermore, the centuries. in as century thirteenth the in reliable as not are coins even later, discussed be will As dating. that for proof solid have them of many not century, twelfth This hoards. in appear they do mayaf nor distribution Slovakia, of area the in cemeteries rich relatively Kaposvár. from one only Kána besides Romania). (Ulieş Kányád Gyulafehérvár Romania), Mureş, Roma Church, Malomfalva in parallels Doboka from one the besides as Transylvania, of cemeteries br of made are they Mostly pins. hair as used were they cases most in that also and cemetery, each in diverse Doboka these about write to researcher latest The cemeteries. churchyard in appear rarely artefacts these but dating, this contradicts find other No period. that from grave a in superposition in was it as cemetery, the of phase

Bárdos, Bárdos, Trogmayer, Erwin Gáll, Gáll, Erwin áo Gőő Sza Győző János - átré, (Dăbăca Vártérség, Kaposvár I Kaposvár Békés A Doboka Doboka A - Napoca: Erdélyi Múzeum Egyesület, 2011), 41 2011), Egyesület, Erdélyi Múzeum Napoca: i) Kolozsvár nia), 195 , 13, 22 grave 22 75. 13, , bó, “Gótikus pártaövek a kisnánai vár temetőjéből” [Gothic decorated belts from the the from belts decorated [Gothic temetőjéből” vár kisnánai a pártaövek “Gótikus bó,

, 195. , fect the dating, because although no data suggest any other dating than the the than dating other any suggest data no although because dating, the fect onze, except one silver piece from Kisnána. They appear frequently in the the in frequently appear They Kisnána. from piece silver one except onze, t s atclry neetn ta n pee a fud n h otherwise the in found was piece no that interesting particularly is It

–

piece is known from Kisnána, from known is piece IV. Vártérség templom körüli temetője körüli templom Vártérség IV. Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve Évkönyve Múzeum Egri Az - stfla Mrşi Romania), (Moreşti, Csittfalva 192 - Castle, Romania) and noted that their spread and number are are number and spread their that noted and Romania) Castle,

o mn ae nw fo peet a Hnay however; Hungary, day present from known are many Not - őe (Cluj Főter

is Ewn ál cletd h prles f h pee from piece the of parallels the collected Gáll, Erwin pins, - zksghz Ab Iulia (Alba Székesegyház

- an qae Romania), Square, Main 64 8

- 9 (1972): 59. (1972): 9 - 42. 193

[The churchyard cemetery of Doboka of cemetery churchyard [The another from Békés from another Doboka

– -

átré, ál discovered Gáll Vártérség, ahda, oai) and Romania) Cathedral, - odgszn (Dăbăca Boldogasszony

Marosvásárhely (Tîrgu (Tîrgu Marosvásárhely ore, precisely datable datable precisely ore, 194

and several and owing - IV. IV. - CEU eTD Collection 196 ofIt damaged a(K/2292). rosette onone is 10 Tab. (K/458 sheet metal domed of parts two of brazed was it as hollowed, and spherical is another hemispherica gilded a has of one alloy; copper of made are pieces three remaining The (K/357). sheet lead embossed thin of made is and dome, pronounced K/1170.2 and (K/1170.1 lead of made forms discoid thick, are two pieces, six the Of village. the of features settlement the of bank (K/2292 fro piece Buttons casesofas these inthecase pins. such way different a in object an use to will free the simple of use the suggested, n do often archaeologist typologies,as usual the than complex more is jewellery already has Gáll Erwin as Probably, century. twelfth the whils person, deceased a of chest the on found was head hollow a with pin one mixed; is situation Doboka at cemetery the In pins. hair as used were they that suggests which were they that imply Doboka

Gáll, Gáll, t another piece with a solid head was clearly used as a hairpin. Both graves are dated to dated are graves Both hairpin. a as used clearly was head solid a with piece another t Doboka. Altogether six buttons were discovered in Kána, all of them outside the cemetery: one one cemetery: the outside them of all Kána, in discovered were buttons six Altogether from pieces the interesting; more perhaps is pins such of wearing of way Another /1. - , Vártérség, Kisnána, and both pieces from Kána were discovered in positions which positions in discovered were Kána from pieces both and Kisnána, Vártérség, a ic (K/357 ditch a m Tab. 10 Tab. ). The last piece is also made of a slightly domed metal sheet formed in the shape the in formed sheet metal domed slightly a of made also is piece last The ). ,41 /2 - 42. ), and all the remaining are stray finds found by metal detecting the spoil the detecting metal by found finds stray are remaining the all and ),

used as bosom pins. The remaining pieces were found near the skulls, skulls, the near found were pieces remaining The pins. bosom as used ,

a. 10 Tab. 196 /6 , nte fo te work the from another ),

side. 65

–

mostly because it is possible only in rare in only possible is it because mostly

Tab. 10 Tab. /4,5 ). Another piece has a more a has piece Another ). - l top (K/456 top l pit of an external oven oven external an of pit slightly domed domed slightly - Vártérség the the Vártérség ot count with count ot , Tab. 10 Tab. /3 ), -

CEU eTD Collection 198 townEte], of area in the investigation mező Ete középkori a jelentés “Előzetes Miklós, 139 (1943): 197 century. fourteenth the before life everyday in buttons of presence the to testify Kána from analysed, been not have they chronolothe make help cannothowever,they as buttons; diverse contained graves the of many where Balotapuszta of grave noble the mentioned: be on. century fourteenth the from tight them. when required century, fourteenth the in fashion in change the of remains the the explained traditionally have researchers graves, age Arpadian T able able 10

Pálóczi László Gerevich, “A csúti középkori sírmező” [The Medieval graveyard of Csút], Csút], of graveyard Medieval [The sírmező” középkori csúti “A Gerevich, László A . Button types of Kána. 1: K/458, 2: K/2292, 3: K/456, 4: K/1170.1, 5: K/1170.2, K/357 K/1170.2, 6: 5: K/1170.1, 4: K/456, 3: K/2292, 2: K/458, 1: . Buttontypes ofKána. - lthough (shank buttons Horváth, - 4. o is mat n h rsac, e te fifty the see research, the on impact its For 140.

Thus, Balota puszta Balota

has , 126. 126. ,

also been also 197 - A Wosinszky Mór Múzeum Évkönyve Múzeum Mór Wosinszky A backs) were already present in the Conquest period and early and theConquestperiod backs)werepresent in already

This statement ca statement This

város területén végzett kutatásokról” [Preliminary report of the the of report [Preliminary kutatásokról” végzett területén város

stated that stated gy of buttons more precise.piecesHowever, more the buttons gy of 66 198

and the Jazygian the and

nnot be denied, but two exceptions must exceptions two but denied, be nnot

buttons occur only in cemeteries dated cemeteries in only occur buttons - year - l ltr td: át Vz ad Zsuzsa and Vízi Márta study: later old

21 (1999): 224. (1999): 21

perneo utn as buttons of appearance cemetery of Négyszállás, of cemetery uaet Régiségei Budapest

- u garments cut

CEU eTD Collection “ Ibid., 201 200 280. 199 use of such canassumed. objects be of half (pro as Thus, learning. were students Hungarian many where Venice, in monastery a to originally belonged probably most manuscript The Oxford. in Commestor button, of naming Hungarian canbuttons the second befrom dated half thirteenth of century. the fourteenth age Arpadian in sporadically found usual the than time earlier an from dated be be should buttons of use the that implies settlements can but Invasion, Mongol the of hoards the in treasured. were buttons that tell period that of sources and centuries, fifteenth and fourteenth the of hoards the in appear metal precious of made variants their as suspicious, is This invasion. Mongol the of age the from hoards the type thelatter tin, of mostly of alloy. was copper made earlier the materials; raw different meant also techniques production different the case this In century. fourteenth the of end the from ones sheet metal domed, and century, thirteenth ea the from dated be can pieces cast plain that shows research latest the but on, century fourteenth the from fashion in were buttons England, on research the In Hungary. to results region remote isa This England.Medieval area: distant far aonlyfor madebeen has buttons of analysisComparative

Hatházi, Geoff Egan and Frances Pritchard, Pritchard, Frances and Egan Geoff ld eekni “ Nemerkényi, Előd

Medieval Hungarian Glosses in MS. Lyell 70.” MS. in Glosses Hungarian Medieval ) the thirteenth century in language in century thirteenth the ) In this case written sources can also help in dating this dress accessory, as the the as accessory, dress this dating in help also can sources written case this In othe One Kiskunség kincsleletei Kiskunség - etr dtn, u ltr tha later but dating, century r aspect can help in the dating of buttons, the fact that they do not appear in in appear not do they that fact the buttons, of dating the in help can aspect r ahda Lbais n eivl Hungary Medieval in Libraries Cathedral

; although the similarities are interesting I do not want to project their their project to want not do I interesting are similarities the although ; , 81, footnote 66. footnote 81, ,

gomb Dress Accessories 1150 Accessories Dress , appears on a thirteenth a on appears , 201

n the Mongol invasion. Thus, the appearance of of appearance the Thus, invasion. Mongol the n

the word that meant button appeared already, the the already, appeared button meant that word the

Bodleian Library Record Library Bodleian 67

- 145

199 200 ” 0

, (London: Museum of London, 2002): 278 2002): London, of Museum (London: , irr History Library

The fact that buttons do not appear not do buttons that fact The

century gloss on a text by Petrus Petrus by text a on gloss century

(1999): 503 (1999):

bably even in the first first the in even bably 20

20) 9 (2004): – 508. – 0 Se also See 10.

written rly rly - CEU eTD Collection the On century. thirteenth the of half second the date, earlier an suggest also building castle of process the 1301 archontológiája 1301 világi Hungary for owner “Magyarország its from Engel, it took Pál king the see: that tells treason, 1314 in mention first the as dating, this support sources Written 205 Ecseg at investigation 204 village. age Arpadian 203 withstudy. this in them deal 202 Hung of invasion Mongol the after dated be can found was artefact unbroken the where castle the at use the However, pieces. two these on rely only can objects these of dating the finds, parallel no are there Since strap. is plate trapezoid the of end the at and pin, the for casting the in left was hole separate A surface. the on frame the the of into part outer cutthe along runs line surface a and side, inner the on grooved is which shape, oval an has frame The of made cast were plate the and frame the that is featurecharacteristic most are the alloy;copper pieces Both decoration. the even but size, the in only not visible, already is Ecseg recently,found paralleluntil during modelmetal was a when uncertain was shape its fragment, is piece this As type. rare rather a represents finds stray sa the increasing by dating the with help can this Still, later. not but earlier, maybe centuries, thirteenth and twelfth the to approximately represent differenttypes, whichw buckle village. the of area the from also finds, stray are more two and village, the in other the and church the to next one frompits, recovered were pieces two cemetery, the are pieces five this, of village. Kána in discovered were fragments buckle and buckles belt twelve Altogether Buckles

From the area of the settlement there are more buckles, but as they were not definitely belt buckles, I do not do I buckles, belt definitely not were they as but buckles, more are there settlement the of area the From An earlier date is unlikely as no early Ar early no as unlikely is date earlier An wudlk otakMxmMroi o rvdn m wt nulse aa rmhs metal his from data unpublished with me providing for Mordovin Maxim thank to like would I ta fns und p uig h mtl eetn o te spoil the of detecting metal the during up turned finds Stray

( Stray finds from the village cannot be dated precisely, they can only be dated dated be only can they precisely, dated be cannot village the from finds Stray Tab. 11 Tab.

- 1457 I] (Budapest: História, 1996): 307. Besides the written evidence, the form of the castle and and castle the of form the evidence, written the Besides 307. 1996): História, (Budapest: I] 1457 /8)

. - 204 Vároldal in April 2013. in Vároldal

Although as the latter piece is not restored yet, the similarity of the two the of similarity the yet, restored not is piece latter the as Although in situ in

finds from graves, two other frag other two graves, from finds ary. padian style artefact has been discovered in the area of the castle. castle. the of area the in discovered been has artefact style padian

205 ill be discussed indetail bediscussed ill

hs tee ics a poal b dtd o the to dated be probably can pieces these Thus, 68 mple size. One piece (K/465 piece One size. mple

- banks - 47 I. 1457 another, rectangular, hole for the for hole rectangular, another, -

detector research at the castle of thecastle of research at detector of diverse settlement features of the the of features settlement diverse of ments came from the area of of area the from came ments s

” [The secular archontology of of archontology secular [The ” below. 203

, Mostof the pieces the Mostof Tab. 11 Tab. /7 together. - detecting detecting ) of the of )

202

Out CEU eTD Collection 107. 2004): Nemzeti Múzeum, 210 209 208 207 beziehungen.” Archaeologica Südosteoropäische mit Brustkreuze einfachen Mindszent in Gräber d a és csatok bizánci also 10 in origin Balkan and Byzantine 206 Hungary Medieval chr shell metal cylindrical a features which type, same the represent Kána from pieces both and buckles, these of subgroups different divided Fingerlin Ilse ways. diverse in profiled is frame most the is second the opinion, mybuckl these as appropriate in three, these Of buckles]. articulated [lobately recently most terms, diverse used have researchers Hungarian and so Europeanbelts ofsynthesiscomplete edges; outside ornate with frames oval as appear Anglo in them; for terminology unified a found yet not have Scholars rec easily are buckles such to connected plates The them. without used been have could but plates, have necessarily not did type this that frame buckle the to oxidised fragments Textile (?). brass w piece complete a is one other the alloy, copper of made buckle, (K/731 settlement the of area examples theframenotcast plate; together they with was the werebya connected concernswaythis buckle, thestrap andas only theshapeof joined tothe the inthese plate the unclear, with also similarity is type this of origin the Although definitive. considered be not should dating this parallels, dated, properly more, lacking but century, thirteenth the of half second

Ilse Fingerlin, Fingerlin, Ilse Egan Krupica, Károly Mesterházy, “Bizánci és balkáni eredetű tárgyak a 10 a tárgyak eredetű balkáni és “Bizánci Mesterházy, Károly onology of castles and the process of castle building in this period, see: Erik Fügedi, Fügedi, Erik see: period, this in building castle of process the and castles of onology Gábor ée Lnó n Atl Tr, Hnollsoi ío Mindszent sírok “Honfoglaláskori Türk, Attila and Langó Péter - The other stray find (K/1170 find stray other The Pritchard, Pritchard,

Hatházi, Krásno 10 (2004): 377 (2004): 10 Gürtel des hohen und späten Mittelalters späten und hohen des Gürtel

the trapezoid buckles of the conquest period has to be mentioned. However, mentioned. be to has period conquest the of buckles trapezoid the

Dress (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986): 50 1986): Akadémiai Kiadó, (Budapest: , 302, grave 104. 302, , A Kunok régészeti emlékei a Kelet a emlékei régészeti Kunok A - Koszorús dűlő. Angäben zur Typologie der trapetförmigen Byzantinischer Schnallen und und Schnallen Byzantinischer trapetförmigen der Typologie zur Angäben dűlő. Koszorús élkelet

Accessories, 76. Accessories, - uóa kpslt eyzr mlkrstk tipológiájához. mellkeresztek egyszerű kapcsolatú európai -

385. 385. es have many subtypes, and their most common feature is that their that is feature common most their and subtypes, many have es - , 11

Tab. 11 Tab. th

century Hungarian graves], graves], Hungarian century

, Tab. 11 Tab. /1

) represent similar types. Although the first is only a only is first the Although types. similar represent ) far gave the generalofname fargavethe

/2 69 - Dunántúlon ) and the piece which was found in a pit in the in pit a in found was which piece the and )

. (Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1971): 58. 58. 1971): Kunstverlag, Deutscher (Berlin: . - 62. 208 ognisable from their long narrow shape. shape. narrow long their from ognisable

- Móra A Ilse Fingerlin, who has made the most the made has who Fingerlin, Ilse 11. századi magyar sírlel magyar századi 11. , Opuscula Hungarica 5 (Budapest: Magyar (Budapest: 5 Hungarica Opuscula , Folia Archaeologica Archaeologica Folia 207 - Koszorús dűlőn. Adatok a szíjbefűzős szíjbefűzős a Adatok dűlőn. Koszorús

Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve Évkönyve Múzeum Ferenc are the evidence that indicates that evidence the are

ith folded sheets, made of of made sheets, folded ith karéjos tagolású csatok tagolású karéjos Profilierte Schnallen Profilierte - Saxon research they they research Saxon -

etekben” [Artefacts of of [Artefacts etekben” 41 (1990): 88 (1990): 41 Castle and Society in in Society and Castle Landnahmenzeitliche Landnahmenzeitliche joint.

– -

92. See 92. 206 Studia

, 210 209

CEU eTD Collection 217 69 (1894): county], Hont and Esztergom from finds archaeological new and Tokod in castrum 216 215 214 213 212 grave 238. 11., grave 70; 106, 1992): Múzeum, Történeti Budapesti 211 noble and commoners both of graves centurypeople. eleventh and tenth the in found be can commo most the is belongs Kána from piece the which to subtype the this, within and century, eleventh the of end the until use in was buckle of type this the that concluded and basin Carpathian Lyre cemetery. the of Conquest the forcharacteristic graves earliest the of one in lyre a is piece earliest the doubt, Without during scrapingthesurface. K/2392 and (K/1731 fragments plate two these as help, cannot t dating broad this On century. thirteenth the to dated invasion. Mongol the of time the at hidden was which century. Nitra century. fifteenth and fourteenth the to dated were and mounts, diverse with together found Szer, from pieces two and century, fourteenth the into and thirteenth Négyszállás, at graves from were recovered pieces Similar on. century thirteenth the of half second the around from use in was a ttached to the front frame, fixed in place by lateral knobs. According to her work, this type this work, her to According knobs. lateral by place in fixed frame, front the to ttached

Révész, Révész, Ruttkay, Horváth, Ferenc Krupica, Ruttkay, László Selmeczi, Selmeczi, László Viktor Récsey, “Római castrum Tokodon és újabb régészeti leletek Esztergom leletek régészeti újabb és Tokodon castrum “Római Récsey, Viktor - ržve i dtd o sihl erir eid te secon the period, earlier slightly a to dated is Dražovce, 217 All the other finds were were finds other the All 215 - 70. Líra

Nitra gotickej Prvky Krásno Outside theCarpathians, extended Révész their usetothe twelfth century.He also

An even earlier a piece came from the hoard of Esztergom of hoard the from came piece a earlier even An

n type of lyre n type of

alakú csatok alakú - Dražovce , 302, grave 104. 302, , Szer A négyszállási I. számú jász temető jász számú I. négyszállási A , 353 ,

, 363, grave 983/72 and 89/75. and grave983/72 363, , , 18. , , 526 , - 355. -

shaped buckle, spread in all areas conquered by Hungarians, and it Hungarians, and it by conquered all areas spread in buckle, shaped -

527.

period. László Révész collected the lyre collectedthe Révész László period.

in situ situ in 211 -

in graves, which can provide more precise data. data. precise more provide can which graves, in shaped buckle (K/143 buckle shaped Ducové, 70

[The Jazygian cemetery of Négyszállás I.] (Budapest : (Budapest I.] Négyszállás of cemetery Jazygian [The

212

and Krásno and 216 he two stray finds from the cemetery cemetery the from finds stray two he

Thus, such finds from Kána can be can Kána from finds such Thus, - hpd uke ae considered are buckles shaped , Tab. 11 Tab. Tab. 11 Tab. 213 d half of the thirteenth thirteenth the of half d

dated to the the to dated és Hontmegyében” [Roman [Roman Hontmegyében” és - Archaeologiai Értesítő Archaeologiai 214 /3,5 shaped buckles of the the of buckles shaped - /6) which was found was which /6) znkrli földek, Szentkirályi

Another one, from one, Another ) were discovered discovered were ) end of the of end

CEU eTD Collection Ecseg 11 Table - Vároldal . Buckles. 1 Buckles. .

- 7 Kána, 1: K/731, 2: K/1170, 3: K/2392, 4: K/2789, 5: K/1731, 6: K/143, 7: K/465, 8: K/465, 7: K/143, 6: K/1731, 5: K/2789, 4: K/2392, 3: K/1170, 2: K/731, 1: Kána, 7

CEU eTD Collection 223 the second to piece second the and century 222 centuries], fourteenth and XIII 221 257. and graves 29 349, 301, 2002): Akadémia, Hajdú 220 219 218 cemeteries) of Szentgyörgy twelfth contemporary, C cross different with (sometimes buckles Such (1 II András of coin a with found and fragmented, is piece second The sections. K/1783 and similar (K/182 two pieces are simplest the these Among century. thirteenth the of end and half second last and last the of graves from asearlynot necessarilyas context its theeleventh century. date that shows also piece this However, corrected. be not should type find this of thegeneralpieces tothetwelfth theCarpathiancan dating basindated century, from which be suggests four a of grave the from recovered was however, mid the in appear be to likely not are which twelfth the of beginning the to century century. eleventh the of half second the from dated be can basin they theCarpatian within and withPechenegs, connected be can in manycases they fittings. horse or harness on used been have could also but buckles, belt as onlyserve not could pieces these that noted onquest period, such as two pieces from Sárrétudvari from pieces two as such period, onquest

Krupica, Krupica, Wolf, 530 Ibid., Ibolya M. Nepper and György Módy, “Szentgyörgy (Kismacs) Árpád (Kismacs) “Szentgyörgy Módy, György and Nepper M. Ibolya Nepper, M. Ibolya Ruttkay, Ruttkay, - XIV. században” [The excavation of the church of Szentgyörgy (Kismacs) (Kismacs) Szentgyörgy of church the of excavation [The században” XIV. - ia cut] (Budapest county] Bihar All the other pieces from graves represent later types, and accordingly, they came came they accordingly, and types, later represent graves from pieces other the All Niellódíszes 219 that this piece should be understood as an heirloom, and since there are no other no are there since and heirloom, an as understood be should piece this that Krásno Ducové -

537. The piece The

, 308, 320, 323, 325, graves 276, 814, 1140, 1343 and 1417. and 1343 1140, 814, graves 276, 325, 323, 320, 308, , , 400, 402 grave 862 and 241. Here the first piece is dated to the second half of the twelfth twelfth the of half second the to dated is piece first the Here 241. and 862 grave 402 400, , , 149 , Hajdú

A Debreceni Déri Múzeum Évkönyve Múzeum Déri Debreceni A - from Kána surely belonged to the first group of lyre of group first the to belonged surely Kána from 152. - -

Bihar megye 10 megye Bihar 218

n thirteenth and - Wolf anal Wolf - Tb 12 Tab. , ercn Dr Mzu, ayr ezt Múzeum Nemzeti Magyar Múzeum, Déri Debrecen: Kismacs,

- but

half of the thirteenth century. thirteenth halfofthe - ysed their origin and spread in detail and concluded that concluded and detail in spread and origin their ysed 221 n pae f h cmtr, hc cn e ae t th to dated be can which cemetery, the of phase one 12: on io bl bcls ih etnua cross rectangular with buckles belt iron round /1,2): - 11. századi sírleletei 1 sírleletei századi 11.

Ducové - etr cucyr cemeteri churchyard century 72 - section) appear section)

- (Tab.12 twelfth century. This heavily worn piece, piece, worn heavily This century. twelfth - five year old child, which turned up. This up. turned which child, old year five

1983 - /3), Hízóföld, -

[Tenth and eleventh century grave finds of of finds grave century eleventh and [Tenth 84 (1985): 103. (1985): 84 222

- kori templomának feltárása templomának kori

and Krásno

as early as the graves of the of graves the as early as

220 –

The villa The but they also appear in appear also they but

, Magyar Tudományos Tudományos Magyar , of phases (or es

(Tab. 12 (Tab. - ge in the in ge shaped buckles, shaped this object does object this 205 /4).

– thirteenth thirteenth

- A falu a falu A 223 1235). 1235).

e - CEU eTD Collection ofcrisis. times in even them, wore probably people reason: practical a for and valuable, not that were artefacts these as hoards, in appear to likely not pieces these aspect, functional their and material valuable pin the for not least at material, appropriate an necessarily not is silver which belong to need buckles, belt rather or belts, accessory, dress functional a as first, complex; is hoards 225 224 frequent not are pieces these addition, in found was one only and hoards, in appear on, century fourteenth the from dated usually D together. plates sheet the connected which rivet the at application shaped (K/94 piece One quality differ. and their of thebuckles frames the but sheets, thefolded fragmentswithin

Krabath, Krabath, Esztergom

h rmiig w i st pee bt hv folded have both pieces situ in two remaining The buckle frame and a rectangular plain sheet plate, deca rectangularand plainsheet frame buckle Fuchsenhof - Tb 13 Tab. , Szentkirályi földek. See: Récsey, Récsey, See: földek. Szentkirályi Table 12 Table ,259.

1, s f ih ult, ae f opr lo. t a a iey at D cast, nicely a has It alloy. copper of made quality, high of is /1), . Round, iron buckles. 1 buckles. Round, iron .

finds in finds Esztergom - 2: Kána, K/1783, K/182, 3: Ducové, 4: Krásno3: 4: Ducové, K/182, K/1783, Kána, 2:

73 224 hoards connected to the Mongol invasion. Mongol the to connected hoards

cemeteries, and furthermore, because of the of because furthermore, and cemeteries, which may which , 69 , - 70. The reason that belt fittings do not appear in appear not do fittings belt that reason The 70. orated only with one flower small onlywith orated explain why these buckles rarely buckles these why explain - he pae wt rough with plates sheet of the buckle. Because of the less less the of Because buckle. the of - shaped buckles are are buckles shaped

- lasting, for lasting, textile textile 225

In - CEU eTD Collection 228 227 540. Landesmuseum,2004): Oberoesterreichisches in Objekte” 226 from buckle belt of type Another period. earlier even an in decoration such of appearance Tabl (Tab. 14 Esztergom from hoard the in found was pin, the for middle the in notch century. thirteenth was piece This plate. buckle narrower somewhat a and frame, Nitra from buckle belt a it; for parallel distant more a only is there and rare, is application flower a with plate century. thirteenth the of half second the to buckles such of platessheet folded with contains Fuchsenhof of hoard the Luckily, uncertain. is graves from finds of dating the cemeteries, analysed of lack

Récsey, Ruttkay, Kra e 13 bath, bath, hs or cn e once t te ogl nain n teeoe ugss the suggests therefore and invasion Mongol the to connected be can hoard This . . Belt ) . Esztergom 228 Nitra Fuchsenhof

e Shtfn vn Fuchsenhof von Schatzfund Der buckle

- Dražovce sdecorat , 69 , 227 - Dražovce

, - One similar piece, similar One 70. 259. 259. , 18. , – --

ed with flower applications. 1: Kána, K/94, 2: Nitra 2: K/94, Kána, 1: with applications. flower ed

only one only but made of silver, which is stable, but the first proof for the datingthe for first proofthe but stable, is which silver, of made but

See also: Stefan Krabath and Birgit Bühler, “Katalog der nichtmonetären nichtmonetären der “Katalog Bühler, Birgit and Krabath Stefan also: See

Tb 13 (Tab. –

belt buckle of a type similar to this this to similar type a of buckle belt /2)

made of silver with an oval frame with a grooved a with frame oval an with silver of made oval ornate more slightly different, a has which ,

ed. Bernhard Prokisch and Thomas Kühtreiber (Linz: (Linz: Kühtreiber Thomas and Prokisch Bernhard ed. 74

226 dated to the second half of the the of half second the to dated

The decoration of the b the of decoration The - Dražovce, 3: Egisheim 3: Dražovce, - – Szentkirályi földek Szentkirályi

a D a - shaped frame shaped

uckle

CEU eTD Collection Évkönyve Múzeum 232 231 230 229 century, fifteenth and fourteenth the for typical as understood was mount of type this general in and century, thirteenth the from parallels mid the around to buckle of type this of variants diverse the of dating the with accordance in is however, cemetery, the of dating The parallel. exact no has piece rough this surprisingly, Not discovered. also were collar the of end the a around and mount copperalloyasexfoil buckle, the century.Besides thirteenth dated be can it therefore and cemetery, the of phase last very the ori fourteen young, a of grave the in found was piece this that Considering buckle. the of frame the also but plate, vulnerable arou motifs swirling folded the of surface The artefact. alloy copper this of surface the of gilding the despite rough, rather is workmanship its but edges, also (K/2789) graveyard the from piece last The widespread. was plate buckle the of decoration the in variations that shows which rivet, middle the at application mount sexfoil a with time this London, from known is type century. fourteenth the to thirteenth the of half second the from later, rather appears buckle of type this that testified hoards from finds some and evidence visual diverse but Roman, as interpreted first was piece This middle. the the of application flower a with only decorated plate, sheet narrow very a and knobs significant two with frame oval an has it as Dražovce, from one the to similar more is piece Egisheim Ferenc Horváth, “Csengele középkori temploma” [The medieval church of Csengele], Csengele], of church medieval [The temploma” középkori “Csengele Horváth, Ferenc Fingerlin, Egan Fingerlin, ginally belonged to her, except if she had worn it since her childhood. This grave dates to dates grave This childhood. her since it worn had she if except her, to belonged ginally - Pritchard, Pritchard,

(Ta Gürtel Gürtel . 13 b.

66 (1976): 112. (1976): 66 Dress Accessories, DressAccessories, , 77. , ,

75 /3) -

77. 77.

d h rcaglr rn ies Ti pee s on nt ny h more the only not worn, is piece This rivets. iron rectangular the nd

lo er a apid lwr eoain n ut h sm pae This place. same the just in decoration flower applied an bears also

113. -

r fifteen or

- sheet plate was decorated with punched dots forming dots punched with decorated was plate sheet - a a oa fae ih ml kos n h outer the on knobs small with frame oval an has hrenh c thirteenth 229 - year

75 Another, frag Another,

232 - l wmn i i ulkl ta ti piece this that unlikely is it woman, old

but at Krásno it is dated from the second the from dated is it Krásno at but entury. mented, buckle plate of the same the of plate buckle mented, 231

h sxol a n certain no has sexfoil The rivet with a circulara rivet with A Móra Ferenc Ferenc Móra A rivet in rivet 230

CEU eTD Collection 235 234 233 of hoard The on. century fourteenth the from mostly frequently) more graves in appears (or popular became which grave, a in discovered belts decorated first the of one considered becan belt this mount, onlyone is it case this in Although mounts. with decorated however,appear fir rare. is appearance mass their belt; the of mounts single mid the from them dated Fingerlin of end the to thirteenth the of half

Egan 90. Fingerlin,ibid., Krupica, - This belt from Kána is important for another issue also: the appearance of belts belts of appearance the also: issue another for important is Kána from belt This Pritchard, Pritchard, Krásno Table 14 Table DressAccessories , 294. ,

st in earlyst in thirteenth

. The hoard hoard ofEsztergom . The

, 162. , -

fourteenth century, and discovered that rosettes are often are rosettes that discovered and century, fourteenth the fourteenth century. fourteenth the - century deposits in England. in century deposits - Szentkirály. Récsey 1894, 69. 1894, Récsey Szentkirály. 76

233 234

nhrcleto o aa Ilse data, of collection her In he cpe aly mounts, alloy copper Sheet 235

rather, which rather,

CEU eTD Collection 240 239 197. (1972): 1 238 237 236 be can dichotomy this for reasons The century. fourteenth the until graves in appear not do they although use, in and fashion in were belts, decorated also probably belts, centurydiverse with mounts. decorated belt a of appearance early an marked clearly which one, other the can nor century; thirteenth the of end the than earlier dated be cannot piece first the before, described was (K/2789 mount a with together found was which piece the not is this but graves, in pieces earliest the of one indeed is Kána from one The century. thirteenth idea, this supports century. thirteenth the of half first the in use alreadyin belts, decorated of earlytypes the were(K/94), application rosettea with decorated fin this that suggested Ritoók Ágnes when literature, the in widespread became not has correction his 1972, as early as misapprehension this corrected necklace, a of links as interpreted were pieces twenty also but jewellery), other Esztergom of hoard The period. thirteenthappearance centurybelts. the ofdecorated for fittings belt as interpreted were which sexfoils, crafted l as shaped were end both case this (in mounts vertical small some included also buckle, a contained which region the of hoards two the of one Fuchsenhof,

Ritoók, example Tóth, For Récsey, Krabath, András umrsn te hoooy f et, t a b sae t stated be can it belts, of chronology the Summarising to dated be should belts decorated that indicates find anotherHowever, - A templom körüli temetők régészeti kutatása régészeti temetők körüli templom A Pálóczi Esztergom Fuchsenhof

239

- Horváth, “A felsőszentkir “A Horváth,

and therefore had no impact on the dating of this kind of belt until lately, until belt of kind this of dating the on impact no had therefore and , 69 , A tatárjárás kincsleletei tatárjárás A ,259 it has to be mentioned that such belts are absent from graves of the the of graves from absent are belts such that mentioned be to has it

- 70. -

261. See also Krabath and Bühler, Bühler, and Krabath also See 261.

- - Szentkirályi földek contained not only a buckle (and some some (and buckle a only not contained földek Szentkirályi five small, propeller small, five ályi kun sírlelet” [The Cuman grave of Felsőszentkirály], Felsőszentkirály], of grave Cuman [The sírlelet” kun ályi , 82 , - 83. In his work it is still called a necklace.a called it isstill work Inhis 83. d, and also the belt buckle from Kána which was which Kána from buckle belt the also and d, 77 , 475 , 240

237

lhuh h fn fo Ezegm clearly Esztergom from find the Although - 476.

n altho and Katalog

shaped mounts made of silver. These These silver. of made mounts shaped – 236

support this dating of the end of the the of end the of dating this support

, , 541 g Adá Pálóczi András ugh - a aray n h thirteenth the in already hat 557. , Tab. 11 Tab. ilies) and three diversely diversely three and ilies)

/4 ). In addition, as addition, In ).

an even earlier earlier even an - Horváth Cumania 238

CEU eTD Collection corpse the buried they if even deceased the with together interred been have could jewellery custom burial context, and value the Besides century. thirteenth the of half second the the before presumably happen not this, did commoners considering by belts such but of use this, widespread for answer exact no be will there commoners, Probably amongst widespread become to them take it did long wheth the than form simpler slightly a shows Kána from one the that remarkable is It alloy. copper of made usually are Kána) from one t whilst context, urban fourteenth in appear which twenty has and silver of made is Esztergom b a such of value the first, multiple; er

the

first Table 15 Table

appearance of such . The occurrence of buckles in graves, hoards and settlement features settlement and hoards ofgraves, buckles in occurrence . The he ones in fourteenth in ones he - century graves. It is also important that this piece comes from an from comes piece this that important also is It graves. century

belts should bebelts should connected to elt should be investigated. The early piece from from piece early The investigated. be should elt

later -

- 78 and fifteenth and five mounts; it is a developed form like those like form developed a is it mounts; five

ones; ones;

thus -

century rural cemeteries (and the the (and cemeteries rural century

the s should also be considered; be also should s

question

the

elite. Ifelite. so, n smlr form? simpler a in

has to be raised raised be to has

than how

CEU eTD Collection 16 Table investigatio their accessories, dress been have could pieces these that possibility a object. is there different as However, completely some even or dress, the of part some belt, a decorated have or their context, the of Because Mounts of beresolved Kána, problem now. this cannot bes and lyre the except types twelfth about said be to little is there issue; another to leads this thirteent the of end the graves in from mounts) without or (with belts of appearance the Therefore, not. surely belts but shroud, a in . Mounts from Kána. 1: K/312, 2: K/467, 3: K/2523 3: K/467, 2: K/312, 1: Mounts . fromKána. Besides this grave, some more mounts were discovered in the area of the settlement. the of area the in discovered were mounts more some grave, this Besides ides the lyre the ides

n cannot be excluded. n cannot excluded. be - shaped piece there is no belt equipment from the twelfth century graves century twelfth the from equipment belt no is there piece shaped - shaped piece and the iron buckles are dated to the thirteenth century, thirteenth the to dated are buckles iron the and piece shaped iginal use cannot be identified without doubt, as they could they as doubt, without identified be cannot use iginal

h century implies changes in burial customs as well. Allwell. as customs burial changescenturyin h implies although shield The period. the of accessories belt or dress as mounts of question the in point particular any imply not does it object), datable precisely more any without pit, shallow a in discovered was (it context and it thus, parallel, a without form shield a in shaped was other the shape; rectangular a has One corners. the in rivets for holes had and sheet, alloy copper of made decoration, any without are pieces Two 79

- is hpd piec shaped

stray

find find - century belts. Since all the all Since belts. century

i m is e Tb 16 (Tab because of its simplicity its of because

which

/3) ore interesting, interesting, ore

was Te is is first The . discovered discovered

CEU eTD Collection 244 243 280. no. Cat. 102,238. 1999): Nemzeti Múzeum, 242 this as same the is 241 seal the of print the (therefore direction inverse an in originally and the quarrel frequently,butwithout seals form frame this appears on The a in depictionking of in space of lackframe. the of consequence the because entirely, depicted been not has scepter the probably kings, visible, quite not is which something and hand right its in orb an holding throne, a in sitting is man a of figure a which in shaped was form quarrel a mount circular the Within visible. still is shape a of made was it as fragmented, little a is period, thesecondendcentury. of or thethirteenth half like is it cemetery, the from belt the of sexfoil the of dating the considering but excluded, be cannot century fourteenth early the from also is Kána from piece the that possibility The possibility. different a shows mount. such one by decorated mount mid the to dated was which plate, embossing metal spoil detecting the by also found was This middle. the in rivet the for hole a with lobes and centre domed a has the of half second thir the to dated is which Kána, from piece the to corresponds belt the of dating the However, society. the of layer different a represents clearly it as carefully treated belt the is parallel only, during

It might be that might It be Egan Pálóczi Zsuzsa Lovag, Zsuzsa teenth century. teenth - a nice parallel comes from London, a piece of leather with a lobed edge with each lobe each edge lobe with a lobed with leather piece of London, a froma parallel nice comes ea dtcig f h si o dvre eteet etrs Te alet ad lo the also and earliest, The features. settlement diverse of soil the of detecting metal Prithchard ( mountexciting most The - Horváth, u poal a cpe, n h other. the in scepter, a probably but the mace has not been depicted because the lack of space in consequence of the frame.ofthe consequence in lackofspace the because depicted not been macehas the Mittelalterliche Bronzegegenstände des Ungarischen Nationalmuseums Ungarischen des Bronzegegenstände Mittelalterliche , Dress , Accessories Felsőszentkirály 241

Besides these, a small rosette mount mount rosette small a these, Besides - from the Cuman noble‟s grave of Felsőszentkirály, which should be should which Felsőszentkirály, of grave noble‟s Cuman the from bank. This is particularly interesting, ashas bank. particularly it Thisis The figure is clearly a depiction of a king, but it is very schemavery is it but king, a of depiction a clearly is figure The y ht uh oets a as b dtd rm sihl earlier slightly a from dated be also can rosettes such that ly

243 , 201. , , 192 ,

Naturally, this does this Naturally, Tab.16

- 193.

/1 thin, vulnerable copper alloy sheet, but the original original the but sheet, alloy copper vulnerable thin, ) of all was found in the oven of a sunken house. Ithouse. sunken a of oven the in found was all of ) 80 - orenh century. fourteenth

244

not mean an exclusive way of use, but use, of way exclusive an mean not

eadn te el o contemporary of seals the Regarding (Tab. 16 (Tab. 242 /2)

was discovered, which discovered, was an exact parallel on an parallel exact on an For the use of such a such of use the For , (Budapest: Magyar Magyar (Budapest: ,

tic. tic. CEU eTD Collection Hungaricae 246 2001) MagyarKépek, Archive](Budapest: National [Portraits pecsétgyűjteményéből.” Levéltár Országos Magyar 245 m the in graves in appeared first artefacts these that seeing little, a dating this extendedcrosses pectoral sheet,metal or cast simple, ofchronology century. twelfth the of beginning the from exception one Sh century. the of end the to century eleventh the of half first the from dating a suggests pectorals, simple of synthesis the did first who Lovag, Zsuzsa Thus, Christianity. remn crosses, with decorated rings the the as just heirloom, an as interpreted be should piece artefact.This an such ofoccurrence first the to belonged doubt without and nave, the of wall northern the to next just discovered was it as cemetery, the in graves first very the of one surely was grave The originally. coin Roman a presumably child, the of chest the on age) I (Infans child a of grave disturbed the in discovered was It worn. rather is artefact The middle. the in Pectorals invented by artisan. the mount).

On the depictions of kings on seals see Géza Érszegi ed., “Sigilla Regum Regum “Sigilla ed., Érszegi Géza see seals on kings of depictions Onthe Zsuzsa Lovag, “Bronzene Pektoralkreuze aus der Arpadenzeit”, Arpadenzeit”, der aus Pektoralkreuze “Bronzene Lovag, Zsuzsa ns f fsin o rte a ae we tee a a ed o a iulsto of visualisation a for need a was there when age, an rather or fashion, a of ants Table 17 Table 245

32 (1980): 371 (1980): 32

Thus this piece is not a direct mount of an actual s actual an of mount direct a not is piece this Thus . . Pe ctoral from Kána, K/1725 fromctoral Kána,

- 372.

hs o te eeey Ti stain xlis h sihl late slightly the explains situation This cemetery. the of phase

and as was described above, these pieces should be seen as as seen be should pieces these above, described was as and

together with a rubbed piece of bronze which was which bronze of piece rubbed a with together

and and antler, of made was cross Greek small The itself. is in Kána unusual in discovered was which piece the age; Arpadian late the of cemeteries churchyard 81

- dot decoration, one on eachdot decoration, oneand on branch,

etrl ae o uul id in finds usual not are Pectorals of kings from the seal collection of the Hungarian Hungarian the of collection seal the from kings of id - tenth century and the latest pieces can can pieces latest the and century tenth Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Scientiarum Academiae Archaeologica Acta 246 –

on the front it bears a circle a bears it front the on

h lts snhss f the of synthesis latest The Reges Sigillorum. Királyportrék a a Királyportrék Sigillorum. Reges eal, but rather an imitation, an rather but eal, e also identified identified also e

one -

CEU eTD Collection 252 251 250 249 248 247 with decorated Christianity. to converted rings just had which society a shows of this all that assumed He crosses. percentage high the noted also cemetery the of researcher The of types later only thirteenth the discoveredin werecrosses iron and bronze simple reliquarybut not Négyszállás, of cemetery Jazygian the In century. thirteenth the has artefacts such amulets. as put probably were pectorals burials, pagan the In possible. are both where group one was pagan surely a showed graves the of some that discovered They deceased. the of faith Christian possible the concerning graves in pectorals graves. children‟s in discovered were o was pattern uniform surprising a customs, burial Regarding relations. southeastern nor dating, early an such indicate necessarily not does it time, and space in widespread was decoration this as and shapes, similar have decoration parallel with century. tenth the of half second the to coin a by precisely Tiszakeszi s the pectorals. of types earliest the represent and stones, with pieces sophisticated more imitates decoration such that assumed Researchers rare. pecto the amongst widespread was form The period. earlier an from are cross this of parallels closest the that surprising century. twelfth the of beginning the from burials in found be Langó Selmeczi, 398 Ibid., Langó Lovag, Langó uhat eain o pcoas n cletd he pee wt sc a decoration: a such with pieces three collected and pectorals of relations outheast Without questioning the results of the research on this topic, one later appearance of of appearance later one topic, this on research the of results the questioning Without - - Türk, Türk, - 251 Türk, Türk, ibid

Türk, Türk, - -

Négyszállás 400. Szóda domb, Vatya and Szob and Vatya domb, Szóda

., 371. 371. ., Mindszent Mindszent Mind

to be mentioned: pectorals in the graves of newly of graves the in pectorals mentioned: be to szent

, 83, 91. 83, , - - Koszorús Koszorús - Koszorús

391 , 397. , rals of the tenth to twelfth centuries, but decoration is rather is decoration but centuries, twelfth to tenth the of rals , 397. 397. , - 392. 392.

250 - Kiserdő. Of these, only the latter was dated more dated was latter the only these, Of Kiserdő.

hy lo xmnd h itrrtto o the of interpretation the examined also They 82

rite, some of them were Christian, and there and Christian, were them of some rite, 248

Péter Langó and Attila Türk examined Türk Attila and Langó Péter 249 bserved; in most cases pectorals pectorals cases most in bserved;

However, neither of the of neither However, 247

Considering this, it is not is it this, Considering - arrived ethnic groups in groups ethnic arrived - century grave century

pieces inset 252 s.

CEU eTD Collection 143 sírleletei “Honfoglalás Bakay, Majs of graveyard Kornél the in lunulas with together context, See state] the way. of foundation Chrisian the of a age the in not [Ceme mentén” probably Ipoly az temetők most Államalapításkori buried was which Kiserdő, 256 ony_to_religious_and_cultural_exchange http Rzeszów Sulikowska A. Kruk, P. M. Hardt, M. Exchange” Špechar, P. Musin, A. Wołoszyn, Cultural M. and Religious Ostmitteleuropas Frühzeit Evidence. Historical to and Reliquary Archaeological Europe. Converted Bohemian Testimony West: and as East “Between Crosses Horníčková, Pectoral Kateřina reliquary See: of centuries. production eleventh and local tenth the the centuries, thirteenth and on. going twelfth still were crosses the pectoral in that proved Horníčková Kateřina 255 254 253 sphericalshaped glass paste, single,blue onlyone Kána, cemeteryInof the similarities. some per time the Thus, necklace a of part were crosses these cases many in discovered, particularthis pi mid The cemetery. a in artefact an such of appearance latest the of one surely is pieces) Jazygian and century. eleventh the of half second or beginning the to dated was which Ikervár, from parallel a has it unique; not is pectorals with coins Roman of appearance the survived; also ideas the of some probably but artefact, cross the and coin Roman the of use joint the is interesting more is What century. eleventh the of half second the probably era, previous the of product a was it that suggests condition its widespread, was Christianity when period a in cemetery, amulets, ofwhich variations diverse graves. frequently appear inCuman and Jazygian an with together found was one graves: period Conquest of case in observed be can pattern similar A

Langó 87 29, Ibid., Ibid., 387. Footnote 136. An interesting piece was found together with beads and shells in grave 60 of Szob of 60 grave in shells and beads with together found was piece interesting An 136. Footnote 387. Ibid., This only concerns to simple pectoral crosses, and not to later types of reliquary, Kievan types. In Bohemia, Bohemia, In types. Kievan reliquary, of types later to not and crosses, pectoral simple to concerns only This - ://www.academia.edu/2905660/Between_East_and_West_Bohemian_reliquary_pectoral_crosses_as_testim 144. n oncin ih h pcoa, n mr pit hud e etoe. s was As mentioned. be should point more one pectoral, the with connection In a in deceased the with interred was Kána from pectoral the Although

- – [The Tenth [The - Türk, ibid., 389. 389. ibid., Türk,

twelfth century is not strikingly later than the usual appearance of such crosses, but crosses, such of appearance usual the than later strikingly not is century twelfth Warszawa, 2012) Warszawa, - 88.

ece is - Eleventh century grave century Eleventh iods when necklaces when iods

like thelyre

ongon Accordingly, the import Hungarian pectorals occur in Bohemia mostly in in mostly Bohemia in occur pectorals Hungarian import the Accordingly, Studia Comitatensia Comitatensia Studia

- 254 shaped buckle buckle shaped made of a hare astragalagus. This was also used on on used also was This astragalagus. hare a of made - goods of Baranya County]. (Budapest: Akadémiai kiadó, 1983): kiadó, Akadémiai (Budapest: County]. Baranya of goods

– Th

beads and pectorals and beads e pectoral from Kána (if not counting the Cuman the counting not (if Kána from pectoral e teries along the Ipoly River from the Conquest period and period Conquest the from River Ipoly the along teries 83 - Udvari rétek. Attila Kiss, Kiss, Attila rétek. Udvari

, 132 6, --

a remnant of a era.a previous of remnant - 133. Another piece was found in similar similar in found was piece Another 133. , which shows that not only the the only not that shows which , -- oe Constantin Rome, -

Gąska, 7 Gąska, were in fashion should show should fashion in were –

usually made of beads. of made usually Baranya Baranya - 11. (Kraków 11. Vol 1. Vol simple iron cross iron simple megye X megye pe n Newly and ople

ed. M. Salamon, M. ed. 255

- – XI. századi századi XI. Christian

Leipzig 253

256 és és – - -

CEU eTD Collection 110. X dem 257 one wouldneed precise ofsuch(more) todraw sequences conclusions. data therefore, distinguishable, easily always not are periods these However, fashion. of history use entire the From that. after only deposited been have may it and use in longer no was it after stored overlapped w period use the with completely in was was it it when when period the produced whether clear was always It not is “life.” it but a fashionable, had object of type every that consider should Incomparis wholeif possible. cemetery the analyse to best is It given. be not should objects these of dating narrow a there; found pieces three one or two only on based churchyard and church the of establishment/beginning/end Therefore jewellery. and accessories dress are dating for finds suitable most the and completely cemetery a excavate to possible not Summary the of similarly tothe pectoral. interpreted be should bead only this Thus, pectorals. of occurrence the with well corresponds century. eleventh the of half second h beads, paste glass Such century. thirteenth of beginning the to most at twelfth, the to dated be probably should it that means only this thus, recovered, an not cemetery, the of phase fourth the to dated is grave this Although discovered. was bead

Szőke

- XII. j XII. in situ in

The dating of cemeteries and jewellery is always a slippery issue. In most cases it is it cases most In issue. slippery a always is jewellery and cemeteries of dating The - Vándor, Vándor, - life period, only the first practice and to some extent the second are relevant for the for aresecondrelevant the extent some to andpractice first the onlyperiod, life ahrhudert in Ungarn und ihre archäologische Bedeutung“ Bedeutung“ archäologische ihre und Ungarn in ahrhudert

find and probably did not belong in the grave of an elderly woman where it was it where woman elderly an graveof the in belong not did probably and find Pusztaszentlászló, Pusztaszentlászló,

chronological reinterpretationchronological

hen it was fashionable. Not to mention that it could have been been have could it that mention to Not fashionable. was it hen 63.

On the typochronology of beads see Katalin Szilágyi, “Perlentypen aus aus “Perlentypen Szilágyi, Katalin see beads of typochronology the On 257 on, anyone wishing to deal with the history of fashion fashion with the historyof todeal anyone wishing on,

h lc o sc atfcs s oe neetn; it interesting; more is artefacts such of lack The 84

hud e atos f aig the dating of cautious be should Památky Archeologické Památky wvr hv be dtd o the to dated been have owever,

85 (1994): 75 (1994): 85 it was was it - CEU eTD Collection the that be might it century, twelfth the than dating other any suggest data no Although twelfth be to considered are pins cases most in chronology; stable rather a fashionable were which items jewellery other unlike clearlyfashionable as showtheir jewellery. use thirteenth the from ring finger more no is there little and graves, century a twelfth in appear is rings type Early picture complex. the cemetery, the of analysis the Accepting period. this in even h Kána, at cemetery The graves. which such a (mid appearances latest the of one as regarded be should This grave. later each ancase has been where in observed be can tendency same the but chronologies, different have all types different The century. thirteenth the of turn the around dated be can that graves in occur mostly they and worn already are hoards such in pieces the although and period, that in ring lock of type fashionable most the been have could ends flaring with rings lock that show invasion Mongol the of age the from Hoards end). pointed and section (pear appearance latest its and fifty r ings is the most complicated. Comparative analysis of lock rings shows that in some cases a a cases some in that shows rings lock of analysis Comparative complicated. most the is ings -

or even a hundred a even or n – is wih ol hv te ae ucin s utn ad rohs n oe cases, some in brooches and buttons as function same the have could which Pins, TheKánaappearance also thelate pectoral shows a artefact fromearly ofan of in type Similar to lock rings, a more drastic tendency is visible in the case of rings. Rings, Rings, rings. of case the in visible is tendency drastic more a rings, lock to Similar lock of chronology the types, several of existence the and popularity, their of Because

artefact (originally dating t according to hoards hoards to according etr pae o te eeey atog had ad id fo settlements from finds and hoards although cemetery, the of phases century - year gap can be noted between the usual dating of a lock ring type ring lock a of dating usual the between noted be can gap year

attempt for aprecise dating. more –

- were fashionable in the period the in fashionable were shaped, twisted shaped, owever, demonstrated the use of early Arpadian age types age Arpadian early of use the demonstrated owever, o thetenth - 85 eleventh century)cemeteries.eleventh in -

wire, and thick lock rin lock thick and wire,

in the middle of the Arpadian era, show era, Arpadian the of middle the in , their appearance in graves is sporadic is graves in appearance their , ,

hardly appear in contemporary in appear hardly g with diamond cross diamond with g - - twelfth century) of century) twelfth century jewellery. jewellery. century

CEU eTD Collection King of coins were pieces six eleven, the Of Kána. of cemetery the of graves 1029 the in discovered were mintings eleven Altogether be. can dating this can dangerous how represent twelfth theof most in frequent not are coins However, jewellery. of dating traditional the of basis the fourteenth are and century, thirteenth the of end very the at graves in sporadically appear first they However, settlements. from finds and hoards to according century thirteenth the an brooches with similarities many shows belt of type third The century. thirteenth the to dated be can them of all Kána of case in Interestingly, age. Arpadian the of graves the in continuously but ir Simple cemetery. the in rings lock lyre The from the fourteenth century. in present are they although onwards, century thirteenth the of half second the age the of hoards the from absenceand century. fourteenth the from only graves in appears usually it although hoards, and settlements both in appears it as layers social all of life everyday the in present was item jewellery century two first the in fashionable not were traditions,as thecontinuous useof hairpins implies. publica in appear that datings - Besides jewellery, another type of find should be discussed: coins, which are usually are which coins, discussed: be should find of type another jewellery, Besides types. belt to according parts, three into divided be should belts of chronology The settlements in appearance their of Because brooches. to similar clearly are Buttons brooches respect: one in different are they but rings, to results similar show Brooches

n thirteenth and shaped buckle represents a similar situation to that of rings and the early type of type early the and rings of that to situation similar a represents buckle shaped - centurygraves. d buttons, as diverse variations (even belts decorated with mounts) are typical for for typical are mounts) with decorated belts (even variations diverse as buttons, d - etr c century

tions lack solid proof, and were determined only by research by only determined were and proof, solid lack tions mtre. h cmtr o Kn i a od xml to example good a is Kána of cemetery The emeteries. on buckles are hard to date precisely. They appear rarely appear They precisely. date to hard are buckles on centuries of the Mongol invasion, buttons invasion, Mongol the of 86

the Arpadian age. This typical thirteenth typical This age. Arpadian the

should be dated from dated be should graves only only graves typical for for typical - CEU eTD Collection of lack jewellery the inthirteenth is issue third The buckles. and buttons, the brooches, of as half such second century: thirteenth or first the in appeared already items such when century, fourteenth art of dating incorrect the is second The rings. lock and lyre the pectoral, the as such heirlooms, is first The reasons. practical by caused was phenomenon this that revealed cemetery the of phases dated later where phase thanthe occurs). it be should that coin no is there that (meaning analysis cemetery the of phases the contradict onl the mixed; also is coins other of occurrence The cemetery.the of phase latest the fromone and phase first the of graves two appearedin 1161) (1141 II Géza of coins as mentioned, be should coins of appearance the First, complicated. cannot thatiscovered tothe bedated period coins. by the jewellery the of most Thus, wire. twisted with rings lock the and pins two the are coins by long thus century, thirteenth the of turn the most at or century, fourteenth early the to dated be should contrast, all beshould dated cross diamond with ring lock thick and shaped S (not precisely of mid the (1205 IIGéza(1141

eea o te id ttly otait ti, s eea artefacts several as this, contradicts totally finds the of several - 1235), plus one Friesach denarius, which suggests that the cemetery was in use from use in was cemetery the that suggests which denarius, Friesach one plus 1235), h cmaaie nlss f id fo stlmns had, n the and hoards, settlements, from finds of analysis comparative The both is analysis cemetery the of chronology the Applying - twelfth century until around the time of the Mongol invasion. However, the dating dating the However, invasion. Mongol the of time the around until century twelfth - 1161) a 1161) - ended lock rings): the pectoral, the lyre the pectoral, the rings): lock ended after before - nd the remaining five were coins of the following kings, until András II András followinguntil kings, coins the of were fivethe remaining nd centurygraves.

the period given by th by given period the

the period that is given by coins. The buckles from the cemetery,givenby in coins.The from thatis buckles the period

87 e coins. The only artefacts which can be dated dated be can which artefacts only The coins. e - -

section and pointed end and t and end pointed and section shaped buckle, and some of the finger rings rings finger the of some and buckle, shaped y logic in the pattern is that they do not do they that is pattern the in logic y

- shaped buckle, the bead, the pear the bead, the buckle, shaped fcs y ny grave only by efacts

which can be dated dated be can which clearer and more more and clearer he finger rings finger he - chronological goods to the the to goods - - CEU eTD Collection thearea. well not still is Transylvania 260 259 but settlement, in the werediscovered century 258 research recently, neglected until was stable. more dating their makes which graves, the Ca whole the in advanced most the is period this in Slovakia in jewellery and most cemeteries churchyard on Research both. probably is answer The centuries. thirteenth and twelfth the of customs burial in differences because is difference this whether raised be should many shroud. having signs buried showed been ina of tight pos the by supported be would This patternthis following seemsandwidespread aandbeen have notin shroud),inthe to century. clothes in buried was deceased the that assumes (which cemetery the of graves latest the in burial in change a o sign is first The applicable. more be possibility to seems which customs, second A alloy. copper of made are graves in appear not do centurybut thirteenth the to dated are piecesthat the of Most results. such caused have p that of famine silver The investigated. be should value of question the First, coins.also but jewellery, only not concerns this that note to important is it causes; multiple

Mostly in consequence of the work of Alexander Ruttkay and in case of jewellery, Milan Hanuliak. Milan inof jewellery, case and Ruttkay Alexander workof the of consequence Mostlyin Although the reason for the two could be different, as jewellery items from the second half of the thirteenth thirteenth the of half second the from items jewellery as different, be could two the for reason the Although Recently, old and new excavations have been published, mostly by Erwin Gáll. Although the area of of area the Although Gáll. Erwin by mostly published, been have excavations new and old Recently,

Cemeteries from the area of Slovakia show a slightly different picture. The question The picture. different slightly a show Slovakia of area the from Cemeteries The

explanation of the first problem is clear. The third, however, could have had had have could however, third, The clear. is problem first the of explanation

known, this is the beginning of a tendency to publish churchyard cemeteries from from cemeteries churchyard publish to tendency a of beginning the is this known,

rpathian basin, and they also seem to have more coins in coins more have to seem also they and basin, rpathian ition of the skeletons in graves, as in case of Kána, where where Kána, of case in as graves, in skeletons the of ition 260 no coins from thatperiod. from coinsno

and thus data fromand data thatarea published. thus ishardly 88

259

In contrast, in Transylvania this type of type this Transylvania in contrast, In of the state of research or shows local local shows or research of state the of

f this is the appearance of belts belts of appearance the is this f ro could eriod

258

CEU eTD Collection

Table 18. T 18. Table he comparative chronology of the artefacts. ofhethe comparative chronology 89

CEU eTD Collection fromHungary], 261 the near or in found often were hoards the and villages, different of churchyards in up turned objects these of parallels the S cases fewer even and brooches, contained hoards of number with piece common most The society. the of layer same the less or more represent hoards these that suggest material and quality, content, similar the that stated a silver, of made were hoards Parádi the jewellery, in jewels the the of most that of concluded He hoards. quality the of relations and social the investigated material the examining By clothing. in changes b the that identified the he of but cemeteries commoners, age Arpadian the in found be can artefacts of parallels closest the that discovered He invasion. Mongol the of time the at hidden pieces the to attention special with By jewellery. and jew coins characteristic the described both he contents their contained comparing which century fourteenth and thirteenth the from hoards the examined also He coins. without or with invasion, Mongol the of time the Parádi. Nándor Nyáregyháza was ideas these use to researcher first The precise. more objects these of dating the make can it cases some in Furthermore, pr their through examined be can types jewellery and status economic

Nándor Parádi, “Magyarországi pénzleletes középkori cserépedények” [Medieval clay pots with coin finds coin with pots clay [Medieval cserépedények” középkori pénzleletes “Magyarországi Parádi, Nándor flaring h had wih otie jwley r seil eas te oncin between connection the because special are jewellery contained which hoards The CHAPTER THREE

ends, followed by finger rings with rings finger by followed ends, - Archaeologiai Értesítő Értesítő Archaeologiai Pusztapótharaszt he collected the jewellery hoards wh hoards jewellery the collected he Pusztapótharaszt

nd in some cases electron; gold or gilded pieces are rare. He He rare. are pieces gilded or gold electron; cases some in nd – area of contemporary villages, Parádi connected these hoards hoards these connected Parádi villages, contemporary of area

90 (1963): 219. (1963): 90 The SocioThe rooches that appeared in the hoards indicate some some indicate hoards the in appeared that rooches - Economic I 90

inset

stone or with a carved plate. A smaller smaller A plate. carved a with or stone 261 nterpretation

By examining the hoard from from hoard the examining By ellery of the age of the period period the of age the of ellery s

- in these in ended lock rings. As most of most As rings. lock ended ich were hidden around around hidden were ich

of J of esence in the hoards. hoards. the in esence hoards are lock rings lock are hoards ewellery

CEU eTD Collection S with Közlem rings lock gold commoners: the of jewellery the of variants 263 262 Individ coins.as family, the such a were of of jewelstheholdings jewellery hoards. thatoccurs inthose si had have could they production commodity in role their of because and environment, rural a in lived level, social and economic similar a represented They domains. royal or castles of people the of leaders village, a la of of piece part small a a or only even village sometimes a only of owners the were who men free were these that concluded He judge. their by only identified be could which status, social of label a without men free those as general, in invasion Mongol the of hoards the of owners the also therefore and them, identified He villages. these of inhabitants been have must owners their environment, rural a with associated be can them of most as Pará with agreed he but commoners, been have not could owners their that invasion Mongol the connectedto wit associated be cannot villages of cemeteries churchyard/field or hoards from finds other the all sites these to according that stated also He society. the of layer upper the with associated ( twenty identifiedHe conclusion. differentsomewhat a cameto he but gold, of ringsmadelock ended well, as probablyproduction.because incommodity they participated money of amount significant owned cases many in who population, rural the to ecclesia propria ecclesia áoy etráy “önp ésee nmsé vloaa: rn S arany változatai: nemesfém ékszerek “Köznépi Mesterházy, Károly Pará h commoners. He argued He commoners. h di, di, ényei ényei - Recent research supported the idea that the often worn, maybe inherited, small groups small inherited, maybe worn, often the that idea the supported research Recent of train similar a followed Mesterházy Károly four sites, and stated that since four of them were churchyards of private monasteries private of churchyards were them of four since that stated and sites, four Pénzekkel keltezett ékszerek keltezett Pénzekkel 20 (1983): 20 ) of the high no high the of )

144

- 145. nfcn aon o mny n sm lxr ojcs sc a the as such objects, luxury some and money of amount gnificant

that

, 138 ,

bility, the original owners of this type of jewellery should be be should jewellery of type this of owners original the bility, the finds of the thirteenth century thirteenth the of finds the – -

155. represent a separate group among all the finds. He statedHe finds. the all grouprepresentseparateamong a 263

nd. In individual cases they could have been the the been have could they cases individual In nd. 91

who appeared in the in appeared who

huh we h ivsiae te S the investigated he when thought - ends], ends], 262

- Alba Regia. István Király Múzeum Múzeum Király István Regia. Alba végű hajkarikák” [Precious metal metal [Precious hajkarikák” végű

ual pieces, however, usually ual pieces, –

all of them from hoards from them of all di‟s statement that statement di‟s Várad Regestrum Várad -

CEU eTD Collection Friesach contained identification the debasing 266 265 Lasz József 10 264 draws it. belongingto land of acres 32 and Veszprém of city the in house a worth was which coins, 7549 with one included of value The pasture. and plot house with mill a for site a of cost the was coins 770 case, one in or horse, war a 700 coins; 500 around was slave a of price average the However, the identified t as animals,draught more or onewas group) Laszlovszkyfirst (the hoards the of Hungary, most of value the that medieval states He hoards. the of in value contemporary prices investigate to researcher coins. 8000 around and 4000 700 with hoards subgroups: four has coins 500 than more with hoards group, second The coins. 250 around containing hoards comprises which subgroup which another and coins, 100 than less contains which section a is there group first the in subgroups: several established He coins. 500 than 60 categories: main legal were statusofa person notnecessarily thesame. the and status financial the that means also That sources. written in shown is which structure which status, financial and economic a coins: to similar state a express can jewellery the that Itseemssociety. of stratum higher a wereto connectedand larger hoards in up turned Stratification,”49 “Social Laszlovszky, József th Laszlovszky, Laszlovszky, Ibid., 50. Some hoards hoards Some 50. Ibid., - 14 th nearly the same conclusions; he established four groups: coin hoards with around 8000around with hoards coin groups: four established he conclusions; same the nearly

ósf azosk hs xmnd h sz ad au of value and size the examined has Laszlovszky József century Hungary,” Hungary,” century lovszky (Krems: Niederösterreichischer Landesregierung, 1991 51 1991 Landesregierung, Niederösterreichischer (Krems: lovszky Tatárjárás és régészet és Tatárjárás denarius - 70% of the hoards contained 50 contained hoards the of 70%

266 . of the value of these coins is much more problematic than those which (mainly) (mainly) which those than problematic more much is coins these of value the of 2000

Alltag und materielle Kultur im mittelalterlichen Ungarn mittelalterlichen im Kultur materielle und Alltag not many not

Csaba Tóth has made the latest overall research on hoards, where he wherehoards,he latestresearchoverallon the made has CsabaTóth - 2500 coins was a coat of mail. The largest group of hoards hoards of group largest The mail. of coat a was coins 2500

265 , 460 ,

-- olwn te w the Following

contained the mintings of Hungarian kings, but because of the yearly yearly the of because but kings, Hungarian of mintings the contained - 461 and Laszlovszky, “Social stratification and Material Cuture in in Cuture Material and stratification “Social Laszlovszky, and 461 - a sil oe nfe ta te opiae legal complicated the than unified more still was 50.

he average price of a cattle was around 50 coins.50 around was cattlea average ofhe price 92

ihysrcue oit n h otx of context the in society structured highly

r o Bln Hmn wo a te first the was who Hóman, Bálint of ork otis 150 contains - 264 500 coins, and 30 and coins, 500

- - - 52. 0 cis Ti as hs a has also This coins. 400 two established He hoards. 1500 coins was the price of price the was coins 1500 - 50 2000 1500,

- , ed. András Kubinyi and and Kubinyi András ed. , 40% contained more more contained 40% - 2500, around around 2500, CEU eTD Collection kialakulása 269 Kiskunhalas around környékén Kiskunhalas leletek régészeti 268 267 could haveonsecular different been ecclesiast or in status stratifi highly a suggests research This documents. legal from mainly sources, written in investigated been have which certain finds. of relations ethnic the of examination the possible made even cases some in which sources, of examination the that mention to f important is it paper, this of frame chronological 2 coins, ourteenth

Tóth, Tóth, On the changes in rural society in the late Arpadian age, see: Ilona Bolla, Bolla, Ilona see: age, Arpadian late the in society rural in changes the On oncin ih h lnlr, o, s oil tts n as te cnmc opportunities economic the also and status social as too, landlord, the with connection For example see Hatházi, Hatházi, see example For – A tatárjárás kincsleletei tatárjárás A The rural society of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries went through serious changes serious through went centuries thirteenth and twelfth the of society rural The

the extent of their servitude and also their economic opportunities. This was strongly was This opportunities. economic their also and servitude their of extent the - 00 on, 1 coins, 4000

- Te mrec o lgly nfe srdm (uaet Aaéii id, 93 adJn Szűcs, Jenő and 1983) kiadó, Akadémiai (Budapest: serfdom] unified legally of emergence [The century society has already been made by finds of graves, hoards, and written written and hoards, graves, of finds by made been already has society century 268

(Kiskunhalas: Thorma János Múzeum, 2005) Múzeum, János Thorma (Kiskunhalas:

- ed society in legal terms legal in society ed 00 on, n u t 50 coins. 500 to up and coins, 2000 Picture 5 Picture Ksusg kincsleletei Kiskunság A , 80. ,

. Jewellery from the hoard ofPátroha hoard Jewelleryfrom . the -

Graves, treasures, mysteries: famous medieval archaeological finds archaeological medieval famous mysteries: treasures, Graves, 93 , or ibid., ibid., or ,

ical estatesical and inroyal domains.

that depended on both o both on depended that

Sírok, kincsek, rejtélyek : híres középkori középkori híres : rejtélyek kincsek, Sírok, 267 -

Butorka dűl Butorka lhuh t s u o the of out is it Although A jogilag A ő

n a person‟s legal legal person‟s a n egységes jobbágyság jobbágyság egységes 269

CEU eTD Collection Katalin and Sebők Marcell and Nagy Balázs and Laszlovszky 105 2011): Press, University Central European (Budapest: József and Gecser Ottó ed. Period, in Hungary” Century C The Countryside. Rural the in Cult Margaret‟s St. of 270 peasantry parasztság “Megosztott excavation some as also, housing appearedin divisions some on time that from and churches, their around concentrated more and became villages patterns; settlement economy in change a market in resulted growing the time, that Around century. thirteenth the same the before husbandry animal much and agriculture from living a had made them of all settlements almost as character rural of appearance the but diverse, was environment i individuals of status social the terms legal in although that concluded He housing. fourteenth the written evidence. in registered was that society stratified highly the show not does it but distinguished, be can differences significant period, the of society rural the of culture material the studying by that concluded He above. detail in discussed was as population, rural the in differences social the study to period the of hoards coin using suggested He status. social their about question a for contemporar to clear even not were terms legal that Margaret, such Saint of in Legend the consistently on based used discovered, He not sources. were they that besides terms legal with problem another culture material using of possibilities the investigated has Laszlovszky József period. the of remains material the with it connect

Laszlovszky, Laszlovszky, rcn suy y io Áo Rc ivsiae sca dfeecs n tenth in differences social investigated Rácz Ákos Tibor by study recent A to hard is it that is society of interpretation historical the with problem largest The –

unifyied unifyied - etr rrl oit b eaiig eteet atrs tps n dfeecs in differences and types patterns, settlement examining by society rural century Social Stratification Social serfdom.The transformation of the rural society in the thirteenth century], century], the thirteenth in society rural transformationofthe serfdom.The Promoting the Saints. Cults and Their Contexts from Late Antiquity until the Early Moder Early the until Antiquity Late from Contexts Their and Cults Saints. the Promoting – 270

egységesülő jobbágyság. A paraszti társadalom átalakulása a 13. században” [Divided [Divided században” 13. a átalakulása társadalom paraszti A jobbágyság. egységesülő

y people, as the members of the same family had different answers different had family same the of members the as people, y , 45 , - 54. See also József Laszlovszky, “ Laszlovszky, József also See 54. as a basis for studying social stratification. He noted noted He stratification. social studying for basis a as

94 anonization Process and Social Mobility in Thirteenth in Mobility Social and Process anonization

- 107.

Fama Sanctitatis Fama

and the Emergence Emergence the and Századok

commerce commerce

n such an such n

1981. 1981. Szende Szende -

CEU eTD Collection 273 272 publication. hisbefore article Kingdom, Hungarian ofthe 271 thirty (and Pfennigs Friesach one thirty and hundred nine Still, certain. not is hoard the of completeness the thus, known, not is Budapest from hoard the of location exact The stones. Tyukod and cloak je this of althoughto investigate questions, onlytoalimit. these up of amount the (thus, si hoards in money the all of weight the of examination the be could solution A hoards. such of value overall the estimate to hard is it value, stable had Pfennigs on not contained they cases many in as hoards, in money of amount the count to hard is it that is problem The burials. settlements and finds with from this of comparison and the discovered hoards, within ea of comparison the be would way the thirteenthperiod to of century,transformationofsociety. this just b to has one invasion, Mongol the of age the of hoards examining when mentioned; be to has aspect important Another belonged. have could they which to group social larger a with identification an situations fortunate in opportuni economic the of investigation the is achieved such settlements. t way sophisticated more a in built were which houses revealed lver), but this is usually not indicated in publications. Nevertheless, this method can be used used becan method Nevertheless, this publications. in indicated not usually is this but lver),

Jakab, Jakab, Laszlovszky, Tibor Ákos Rácz, “ Rácz, Ákos Tibor - ornaments. The rarest finds in hoards are brooch are hoards in finds rarest The easiest and clearest The questions. these investigate to ways possible more are There be can that most the limits; its has jewellery of interpretation social the Thus, Tatárjáráskori kincslelet Tatárjáráskori wellery can be associated with fastening fastening with associated be can wellery - Bagolyvár. Both pieces are gilded silver, open silver, gilded are pieces Both Bagolyvár. Fama Sanctitatis Fama 271 273 ly Friesach Pfennigs, but also Hungarian ebracteates. As only Frieasach Frieasach only As ebracteates. Hungarian also but Pfennigs, Friesach ly Social Differences within 10 within Differences Social

On the They have been found in only two cases; in the hoards from Budapest from hoards the in cases; two only in found been have They

”

Ruralia contrary,examples reflect some , 108 , , 260. 260. ,

9 (2013), in press. I would like to thank T thank to like would I in press. (2013), 9 - 118.

ear in mind that these finds can be dated to the middle of of middle the to dated be can finds these that mind earin ch jewellery type with the amount of money each was was each money of amount the with type jewellery ch th

– - pairs, which because of their structure their of because which pairs, 95

Century Rural Settlement Types in the Central Area Central the in Types Settlement Rural Century --

were not used as brooches, but only as as only but brooches, as used not were ties of the contemporary owners, and owners, contemporary the of ties

- the transitionsociety. in work pieces decorated with in with decorated pieces work han the average dwellings in dwellings average the han ibor Ákos Rácz for providing me providing for Rácz Ákos ibor

–

no 272

part

set - CEU eTD Collection 278 277 see: Hatházi, uses, the possible ways. On several 276 275 from the 274 additional only The relations. social interpreting in much help cannot it detail, in published Nyírmártonfalva from hoard case this in chains, with headpiece earrings. drop as interpreted of type same the are them of all and discovered; silver of pair a of fragments two Tyukod, from hoard occurrenceanotherpendants.with chains jewellery of rare type:and dropheadpieces them,theseindicates hoards that hid whoever belonged tothe Tyukod of case in and, location their group, social with the wealthiesthoards associated can be of of coins neither these Although number by the Sár of monastery nearby the of owner the family, Gutkeled the of member a as hoard the of owner the identified conditionally he and site the of environment the examined Jakab eig and hundred three also contained hoard the jewellery, the with Together found. were brooch ring electroncircular an and pendants, and chains earringswith drop fragmentedsilver two stone), ri seal silver (two rings finger S electron two brooches, of pair fragmented the Besides complete. is hoard the that shown has research recent Bagolyvár, than more probably was it hid who person the that implies location the However, identified. be cannot owner the hoard, the of situation find the of circumstances the of Because fragments. silver gilded gr. 140 around and paste, fo setting a besides it, with together found were coins) other five

Ibid., 257 Ibid., Jakab, 267. Ibid., Researchers often call this type of jewellery earrings, but recent research has shown that it could be worn in in worn be could it that shown has research recent but earrings, jewellery of type this call often Researchers The relatively small percentage of Friesach Pfennigs can probably be explained by the distance of the site the of distance the by explained be probably can Pfennigs Friesach of percentage small relatively The The special position of Tyukod of position special The hty Medium Regni Medium Tyukod - -

258. Footnote 11. 11. Footnote 258. four Friesach Pfennigs and nine hundred and ten Hungarian bracteates. Hungarian ten and hundred nine and Pfennigs Friesach four - Bagolyvár , and thus from the centre of money economy and markets. economymoneyand of thecentre thus and from ,

277 , 250, 252 250, ,

A similar piece, made of silver, was discovered in the fragmented the in discovered was silver, of made piece, similar A - - ne lc rns oe ivr ok ig ih lrn ed, four ends, flaring with ring lock silver one rings, lock ended

Gut. g, gle sle rntp ad gl rn wt a inseted an with ring gold a and ringtop, silver gilded a ngs, - 253. 278

oee, s hs ho this as However, - Bagolyvár between these hoards is supported by the the by supported is hoards these between Bagolyvár A Kiskunság kincsleletei Kiskunság A 96

sml paat I te ae f Tyukod of case the In peasant. simple a - Bagolyvár the other jewellery discovered, discovered, jewellery other the Bagolyvár r i famne, n nt yet not and fragmented, is ard , 75 , upper layer of society. layer of upper - n woe od ic were piece gold whole one 76, footnote 37. footnote 76, r a stone, a piece of glass of piece a stone, a r

274 276

vár. In the Attila 275 -

CEU eTD Collection 98 2007): Múzeum, Magyar Nemzeti (Budapest: ÉvaGaram and Ágnes Ritoók 283 282 281 280 279 Templomdomb. Nyáregyháza Karcag, t of layer Károly above, detail in S gold and electron that showed Mesterházy described was As stones. inset with rings finger and rings lock difficult. is period the of hoards other with comparison distribution, limited a such have they because goods. imported or products local either as headpieces style Byzantine these northeas of area small a from come hoards these of all mentioned: be to has situation interesting another headpieces these of cases the In less. much was coins of quantity the but piece, sophisticated valuable, highly a doubt without Tyukod from one that and hoard this of jewellery the when more even conspicuous, is gold/electron of lack the coins, of kg. 1.9 known: is coins the of weight the case this in but unclear, thirty hundred four and thousand seven cone a with ring completeness. its cone with chains which from wire, Pátroha from hoard Pfenni Friesach five and hundred oneflaring and ends,ringwith lock a of fragmentalsorings, containeda that it is information

Tóth, Tóth, Hatházi, AttilaJakab, also See Tóth, 258. Ibid., Mária Wolf, “A Tiszaörvényi “A Wolf, Mária Two other types other Two A tatárjárás kincsleletei tatárjárás A

he society. Such jewellery was found in the hoards from Akasztó from hoards the in found was jewellery Such society. he A Kiskunság kincslele Kiskunság A Pátroha 283 -

shaped top, two complete and one fragmented lock ring were found, besides besides found, were ring lock fragmented one and complete two top, shaped Together with the headpiece, three silver and one bronze seal rings, a silver a rings, seal bronze one and silver three headpiece, the with Together

h had rm Akasztó from hoard The - - Butorka dűlő. The rectangular body of the headpiece was braided silver silver braided was headpiece the of body rectangular The dűlő. Butorka

Butorka dűlő Butorka A tatárjáráskincsleletei A

of jewellery were made of gold or electron in most cases: S cases: most in electron or gold of made were jewellery of - uzaóhrst Tyukod Pusztapótharaszt, - , 81 , - Bagolyvár is compared, as in the latter latter the in as compared, is Bagolyvár tei lelet” [The find of Tiszaörvény], in: in: Tiszaörvény], of find [The lelet”

, 75 , - 87. ,96 -

gs. 77. - - shaped pendants dangled. The importance of this hoard is is hoard this of importance The dangled. pendants shaped 97.

279

A slightly different headpiece pair was found in the in found was pair headpiece different slightly A - ie on. h nme o Fisc Penns is Pfennings Friesach of number The coins. nine tern Hungary. Researchers seem unable to identify to unable seem Researchers Hungary. tern , 85. , - - ended lock rings were associated with the upper the with associated were rings lock ended 97 uzaznir ws icvrd y ploughing. by discovered was Pusztaszentimre

- Bagolyvár A tatárjárás tatárjárás A

- 280 282 99.

h gl hapee was headpiece gold the Regarding this quantity this Regarding [The Mongol invasion], ed. ed. invasion], Mongol [The n Tiszaörvény and - Pusztaszentimre, 281

However, - ended ended -

CEU eTD Collection 285 284 and Pfennigs Friesach seven seventyand hundred nine coins: of nuber significant a contained Nyáregyháza from hoard The coins. of number small a only but pieces), electron (including jewellery quality of items numerous one: the previous to similar is situation This complete. less or more presumably is hoard the jewellery, rhombus one and S an with circular one stones, inset with fingerrings electron threeends, flaring with rings electronlock ring lock electron one Pfennigs, Friesach three eighty and hundred century nineteenth early, al is Karcag from hoard The society. the of layer upper somewhat a village, the of layer ind spurs the like finds iron the of some also and rings, lock electron the as such jewellery the of quality and quantity the coins, of number small the Despite complete. considered be should hoard men not are which found, been have should types pottery different, more, case this would in that mention it to Not luck. as enormous require likely, not is ploughland a of area same the in bands and buckles iron spurs, d The opinion. Parádi‟s with argue would I found, also was pot the that Regarding hoard. the of interpretation social the in crucial is completeness hoard. the to belong not did originally finds iron the and cauldron discovered were they ploughing, of consequence in thus, and settlement the within hidden was hoard the because only found were pieces these Parádi, Nándor of opinionthe in but found, ceramicalsoa cauldronwere and tools iron some Besidesjewellery, forty hundred two rhombus two and circular one rings, seal electron two and silver two ele Togetherwith the

Parádi, Parádi, Parádi, Pénzekkel keltezett ékszerek keltezett Pénzekkel Pénzekkel icate that the original owner of this hoard was a person belonging to the military the to belonging person a was hoard this of owner original the that icate

keltezett ékszerekkeltezett - - seven Friesach Pfennigs, and a few Hungarian bracteates were discove were bracteates Hungarian few a and Pfennigs, Friesach seven hpd ivr roh ece te museum. the reached brooch silver shaped

ctron S ctron

id tu, t cmltns cn e usind Altog questioned. be can completeness its thus, find, - ended lock ring pair, a pair of silver lock rings with flaring ends, withflaring rings lock a ofsilver pair pair, lockring ended

, 134 , 128 , - - tioned in the official inventory. Thus, in my opinion this this opinion my in Thus, inventory. official the in tioned 136. 130.

iscovery of a hoard and beside it two it beside and hoard a of iscovery - Pusz aóhrst o te contrary, the on tapótharaszt, 285

Reg - 284 shaped silver brooches, silver shaped rig h aon of amount the arding

h qeto o the of question The

oehr bt the but together, - two ether n, two end, so an an so red. red. CEU eTD Collection 289 288 287 286 co be should hoard the coins, complete. of number small the Despite mints,. other five thirty brooch, electron circular a corals, and insets stone for s two pieces, silver gilded two comprising also pot, a in found Bajót, from hoard the of part were stones above the Besides crystal. rock oval an and brooch, fin gold one and bronze gilded S electron one of consisted and village, the of houses the between plate bronze a in hidden was hoard Tiszaörvény a sickle. and Pfennigs Friesach nine forty hundred one and thousand one with together pot, a in Laánybenefrom h the of case the in observed be can situation similar A agriculture. from living a made heart the as (such jewellery of types fashionable most the Thus, person. hoard, coin and jewellery the from away metres four found sickles, four of consisting hoard, tool iron the km), 4.5 (about village former the from crystal. heart a stone, inset an with ring electron one rings, seal silver two ends, flaring with rings lock silver two and the Besides on hidden; bracteates. were items jewellery numerous money, Hungarian mainly coins, other nine seventy and hundred seven

Parádi, Parádi, 136. Ibid., 156. 119, Ibid., 123 Ibid., 288 286 Pénzekkel keltezett ékszerek keltezett Pénzekkel

289

- - Considering that th that Considering h onr f Tyukod of owner The

ended lock ring, two silver lock rings with flaring ends, on silver seal ring, one ring, seal silver on ends, flaring with rings lock silver two ring, lock ended 126. -

Templomdomb is Templomdomb ilver lock rings with flaring ends, one circular gilded silver brooch with frames frames with brooch silver gilded circular one ends, flaring with rings lock ilver the wealthy owner of the hoard from Nyáregyháza from hoard the of owner wealthythe

- Hornyák domb, where a pair of silver lock rings with flaring ends found with flaring was lock rings silver pair domb,where of a Hornyák -

hpd roh ih n ne soe a ivr arn, n a u rock cut a and earring, silver a stone, inset an with brooch shaped

e finding place of the hoard was a considerable distance away distance considerable a was hoard the of place finding e slightly different, as it as slightlydifferent, , 129 , e rn wt a ist tn, n sle rhombus silver one stone, inset an with ring ger - - 132. hoard The already. discussed was Bagolyvár

e electron S electron e -

mentioned sites, finger rings with inset with rings finger sites, mentioned contained no coins, only jewellery. The The jewellery. only coins, no contained 287

- a poal hde b te same the by hidden probably was shaped brooch), yet was probably probably was yet brooch), shaped - four Friesach Pfennigs, and fifty and Pfennigs, Friesach four - ended lock ring, one electron electron one ring, lock ended - Pusztapótharaszt, possessed Pusztapótharaszt, nsidered nsidered - shaped shaped from oard - CEU eTD Collection 291 290 which hoards sophistic the most that the stated contained be can it interpretation, social their Regarding the by jewellery. but money, the by not given were hoards the of value the cases many in as coins, inves be should jewellery and coins both Tápiógyörgye). Hajdúszoboszló Rákosszentmihály, sh they cases all!) not (but many in however, found, also are jewellery of pieces few a only with hoards coin small Naturally, Nyáregyháza (Budapest, coins thousand two to one (Akasztó coins of negligiblenumber a with either found were jewellery, gold/electron often items, quality high of considerablenumber Jászdózsa Babat, wi only found were thousand), four (around coins Pátroha from hoard the of exception the with found, also is jewellery where group the from missing is coins) thousand (each hoards of group largest The made. be can statements following silver rings rhombus with hundred six and other hundred three and thousand thousand one and Pfennigs, two Friesach approximately ends, flaring with rings lock silver (two ninety with along ringtop shaped sil a and ends from flaring with that rings as lock silver such (two I hoards, Balmazújváros largest and smallest the both in appear they thus and hoards,

Tóth, Tóth, Tóth, Summarising the results of the comparison of the amount of coin and jewellery, the the jewellery, and coin of amount the of comparison the of results the Summarising in finds common most the are ends flaring with rings lock and rings silver Simple A tatárjárás kincsleletei tatárjárás A kincsleletei tatárjárás A 291

- hs te ot motn cnlso i ta te ors hc contained which hoards the that is conclusion important most the Thus, ázpt htr Tatabánya határ, Jászapáti

- shaped ringtops thousand andfour sixty coins). - Butorka dűlő. Interestingly, the hoards which contained the most most the contained which hoards the Interestingly, dűlő. Butorka , 82 , 81

td jewellery ated - - 87. 87. ould be considered as fragmented hoards (Abony, Budapest (Abony, hoards fragmented as considered be ould

- ee Fisc Peng i a o) r Tatabánya or pot) a in Pfennigs Friesach seven - tigated separately from those which contained only only contained which those from separately tigated rnse, Nyírmártonfalva Aranyszeg, - Puszta 100 –

la ornaments cloak

- áhd) Toe hc cnand a contained which Those Bánhida). szentimre, Bajót, Karcag,) or together with together or Karcag,)Bajót, szentimre, h fw ics f eelr (Gödöllő jewellery of pieces few a th - uzaóhrst Tyukod Pusztapótharaszt,

coins), or Gödöllő or coins), –

ver ring with a pyramid a with ring ver Bdps ad Tyukod and (Budapest

containing around eight around containing 290

- Gut, -

- Bagolyvár). Babat (two Babat - Bánhida Pécel, - - - - CEU eTD Collection 294 293 292 consisted numerous either of jeweller which refinement Hoards statement. tothis some make can jewellery on research this However, society. rural of layer uppermost the to mintings. eighty and hundred one thousand one of consisting fragmented, other, the and Pfennigs, Friesach thirteen and beads. so a headpiece, Tyukodfromones money for scale a society: of layer ends, flaring with silver two bracelets, bronze two brooch, bronze circular a buckles, iron of pieces refuge, divers sought many people In where thehouse of Szank. of consisting twenty found, also were hoards complete other hoard two the hidden, where was area Pusztapótharaszt same the In this. of proof good are discovered was hoard one than more where Settlements settlement. one even in individuals the between also demanded and taste, good had have could husbandry, animal and agriculture from livings their making Hornyák j with hoards some contrary, the On associated. be can hoards the of most which with environment rural same the from necessarily not society, the of layer upper an with associated be should Bagolyvár)

Tóth, Tóth, Wilhelm, 85. Ibid., 293 - In g In differences socioeconomic of range wide a was there doubt without However, A tatárjárás kincsleletei tatárjárás A two and twenty and two -

294 domb, and maybe Tiszaörvény maybe and domb, In the same ar same the In

Szank. eneral, all this supports the opinion of researchers, namely, that hoards belonged belonged hoards that namely, researchers, of opinion the supports this all eneral,

- fashionable jewellery.fashionable

called - and also spurs and a spear. Some finds can be associated with an upper upper an with associated be can finds Some spear. a and spurs also and Bagolyvár and Nyírmártonfalva Bagolyvárand -

wley n io tos (Nyáregyháza tools iron and ewellery he cis o wih he hnrd n twenty and hundred three which of coins, three párta - four coins. four ea, two coin hoards were discovered, one consisting of one hundred one of consisting one discovered, were hoards coin two ea, , 87. , , with thirty four gold mounts, two rock crystals and many glass many and crystals rock two mounts, gold four thirty with ,

292 - changi

A similar situation occurred in the destroyed settlement destroyed the in occurred situation similar A - Templomdomb) indicate that rural people, probably probably people, rural that indicate Templomdomb) ng, a fragment of a gold headpiece similar to the to similar headpiece gold a of fragment a ng, 101

- Gut, a gold ring with an inset stone, and aand stone, inset an ringgoldwith a Gut, - uzaóhrst Ladánybene Pusztapótharaszt, e jewellery items were found: items were jewellery e - i wr Friesach were six

f Nyáregyháza of y and items

lock rings rings lock - - CEU eTD Collection 299 298 297 296 295 w this if surprising be would ale, an of bucket a half of price the about was which denarius, half a and twelve been have would ends flaring with rings lock of pair a of value g 5 as ring seal a of weight average the estimate will I gr., 5.1 weighs it size, general a represents ends flaring with ring lock The average. an estimate to Bagolyvár from ones the use will I thus, pieces, these of weight the give not do publications mat raw the of value the estimate gr.,to average,0.8 an use will Fr of weight The gr). 245.5 or (233.3 mk. the of weight the with compared be should they hoard, a of value the determining in l The material. its by regular co also be jewellerythe should that implies whichhoards, in rawsilver ofoccurrence the of because investigated be should This pfennigs. Friesach of weight the with co by made be can estimation rough a pieces silver of case the in but all, at valued be cannot pieces electron and Gold precisely. estimated be cannot a suggest them, generalfashion rings(with ofsilver flaring lock ends) in jewellery the and hoards, Small nobility. high not certainly nobility, although maybe layer, higher even an imply coins orname of number (cloak large a jewellery and/or headpieces), of types rare sophisticated, most the contained which Hoards layer. social upper the with associated be should both cases few a in or money, of amount considerable with items jewellery few a or money, of amount smaller a Jakab, Laszlovszky, 252. 250, Ibid., 249. Ibid., Jakab, Since there are no contemporary written sources about the value of such jewellery, it it jewellery, such of value the about sources written contemporary no are there Since Tyukod Tyukod

Social Stratification Social - - Bagolyvár Bagolyvár

297 iesach Pfennigs were between about 0.6 and 1.2 gr. 1.2 and 0.6 about between were Pfennigs iesach

the weights of the seal rings are quite different, 2.6 gr. and 7.5 gr., 7.5 and gr. 2.6 different, quite are rings seal the of weights the 295 atest research s research atest

, 290 , However, in the case of jewellery, this would be too large to count. to large too be would this jewellery, of case the in However, , 289 , - - 291. 290. ere more than the value of the raw material, thus, even with this with even thus, material, raw the of value the than more ere

, 50. ,

uggests that because of the different qualities of the coins the of qualities different the of because that uggests 102

299

and fingerrings. r. Counting with an average 5 gr., the the gr., 5 average an with Counting r.

plus the charge for the fabrication. It fabrication. the for charge the plus mparing the weight of these items these of weight the mparing erial of silver jewellery. Most jewellery. silver of erial t, diverse nts, 296

Thus, in this case I case this in Thus, –

Tyukod nsidered 298 gold

thus, -- -

CEU eTD Collection 300 and settlements thefuture. mighttointeresting in lead conclusions social dev the of analysis comparative the Thus, period. Arpadian the in churches inside graves of absence the particularly suggestive, are phenomena some but on, century thirteenth the around from only graves the positioning in important nearne the that shows Kána of evidence the only villages and tendency that is settlements age century. thirteenth the Arpadian around from churches their near concentrated for discovered been has Arpad which average tendency, an in than tradition longer much a had Christianity where Zalavár, from is pattern burial this for example other only the Since graves. framed stone such have not did jewellery contained which burials the of most Furthermore, church. stone of spread The stones. (ashlar) with framed were graves the of percent thirty around aspect: deceased former specific, person of graves into dug were which burials, child few a for except pattern, concentric a in buried were people that implies phase cemetery each of structure A brave. than almost topoi made, often is position social deceased‟s the reflects churchyard the in grave the of place no if deceased, the of standing of burialsposition by jewellery such useful. isnot social the determining value, great represented have not could items jewellery these since consideratio another to leads This size. their of regardless hoards, all in appear pieces such that surprising not is it this, Considering high. not were trinkets such of values the estimate

Rácz, Rácz, - framed graves shows the same pattern, they are not dense in the smaller are smaller the in dense not are they pattern, same the shows graves framed . n h cs o Kn, h sca psto o te eesd a b se i another in seen be can deceased the of position social the Kána, of case the In s. h qeto sol b rie wehr eelr cn ep eemn te social the determine help can jewellery whether raised be should question The Social differences Social - like. However, without more analysed cemeteries such a pronouncement is more pronouncementmore is cemeteries a like. However,analysed such without more counter

- argument can be made based on the churchyard at Kána, where the where Kána, at churchyard the on based made be can argument

t, then what can? Among researchers, the statement that the that statement the researchers, Among can? what then t, 103

elopment of rural churchyard cemeteries churchyard rural of elopment ss of the church became became church the of ss 300

I do not say that this that say not do I ian age village, the the village, age ian a of the the of a n; n; - CEU eTD Collection buri when accessories contemporary dress century, thirteenth the of end the at changed have to seems situation The period. this during thi All coin. the by indicated one the and grave the of age actual the between years hundred a as much as been have could there as reliable, necessarily not are century thirteenth the and twelfth the of half second the other The The graves. century. in coins of appearance the is issue fourteenth important the to erroneousy dated were artefacts many cemeteries, analysed of lack the of because contrast, In chronology. the influenced ones, contemporary jewellery of types earlier significantly of appearance the customs, burial Concerning research. of state the and customs burial both by caused was This graveyards. century thirteenth of thirteenth disappearance of lack the was issue important most the Chronologically, customs. burial in phenomena important two exposed also it but issues which invasion, Mongol the provide achronology the them. stable artefacts for in with connected be can that hoards the also and settlement by distinguished Kána, at cemetery the of chronology ar circular a of the danger avoid To finds. stray and invasion Mongol the of age the from settlements destroyed use of time examin and century thirteenth and twelfth al whichbecame customs widespread inthe fourteenth century.

of dating the artefacts of the period, and led to modifying their dating in many cases, many in dating their modifying to led and period, the of artefacts the dating of The investigation of the chronology of the artefacts revealed not only chronological only not revealed artefacts the of chronology the of investigation The the of types accessory dress and jewellery the determine to was aim my thesis this In –

and their socioeconomic relations by comparing finds from burials, hoards, and hoards, burials, from finds comparing by relations socioeconomic their and –

heirlooms heirlooms uet ue a control a used I gument -- s might have a connection with the silver famine that occurred that famine silver the with connection a have might s

n rvs ad n codne with accordance in and graves, in – CONCLUSION

belts e their chronology their e 104 –

- appear first in graves. This implies achangeimplies ingraves. appear first This in etr atfcs n rvs ad th and graves, in artefacts century

- aig o te reat ta rle o the on relied that artefacts the for dating

cemetery analysis cemetery

research here revealed that coins in coins that revealed here research –

the time of production and the the and production of time the

ht te bec of absence the that,

and the finds of the of finds the and s the us, CEU eTD Collection and evaluation social the and precise investigation of gain rural ofcould thedevelopment society additional importantsources. more made be can research this of findings the churchyard of development the pattern the of and cemeteries investigation the is important more even be would probably What chronology. in also maybe and customs, burial in differences regional reveal but the presence jewellery ofnumerous items. coins,ofthe number not wasrealvalue the grouplatter the of manycases in jewellery;asand inves This society. of were layer upper an which to belonged probably types which others revealed and fashion in research common This finds. such of environment the cases certain div of owners the of identification the it with together and precise more jewellery such of value the make to tigation also noted the differences between coin hoards and those which contained coins contained which those and hoards coin between differences the noted also tigation Concerning the socio the Concerning Future research can and and can research Future erse hoards by investigating the jewellery types, the number of coins, and in and coins, of number the types, jewellery the investigating by hoards erse s of burial customs. If any common tendencies can be identified, be can tendencies common any If customs. burial of s - economic evaluation of the finds, the present research was able able was research present the finds, the of evaluation economic should be made in both areas, as broader research could could research broader as areas, both in made be should 105

CEU eTD Collection Ilona. Bolla, St and Gertrud, Blaschitz, Blanchard,Ian. szegvár “A Gábor. Lőrinczy, Lívia, Bende, and church [Medieval II” határában Kaposvár temető és templom “Középkori ______. and church medieval [A határában” Kaposvár temető és templom “Középkori Edith. Bárdos, Bielo ún. az és magyarság “A Csanád. Bálint, Kornél. Bakay, “Anglo Grenville. Astille, Csilla. Aradi, Bernh Emmerig, Hubert Michael, Alram, Nemeskéri. István Gyula, Acsádi, OberoesterreichischesLandesmuseum, 2004. Fuchsenhof von In Fuchsenhof.” von Schatzfundes des Berücksichtigung besonderer (1997): 201 eleventh and II]. Kaposvár of outskirts the Közleményei on cemetery churchyard 3 (1978): 187 Kaposvár]. of outskirts the on cemetery churchyard Bielo culture]. Brdo 1978. state]. the of foundation the of age the and period Conquest the from River Ipoly the along 222 DuncanWilliams, Howard Sayer, In Interpreted?”. Árpád the 154. at Excavations Főnyed the of Settlement of [Summary összegzése” OberoesterreichischesLandesmuseum, 2004. Fuchsenhof von des Anteil numismatische Historico serfdom]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó,1983.

A jogilag egységes jobbágyság kialakulása jobbágyság egységes jogilag A

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