Proceedings of the

Cluster and Double Star Symposium

5th Anniversary of Cluster in Space

19 – 23 September 2005 Noordwijk, The Netherlands Scientific Committee

W. Baumjohann IWF, Austria C. Escoubet, Chairman ESTEC, The Netherlands M.L. Goldstein GSFC, USA M. Hapgood RAL, UK H. Laakso ESTEC, The Netherlands Z.X. Liu CSSAR, China P. Louarn CESR, France E. Lucek IC, UK A. Masson ESTEC, The Netherlands H. Opgenoorth ESTEC, The Netherlands C.J. Owen UCL/MSSL, UK G. Paschmann ISSI, Switzerland J. Pickett University of Iowa, USA Z. Pu Peking U., China A. Roux CETP, France S. Schwartz IC, UK

Publication Cluster and Double Star Symposium – 5th Anniversary of Cluster in Space Noordwijk, Netherlands (ESA SP-598, January 2006) Compiled by: K Fletcher Published and distributed by: ESA Publications Division ESTEC Postbus 299 2200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands Tel: +31 71 565 3400 Fax: +31 71 565 5433 Printed in: The Netherlands Price:
50 ISBN No: 92-9092-909-X ISSN No: 0379-6566 Copyright: © 2006 European Space Agency Introduction

This Cluster and Double Star Symposium marks the fifth anniversary of the Cluster launch. Around this time five years ago, the wire booms of the Electric Field and Waves (EFW) instrument were just starting to be deployed on Cluster 1 and Cluster 2. This was actually the beginning of the commissioning, which lasted three months more. One event of last week reminded us about the commissioning phase, as we tried to switch on the Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS) experiment on Cluster 2. This instrument had failed during the commissioning and was left off for five years. Unfortunately, the problem of high current consumption was still present and we had to switch it off again. Now it is clear that this instrument will not provide data. However, this failure does not detract from the tremendous amount of high quality data collected by the CIS instrument on the other three spacecraft, as well as by all the other instruments. Over the past five years, the total volume of data acquired by the instruments and then distributed by ESOC to the scientists amounts to 1.3 Tbytes. This may not seem a large figure in terms of computer capacity nowadays, but when we started the mission preparation in 1988 it was a huge amount. We had to add a second ground station to acquire all this data. In terms of CD-ROMs, the impressive number of more than 250,000 CDs have been distributed to users by ESOC since launch. Indeed, the UK song industry, the British Phonographic Institute, would award Cluster a double gold album for such a number. Over the last five years, the Cluster mission has continued to provide wonderful data to all scientists. However, one crucial aspect of the Cluster mission has been the changing of the distances separating the spacecraft. The constellation manoeuvres took place twice a year during the first two years, and later on once a year. The manoeuvre periods are always a busy time for the PI teams, but especially for the Joint Science Operations Centre (JSOC), located in Chilton, United Kingdom, and the ESOC teams which see their workload increasing dramatically. In term of thrusters firing during the past six constellation manoeuvres, we fired the thrusters an equivalent of 85 km/s during 219 days, totalling a period of seven months of manoeuvering. This is a significant portion of the mission so far. It is nice to remember the past, but it is more important to plan the future. The future of Cluster was secured in February 2005 when the ESA Science Programme Committee agreed to extend the mission for another four years, starting in January 2006. This means that the end of mission is now planned for December 2009. We will however have a mid-term review at the end of 2007 to check that the spacecraft and payload can continue to operate for the rest of the extension. During the coming four years we will carry out new science, starting with a multi- scale phase in which Cluster 1, Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 will form a large triangle at 10,000 km, and Cluster 4 will be close to Cluster 3, separated by about 1000 km. In the future, as the orbit evolves, with the apogee shifting toward the South hemisphere, the Cluster formation will cross two very important new regions: the subsolar point region and the near-Earth neutral sheet (at around 8 Earth radii). Scientists are therefore looking forward to the next few years of Cluster data. This Cluster success would not have been possible without the strong reliability of the Cluster platforms and we would like to thank Astrium, Friedrichshafen in Germany for the fantastic job of building the four spacecraft. During the operations, the ESOC Team, the JSOC Team and the PI teams are doing a tremendous job of operating the four spacecraft and their 41 instruments continuously. Many thanks should also be addressed to the eight National Data Centres that continuously distribute the data to scientists, and finally to all scientists who are working and publishing a very large number of papers with Cluster data. More than 160 scientists from China, Europe, Japan, Russia and the USA came to the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Netherlands, for this symposium. Sixty-five talks were given in the course of five plenary sessions, and around 100 posters during two poster sessions. A PDF version of most of the talks can be found at: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=37919 These proceedings contain 80 papers presented at the symposium, and cover the various magnetospheric regions visited by Cluster, such as the solar wind and bow shock, magnetopause, polar cusp, magnetotail, auroral zone, and plasmapause. The new ISSI book on “Cluster at the Outer Magnetospheric Boundaries” [Paschmann et al., 2005] was presented for the first time at the beginning of the symposium. In addition, during the past two years, the Cluster mission has been enhanced by the Double Star (DSP) mission, a magnetospheric mission composed of two satellites, built in collaboration between the China National Space Administration (CNSA) and ESA. These proceedings contain many papers that use both data sets to give us a small and large scale view of the key physical processes at work in the magnetosphere and its environment. Finally we would like to thank Viviana Vavosoto and the Conference Bureau for their great support in organising the conference and the excursion to see Dutch life, as well as Karen Fletcher and the Publication Division, who put together these proceedings, and all authors who contributed to this book.

Philippe Escoubet Harri Laakso Matt Taylor Arnaud Masson Contents

Sun-Earth connection

Soho, Cluster, Double Star - the Sun and the Earth R.M. Bonnet

Solar wind, foreshock, bow-shock and magnetosheath

SLAMS at parallel shocks and hot flow anomalies E. A. Lucek

On the ion reflection properties of the quasi-perpendicular Earth’s bow shock H. Kucharek, E. Moebius, M. Scholer, R. Behlke, C. Mouikis, P. Puhl-Quinn, L.M. Kistler, T.
Horbury, J. Eastwood, S.D. Bale, and C. Mazelle

Field-aligned and gyrating ion beams in the Earth’s foreshock C. Mazelle, K. Meziane, M. Wilber

Upstream field-aligned beams: results from Cluster Meziane, K., Wilber, W., Hamza, A. M., Mazelle, C., Parks, G. K., and Rème, H.

High time resolution ambient electron density measurements by Cluster at the Earth’s bow shock: February-May 2001 A. Masson, H. Laakso, P. Décréau, M. André, P. Escoubet, X. Suraud, R. Saxena, S. Bale, M.G.G.T Taylor and H. Opgenoorth

Shedding new light on solitary waves observed in space J. S. Pickett, L.-J. Chen, D. A. Gurnett, J. M. Swanner, O. Santolík, P. M. E. Décréau, C. Béghin, D. Sundkvist, B. Lefebvre, M. L. Goldstein, B. Lavraud, E. Lucek, R. Kessel, G. S. Lakhina, S.
V.
Singh, R. V. Reddy, B. T. Tsurutani, H. Rème and A. Fazakerley

Wave source locations in the bowshock and adjacent regions O.D. Constantinescu, K.-H. Glassmeier, R. Treumann, U. Motschmann, and K.-H. Fornaçon

Wave mode identification by the Cluster satellites in the foreshock region Anders Tjulin, Elizabeth Lucek, and Mats André

Low frequency waves in the bow shock environment Yasuhito Narita and Karl-Heinz Glassmeier Polar cusp and magnetopause

The Curlometer and other gradient measurements with Cluster M. W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, Q-Q. Shi, Z. Pu, C. Vallat, P. Robert, S. Haaland, C. Shen, J. A. Davies, K.-H. Glassmeier, P. Cargill, F. Darrouzet, A. Roux

Discontinuity Analysis with Cluster S. Haaland, B. U. Ö. Sonnerup, G. Paschmann, E. Georgescu, M.W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, B.
Klecker, H. Rème, and A. Vaivads

Structure of the magnetopause boundary layers discovered by Cluster multipoint observations Hiroshi Hasegawa

Solar wind pressure and the position of the magnetopause: a Cluster perspective Johan De Keyser, M. Roth, M. W. Dunlop, H. Rème, C. J. Owen, and G. Paschmann

Comparative Cluster/Double Star observations of the high and low latitude dayside magnetopause M. W. Dunlop, M. G. G. T. Taylor, J. A. Davies, Z. Pu, A. N. Fazakerley, C. J. Owen, Y.
V.
Bogdanova,
F. Pitout, H. Laakso, Q.-G. Zong, C. Shen, K. Nykyri, B. Lavraud, S. E. Milan, Z.-X. Liu, C. P. Escoubet,
H. Rème, C. M. Carr, T. D. Phan, M. Lockwood and B. Sonnerup

Simultaneous Double Star and Cluster FTES observations on the dawnside flank of the magnetosphere A. Marchaudon, C. J. Owen, J.-M. Bosqued, R. C. Fear, A. N. Fazakerley, M. W. Dunlop, A.
D.
Lahiff, C. Carr, A. Balogh, P.-A. Lindqvist and H. Rème

Space and ground-based investigations of dayside reconnection: Cluster, Double Star and SuperDARN observations J. A. Wild, S. E. Milan, J. A. Davies, S. W. H. Cowley, M. W. Dunlop, C. J. Owen, J. M. Bosqued, M. Lester,
A. Balogh, C. M. Carr, A. N. Fazakerley, and H. Rème

Cluster and TC1 five point observations of an FTE on Jan. 4, 2005: a preliminary study Z.Y. Pu, J. Wang, M.W. Dunlop, X.G. Zhang, Y. Wei, X.Z. Zhou, S.Y. Fu, C. J. Xiao, Q.G. Zong, Z.X. Liu,
C. Carr, C. Perry, H. Rème, I. Dandouras, A. Fazakerley, P.Daly, F. Pitout, J. Davies, C. Shen, H. Laakso,
P. Escoubet, C.J. Owen, Y. Bogdanova and M.G.G.T. Taylor

Study of a flux transfer event with Cluster spacecraft P. Robert, O. Lecontel, A. Roux, P. Canu, D. Fontaine, G. Chanteur, J.M. Bosqued, C. Owen, A.N.
Fazakerley, and M.W. Dunlop

Inner mechanisms of flux transfer events observed by Cluster H. Khan, H. Laakso, M. Dunlop, M.G.G.T. Taylor, C.P. Escoubet, H. Opgenoorth, A. Masson

Cluster observation of magnetic structure and electron flows at a northward interplanetary magnetic field
x-line D. E. Wendel, P. H. Reiff, T. H. Han, M. L. Goldstein, E. Lucek, A. Fazakerley

A search for electron scale structures close to the magnetopause P. Canu, P. Décréau, S. Escoffier, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, D. Fontaine, M. Dunlop, J.
G.
Trotignon, J. L. Rauch and T. Carozzi Ion kinetic features around a lobe reconnection site M.B. Bavassano Cattaneo, M.F. Marcucci, A. Retinò, G. Pallocchia, H. Rème, I. Dandouras, E.
Moebius, B.
Klecker, C. W. Carlson, A. Korth, R. Lundin, and A. Balogh

Comparison of ULF waves at magnetopause crossings at different latitudes, as seen by the Cluster and Double Star STAFF experiments N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, D. Attié, G. Belmont, L. Rezeau, P. Robert, H.St.C. Alleyne, K. Yearby, A.
Balogh, C.
Carr

Instability of the energetic electron beams in the polar cusp-observations by Cluster and Interball J. Blecki, Cornilleau-Wehrlin, M. Parrot, S. Savin, E. Amata, R. Bucik, R. Wronowski

The magnetospheric cusp: structure and dynamics Q.-G. Zong, H. Zhang, T. A. Fritz, S. Y. Fu, Z.Y. Pu, M. L. Goldstein, W. Keith, M. W. Dunlop, A.
Korth, P.
W.
Daly, H. Rème, A. Balogh and A. N. Fazakerley

Formation of the cusp and dayside boundary layers as a function of IMF orientation: Cluster results B. Lavraud, M. F. Thomsen, B. Lefebvre, E. Budnik, P. J. Cargill, A. Fedorov, M. G. G. T. Taylor, S.
J.
Schwartz, H. Rème, A. N. Fazakerley, A. Balogh

Mechanism for the formation of the high-altitude stagnant cusp: Cluster and SuperDARN observations Y.V. Bogdanova, A. Marchaudon, C.J. Owen, M.W. Dunlop, H.U. Frey, J.A.Wild, A.N. Fazakerley, B.
Klecker, J.A. Davies, and S.E. Milan

Magnetopause cusp indentation: an attempt for a new model consideration M. Kartalev, S. Savin, E. Amata, P. Dobreva, G. Zastenker, and N. Shevyrev

Distinguishing between anti-parallel and component reconnection at the dayside magnetopause K.J. Trattner, J. Mulcock, S.M. Petrinec and S.A. Fuselier

Staircase ion signature observed by Cluster in the mid-altitude polar cusp C. P. Escoubet, J. M. Bosqued, J. Berchem, M. G. G. T. Taylor, F. Pitout, H. Laakso, A. Masson, M. Dunlop, H.
Rème, I. Dandouras, A. Fazakerley

Cluster observations of the electron edge of the low-latitude boundary layer at mid-altitudes Y.V. Bogdanova, C.J. Owen, A.N. Fazakerley, B. Klecker, H. Rème

Plasma transfer event seen by Cluster Walter J. Heikkila, Patrick Canu, Iannis Dandouras, Wayne Keith, and Yuri Khotyaintsev

Observation of Pc3/5 magnetic pulsations around the cusp at mid altitude Liu Yonghua, Liu Ruiyuan, B. J. Fraser, S. T. Ables, Xu Zhonghua, Zhang Beichen, Shi Jiankui, Liu Zhenxing, Huang Dehong, Hu Zejun, Chen Zhuotian, Wang Xiao, Malcolm Dunlop, A. Balogh

Statistical study of relationships between dayside high-altitude/-latitude O+ outflows, solar winds, and geomagnetic activity Sachiko Arvelius, M. Yamauchi, H. Nilsson, R. Lundin, H. Rème, M. B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, G.
Paschmann, A.
Korth, L. M. Kistler, and G. K. Parks Magnetotail and nightside auroral region

Substorm theories and Cluster multi-point measurements A. Roux, O. Lecontel, D. Fontaine, P. Robert, P. Louarn, and A.N. Fazakerley

Magnetotail substorm features from multi-point observations A.T.Y. Lui, Y. Zheng, A. Balogh, P. W. Daly, M. W. Dunlop, T. A. Fritz, G. Gustafsson, S. Livi, S.
B. Mende, C.
J.
Owen, R. F. Pfaff, H. Rème, Y. Zhang, and Q. Zong

Flux transport and tail dynamics during a prolonged substorm interval S. E. Milan, J. A. Wild, B. Hubert, C. M. Carr, E. A. Lucek, J. M. Bosqued, J. F. Watermann, and J. A. Slavin

Tail reconnection and plasma sheet fast flows Rumi Nakamura, Wolfgang Baumjohann, Andrei Runov, and Yoshihiro Asano

Observations of flux ropes and X-lines in the near Earth magnetotail J. P. Eastwood, D. G. Sibeck, J. A. Slavin, B. Lavraud, E. A. Lucek, A. Balogh, I. Dandouras

Substorm topology in the ionosphere and magnetosphere during a flux rope event in the magnetotail O. Amm, R. Nakamura, H.U. Frey, Y. Ogawa, M. Kubyshkina, A. Balogh, and H. Rème

Cluster observations of flux rope structures in the near-tail P. D. Henderson, C. J. Owen, I. V. Alexeev, J. Slavin, A. N. Fazakerlay, E. Lucek, H. Rème

Cluster results on the magnetotail current sheet structure and dynamics V. Sergeev, A. Runov, W. Baumjohann, R. Nakamura, T.L. Zhang, S. Apatenkov, A. Balogh, H.
Rème, J.-A.
Sauvaud

Oscillations of flux tube slippage in the quiet plasma sheet A.A. Petrukovich, W. Baumjohann, R. Nakamura, A. Runov, and A. Balogh

Cluster measurements of ULF waves in the Earth’s magnetotail M. Volwerk, Z. Vörös, T. Takada, W. Baumjohann, R. Nakamura and A. Runov

Large scale plasma sheet structure – a statistical approach E. Osmundsen, A. Pedersen, E. Lucek, H. Rème

A statistical survey of tail plasma sheet energetic electrons A. Aasnes, R.W. H. Friedel, B. Lavraud, G. Reeves, P. Daly, H. Rème, and A. Balogh

Field aligned current observed by Cluster J. K. Shi, T. L. Zhang, Z. W. Cheng, Z. X. Liu, R. Nakamura, C. Carr, A. Balogh

Cluster observations and global simulation of the cold dense plasma sheet during northward IMF J. Raeder, W. Li, J. Dorelli, M. Øieroset, and T. Phan Multi-satellite observations of the near Earth plasma sheet and flank magnetopause: Response to the 5th December 2004 CME M.G.G.T. Taylor, B. Lavraud, M.F. Thomsen, A.N. Fazakerley, M.W. Dunlop, J.A. Davies, C.P.
Escoubet, H.
Laakso, H. Khan, A. Masson, H.J. Opgenoorth, R.H. Friedel, H. Rème, C.M.
Carr, T.L. Zhang and E.A. Lucek

Polar cap particle acceleration: electron dynamics associated with ion outflows D. Fontaine, A. Teste, R. Maggiolo, J.A. Sauvaud, A. Fazakerley

Cross-polar magnetospheric plasma drift as observed by Cluster EDI: statistical results M. Förster, S. Haaland, G. Paschmann, J. B. Baker, H. Vaith, J.M. Quinn, and R. B. Torbert Inner magnetosphere: radiation belts and plasmasphere

Five years of investigation of whistler-mode chorus using the measurements of the Cluster spacefleet O. Santolík, D. A. Gurnett, J. S. Pickett, M. Parrot, and N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin

Electrostatic and electromagnetic emissions near the plasmasphere. A case event: 27 May 2003 F. El-Lemdani Mazouz, S. Grimald, J.L. Rauch, P.M.E. Décréau, G. Bozan, G. Le Rouzic, X.
Suraud, X.
Vallières, J. G. Trotignon, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet, S. Boardsen

Storm time ring current - atmosphere interactions: observations and modelling V. K. Jordanova, C. G. Mouikis, L. M. Kistler, H. Matsui, P. Puhl-Quinn and Y. Khotyaintsev

3D Analysis of the ring current, for the 20 April 2002 event, using ENAs image inversions (IMAGE/HENA) and the curlometer technique (Cluster/FGM data) Claire Vallat, Iannis Dandouras, Pontus C:Son Brandt, Ed Roelof, Don Mitchell, Malcolm
Dunlop, Elizabeth
Lucek, André Balogh, Henri Rème

Cluster multipoint observations of ionic structures in the plasmasphere by CIS and comparison with IMAGE-EUV observations and with model simulations I. Dandouras, V. Pierrard, J. Goldstein, C. Vallat, G. K. Parks, H. Rème, M. McCarthy, L.
M.
Kistler, B.
Klecker, A. Korth, M.-B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, P. Escoubet, and A. Masson

Plasmaspheric plumes: Cluster, IMAGE and simulations F. Darrouzet, J. De Keyser, P. M. E. Décréau, D. L. Gallagher, V. Pierrard, J. F. Lemaire, B.
R.
Sandel, I.
Dandouras, H. Matsui, M. Dunlop, J. Cabrera, A. Masson, P. Canu, J.
G.
Trotignon, J. L. Rauch, and
M. André Cluster Active Archive and tools

The ESA Cluster Active Archive C. Perry, T. Eriksson, P. Escoubet, S. Esson, H. Laakso, S. McCaffrey, T. Sanderson, H. Bowen, A.
Allen and C.
Harvey

The Instrument ASPOC and the Cluster Active Archive H. Jeszenszky, K. Torkar, G. Laky

Archival of the Cluster ion spectrometry (CIS) data in the Cluster active archive (CAA) I. Dandouras, A. Barthe, E. Penou, H. Rème, S. McCaffrey, C. Vallat, L.M. Kistler, and the CIS Team

Archiving of the Cluster EDI Data E. Georgescu, G. Paschmann, H. Vaith, J. Quinn, P. Puhl-Quinn, M. Chutter and R.
Torbert

Use of EDI time-of-flight data for FGM calibration check on CLUSTER E. Georgescu, H. Vaith, K-H. Fornacon, U. Auster, A. Balogh, C. Carr, M. Chutter, M. Dunlop, M. Foerster, K-H. Glassmeier, J. Gloag, G. Paschmann, J. Quinn and R.
Torbert

The status of Cluster FGM data submissions to the CAA J.M. Gloag, C. Carr, B. Forte, E. A. Lucek

Plasma electron and current experiment (PEACE) data contributions to the Cluster Active Archive (CAA) H. Khan, A.N. Fazakerley, R.J. Wilson, A.D. Lahiff, M.G.G.T. Taylor

Cluster Active Archive - the RAPID contribution P. W. Daly and S. Mühlbachler

Digital wave processor data in the Cluster Active Archive I. Bates, H. Alleyne, K. Yearby, S.Walker, A. Buckley, and T. Carozzi

EFW data in the Cluster Active Archive P.-A. Lindqvist, Y. Khotyaintsev, M. André, and A. I. Eriksson

STAFF products for the Cluster Active Archive L. Mirioni, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, P. Robert, M. Maksimovic, Y. de Conchy, and C. C. Harvey

The electron density around the Earth, a high level product of the Cluster/WHISPER relaxation sounder Trotignon J. G., Décréau P. M. E., Rauch J. L., Suraud X., Grimald S., El-Lemdani Mazouz F., Vallières X., Canu P., Darrouzet F., Masson A.

Automatic determination of the plasma frequency using image processing on WHISPER data Rauch J.L., X. Suraud, P.M.E. Décréau, J. G Trotignon, R. Ledée, G. Lemercier, F. El-Lemdani Mazouz, S.
Grimald, G. Bozan, X Vallières, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet

Cluster WBD Data and the Cluster Active Archive Jolene S. Pickett, Joanne M. Seeberger, Jessica M. Swanner, and Donald A. Gurnett Cluster science planning – lessons-learned for future plasma missions Mike Hapgood

Improving science operations for future missions P.A. Chaizy, M.A. Hapgood, T.G. Dimbylow, M.G. Hutchinson, P.M. Allan

Use of on-board autonomy for future space plasma studies M. Hapgood, R. Lundin

Cluster outreach in a portable immersive theater P. H. Reiff, C. C. Law, R. L. Kessel, M. L. Goldstein, S. Fishman and C. Sumners Future magnetospheric missions

Cross-Scale: a multi-spacecraft mission to study cross-scale coupling in space plasmas T. Horbury, P. Louarn, M. Fujimoto, W. Baumjohann, L. G. Blomberg, S. Barabash, P. Canu, K.H. Glassmeier, H. Koskinen, R. Nakamura, C. Owen, T. Pulkkinen, A. Roux, J.-A. Sauvaud, S.
J.
Schwartz, K. Svenes, A.
Vaivads

Future Russian magnetospheric & heliospheric missions L.M. Zelenyi, A.A. Petrukovich, G.N. Zastenker, M.M. Mogilevsky, A.A. Skalsky, and V.D.
Kuznetsov

Late papers

Recent Cluster wideband studies of auroral kilometric radiation R. Mutel, D. Menietti, I. Christopher, D. Gurnett, J. Cook, and H. Frey

THEMIS in relation to Cluster and Double Star Vassilis Angelopoulos