The Coastal Zone – AN Overview Nicolae PANIN

National Institute of Marine Geology and Geo-ecology (GeoEcoMar), 23-25 Dimitrie Onciul St, 024053 Bucharest, [email protected]

Abstract. The total length of the Black Sea coastline is over 4 400 km and belongs to 6 states: Bulgaria, Turkey, , Russian Federation, and Romania. The proposed zoning of the Black Sea coastal zone evidences 17 main sections characterised by different geology and morphology, as well as specific littoral water circulation, sediment drift systems and sedimentary budget. These zones belong to three main morphodynamic categories: (1) low, accumulative coasts mostly related to the rivers mouth zones (mainly sandy complex barrier beaches with strong longshore sediment drift systems); (2) Erosive coasts within lowstanding plateaux and plains, with active cliffs with very narrow beaches in front of the cliffs; (3) Mountainous coasts, with cliffs, marine terraces, land slides, sometimes with sandy or gravely beaches. An overview of the coastal erosion in the Black Sea and of factors controlling these erosional process is given. The threats to the coastal zone generated by global changes and anthropogenic pressure are analysed. The most vulnerable sections of the Black Sea coastal zone exposed to environmental risks are presented and analysed. Key words: Coastal zone; coastline erosion; littoral sediment drift; global changes; anthropogenic pressure; environmental risks and vulnerability

1. Present-day Sate of Erosion The Black Sea coastal zone can be divided in 17 main zones characterised by different geology and morphology, 1.1. Introduction, general setting as well as specific littoral water circulation, sediment drift The Black Sea is one of the largest enclosed seas in the systems and sedimentary budget (Fig. 1, Table 2). world, covering an area of about 4.2 x 105 km2; the maximum In a more general approach the Black Sea coast zone could depth of the sea is 2,212 m and the total volume of water be subdivided into three main morphodynamic categories, - 534,000 km3. Most of this water (the 423,000 km3 that lies with very specific characteristics and behaviour: below a depth of 150-200 m) is anoxic and contaminated 1. Low, accumulative coasts mostly related to the main with H S. The Black Sea drainage basin covers more than 2 rivers mouth zones. This type of littoral zone consists of 2 million km2; more than 160 million people live in this area. The largest rivers flowing into the sea are the , the sandy complex barrier beaches with strong longshore , the Dnieper and the Don. The River Danube is the sediment drift systems; these zones are generally most important European waterway flowing 2,857 km across characterised by isostatic adjustments of overloading by the continent from the Schwarzwald Massif in Germany rapid accumulation of sediments (subsidence). down to the Black Sea. Its water discharge into the Black Sea To this type belongs, first of all, the with is about 200 km3 of water/year. The Danube drainage basin a very exposed to erosion littoral of about 240 Km; then extends on 817,000 km2, more than 15 countries sharing this within this type must be considered partly the unit River catchment area. Dnieper liman - Karkinit Bay (total length of about 618 Km), specifically the Kinburn spit - Dolgyi Island section (~ 20 Km) 1.2. The Black Sea coastline and Tendra spit - Dzharylgatch Island section (~137 Km). The total length of the Black Sea coastline is over The Taman - Anapa section of about 200 Km long (of which 4 400 km and belongs to 6 states: Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia, 66 Km are the Anapa spit) represents mainly an accumulation Russian Federation, Ukraine and Romania. The large variety of sediments brought by the River Cuban few hundred years of geomorphologic types of these coasts corresponds to ago, and could be allocated to the same first type of coasts. different geological environments surrounding the Black Further to the South, the mentioned type is present within Sea. the Kolkhida () Lowland where the rivers Chobi, Rioni,

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Fig. 1 Zonation of the Black Sea Coastal Zone - Sediment movement systems

Inguri and have built up their deltas. On the Turkish This type of coasts is generally subject to isostatic and coast there are the deltas of Kizilirmak, Yesilirmak and orogenic uplift. Sakaraya rivers, and finally, in Bulgaria, sandy accumulative To this type belong the coasts of Crimea, Caucasus, beaches are related mainly to the rivers Diavolska, Kamchya, Pontides, Strandza and Staro Planina Mountains, as well Provadyiska and Batova, summing about 100 Km. as of Frangensko and Avrensko plateaux. The accumulative coasts of Anapa section, Kolkhida 1.3. Coastal erosion in the Black Sea. Factors Depression, the deltaic sections on the Turkish and controlling the erosional process Bulgarian coasts are located within or nearby zones of high relief energy, relatively strong sediment nourishment The coastal erosion in the Black Sea represents one of the and general uplifting tendency, so their equilibrium state main environmental concerns of the riparian countries. The is not yet very strongly affected. erosion is controlled by:

2. Erosive coasts within lowstanding plateaux and plains, • Global and natural factors. The Black Sea coastlines with active cliffs in lœss and lœss-like deposits, sometimes erosion is strengthened as everywhere in the World Ocean underlain by older deposits as Pontian limestones, by the global changes and the general sea level rise. The Meotian clays and Sarmatian lumachelles, with very coast erosion will depend on the synergetic effect of narrow beaches in front of the cliffs. factors controlling the littoral processes (meteorological To this type of coasts could be distributed the North- regime, wave energy regime, water circulation, sediment Western unit of the Ukrainian coast zone. This unit extends supply and drift etc.), global changes and the consequent from the Northern limit of the Danube Delta (of the Kilia modification of the energetic level of the coastal sea, secondary delta) to the town of Ochakov (Western limit general sea level rise and regional characteristics of the Dnieper liman), summing 232 Km. as shoreline morphology, elevation and geologic The Southern unit of the Romanian coastal zone (Cape constitution, subsidence or/ and neotectonic regime. Midia - Vama Veche at the Bulgarian border - about 75 Km • Anthropogenic factors. The coast zone erosion and the long), as well as the Northern part of the Bulgarian coast, state of the coastal sea ecosystems are strongly affected from the Romanian border to Caliacra Cape (about 50 Km by the anthropogenic activities, the effect of which is long) belong to the same type of littoral. added to the impact of natural factors. The anthropogenic 3. Mountainous coasts, with cliffs, marine terraces, land changes of large rivers hydrologic characteristics (water slides, sometimes with sandy or gravelly beaches. and especially sediment supply, regularisation of floods

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etc.), men-made littoral structures as breakwaters, dykes, The Danube Delta is located in the North-Western part of groins, harbours etc. which are modifying the littoral the Black Sea, between 44° 25‘ and 45° 30’ N and between 28° circulation cells, the uncontrolled use of beach sand, 45‘ and 29° 46‘ E. The delta plain covers an area of about 5,800 dredging of sand too close to the beaches or within the km2 of which the lower, marine delta plain represents ca. river mouth bars and many other activities are causing an 1,800 km2. The Danube Delta shoreline is about 240 km long, enhancement of coastal erosion and endangering of the of which about 75 km represents the coastline of Kilia Delta coastal ecosystems. and belongs to Ukraine and 165 km is within the Romanian territory. The first category of coasts described in the Chapter The marine delta plain is a very low area with marshes, 1.2 (Low, accumulative coasts) is the most influenced by the lakes and numerous old beach-ridges (very elongated, global changes, specifically by the sea level changes and by narrow and extremely low altitude sand bodies), which the changes in the river sediment inputs. The decreasing of in certain zones generate, by juxtaposition, accumulative sediment supply and changes in littoral sediment drift due littoral bodies (the main of them are Letea, Caraorman and to anthropogenic activities (river damming, hydro-technical Sãrãturile) with limited dune fields and the highest altitudes regularisation, littoral structures etc.), especially when the within the delta territory (+12.4 m in the Letea Formation, sandy beaches are low, added to the rising of the sea level and +7 m in the Caraorman Formation). About 20.5 % of the and the increasing of littoral sea energy could determine Danube delta-plain represents areas with negative relief, i.e. in certain conditions a very active and almost continuous with an average level below the Black Sea - Sulina reference recession of the beach line (up to 20 m/y, as it happens in system, about 54.5 % of the Danube delta plain consists of some sections within the Danube Delta littoral). This process areas having altitudes between 0 and 1 m above the sea- is causing land losses, environmental changes and economic level, and 18 % with altitudes between 1 and 2 m. degradation of the coastal zone. If the region represents the In front of the Danube Delta, the North-Western Black Sea coastal zone of an important delta which plays an essential continental shelf is very large (over 100 km wide). This part of role in the normal structuring and functioning of ecosystems, the sea receives the discharge of some of the largest rivers any changes of delta/sea interaction zone environments from the Central and Eastern Europe – the Danube with a could be fatal and irreparable. water discharge of about 200 km3/yr and the Ukrainian rivers The second category of coasts described above (Erosive (Dnieper, Southern Bug and Dniester) contributing about 66 coasts within lowstanding plateaux and plains) could be also km3/yr. affected by erosional processes but the rates of coastline The present-day longshore sediment drift system off the regression do not reach the same values as within the first Danube Delta area is directed towards the South (see Table category (only 1-2 m/y). In this case the erosion affects mostly 2, Fig.2). It is induced by the predominant winds, which are the narrow beaches in front of the cliffs. The environmental from the North and North-East and the most frequent wind transformations are not so important and consequently the waves recorded also from NE corresponding to the prevailing economic losses are much lower. wind direction. The average maximum heights of wind waves in front of the Danube Delta reach 7.0 m. The energy of storm The third type of coasts (Mountainous coasts) is the waves reaches important values (to 12,242 kWh/m, recorded least affected and transformed by the erosional processes. on February 17, 1979), but generally the energy value is about Generally, the littoral of this type is constituted of consolidated 2 000 kWh/m (Spãtaru, 1984). The storm surges from N, NE, E rocks, resistant to the eroding process. In front of such rocky and SE direction induce water level rises to 1.2 – 1.5 m. The littoral there are no beaches or they are very narrow and tide in the Black Sea has an average period of 12h 25’ and coarse grained (coarse-grained sand and pebbles). If the amplitudes of only 7 – 11 cm (Bondar et al., 1973; Sorokin, development of tourism is intended one has to build up 1982). The general relative sea-level rise in the delta-front artificial beaches and pertaining protection structures as area (at Sulina gauge) is estimated at 3.7 mm/a, of which wavebrakers, groins etc. In this case one could affirm that the subsidence accounts for 1.5 – 1.8 mm/a (Bondar, 1989). only economic concern is the maintenance of these artificial In such natural conditions, for the Danube Delta the main beaches. factors of risk are the river flooding and the littoral beach barrier flooding by the sea. The climate changes and the 2. Threats to the Coastal Zone related sea level rise represent also elements of risk. Generated by Global Changes and Anthropogenic Pressure 2.1. River Flooding Taking into consideration the above mentioned Flooding events in the Danube Delta occur when the water observations, it clearly appears that the most vulnerable discharges of the Danube River are over 10,000 m3.s-1. According sections of the Black Sea Coastal Zone belong to the first to existent records, catastrophic floodings in the Lower type (Low, accumulative coasts) described in the chapter Danube section took place in 1845, 1853, 1888, 1895, 1897, 1.2. Among the coast zone sections referred to this type the 1907, 1914, 1919, 1924, 1932, 1940, 1941, 1944, 1947, 1954, Danube Delta is the most significant and important. 1955, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1965, 1970, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1981,

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1988, 2005. Statistic analysis of the data set for 161 years (1840 For an easier assessment of the river water level and its – 2000), concerning the average annual water discharges of influence on the delta territory a special measure unit, named the Danube River, shows that, at the delta apex, were recorded hydro-degree, has been defined: a hydro-degree represents over 89 flooding events. According to the existing data-sets, one tenth of the highest water level at a given point. The table the flooding events with discharges of 10,000 – 11,000 3m .s-1 below demonstrates the impact of flooding on the Danube along the Lower Danube section have a mean repeatability of Delta territory by showing the non-flooded areas at different occurrence of two years (Bondar et al., 2000). stages of rising of the Danube water level. Table 1 Non-flooded areas of the Danube Delta at different water levels of the Danube River

Non-flooded area (ha) Geomorphological Lowest waters Low waters Ordinary waters Highest waters categories 3 hydro-degrees 4 hydro-degrees 5-6 hydro-degrees 10 hydro-degrees Natural fluvial levees 19,757 15,343 9,850 - Lacustrine spits 3,005 2,607 2,210 30 Present-day barrier beach 2,400 2,390 2,380 1,800 Old littoral accumulative bodies, of 26,215 23,811 21,410 10,000 which: Letea 12,710 12,185 11,660 7,915 (max. altitude +12.6 m) Caraorman 5,540 4,565 3,590 165 (max. altitude +6.5 m) Saraturile 5,465 4,990 4,515 2,000 TOTAL 72,542 62,131 51,045 13,775 2.2. Littoral Beach Barrier Flooding by the Sea To the natural high degree of risk the anthropogenic pressure is added. In the last 20-25 years, the River Danube The present sandy beach barrier along the Danube sediment supply diminished severely as the Iron Gates I Delta Front is very low (+0.7 to +1.5 m) (Fig. 1a). The lowest and II barrages have been constructed: measurements and sections are: Girla Imputita-Cisla Vadanei (about 15 Km long, computations show that the present day sediment discharge corresponding to the inter-beach ridge depression Rosu- dropped by almost 40 % and the real sediment load brought Lumina), Ciotic-Perisor (20 Km long, corresponding to the nowadays by the Danube into the Black Sea does not exceed Zatoane Depression) and Portita-Periboina (about 20 km, 40 million t/y, of which not more than 10-12 % is sandy the present-day beach barrier bordering the lagoon complex material taking part in the littoral budget of the delta front Razim-Sinoie). These sections represent the most vulnerable zone. The effects of this misbalance added to the impact of zones of the delta coastline to the flooding by the sea.

Fig. 1a The profile of the beach ridge along the Danube Delta front between the Ukraine-Romanian border (Musura distributary mouth) and Cape Midia

24 GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview other anthropogenic structures and to the rise of the sea Danube River. A very rough model of the SL rise impact on the level and the increased energy of the coastal sea bring about Danube water and sediment discharges shows (Panin, 1992): a very active erosional process of delta-front beaches. • a rise of 20 cm of SL will produce a decrease of water 2.3. Risks and Impacts of Climate Change and Sea discharge by 10% at a free water table slope of 1.143 cm/ Level Rise km and by 26% at a slope of 0.54 cm/km (at the lowest water level), the current velocity will decrease by 12% and 2.3.1. Impacts on rainfall and water flow and water resourcess 28.6 %, respectively and, correspondingly its sediment In accordance with the generally accepted models transport capacity will decline; the most important changes in the climate would be the • a rise by 30 cm of SL will produce a decrease of the water northward shift of climate zones, the lengthening of summer discharge by 16% for a slope of 1.143 cm/km and by 47% at the expense of other seasons, the changes of winter for that of 0.57 cm/km. The mean current velocity will cyclonic patterns etc. decrease by 19% and 50%, respectively. The models show that the increase of the mean The reduced fresh water input would influence the temperature by 1.5ºC in these conditions will determine a general salinity of the Black Sea especially when the general decline of at least 10% of the river flow. This decline combined SL will rise continuously. This would involve a greater supply of with a decrease of water energy by the rising of the base level saline Mediterranean water by the bottom Bosporus current would substantially lower the fresh water input into the sea. and a decrease of the thickness of the less saline superficial Lesser and more erratic precipitation will reduce the layer of the Black Sea. groundwater recharge and will misbalance the fresh versus At the Danube distributaries mouth zone the penetration marine water equilibrium. Despite an increased need for of the salt wedge deeper upstream into their course will irrigation water, the average storage in the reservoirs will fall create a significant disturbance in the processes of transfer as a consequence of decreased river flow and precipitation of bed-load to the mouth bar and further to the littoral zone. and of increased evapo-transpiration. Reduction of rainfall The diminished sediment input would induce a greater deficit during the hot summer period might cause deficiency in in the sedimentary budget of the littoral zone. soil moisture, thus degrading soil structure and fertility and finally affecting the agricultural production. As regards the deltaic shore, a rise of SL by 20-30 cm corresponds to an equivalent river water rise of at least 3-4 2.3.2. Impacts of global changes and sea level rise on the Danube hydro-degrees. This means that very extended area of the Delta territory and on the coastal zone delta nearby the shore zone would be flooded and also In response to the forecasted for 2020-2030 SL rise with greater flood risks on the entire delta territory will occur 20-30 cm, the regression of beaches will, obviously, continue (Panin, 1992). all along the North-Western and Western Black Sea coast. The deltaic coast will be reshaped by marine processes, Despite a not critical value of SL rise, the impact on the shore but in the more vulnerable sections as Gârla Imputita - Câsla zone will be strong enough because of cumulated effect of Vãdanei, Ciotic-Perisor and Portita-Periboina conditions will be the SL rising, wind set-up, the shortage of beach feeding by met to transform the corresponding intradeltaic depression or decreased river-borne sediment input (especially of the River lagoon areas into bays. Such risk is greater in the Gârla Imputita Danube) and, of course the anthropogenic pressure on the - Câsla Vãdanei section which corresponds to the Rosu-Lumina coast area. According to Bruun theory and formulas and using interdistributary depression, in the Ciotic - Perisor section and the specific data for Romanian beaches we can find average in the Portita-Periboina zone (corresponding to the lagoon values for coast recession of 3-5 m/yr. complex Razim-Sinoie), even if here the beach barrier is at The change of the base energy level will diminish present protected by a setback line of embankments limiting significantly the water and the sediment discharge of the losses of beach material by over-washing.

GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 25 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview 5 system Observations on sediment feeding and littoral drift and littoral Observations on sediment feeding The River Danube is the main source of sediments for the for of sediments Danube is the main source River The the damming of Danube River After drift system. littoral 2 in Gates 1 in 1970 and Iron Gates (Iron Gates the Iron at by dropped the river 1983) the sandy supply of beaches by ~40%. the South to drift oriented sediment The the mouth of the South at to drift oriented sediment The of sandy is formed Bay spit closing the Musura The the bay. load of the Starysediment distributary Stambul of the Kilia Delta. the Sulina 8 due to drift, sediment Northward eddy-like Local, Km long jetties drift Danube borne sediment Southward drift of sediments littoral Southward drift of Danube borne sediments South-Westward strong Very distributaries mouth zones and the Seredne Turcului Gârla The by shadowed into flows homopicknal characterised by are Sakhalin island area 4 Characteristics, description The Black Sea coasts zoning and description Black Sea zoning coasts The Progradational trend near the main distributaries of the Kilia Delta. Kilia the of distributaries main the near trend Progradational almost 50% Kilia distributary represents The discharge sediment natural The of the Danube River. discharge sediment of the total lengthening of the Kilia distributary changes and anthropogenic and within the delta territory along the Danube River occurred and the Kilia Delta shape is supply dropped the Kilia sediment delta (in the a cuspate-like to a lobate changing from slowly neighbourhood of the main distributaries). erosion; - strong the beginning of our era At tendency of clogging and is stopped, the erosion present: At the entrance of a spit at forming in a lagoon by transformation the bay. into of sediments; accumulation the nineties, Before impact. anthropogenic under slacked is accumulation the present, At 15-20 m/yr); (up to erosion strong Present-day of the of Sulina Delta - the retreat erosion During the last 2 K.yr. 10-15 Km over line was coast erosion; moderate to strong Present-day the Southern end of the section,At the distributary nearby mouth or stationary erosion state; weak formation accumulative the littoral to sectionThe corresponds juxtaposition old beach ridges. by formed of numerous Sãrãturile, 300-600 m/y, SW by extending to bar, lateral arcuate An over-washing by Westward also migrating distributaries: delta has three secondaryThe St.George of of the main course – the continuation (Kedrilez) St.George almost clogged arm, the smallest, the Seredne the distributary, of as a result progradation arm. Active Turcului and the Gârla the distributaries of supplied by of sediments accumulation Sakhalin secondaryby island delta in the shadowed St.George area Table 2 Table 6.0 3 75.0 12.0 16.0 15.0 18.0 Km ~12.0 Length 2 Section km long km Musura Bay Musura Vãdanei Câsla distributary mouth distributary – Ciotic Baia de Nord (Baia) - Musura Baia de Nord Sulina beach South Sulina - Gârla Imputita - – St.George Vãdanei Câsla Sakhalin island Secondary delta of St.George ~240.0 mainly sandy coast accumulative, description: Low, General sub-zones: Two the main distributaries of Danube Delta: between Kilia, Sulina and St.George zone 1. Coastal of Danube Delta lagoon system zone 2. Coastal Delta 1. Kilia (Chilia) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1 Zone I. Danube Delta or Northern of Romanian Zone Zone Coastal

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Fig. 2 Romanian Black Sea coast and the longshore sediment transport model (for the Danube Delta coast zone - Northern Unit). Sediment drift (arrows) and transport rates in thousand of cubic meters per year (figures by the arrows). Circled + and - represent advancing and retreating sections, respectively (after Giosan et al., 1997)

GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 27 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview 5 Southward unsaturated drift of sediments drift of sediments unsaturated Southward drift of sediments active littoral Southward drift of sediments littoral Southward Active drift of sediments Southward Strong cells sedimentary local littoral budget, Negative circulation; of sediment cells littoral Local the South; strong to oriented remains drift system general brakers impact – the Midia harbour wave anthropogenic drift system. disturb the littoral circulation; of sediment cells littoral Local the South. to oriented remains drift system sediment General – shell material mainly of organogenic formed beaches are The debris. Shabla Cape dynamics; from of sediment cells littoral Local the North, to Sivri the drift is oriented Cape to Northward Shabla to Cape From cells. or divergent with local convergent remains drift system sediment the general Kaliakra the Cape cells are oriented differently the South. Local to oriented evidenced. the to parallel Westward, drift is oriented littoral general The first subsectionCape Kaliakra- The cels. with local littoral coast, while the Kavarna- drift, weaker is characterised by Kavarna lack of The drift. Westward Balcic subsection has a stronger form. beaches to allow doesn’t sediments drift weak oriented a Northward Plateau the Frangensko Along The beaches cells. oriented with local differently of sediments the supply from convergent by formed resortof Albena are of the erosion from resulted the material and from River Batova coast. Plateau Frangensko 4 Strong coastal erosion; significant lack of terrigenous material, terrigenous material, lack of significant erosion; coastal Strong detritus organogenic by predominantly formed the beaches are (mainly hashed shells). formation accumulative the littoral to sectionThe corresponds almost stationaryof the coastline state Perisor; a beach barrier limiting the Danube Delta sectionThe represents lagoons Razim the sea; this section and Sinoie to is characterised and a very transfer. active erosion sediment a strong by formation accumulative the littoral to sectionThe corresponds transfer and active sediment erosion moderate to strong Chituc; the Northern from a transition sectionThe represents the Southern sensu stricto Dobrogean to zone accumulative active cliffs; the section is predominantly characterised by zone, of in front beach barriers located littoral large characterised by lakes. limiting lagoons or littoral cliffs, fossil are The cliffs cliffs with barrier beaches limiting lagoons. Active lumachelles. on Sarmatian laying of loess formation formed sectionSame characteristics as the previous - active cliffs with Two the Black Seabarrier beaches at tributary mouth. rivers subsections: Shabla (Šabla) Sivri (Sivri Burun) – Cape (1) Cape at the small lagoons formation, cliffs mainly in loess with low Shabla – Cape and sandy beaches; (2) Cape mouth of rivers to (up Cape Kaliakra the towards higher the cliffs become Kaliakra, formed of limestone. the cliffs are 60 m height), section, the same characteristics as the previous but Almost coastal The landslides. without beaches - active cliffs and massive and 220 m North Kavarna of Batova 120 m at is higher (up to relief the only at beaches of sandy sediments Accumulative river). river). the Batova (the sand is supplied by River mouth of Batova Plateau Dobrogean the limit between represents River Batova The in the coastal altitude of the relief The Plateau. and Frangensko sandy are There landslides. 290 m. Massive up to is higher, zone beaches in the Northern part of the section. 3 18.0 12.0 30.0 26.0 ~30 km ~ 22 km ~ 60 km ~ 50 km ~ 10 km 2 km total length. total km Cape Midia - Cape Singol Midia - Cape Cape Veche Vama Singol - Cape (Romanian- Bulgarian border)

8. Ciotic – Perisor 8. Ciotic – Peritesca 9. Perisor Nord – Chituc 10. Periteasca 11. Chituc ~ 175 feet of cliffs or small beach barriers at the beaches with active cliffs and narrow coast, description: Erosional General the sea lagoons from separating 1. 2. Kaliakra - Cape Veche Vama 3. - Kaliakra 4. Cape Balcic 5. Ekrene 1 II. South Dobrogean Zone

28 GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview

Fig. 3 Schematic representation of the litoral drift system of sediments on the Bulgarian section of Black Sea Coast (after Aksenov et al., 1979). Legend: 1 - rosette diagram of the energy components in different sections; 2 - alongshore components of the energy fluxes; 3 - limits of compu- tation sections; 4 - resultant of the alongshore energy fluxes and littoral sediment drift

GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 29 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview 5 Northward oriented weak drift of sediments with local drift of sediments weak oriented Northward cells oriented differently the limiting capes (St. from drift is convergent littoral The drift is The of the section. the centre to and Galata) George of trend a positive creating for supplying enough material goes of the coastline – the advancement evolution coastline 1 m/yr. up to direction, with has a Southward drift system general The sediment The Kamchia River cells. local oriented differently the North to the supply is almost equally distributed and to South. Southward expressed has a well drift system general The of the Kamchia formed River beaches are The direction. small by brought as of the sediments supply as well sediment or temporarypermanent streams. Cape The Westward. drift is oriented sediment littoral The be formed: this section beaches could protects Emine and large 11 m high, dunes up to beach with coastal Coast Sunny gulf. Nesebar by the high sinuosity is influenced drift system littoral The in the C.Nesebar-C.Pomorye system The of the coastline. In the the middle of gulf. to subsection is convergent the to subsectionC.Pomorye-C.Sozopol similar convergent is reported. drift system bay of Burgas center cells Local Southward. is oriented drift system general The shape the coastline mainly by generated Local Southeast-ward. is oriented drift system general The and shape (small bays the coastline mainly by generated cells capes). 4 Abrasive coast with marine terraces and massive landslides. Very Very landslides. and massive with marine terraces coast Abrasive mainly artificialsmall, beaches that River the mouth of Provadyiska at is located bay Varna The plateaux. and Avrensko Frangensko the limit between represents the at (Sv.Georgi) St.George sectionthe Cape by The is limited the South.North at Galata and the Cape of the Kamchia and the mouth zone Galata Between the Cape has altitudes of 100-130 m; marine relief zone the coastal river and landslides occur. terraces subsection) (first Tcherny Cape the until River Kamchia the of South the In located. are zone coastal Bulgarian the on beaches largest the coast the Emine, Cape and Tcherny Cape between subsection, second Within beaches. small and terraces slides, land by characterised is Mountains. Planina Stara the starts subsection second this the Cape to Emine section the Cape Nesebar extends from The along this continues coast Planina Mountains Stara The Nesebar. rocks. Neogene of hard formed capes are The section. and Jurassic metamorphic complexes, cut in ancient Coasts The and Quaternary deposits. Paleogene rocks, Cretaceous strong subsection is characterised by C.Nesebar-C.Pomorye beaches within small gulfs. with small accumulative abrasion the Burgas to subsectionThe corresponds C.Pomorye-C.Sozopol neotectonic by negative sensu stricto and is influenced bay the by is expressed This synclinorium. of the Burgas movements Mandrensko. Burgas, of lagoons – Atanasovsko, occurrence and to Tchukalya the North section to the River This is limited by is very coastline sinuous The Dyavolska. the SouthRiver by small beaches are and gulfs where with small promontories also present. are Some terraces formed. diorits, mainly granites, rocks, in Mesozoic-Cenozoic Coasts syenits. includes the Bulgarian- section River, The starts the Dyavolska at until and continues River on the Rezovska border Turkish the axis of Istrandza to is parallel coastline The Karacaköy. capes and section rocky The is characterised by synclinorium. than 75% of the length More beaches. small gulfs with limited the section is cliffy. 3 ~ 10 km ~ 10 km ~ 18 km ~ 40 km ~ 40 km ~ 60 km ~ 85 km ~ 115 km 2 sbsections: Cape coast Planina Mountains Emine Tcherny-Cape subsections: Nesebar- (1) Cape Two Pomorye- (2) Cape Pomorye, Cape Sozopol Cape 1. Frangensko Pla- 1. Frangensko coast teau bay Varna 2. Kamchia 3. Lower Two Emine. -Cape 4. Kamchia River (2) Stara Tcherny, (1) Kamchia-Cape section1. Nesebar bay. 2. Burgas coast 3. Mednoridsky plateau coast Mountains 4. Istrandza 1 III. Frangensko - Stara III. Frangensko Planina Burgas- IV. Istrandza

30 GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview 5 The general drift system oriented to the ESE to oriented drift system general The the SW; to directed drift of sediments Littoral is partly River of the Chorokh discharge sediment The main canyons three through the deep sea zone into discharged delta. of the river in front situated the North till Supsa mouth River drift towards Sediment littoral directions; with variable drift of sediments Littoral capturing a part canyons of sediments Numerous is a very of Supsa there River drift; in front littoral Northward active canyon. of the in front is a canyon drift; there littoral Southward Southern distributary Delta of the Inguri River drift littoral Northward mouth of Inguri River in front drift; a canyon littoral Southward drift. littoral Southward Strong 4 Coasts formed in Cenozoic sedimentary rock complexes that are are that sedimentary complexes rock in Cenozoic formed Coasts beaches and littoral to and supply sandy sediments easily eroded is almost straight. coastline The dunes). Karaburun dunes (ex. width of 19 shelf has an average The synclinorum. Pontian West km and Quaternary deposits Mesozoic Paleogene, of Quaternary formed terraces), (alluvial, Coasts deposits and Paleozoic Mesozoic Very and narrow rocks. volcanic flysch and Cretaceous-Eocene width of 7 km) shelf (average steep River the Chorokh from zone the coastal Sediment supply to Section of marine abrasion the with important from input of sediments coast, straight Low, debouching in this zone rivers shelf narrow Very sandy coast Accumulative sandy coast Accumulative sandy coast Accumulative sandy coast Accumulative 3 19.0 22.0 10.0 24.0 19.0 23.0 39.0 41.0 115.0 ~ 45 km ~ 40 km ~ 60 km ~ 45 km ~ 115 km ~ 160 km ~ 130 km ~ 150 km ~ 120 km ~ 175 km ~ 230 km 2 side - Rumeli) Anadolu) Baba) Cape Kefeken- Kerempe) – Cape – Sinop) (Sinop– Samsun) (Samsun-Unye) Fener Kemalpasa) Plain Zonguldak section (Cape Baba section (Cape Zonguldak Kerempe sectionHosalay (Cape Karacaköy - Bosporus (European - Bosporus (European Karacaköy DeltaKizilirmak River section Yasun - Cape Ünye Cape Yasun - Harasit River - Cape - Cape River - Harasit Yasun Cape Yesilirmak River Delta River section Yesilirmak - Fener section (Cape Trabzon Bosporus - Sile (Asian side - Bosporus - Sile (Asian 3. 3. 1. Kefken 1. Sile - Cape mouth (Cape River 2. Sakaraya 1. 1. Delta River – Kakhaber 1. Chorokh - Kobuleti 2. Batoumi - Supsa River 1 Kobuleti 2. Supsa - Poti River Delta) (Inguri River mouth River - Chobi 3. Poti - Inguri River 4. Chobi Delta River 5. Inguri River-Ochamchire 2. 2. 3. 2. 1 V. Pre-Bosporus zone V. Western VI. zone Pontidae Daglari) (Isfendyar VII. Samsun zone VIII. Eastern zone Pontidae zone IX. Batoumi zone X. Rioni Depression

GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 31 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview 5 Southward littoral drift; fine sandy material migrates inversely inversely migrates drift; fine sandy material littoral Southward the North.to drift littoral South-Eastward partly a by drift of sediments, captured littoral South-Eastward River of in front located very active canyon drift littoral South-Eastward of Gumista river in front drift; a canyon littoral South-Eastward mouth drift littoral South-Eastward Strong drift of mostly coarse-grained South-Eastward Strong sediments discharged supply is predominantly sediment The River located Canyon the Acula through the deep sea zone towards the Bzyb mouth. offshore meters River hundred a few at drift littoral South-Eastward drift littoral South-Eastward drift littoral South-Eastward drift littoral South-Eastward drift littoral South-Eastward drift littoral South-Eastward drift starts drift; the littoral Ashe littoral at South-Eastward Mouth River Section with deficit of sediments drift in this section littoral No 4 Erosional coast Erosional beach material sandy and gravelly coast, Accumulative of amount supplies a limited River Kelasuri coast, clayey Low sediments beaches sandy and gravelly coast, Accumulative with slumps coast clayey predominantly Erosional especially erosion by strong beaches affected Sandy-gravelly Cape within the Pitsunda with cliffs coast Erosional beaches sandy-gravelly Accumulative coast Abrasive impact anthropogenic with significant coast Abrasive line with sudden beach width variations coastal abrasive Curved coastline abrasive straight Almost deficit sediment coast, Abrasive curved but stable costline; Mostly abrasive is a bay; subsection Cape The Gryaznov - Guavga Bay one; subsectionThe Sandy is an accumulative Bay present. commonly are terraces Ancient 3 24.0 15.0 19.0 10.0 50.0 24.0 21.0 23.0 11.0 13.0 12.0 43.0 23.0 87.0 2 km long km in length km Cape Cape South : subdivided into 186.0 mouths sections the river at with deltaic progradational coast description: Erosional General gulf – Ochamchire 1. Skurdza Delta River 2. Kodori 3. Sukhumi bay Delta4. Gumista River 5. Gudauta section 6. Bzyb Delta River and Pitsunda section7. Gagra deltas and Mzimta 8. the in series) (flysch 286.0 rocks resistant relatively of composed coast abrasive aligned North, the in Bay-like description: General - River 1. Kudepsta River Matzesta 2. Sochi section - River 3. Mamayka River Loo - Ashe River River 4. Loo Tuapse - 5. Ashe River section, River - Aderba Tuapse 6. – Gryaznov Cape Bay; 6.1. Kodosh Cape; 6.2. Gryaznov – Guavga Bay 6.3. Sandy Bay - Chugovkopas Bay 6.4. Dzhubga Cape Idokopas – Cape Chugovkopas 6.5. River – Aderba Cape 6.6. Idokopas 1 XI. East Caucasian zone - Kodori (Mzimta River River) zone Caucasian West XII. Anapa) - River (Kudepsta

32 GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview

Fig. 4 Schematic map of the litoral sediment drift system in the Black Sea Coastal Zone of Georgia (after Kiknadze, 1993) Legend: 1- Longshore sediment drift direction and relative capacity; 2 - Direction of fine grained sediments migration; 3 - Partial loss of sediments towards the deep sea through canyons; 4 - Canyon heads; 5 - Cliffs in hard rocks (metamorphic and eruptive); 6 - Cliffs in conglomerates, sandsto- nes, marls, schists; 7 - Soft rock and flat relief; 8 - Non-consolidated deposits (peabbles, gravels, sands) forming beaches, terraces, coastal dunes; 9 - Lacustrine and lagoon deposits.

GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 33 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview 5 Variable littoral drift littoral Variable Cape; of the Panagia drift in front Westward spit of lagoons and the Anapa drift in front Eastward strait; drift in the Kerch Northward the Feodosia to Takil the Cape drift from Westward 4 Abrasive coast formed by relatively resistant rocks (flysch series), rocks resistant relatively by formed coast Abrasive of structural origin; major bays with two In certain hanging valleys. sections are there rocks in flysch series coast abrasive landslides coast; Ancient Western part the in Eastern the in coast abrasive and Accumulative one Chauda - Cape Takil in Cape coast complex Straightened subsections; within the Feodosia zones and accumulative erosional Alternating Bay with different of rocks consisting coast, erosional complex Very resistance rocks); the subsection volcanic ex. by (for is formed Karadag pebbly and gravely mainly by small and formed beaches are The material. 3 66.0 30.0 66.0 144.0 79.0 2 km in length. Straightened, abrasive coast composed of loose rocks, in certain sections of loose rocks, composed lagoons with barrier beaches coast abrasive in length. Straightened, km in length. km divided into: subdivided into: Utrish Cape subdivided into: into: 7. Aderba River - River 7. Aderba section, Mountain sub-Myskhako Thick -Cape River 7.1. Aderba 7.2. Gelendzhik Bay Cape Thin-Doob 7.3. Cape Bay 7.4. Novorossiysk 8. Sudzhuk Spitsection - Anapa - Cape Mountain 8.1. Myskhako - Anapa Utrish 8.2. Cape 210.0 section, sub- Taman 1. : divided into spit 1.1. Anapa 1.2. Salty - Lagoon Rog Cape Zhelezny - Panagia Rog Cape 1.3. Zhelezny and peninsula, strait 2. Kerch strait 2.1. Kerch - Opuk Takil 2.2. Cape Mountain Cape 2.3. Opuk– Chauda Mountain Bay 2.4. Feodosia 221.0 with gulfs coast abrasive description: mountainous, General subdivided Voron, - Cape 1. Feodosia - Cape 1.1. Feodosia Kiik Atlama Bay 1.2. Koktebel subsection1.3. Karadag 1.4. Meganom Penins. 1.5. Sudak Bay Voron 1.6. Sudak - Cape Bay 1 XIII. Taman- Kerch zone zone Kerch Taman- XIII. - Feodosia) (Anapa South Crimean XIV. - (Feodosia Zone Balaklava)

34 GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview 5 Eastward littoral drift, only in the E, close to the Sevastopol gulf the Sevastopol only in the E, close to drift, littoral Eastward of coast of the Eastern drift in front littoral Eastward especially in the subsection 3.2. Peninsula, Tarkhankut Lake - Donuzlavskoye Cape Tarkhankut 4 Straightened abrasive coast in rocks of the Tavrik Formation Tavrik of the in rocks coast abrasive Straightened Koy - Kuchuk Mounts with landslides (Castel coast Eosional sections), - Koy of blocks (Kuchuk and accumulations olistolithes cliffs and slopes and nonabrasive BatiLagoon) rocks in resistant coast and ingressive Abrasive in the Southern coast part abrasive of the section; Straightened, in the Northern coast complex part; Straightened, subsection - Evpatoria Yar with lagoons in Kizil Coast sections low and sometimes with accumulative coast, Abrasive gulfs ingressive - low, Lake * Subsection 3.1. Evpatoria-Donuzlavskoye with lagoons; accumulative, * Subsections capes) 3.2. and 3.6. (the two - abrasive; valleys with submerged * Subsections 3.3 and 3.4 - ingressive, their mouths and spits at 3 42.0 78.0 43.0 99.0 163.0 2 km in length km River Mountain sectionthe South-Eastern with gulfs section, - Sevastopol Balaklava subdivided into: subdiv into: subdivided into: 1. 2. Cape Voron - Castel Mountain, Mountain, - Castel Voron 2. Cape subdivided into: Kale Tchaban - Cape Voron 2.1. Cape - Uzen Kale - Kuru Tchaban 2.2. Cape - Castel River - Uzen 2.3. Kuru - Mountain 3. Castel subdivided into: Bay, Balaklava Dag Ayu - Cape Mountain 3.1. Castel 3.2. Gurzuf Bay Bay Yalta 3.3. Koy - Kuchuk -Todor Ay 3.4. Cape – BatiLagoon Koy 3.5. Kuchuk - Balaklava 3.6. BatiLagoon 283.0 in depressions, in tectonic coast and complex Straightened formations. in Neogene coasts description: abrasive General Cape; Gulf - Kersones 1.1. Balaklava - Sevastopol Cape 1.2. Kersones section, - Evpatoria 2. Sevastopol Cape Lukull of Sevastopol- 2.1. Bay Yar Lukull-Kizil 2.2. Cape - Evpatoria Yar 2.3. Kizil section Peninsula Tarkhankut 3. Lake (1) Donuzlavskoye Lake (2) Donuzlavskoye Cape Tarkhankut - Bay (3) Karadzhinskaya Bay Tchernomorskaya (4) Bay Yarylgatchskaya (5) - Bakal Karamrun (6) Cape 1 XV. West Crimean West XV. - Bakal) (Balaklava zone

GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 35 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview Coastal zone morphology and sediment dynamics in the Western Crimea region (after Zenkovich, 1960) Zenkovich, (after region Crimea Western dynamics in the morphology and sediment zone Coastal Fig. 5 Fig. drift system and its feeding by erosion of coast or of the bottom (the tickness of the arrow corresponds to the intensity of the drift); 7 - non-abrasive cliffs and slopes of the drift); the intensity 7 - non-abrasive to corresponds of the arrow (the tickness or of the bottom of coast erosion by and its feeding drift system Legend: 1 - active cliff and landslides; 2 - fossil cliff; 3 - bench (outcrops of older deposits in the nearshore zone); 4 - lithified deposits; 5 - accumulative littoral bodies; 6 - littoral sediment sediment bodies; 6 - littoral littoral accumulative zone); 4 - lithified deposits; 5 fossil cliff; 1 - active cliff and landslides; 2 - of older deposits in the nearshore Legend: (outcrops 3 - bench

36 GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview 5 Northward littoral drift in the Bakal littoral spit subsectionNorthward (3.1) of subsection drift1.2 in front and then Northward Southward spit; Tendra of the drift in front littoral Westward Strong the end of village to Zeleznyi drift from Eastward Dzharylgatch spit 4 Abrasive coast in clayey formations - accumulative coast in the coast - accumulative formations in clayey coast Abrasive 3.1. subsection an abrasive by separated long spits, of two consisting A system subsection 3 312.0 134.0 Coastal zone morphology and sediment dynamics in the Dnieper-Karkinit section (after Zenkovich, 1960) dynamics in the Dnieper-Karkinit section morphology and sediment Zenkovich, zone (after Coastal Fig. 6 Fig. 2 km in length km into: subdivided into: village 618.0 gulfs or lobate-shaped contour with large in certain coast, and, sections accumulative description: Abrasive General section, Bay 1. Karkinit subdivided 1.1. Bakal Spit Bay side of the Karkinit 1.2. Crimean Bay end of Karkinit landward The 1.3. 1.4. Dzharylgatch Bay section Tendra 2. Dzharylgatch – 2.1. Dzharylgatch spit - Zeleznyi 2.2. Novo-Alekseevka side) spit (seaward Tendra 2.3. 1 coast or of the bottom (the tickness of the arrow corresponds to the intensity of the drift); 6 - supply of sedimentary material to the underwater accumulative ridges (shoals) or its discharge to the deeper zones to ridges (shoals) or its discharge of the drift);underwater accumulative the intensity 6 - supply of sedimentary to to material corresponds of the arrow (the tickness or of the bottom coast Legend: Legend: 1 - active cliff; 2 -fossil cliff; 3 - benchof (outcrops older deposits in the zone); nearshore 4 littoral accumulative bodies- on the coast; 5 - littoral sediment drift system and its feeding byerosion of the XVI. Karkinit - Dniepr zone

GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 37 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview 5 Westward littoral drift in front of Kinburnskaya spit; of Kinburnskaya drift in front littoral Westward Dolgyi of Island drift in front Eastward part of the section and Western North-Eastward drift in the part; drift Adzhyask in its central South-Eastward in the Cape drift subsection Eastward - Otchakov the by is brought material drifted The North-Eastward drift. section the the coastal to placed from drift system littoral to medium sands. fine by is represented material This South. drift; the sedimentary North-Eastward littoral budget is Strong and and near-shore onshore of ancient the erosion supplied by by medium represented is material The drifted cliff deposits. and the bottom sand and small pebbles supplied by coarse to of older deposits. erosion littoral of the erosion drift supplied by littoral South-Westward Strong of cliffs the abrasion deposits and by nearshore ancient 4 Predominantly accumulative coast with large gulfs and long spits: with large coast accumulative Predominantly coast; * 3.3. subsection - accumulative spit; accumulative separated, “independent”, * 3.4. subsection - zone * 3.5. subsection - a long spit and an erosive with lagoons and landslides: coast Accumulative coast; and accumulative Subsection abrasive (1) - complex the to North with landslides; Subsection coast (2) - abrasive Odessa Cape the from coast accumulative - (3) limiting beach Subsection barrier large a is it length); in km (~7.5 Odessa of port shape. in concave Hadjybay, and Kuyalnitsk lagoons the The landslides landslides. with cliffs and large coast Abrasive Pontian constituting the cliffs: affect of deposits all the succession The Meotian marls and Quaternary loess formation. limestones, by formed terraces five to three presents zone of the coastal relief above blocks of deposits mentioned sliding of large with cliffs and lagoons: coast Abrasive Meotian clays limestones, Pontian subsectionThe 1 - cliffs in and Quaternary Sometimes important loess deposits. landslides affecting of deposits occur. all the succession subsection of cliffs in loess deposits (sometimes The 2 is formed its at temporarywith land slides and incisions cut by torrents) Northern part its and of a spit limiting the Dniestr lagoon at parts: spit can be divided in three The the Northern Southern end. part wide), the middle part long and 0.7 km (~4 km (~4 km long). Betweenlong) and the Southern (~2.5 km the segment and Southern parts the lagoon central lies the only inlet into depth about 5 m). water inlet, (Tzaregradskyi loess by formed is coast The SWS. to oriented coastline Straight characterised is section The South. the to deepening gently deposits, three The lagoons. large and cliffs abrasive of existence the by follows: as described be can 2 column the in mentioned subsections Subsection (1) – spit limiting the Dniestr lagoons; and Budaki Alibei, Burnas, with cliffs in loess deposits; Subsection coast (2) - abrasive lagoons salty large limiting spit sandy – of (3) formed is Subsection subsection the of end Southern The Kunduk. formation. Shagany, accumulative an constituting bars littoral juxtaposed 3 77.0 12.0 44.0 172.0 ~ 100 km

2 km in length km subdivided into: subdivided into: Odessa – Odessa Port) Cape Fontan subdivided into: Lagoon, subsectionLagoon subsection section, three subdivided into subsections: Otchakov - Odessa section, Bay Otchakov Odessa town section (Cape Bolshoy sectionOdessa town (Cape - Dniestr Cape Bolchoy Fontan Dniestr – Zhebriany Lagoon 3. Tendra Bay – Kinburnskaya Spit, Spit, – Kinburnskaya Bay Tendra 3. Bay Tendra 3.1. Peninsula Kut 3.2. Egorlytzkyi Bay 3.3. Egorlytzkyi Dolgyi3.4. Island Spit and Peninsula 3.5. Kinburnskaya 233.0 with lagoons coast, complex - straightened, Zhibrieny to Otchakov description: from General 1. Adzhyask - Cape (1)Otchakov North- - Cape Adzhyask (2)Cape (3)Odessa Bay – Sukhoy Cape (1)Bolshoy Fontan – Dniestr Lagoon (2)Sukhoy Lagoon (1) Dniestr village; – Budaki Lagoon Burnas – Cape (2)Budaki village Burnas – Zhebriany (3)Cape 2. 3. 4. 1 XVII. NorthWestern Black Sea zone

38 GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview 8 - contour lines in m. 8 - contour Coastal Zone Morphology and Sediment Dynamics within the Dnieper mouth zone - the Danube Delta section (after Zenkovich, 1960) Morphology and Sediment Dynamics - the Danube Delta within the Dnieper section mouth zone Zone Zenkovich, (after Coastal Fig. 7 Fig. Legend: Legend: 1 - active cliff and landslides; 2 -fossil cliff; 3 - bench (outcrops of olfer deposits in the nearshore zone); 4 accumulative- littoral bpdies and beach ridges; 5 - supply system ofmaterial eroded from the the of intensity to the drift); 7 - corresponds delta area; of the or (the driftcoast the of tickness sediment and bottom the ridges; erosion its arrow 6 system feeding by - littoral underwater accumulative to bottom

GEO-ECO-MARINA 11/2005 39 European Seas: Coastal zones and Rivers - Sea System N. Panin - The Black Sea Coastal Zone - An Overview

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