Renewable Energy

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RENEWABLE ENERGY

Author: Hiren Dave DIRECTOR: LAKSH CAREER ACADEMY

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Renewable energy

 Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

 Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

 Renewable energy in India comes under the purview of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. India was the first country in the world to set up a ministry of non-conventional energy resources, in early 1980s. India's cumulative grid interactive or grid tied renewable energy capacity (excluding large hydro) has reached 33.8 GW, of which 66% comes from wind, while solar PV contributed nearly 4.59% along with biomass and small hydro power of the renewable energy installed capacity in India. \ SOLAR ENERGY

 SOLAR CELL

solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Solar cells are the

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building blocks of photovoltaic modules, otherwise known as solar panels.

 The photovoltaic effect was experimentally demonstrated first by French physicist Edmond Becquerel. In 1839, at age 19, he built the world's first photovoltaic cell in his father's laboratory. Willoughby Smith first described the "Effect of Light on Selenium during the passage of an Electric Current" in a 20 February 1873 issue of Nature. In 1883 Charles Fritts built the first solid state photovoltaic cell by coating the semiconductor selenium with a thin layer of gold to form the junctions; the device was only around 1% efficient.

 In 1888 Russian physicist Aleksandr Stoletov built the first cell based on the outer photoelectric effect discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1887. Albert Einstein explained the underlying mechanism of light instigated carrier excitation—the photoelectric effect—in 1905, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. Russell Ohl patented the modern junction semiconductor solar cell in 1946 while working on the series of advances that would lead to the transistor.

 The World Solar Challenge or the Bridgestone World Solar Challenge due to the sponsorship of Bridgestone Corporation is a biennial solar-powered car race which covers 3,021 km (1,877 mi) through the Australian Outback, from Darwin, Northern Territory to Adelaide, South Australia.

 The race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or corporations although some are fielded by high schools. The race has a 28-year history spanning twelve races, with the inaugural event taking place in 1987.

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 The 2013 World Solar Challenge featured the introduction of the Cruiser Class, which comprised more 'practical' solar cars with 2-4 occupants. The inaugural winner was Solar Team Eindhoven's Stella from Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands with an average speed of 74.52 km/h (46.30 mph), while the second place team was the SunCruiserfrom Hochschule Bochum in Germany, who inspired the creation of the Cruiser Class by racing more practical solar cars in previous WSC races. The Australian team, the University of New South Wales solar racing team Sunswift was the fastest competitor to complete the race, but was awarded third place overall after points were awarded for 'practicality'.

Solar Impulse

 Solar Impulse is the name of a Swiss long-range experimental solar- powered aircraft project, and also the name of the project's two operational aircraft. The privately-financed project is led by Swiss businessman André Borschberg and Swiss psychiatrist and aeronaut Bertrand Piccard, who co-piloted Breitling Orbiter 3, the first balloon to circle the world non-stop. The Solar Impulse project intends to achieve the first circumnavigation of the Earth by a piloted fixed-wing aircraft using only solar power.

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 The prototype aircraft, bearing the Swiss aircraft registration code HB- SIA and often referred to as Solar Impulse 1, is a single-seat monoplane powered by photovoltaic cells and capable of taking off under its own power. It is designed to remain airborne up to 36 hours. The aircraft conducted its first test flight in December 2009. In July 2010, it flew an entire diurnal solar cycle, including nearly nine hours of night flying, in a 26-hour flight. Piccard and Borschberg completed successful solar- powered flights from Switzerland to Spain and then Morocco in 2012, and conducted a multi-stage flight across the United States in 2013.

 Improving on the prototype, a slightly larger design was created in 2014, designated HB-SIB and named Solar Impulse 2. In March 2015, Piccard and Borschberg began a circumnavigation of the globe with Solar Impulse 2, departing from Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. The aircraft is scheduled to return to Abu Dhabi in August 2015, upon the completion of its multi-stage circumnavigation. Bertrand Piccard (born 1 March 1958) is a Swiss psychiatrist and balloonist. Along with Brian Jones, he was the first to complete a non-stop balloon flight around the globe. He was born in Lausanne, Vaud, a Swiss canton, into a family of explorers. His grandfather Auguste Piccard was a balloonist and his father, Jacques Piccard was an undersea explorer. He was the first to visit challenger deep.

 India has the potential to generate 35MW/Km2 using solar photovoltaic & solar thermal.

 Rajasthan, N. Gujarat, parts of Ladakh, AP, Maharashtra, MP are among imp contributors.

 India has installed capacity of 3000MW as on 2015.

 Gujarat has been a leader in solar power generation and contributes 2/3rd of the 900 MW of photovoltaics in the country. The State of

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Gujarat has commissioned Asia’s largest solar park at Charanka village. The park is already generating 2 MW solar power out of its total planned capacity of 500 MW. The park has been functioning on a multi- developers and multi-beneficiaries paradigm and has been awarded for being the most innovative and environment-friendly project by the CII. With a view to making Gandhinagar a solar-power city, the State government has launched a roof-top solar power generation scheme. Under this scheme, the State plans to generate five megawatt of solar power by putting solar panels on about 50 state government buildings and on 500 private buildings.

 The State has also a plan to emulate this project in Rajkot, Surat, Bhavnagar and Vadodara in 2012-13. The State plans to generate solar power by putting solar panels on the Narmada canal branches. As a part of this scheme, the State has already commissioned a one megawatt solar plant on a branch of the Narmada Canal near Chandrasan area of Anand taluka. This also helps by stopping 90,000 liter water/year of the Narmada river from evaporating.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

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 Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat, which drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator

 Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave Desert of California. Other large CSP plants include the SEGS (354 MW) in the Mojave Desert of California, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW) and theAndasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.

 The French group AREVA solar is currently engaged in constructing a 250 MW concentrated solar power (CSP) installation, which will become the largest CSP installation in Asia. A 4,000MW Ultra Mega Green Solar Power Project (UMPP) is being built near Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan. Upon Completion, it would be world's largest Solar Power Plant. It is expected to be built in 4 phases, with the first phase likely to be commissioned by the end of 2016 with 1,000 MW capacity. The total cost of each phase of the project is estimated to be ₹70 billion (US$1.1 billion) and the entire project is expected to be completed in 7 years. Shirdi Sai Baba Sansthan

The Shri Sai Baba Sansthan Trust has the world's largest solar steam system. It was constructed at the Shirdi shrine at an estimated cost of Rs.1.33 crore, Rs.58.4 lakh of which was paid as a subsidy by the renewable energy ministry.

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The system is used to cook 50,000 meals per day for pilgrims visiting the shrine, resulting in annual savings of 100,000 kg of cooking gas and has been designed to generate steam for cooking even in the absence of electricity to run the feed water pump for circulating water in the system.

LIGHT PIPE

Light tubes orlight pipes are physical structures used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light for the purpose of illumination, and are examples of optical waveguides. In their application to daylighting, they are also often called tubular daylighting devices, sun pipes, sun scopes, or daylight pipes. Light pipes may be divided into two broad categories: hollow structures that contain the light with a reflective lining, and transparent solids that contain the light by total internal reflection.

 Active daylighting is a system of collecting sunlight using a mechanical device to increase the efficiency of light collection for a given lighting purpose. Active daylighting systems are different from passive daylighting systems in that passive systems are stationary and do not actively follow or track the sun.

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Heliostats

 The use of heliostats, mirrors which are moved automatically to reflect sunlight in a constant direction as the sun moves across the sky, is gaining popularity as an energy-efficient method of lighting. A heliostat can be used to shine sunlight directly through a window or skylight, or into any arrangement of optical elements, such as light tubes, that distribute the light where it is needed. The image shows a mirror that rotates on a computer-controlled, motor-driven altazimuth mount. Liter of Light

 Liter of Light is a global open source movement aiming to provide ecologically sustainable and cost-free lighting for simple dwellings with thin roofs. The device is simple: a transparent 1.5–2 L plastic bottle, as typically used for carbonated drinks, is filled with water plus a little bleach to inhibit algal growth and fitted into a hole in a roof. The device functions like a deck prism: during daytime the water. The first trial in India was done in Vikarabad, a rural village in Telangana in 2011. This bulb was successfully installed and is still working. GEO THERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials (in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions). The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its

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Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth's formation. Temperatures at the core–mantle boundary may reach over 4000 °C (7,200 °F). The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically, resulting in portions of mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Rock and water is heated in the crust, sometimes up to 370 °C (700 °F).

Geothermal power is cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. Plans to build India's first geothermal power plants are underway. Indian states Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal are the first of many to announce interest in developing the BRIC country's first geothermal energy plant, with power capacity in the range of 3MW to 5MW. Companies involved in the Indian geothermal projects include ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) in Gujarat. The company has started exploring clean energy to create growth opportunities and maximise shareholder value.

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ONGC started cooperation with Belgian company Talboom last year. The pilot power plant of 3 to 5MW scale would be set up through a 50:50 joint venture between OEC and Talboom by 2013-14. Earlier this year Indian electric utilities company NTPC signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Chhattisgarh State Renewable Energy Development Agency. The aim of the agreement is to explore the potential of geothermal resources and implement a geothermal power project in Tattapani, Chhattisgarh, according to the government of India. India is said to have a geothermal potential of 10,000MW, according to India Energy Portal. The Tattapani geothermal field is the most promising geothermal resource in central India.

 In 2013, govt declared that India’s first geothermal plant will be set up at Tattapani, Chhatisgarh.

 Satellites like IRS1 have played significant role in finding geothermal fields using infra red waves. EXECUTION CHALLANGES

 Drilling may result into release of radio-active gases, which are caged deep in earth surface. So plant must ensure that any leakage of such gases can be curbed & disposed in safe ways. OROGENIC REGIONS

 Himalayan geothermal province

 Naga-Lushai geothermal province

 Andaman-Nicobar island geothermal province Non Orogenic Sites

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 Cambay Graben

 Son Narmada Tapi graben

 West Coast

 Damodar valley

 Mahanadi valley

 Godavari Valley Potential Sites

 Puga Valley (J&K)

 Tattapani (Chhattisgarh)

 Godavari Basin Manikaran (HP)

 Bukreshwar (WB)

 Tuwa (Gujarat)

 Unai (MH)

 Jalgaon (MH) WIND ENERGY

 Wind farms are of 2 types: On-shore & Off-shore.

 ON-SHORE: Operates on land, where wind is generally stronger. Turbine is generally less expensive.

 OFF SHORE: Construction of wind farm in large water bodies. Expensive option.

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The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly increased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry compared with Denmark or the United States, India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. In 2009-10 India's growth rate was highest among the other top four countries. As of 31 Aug 2015 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 24,088.36 MW. East and North east regions have no grid connected wind power plant as of March, 2015 end.

The worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached 283 GW by the end of 2012. China (75,564 MW), US (60,007 MW), Germany (31,332 MW) and Spain (22,796 MW) are ahead of India in fifth position. Suzlon, an Indian-owned company, emerged on the global scene in the past decade, and by 2006 had captured almost 7.7 percent of market share in global wind turbine sales. Suzlon is currently the leading manufacturer of wind turbines for the Indian market, holding some 43 percent of market share in India. Suzlon’s success has made India the developing country leader in advanced wind turbine technology.

Muppandal windfarm near Kanyakumari in TN is the highest in terms of electicity production that is 1500MW. Jaisalmer wind park of Suzlon energy is the second largest with 1064MW. India is planning to enter in to offshore wind power, with a 100 MW demonstration plant located off the Gujarat coast

Hydro Electricity

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 Small hydro power estimated 5415 sites. Potential around 19,750MW.

 River based projects in Himalayan states & irrigation canal in other states has a great potential.

 In the 12th FYP capacity addition is targeted @ 2.1GW.

 Total installed capacity is 3726MW.

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY

 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) uses temperature difference between surface of the ocean & at 1000m depth.

 First plant using ocean wave energy started at Vizhinjam @ Trivendrum with 150MW capacity.

 Tidal energy can be extracted by creating reservoir or basin behind a barrage and then passing tidal water through turbines. A major tidal water project costing Rs 5000 crore is proposed to be set up at Hanthal Creek in Gulf of Kutchh.

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BIOMASS

 It is derived from numerous sources like waste from timber industry, agri crops, grassy & woody plants, residue from agri & forestry, oil-rich algae, organic component of municipal & industrial waste.

 Biomethanation is a scientific process in which anaerobic microorganism decomposes biodegradable matter producing methane rich biogas.

 Combustion: waste is directly burnt @ 800C with excess O2 content.

 PYROLYSIS: is a chemical decomposition by heat in the absence of O2. CO GENERATION

 Producing two forms of energy from one fuel. Out of these on form of energy will be heat & the other may be mechanical or electrical energy.

 In this system, in thermal power plants once the steam turns turbine & generates electricity the hot water is not condensed but it can be circulated in factories or houses around for heating purpose.

 It can increase the efficiency of thermal plant from 35% to 90%

 In india the potential for cogeneration is nearly 20,000MW.

 Since India is the largest producer of sugar in the world, bagasse based co-generation is promoted. The potential for cogeneration lies in facilities with joint requirement of heat & electricity like sugar & rice mills, distilleries, petrochem sector, steel, chemical, fertilizer etc.

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 300 biomass power & cogeneration projects with 3700mw installed capacity. 30 biomass power projects with 350mw is currently under implementation.

 20% of diesel requirement through biodiesel planned by 2020. FUEL CELLS

 Fuel cell powered vehicles shall be promoted which has near zero emission of SO2 & SPM.

 Efficiency upto 55%

 High cost hurdle. REN21



 Global Renewable Energy Policy multi stakeholder n/w that connects wide no of actors:

 Govt.

 International Organisations

 Industrial Association

 Science & academia

 International non-profit association

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