Bean Related Species

Family: Fabaceae Genus: Phaseolus Species: Phaseolus vulgaris Related Species

Phaseolus coccineus Scarlet Runner Bean Related Species

Phaseolus acutifolius Tepary Bean Related Species

Phaseolus lunatus U.S. ~50,000 acres Lima Bean California, Delaware, Maryland, Wisconsin

Washington: ~3000acres Related Species

Phaseolus polystachios North American Wild Kidney Bean

Thicket Bean Related Species

Phaseolus sinuatus Related Species

Phaseolus texensis Related Species

Phaseolus smilacifolius Center(s) of Origin

There were originally two centers of origin established for the domestication of the common bean, identified through seed size and cross-incompatability.

Mesoamerican – Mexico and Central America - small seeds

Andean – Northwestern South America - large seeds Center(s) of Origin

Debouck et al., 1993 Economic Botany 47(4): 408-423

Isozyme and phaseolin seed protein analyses of wild northern Peruvian and Ecuadorian populations showed that they were intermediate between the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools. Center of Origin

Bitocchi et al., 2012 PNAS Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data.

Sequence analysis at 5 nuclear loci – The Ecuador/N. Peru populations and the Andean populations were formed in a bottleneck from separate migrations from the N. Mex mesoamerican population. Center of Origin Centers of Domestication

Desiderio et al., 2013 Frontiers in Plant Science Chloroplast microsatellite diversity in Phaseolus vulgaris

Confirms the mesoamerican origin of the common bean Green vs Dry Which came first?

It is likely that beans were first eaten as a vegetable, and next as “dry” bean; in other words, the young pod could have been consumed before the full mature grain. The reason behind this use might lay in the antinutritional factors which are often found in dry grain legumes (such as lectins, antitrypsin factor, HCN precursor, etc). These antinutritional factors start accumulating into the developing seed at levels with consequences for human health, in the second half of seed and pod development. Consuming young pods 1-2 week old would be less hazardous for human health, particularly in pre-ceramic context, although with lesser intake of carbohydrates and proteins. Along this scenario, humans were following birds that consume young pods or young developing seeds 1-2 week old; This has been seen with P. vulgaris in both Guatemala and Peru, and with P. xanthotrichus in Central America. Green vs Dry Which came first?

On the other hand, the nuña bean, or the Peruvian “popping” bean also predates pottery. This bean was grown to maturity and initially thrown on hot rocks to eat after “popping”. Ancient beans have been found in Peru at the Guitarrero Cave and may have been available 11,000 years ago (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1988).

Kaplan L, and L.N. Kaplan 1988 Phaseolus in archeology. In: Gepts P.L. (ed) Genetic resources of Phaseolus beans. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. pp 125-142. NPGS Phaseolus collection

~22,000 accessions from 40 species

Phaseolus vulgaris 17024 Phaseolus lunatus 2649 Phaseolus coccineus 699 Phaseolus acutifolius 211

~170 of the P. vulgaris are classified as snap beans.

Production – Total Beans

• $17 billion annually • 12th in the world of all fruits and vegetables • China is the leading producer ($6.2 Billion/19.5 Million tons • US is #5 with 1.6 million tons

Production – Total(Tons)

1 China 19,566,003 2 India 4,773,002 3 Myanmar 4,299,009 4 Brazil 3,080,796 5 United States 1,657,141 Production – Green Beans (Tons)

1 China 17,852,400 2 Indonesia 960,029 th 3 India 683,240 We rank 17 in 4 Turkey 677,691 5 Thailand 336,110 production of fresh 6 Egypt 276,909 7 Spain 182,271 8 Italy 147,805 green beans with 9 Morocco 147,386 10 Bangladesh 103,980 just over 60,000 tons 11 Mexico 103,387 12 Belgium 97,527 13 France 77,867 14 Algeria 66,987 15 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 63,916 16 Greece 61,712 17 United States of America 60,874 Production – Dry Beans (Tons)

1 Myanmar 4,297,800 2 India 4,088,420 3 Brazil 3,079,929 4 China 1,719,889 5 United States 1,595,801 United States – Dry Beans

North Dakota 32% Pinto Beans Michigan 17% Navy Beans Nebraska 11% Great Northern Beans Minnesota 9% Red Kidney Beans Idaho 8% Black Beans Colorado 5% California 5% Washington 4%

Beans and Prevention of Heart Disease

Ajani UA, Ford ES, Mokdad AH.Dietary fiber and C-reactive protein: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey data. Journal of Nutrition. 2004;134:1181-1185.

Anderson JW. Dietary fibre, complex carbohydrate and coronary artery disease. 1995;11(suppl G): 55G-61G.

Anderson JW, Gustafson NJ. Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat and bean products. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988; 48:749-753.

Anderson JW, Gustafson NJ, Spencer DB, Tietyen J, et al. Serum lipid response of hypercholesterolemic men to single and divided doses of canned beans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990;51:1013-1019.

Anderson JW, Hanna TJ. Impact of nondigestible carbohydrates on serum lipoproteins and risk for cardiovascular disease. Journal of Nutrition. 1999;129:1457S-1466S. Beans and Reduced Cancer Risk

Ribeiro JR, Salvadori DMF. Dietary components may prevent mutation-related diseases in humans. Mutation Research. 2003;544:195-201.

Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, et al. Cancer and Mediterranean dietary traditions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001; 9: 869-873.

Correa P. Epidemiological correlations between diet and cancer frequency. Cancer Research. 1981;41:3685-3690.

Glade MJ. Food, nutrition, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Sponsored by the American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997. Nutrition. 1999;15(6):523-526.

Fernandes AO, Banerji AP. Inhibition of benzopyrene-induced forestomach tumors by field bean protease inhibitor(s). Carcinogenesis. 1995;16(8):1843-6.

Beans and Diabetes Prevention

Coulston AM, Hollenbeck CB, Liu GC, Williams RA, Starich GH, Mazzaferri EL, Reaven GM. Effect of source of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses to test meals in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;40(5):965-70.

Jenkins DJA, Wolever TMS, Jenkins AL, Thorne MJ et al. The glycaemic index of foods tested in diabetic patients: a new basis for carbohydrate exchange favouring the use of legumes. Diabetologia. 1983;24:257-264.

Knott RM, Grant G, Bardocz S, Pusztai A, de Carvalho AF, Hesketh JE. Alterations in the level of insulin receptor GLUT-4 mRNA in skeletal muscle from rats fed a kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) diet. Int J Biochem. 1992 ;24(6) :897-902.

Pari L, Venkateswaran S. Protective role of Phaseolus vulgaris on changes in the fatty acid composition in experimental diabetes. Journal Med Foods. 2004;7(2):204-209. 12 Key Nutrients Eat more beans!!!! Nutrients vary with type High in Fiber and Protein High in Lysine Phytate

Phytate (%) 1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Othello

Pink Roza

W6_3097 W6_3109 W6_3099

PI PI 316029

PI_316023 PI_298824 PI_316024 PI_316014 PI_316031 PI_316016 PI_316019 PI_316020 PI_298822 PI_316022 PI_316032 PI_316013 PI_298820 PI_316017 PI_316018 PI_598267 PI_316021 PI_316025 PI_598269 PI_598268 PI_598266 PI_638792 PI_661612 PI_608707 PI_661613

Blackmagic

Nuña Ploma

Nuña Aroma

GreatNorthern

DarkRed Kidney

Nuña Condorcita

Royal Kidney Red

SpeckledCranberry

Nuña Frontina Negra

Nuña ManiRoja Neb -

Nuña ManiRoja Peru - YankeeNavy Pea Bean Anti-oxidants

ABTS 60

20 mg TE/100g mg

Othello

W6_3109 W6_3097 W6_3099

PinkRoza

PI 316029 PI

PI_316025 PI_638792 PI_316017 PI_316020 PI_598267 PI_316018 PI_316032 PI_598269 PI_316021 PI_608707 PI_316031 PI_316019 PI_661612 PI_298822 PI_298824 PI_316022 PI_316024 PI_316014 PI_598266 PI_316013 PI_316016 PI_661613 PI_598268 PI_316023 PI_298820

Black magic Black

Nuña Ploma Nuña

Nuña Aroma Nuña

Great Northern Great

Dark Red Kidney Red Dark

Nuña Condorcita Nuña

RoyalKidney Red

Speckled Cranberry Speckled

Nuña Frontina Negra Frontina Nuña

Nuña Mani Roja Neb - Mani Nuña

Nuña Mani Roja Mani Nuña Peru - Yankee Navy Pea Bean YankeeNavy Polyphenols

mg GAE/100 g Non extractable 250

200

150

100

Othello

W6_3099 W6_3109 W6_3097

Pink Roza Pink

PI 316029 PI

PI_598266 PI_316017 PI_661612 PI_316019 PI_316025 PI_316023 PI_316016 PI_316018 PI_638792 PI_316024 PI_598268 PI_598267 PI_316014 PI_316021 PI_316020 PI_298820 PI_316031 PI_316032 PI_598269 PI_316022 PI_608707 PI_298822 PI_661613 PI_316013 PI_298824

Black magic Black

Nuña Ploma Nuña

Nuña Aroma Nuña

Great Northern Great

Dark Red Kidney Red Dark

Nuña Condorcita Nuña

Royal Red Kidney Red Royal

Speckled Cranberry Speckled

Nuña Frontina Negra Frontina Nuña

Nuña Mani Roja - Neb Roja Mani Nuña

Nuña Mani Roja - Peru Roja Mani Nuña Yankee Navy Bean Pea Navy Yankee Architecture – Type IV Architecture

Kelly, J.D. 2000. Remaking bean plant architecture for efficient production. Advances in Agronomy 71:109-143. Architecture

X-Ray mutagenesis used to develop black, navy, pinto, pink and small red bean varieties for production in the Midwest Diseases of Beans

D.J. Hagedorn D.A. Inglis 1986 Madison, Wisconsin Bacterial Diseases Bacterial Brown Spot Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae

Most economically significant disease of NC US Weed host or debris Copper chemicals Rotation Genetic Resistance

Bacterial Wilt Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens

Seed borne, plant debris, surface irrigation Disease free seed Genetic Resistance - PI 325691 is a wild common bean (P. vulgaris) collected 8 miles South of Tzitzio, Michoacán, Mexico

Common Blight Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli

Seed borne, plant debris, wind, rain, insects, people Clean, certified seed, rotation Genetic Resistance

Halo Blight Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Seed borne, plant debris, rain, irrigation Clean, certified seed, rotation, deep plowing Genetic Resistance

Fungal Diseases White Mold Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Infects darn near EVERYTHING!!! Seed borne Airborne ascospores Overwintering sclerotia Clean, certified seed, rotation with corn or wheat Some Genetic Resistance Type I, II Growth habit

Anthracnose Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Seed borne, debris Rain, irrigation Clean, certified seed, Genetic Resistance

Rust Uromyces phaseoli

Wind, insects, animals, and farm implements Genetic Resistance

Root Rots

Fusarium Root Rot Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli

Pythium Root Rot Pythium spp.

Rhizoctonia Root Rot Thanatephorus cucumeris (Rhizoctonia solani)

Virus Diseases Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) Marmor phaseoli

Seed borne, weeds, aphids Clean, certified seed, Genetic Resistance

GoldenMosaic Virus (BGMV) Marmor phaseoli

White Flies Moderate Genetic Resistance Control the White Flies

Curly Top Ruga verrucosous

Western States and BC Beet Leafhopper (Russian Thistle, Mustard) Genetic Resistance

Cornell University Vegetable MD Online http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Tables/Bean_GreenTable.html

A table of snap bean cultivars with resistance to various pathogens Planting

• Trellis Type IV Beans – Leave enough room to walk in between • Bush types (Type I&II) – 30” row spacing • Soil temp – 55°F • 3-4 seeds per ft • Inoculate?? • 50 – 60 Days to maturity (Fresh) http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/landing-pages/crops/dry-bean-production-guide-a-1133 Fertility

• N 40 lbs/acre Inoculated • N 70 ibs.acre Uninoculated

• P 40 to O lbs P2O5/acre depending on soil test • K 50 to O lbs/acre depending on soil test • Zinc, Iron

Mechanical harvest of snap beans Sweere - One row bean harvester - Oxbo Pixall BH100 Hand Harvesting

Keep your hands clean. Remember that you are handling a food product. The law requires you to wash your hands after each visit to the rest station.

Pick all mature pods on the bush before moving on to the next bush.

Harvest only those pods that are ready. Leave immature pods for the next harvest.

Avoid overfilling your hands; do not squeeze or roll the pods.

Do not put trash or cull pods into the container.

Never allow harvested pods to remain in the sun.

Post-Harvest Handling http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/postharv/ag-413-8/

Begin harvesting when moisture has evaporated. Prevents the spread of postharvest diseases Protect from direct sunlight Cool within 1-2 hours Delay Time (hours) Weight Loss (%) 1 2.2 3 2.8 5 10.0

Post-Harvest Handling

Preferred cooling method: ...... Hydrocooling Alternative cooling method: ...... Forced-air cooling Optimum temperature: ...... 37 to 45 F Freezing temperature: ...... 31 F Optimum humidity: ...... 95% Storage life: ...... 5 to 10 days Grade Standards Most buyers will only accept US No. 1 or better!

Standardization Section AMS, F&VD, Fresh Products Branch U.S. Department of Agriculture P.O. Box 96456, Room 2056-South Washington, DC 20090-6456 Washington Beans Niche market for fresh shell beans for the Portland area ($6/lb)

Growing consumer awareness of health benefits will likely increase demand. The FAO of the United Nations has declared 2016 as the International Year of the Pulse!!!!! Pulse Health Initiative

• $25 Million per year • Five years

Recipes http://bean.idaho.gov/recipes/recipes.cfm Refried beans Baked beans Black bean soup

Black beans Pinto beans Cranberry beans Navy Bean Soup

Feijoada – Brazilian Black Bean Burritos Moroccan Bean and Pepper Stew Bean Stew The Nuña Bean!!!! Washington’s New Snack Food?