Romano-British Cornwall 1. Introduction, P. 2. 2

RO MA N O -B R ITISH CORN WA LL — 1 . I t o ct o . 2 . 2 . Archaolo ical ema s a s tes T e e H rl n a : r ar . a B . St n r du i n, p g r in ( ) i g , p 4 ; y y, p 5 ; .

M e . 6 B osence . 8 o b ects : sc t o s T ta e an S a m t es d t . H es o 8 inv r, p , p j in rip i n ( in g l il ry il n , p . ,

and the Carnanton ot . 1 0 c o s . 1 t e s a L te a e 1 o h m ob ects . . 1 e ce ing , p ) in , p r ll j , p 4 . 3 i r ry vid n , Sketc o R ma a 1 . . f o Co . 1 . The m esto es an a s . h . d o of Co a b R G p 5 4 n rnw ll , p 9 5 il n r d rnw ll ( y . . 6 B o Co oo F . 2 . 6 a h ca I ex b . 2 . A e on the ame Co llingw d , p i li gr p i l nd , p 3 pp ndix n ld

Ha bo . . r ur, p 43

D I T OR I A L N OT E E .

The greate r part of this arti cl e was wri tten by the late P rofesso r Have rfield in the years 1 9 04 d 1 o t ate he e e com e te his o e o e he wa om e e t l i e an 0 . . s c o a t as 9 5 Unf r un ly n v r pl d w rk B f r p ll d y id , he had s e Sect o s 1 2 and 6 that is the I t o c t o the A cco t of the A rchmolo ical fini h d i n , , , , n r du i n, un g R ema s and the B o a ca I e th A e Sect o 6 e act a se t t e in , ibli gr phi l nd x (wi pp ndix), i n b ing u lly up in yp . e had a so tte the st a t o f a t o f Sec t o the Sk e tch o f R oma C o a O n the H . l wri n fir dr f p r i n 4 , n rnw ll the L te a E e e wa t e nd has ee com e b ss o t e a Sect o c s o c a . V . h r h nd, i n 3 , i r ry vid n , un u h d, b n pil d y Mi M Ta o who fo r ma ea s ass s te P o fesso Hav e r fi eld his te a o om a o s yl r, ny y r i d r r in li r ry w rk, fr v ri u te b him Am o st t ese a t c es is one o n the Cassite rides ch a ea e Pa art i c les writ n y . ng h r i l whi pp r d in uly Wissowa R eal- Enc cla adi e c o s e a e use o f c has ee ma e b e m ss o of P ro , y p n id r bl whi h b n d y p r i i n fesso r o the e to -i n—ch e a othe a t c e o n C o s tin co t te to M élan e: B aissier Kr ll , di r i f; n r r i l rni h , n ribu d g Pa s has ee se b e m ss o o f the e to s o f t at o k as e as a t a so on ( ri , b n u d y p r i i n di r h w r ; w ll hird , l ' ' oceedin o he S oci et o ntz ua ze nd e r 1 e t C o s tin te the P r s t d r s 2 S . S c o rni h , prin d in g f y f q ( xviii , i n 4 , the S etc of Ro ma C o a has ee s m a s em e te b ss Ta o and t e k h n rnw ll , b n i il rly uppl n d y Mi yl r ; , fur h r, the o e a t c e has ee e se b he r so as to i t to ate the few ecessa a t o s wh l r i l b n r vi d y bring up d , n ry ddi i n a k ets Last t the co se t of the Soc et o f A t a es e s a e c . be ing includ d within q u r br ly, wi h n n i y n iq u ri , A has e e o s a o e us to e o ce the s sta ce o f R o oo M . . G . C Mr. . llingw d, , g n r u ly ll w d r pr du ub n n e e m e 1 T s a e es the e o a a e c he ea e o e the Soc et o 1 c 2 . c c p p r whi h r d b f r i y 3 D b r, 9 3 hi p p r in lud r rd of two new sc t o s and states m o e e te ce ta co c s o s e e e t a e at b in rip i n , r d fini ly r in n lu i n , ind p nd n ly rriv d y C o oo c P o esso Have rfi eld had a ea cate and o no o t a e Mr. llingw d, whi h r f r lr dy indi d w uld d ub h v e se his o amplified had he lived to r vi w rk . L L D D L 1tt and k e e a o a B . ha G o c C . . . . The e to es es to t . di r d ir n Mr rg M d n ld, , , d o ec t o s He is a so e te to e A fo r ma s est o s an c . b He e M . Mr. nry J nn r, ny ugg i n rr i n l ind d

a st t t o of C o a fo r e m ss o to e o c e es 2 6 and 8 om vol . x the Roy l In i u i n rnw ll p r i i n r pr du ﬁgur , 4 , , 7 , fr e f t a e and C o oo fo r ea e to o f the your na/ of the I nsti tu ti o n ; to the Soc i ty o A n iq u ri s Mr . llingw d l v

e es 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 6 and I and to the A c aeo o ca I st t te fo r e . reproduc ﬁgur , , 3 , 5 , , 7 ; r h l gi l n i u ﬁgur 5

O M O S TO HO OR S L I ST o r R MAN E PER R N IU .

o o st it is o e be o se f and o ate the ecess t of se t The f ll wing li will , h p d, f und u ul will bvi n i y in r ing dates afte r the nam es of Roman Empe ro rs or th e ir kins fo lk thro ughou t this arti cle

— — A D 1 6— A s A 1 8 6 1 A to s P s . A D A st s . . D . . 3 I . . I 4 ugu u 3 n ninu iu 9 7 lbinu — ' — D 1 — T e s Wz e Fa s 2 1 1 1 2 Geta A . . 4 3 7 ib riu f u t a 1 1 2 1 1 —1 Caraca a 2 3 Drusus in I (d . 4 ) 7 ll — — A e s 2 1 —1 8 Mac rinus 4 1 Caligula 1 6 1 8 0 M . ur liu 7 3 7 — 4 C laudius Wife Faus 2 1 8 2 2 Elagabalus — d 2 2 a aesa 68 N e ro tina I I ( . 3 uli 5 4 — J M 68 Galba 1 7 6) 2 2 2 3 5 A lexande r Sev — mm s c 69 O th o 1 8 0 9 3 Co odu rus —8 Vi tellius 1 9 3 P e rtinax 2 3 5 Max iminus — Didius a s 2 8 o a 69 7 9 Vespas ian Juli nu 3 G rdi n I I I — — escennius Pu ienus and 7 9 8 1 T itus I 9 3 4 P p — e Balbinus 8 1 9 6 Dom itian Nig r — — 1 1 Se timius Se e Go a I I I 9 6 8 N e rva 1 9 3 2 p v r rdi n — — P 9 8 1 1 7 T raj an 244 9 hilippus — a om a 2 —1 1 1 7 38 Hadrian Juli D n 49 5 Decius A HISTORY OF CORNWALL

— d ol A D 2 8 — a — A . D 2 1 Ga s an V . . 2 C s A . D 5 3 llu 3 ru . . 3 3 7 5 0 — — us ianus 2 8 3 4 Carinus and 5 0 3 —3 A em ilianus Num e r ianus 3 5 1 4 — Vale rianus 2 84 3 05 Dioc letian — Galli e nus 2 8 6 9 4 Carausius — Wife Salonina 2 8 6 3 08 Max im inus — Postumu s 29 4 6 Allec tus — Laelianus 3 05 6 C o nstantius I Marius (Chlo rus) — ‘ Vi cto rinus 3 05 1 1 Gale rius — Claudius Gothi 3 06 3 7 C o nstantine the cus Great — T etricus 3 06 1 2 Max entius — "uintillus 3 06 7 Seve rus I I — A urelianus 3 08 24 Li c inius — Tac itus 3 07 1 3 Max im inus I I — Flo rianus 3 3 7 4 0 C onstantinus I I — Probus 3 3 7 6 1 C onstantius I I

1 NT ROD UCT I ON . I .

e Of a a m a b e e a HE provinc Rom n Brit in y divid d into two p rts , e e a t e not law a a which w r sh rply dis inguish d , in , but in pr ctic l t a e e two a t ar e the adminis r tion . Th s p r s districts of the milit ary a the t and Wa e and the occup tion in nor h in l s , districts of civil life

the i a the ea and the t . a e e a has a in m dl nds , st , sou h E ch of th s two p rts its norm l eat e re e a and t u i ts a ea f ur s which cur r gul rly uniformly hrougho t r . In the a t e e ar e and e e a and t e e e e milit ry distric s th r forts fortr ss s , ro ds fron i r d f nc s . the a t t e e ar e and a e e and a In civili n dis ric s th r towns Vill g s , country hous s f rms , t a e e e e and Ofte n some branch of r d or industry . In ith r cas the stud en t who e e e has a a a e e e examin s th antiquiti s pl in t sk b for him . His busin ss is to trace the a e a e e e a a out norm l f tur s which occur within his ﬁ ld of work , to not bnorm l and a a e the a a e Of hi s e a e intrusions , on this b sis to comp r ch r ct r sp ci l r gion he e e t the e e a t t . a e wi h g n r l condi ions of provinc His r sults v ry . Glouc ster shire shows him two consid erabl e country towns and many elaborate country V e The a a e t V arwi ck shi r e ffe t and a t hous s . dj c n o rs no owns only sc n y pro a e and n e e t K e a vision Of vill g s si gl hous s . Nor h nt unfolds rich and well e e e a e a at e te e e the t d v lop d civiliz tion qu lling th of Glouc s rshir , whil sou h of e e e Wa e B ut ea a e it the a e the county r s mbl s rwickshir . in ch c s is s m civilization The a e e a e the a e e which confronts him . s m probl ms ris ; s m m thods of criticism ar e e e and th e a e ta a a e at c an b e a e t t r quir d ; s m s nd rd of ppr ci ion ppli d hroughou . W e a to a a ffe e e at e eet Th e hen w p ss Cornw ll di r nc onc m s us . land west the a a and ee the a a t a e et e e the a a and the of T m r , , ind d , l nd lso h t li s b w n T m r he a ea e a - t e Ex e e e e t . e e ar e , pr s nts non of norm l f tur s of Rom no Bri ish lif H r e e t e e t and t e a ar e all n ith r forts nor for r ss s , nor owns coun ry hous s ; ro ds but and the e t e e e Of a e ar e di m and a The . a unknown , v s ig s v n vill g s f int norm l a — t at ee e e to a We fabric of Rom no Bri ish civiliz ion s ms h r f il . escap e the - h olo ea a e a t ar c m . we ar e e e ordin ry probl ms of Rom no Bri ish gy Inst d , b s t by a e e e e e ta The a ae a others such as ris nowh r ls in Bri in . rch ologic l re mains e a e t and t e a O e A which ng g us consist mos ly of coins o h r sm ll bj cts . nd the y t e ar e e e and e a e a e ar e not our only s udy . Th y r inforc d p rh ps ov rsh dow d by e a ate a We a e a i i I e i ts lit r ry m ri l . h v to discuss m n ng ndustry which ow s i m a e a ae a e a ar e few to e port nc , not to its rch ologic l r m ins , which , but its lit rary 2 ROMANO—BRITISH CORNWALL

e a e e and i ts e e a r put tion , which is imm ns , to pr sum d pl ce in the trad e of the e e e a a . e ffe e e et ee t y and the nci nt world Th r is wid di r nc b w n his tin industr ‘ e e a es a ta — e a e the ea e Of oth r min r l industri of Rom n Bri in for x mpl , l d min s

' er b shi r e ' and e e ea D y Som rs t . L d b ad no spe cial value in ancient comm erce ; e a e e e e ea - a are few and e and a a lit r ry r f r nc s to l d mining in Brit in simpl , bund nt a ae a e e e e e the e rch ologic l vid nc surviv s to h lp us in discussing it . Tin , on oth r a was a a t the o e e ee h nd , singul rly import n in old w rld , which us d bronz fr ly .

‘ a tic a i s fr e uentl and t e i e a e British tin , in p r ul r, f q y s rikingly m nt on d in nci nt e a e the verse e e the ar ae a e a the lit r tur of most di p riods , whil ch ologic l r m ins of ar e a e e e tin industry st rtling in th ir f wn ss . Th ese facts forbid us to e xamin e RomanCornwall on the plan which we e a e e a a t The a ae a e e e hav dopt d for oth r p rts of Rom n Bri ain . rch ologic l vid nc ‘ ‘ e a e a ent We a . e a differ ent tr e tm must still provid our b sis But it r quir s . c nnot

' a o and a and a and d escrib e eah in e e dr w up lists of t wns vill s ro ds , c turn , for th r e e e e e e a e and a ar e non e to d scrib . Our vid nc is limit d l rg ly to coins sm ll O e a a and e e e e e et e a a e bj cts found spor dic lly , th s yi ld up th ir s cr s only wh n t bul t d with a minuten ess of d etail which would b e n eedless if other large remains N all e es a e were plentiful . or is this . In oth r counti our t sk nds with this e a a we have f ur ther a e survey of actually ; known r m ins . In Cornw ll to comp r e a e e e the e Of a our results with lit r ry vid nc . Only thus will pictur Rom n

’ a at a ear e e and e e e e e e Cornw ll l st grow cl b for us , b sid it will m rg som not

' wholly untrue image of that ancient ti n tr ad e which is so : famous and yet so little k nown .

‘ 2 AR CHIE OLOGI CA L E MA I NS OF T HE OMA N E RI OD . . R R P

The archaeological remains of Roman C or a all fall into three groups . n Harl n Ba ea a u e Tr e ear ea . e a d , Fo r sit s , g n r Bodmin , St Minv r y y n r P dstow ea a a a e ett e e at ea a a and Bosenc e n r M r zion , show tr c s of s l d lif during l st p rt

ee e e Car nanton a e and . a , of the Roman p eriod . Thr oth r sit s , , Tint g l , St Hil ry

a m a e . a have yield ed individual Objects of re l i port nc Thirdly, m ny spots

n b y B os c ar ne Gr eat Gr o g /e Do w n s

e K“I[C K

Y TREOEAR : MAP OF V . G 1 . FI . ICINIT ile Sc ale : one inc h one m . A HISTORY OF COR NWALL s e a upply us with isolat d finds , principally coins , but occ sionally potsherds or [flak e the e a e a e the a and lik , which h v not so much v lu for histori n . It will s ffi e e e e e the fi We ee u c h r to d scrib rst two groups . n d only summarize the e e the a at third , r f rring to bibliogr phy the end of this article for further e e e d tails r sp cting it .

FI G. 2 . T E M Y See . R GEAR BARE? S PO T R . : A IAN T E (93 ( p

1 a Tr e ear — e e the a a e . Of the ( ) g Two mil s w st Bodmin , in n rrow v ll y of A a e the a e Nanstallon ea an a e e e e lan or C m l , is h ml t of n r nci nt ford , sup rs d d si e 1 8 0 e a the e . 1 e nc 3 by a bridg , cross riv r (ﬁgs and Four hundr d s Of the a the a e Tr e ear yard south ford , on rising ground , st nds f rmhous of g , and e it a the e an a e ea just abov on low hilltop is sit of nci nt rthwork , now ' ” a e e a e “ the Cam ﬁeld a ea lmost oblit rat d but still c ll d p . Origin lly this rthwork 1 = Mr . e e te s us t at th r to and ea Car We s Cae Breton j nn r ll h e name comes from T e ( wn) K r ( , l h r, ‘ K er =fort and that the e are abo t a o e a cal Tre ear Co all obab all assoc ate ) , r u d z n pl ces led g in rnw , pr ly i d with ea th o ks but not th Roma a ti s r w r , wi n n quiti e . T REC EA R : M I S LL O S O B S B RO Z G L SS B FA D See . 3 . CE ANE U JECT IN N E AND A ( p 5)

’ L BO M S . R M U M POT R S M R K , M M ( 1 ) TREC EAR : F A ENT O F A MORTA RI WITH TE A IN D IN U EU FI G . 4 . G

( See p . 5)

ROMANO—BRITISH CORNWALL f e a e a e e 2 6 0 . 2 0 ft . a ea orm d r ct ngl of som ft by 3 , in r about an acre and a and was an a , ea e a a t and e e h lf girt with rth n r mp r two ditch s outsid it . It a a e e — , . The a a t was e e i n is now but low sh p l ss mound r mp r r mov d part ,

e a a e — - rather mor th n hundr d years ago to serve as top dressing for adj ace nt e at the a e e the Of the e was a e fi lds , and s m tim silt ditch s simil rly us d . In the e th e e e e e e e e as ee cours of work th r m rg d som potsh rds , including ( it s ms) a the e a fi . ee e Of e a S mian d ting from first c ntury ( g thr copp r coins V spasi n , e e and e a O e som bronz rings oth r sm ll bj cts (fig . The rim Of a mor tar i um elvis a e a e e e LESB I VS F Les or p now in Bodmin M um , m rk d in good l tt rs , bi us ’ a e a also a e te fi . A the a e a e m d this , prob bly c m from this si ( g bout s m d t , e the e ee e S a e e ee arly in nin t nth c ntury, imil r discov ri s s m to have been mad e ‘ ’ e the e at Boscar ne ea a e e and clos by, but north of riv r, , n r J w s hous old

ea . e e e a aa and a one tin str mworks Th s compris d coin of Tr j n , possibly lso of e a e e a e ea a a and e e e V sp sian , a bronz p nd nt , som rly S mi n oth r potsh rds , ston 1A d an a e sh el e an ov . e fi a e ee a e e e e e mull rs , o k n Oth r nds h v b n m d ls wh r in the e . A R uthern e a e e Tr e ear n ighbourhood t Bridg , mil w st of g , coins of e a ar e e ee e e a o ea an a e V sp sian said to hav b n discov r d long g , in or n r nci nt 2 m rk e e e a a aa a e e strea wo . Mor r c ntly First Br ss of Tr j n w s pick d up in th Dunm ear P encar r ow W and a oat/a and a e e a a or oods , fl silv r coin of V sp si n Tr ekilli k a e ee e e f at c L . a 1 e a a I w r ound in niv t Fin lly , thr coins , V sp si n , Pius , 3 and 1 a e e e . of doubtful g , hav occurr d in Bodmin e ea Of all a The a at Tr e ear and e Th m ning this is pl in . c mp g its n igh b ourhood were occupied during the latter part of the first and the early years e e Th e a a ee e e a b e e e of the s cond c ntury . inh bit nts n d not n c ss rily consid r d a e m a a e ee at e had ea t to use a Rom ns . Th y y h v b n n iv s who l rn Rom n coins n e the ea t ea e a a and e a d pott ry . But rthwork wi h its rth n r mp rt doubl ditch e a and e at an a e a t a e ee sugg sts fort soldi rs , or y r t immigr n tr d rs in n d of pro - tecti o n The e the e e e was . e . purpos of s ttl m nt no doubt tin mining It do s N t ate a a e a e a a ea e e a e a e . not pp r, how v r, to h v l st d long o hing indic s l t r d t th n he e e t t a ate the e e the first half of t s cond c n ury . By h t d min rs , if such th y e e t a e e one ea a t e at - ea was w r , mus h v conclud d , for r son or no h r , th tin str ming the e not worth whil .

Harl n Ba the e Tr evone and Harl n a a e and (5 ) y y. On shor of y B ys , mil a a e a e e e e e e e e e e e the a h lf , w st of P dstow , xt nsiv c m t ri s w r found hidd n und r s nd The t e e a e a 1 8 8 and a a and a te 1 0 0 . hills bout 4 , g in in f r 9 ﬁrs discov ri s cont in d

e e Of e a a e e t and t a a oat/a, sk l tons unc rt in d t , buri d nor h sou h , Rom n ﬂ possibly the e e t and a a ea and a a e e of s cond c n ury , a bit of S mi n n r it , lso distinct s ri s of

1 “ W s B odmin 6 f e . a 8 e and b ef Comiré Ma . A 1 8 2 8 , , ; , Gent Ma . 1 2 a , . 2 lli g (i) 3 5 3 , v gu ri ; g pril, iii 9 ull r J Mac ea Tr i Mi rxor e ister Bo mi 1 . 1 , g , Re i ster Bo m 1 8 2 . 1 0 and Cora. R ; l n g , , g ( 9 J g ( d in 7 pp 5 4 4 d n p .

lvu 2 2 . r a our”. x W 2 0 2 1 1 ff and A e . , our/z . 3 arma. , i I 1 l V fi . 1 . Ia o Ro al l mt . C , , y , 4, 5 P , g g , y f vii , 3 , x am a t seeme t e the most In 1 9 04 I picked up Samian and other potsherds at Tregear ; the eastern r p r d h n a om Boscarne s U fo t ate it i s not c ea hat c o s and otshe s came f om Tre ear and h t f ; di tinc t . n r un ly l r w in p rd r g w r b ut m se m h ss h B o m M se m has ea Sam a abel e Boscarne I ave a igned t em as well as I could . d in u u rly i n l l d u u t rk ea b b e as Ves as a e e fo In a s reamwo , f T a a as , are a e . Mac ea sa s c o s o la els f lli l l n y in r j n, w ll p i n w r und n r a a h W h s f Ves as a occ e at Tre ear and that the T j not ac t a at Tre ear e a s o . t i t . sa s t at Co o g u lly g , w il lli , p , y in p i n urr d r n ’ a o t 1 8 2 2 ea The o e fish-hook sa to ha e bee fo b came from the Opposite side of the ford . g ld n , id v n und u n r m 1 0 and I e e o H. Co . , See a so V. C . , B oscarne was obab b ht b o z e and ma b e Of an a e . , 47 b , pr ly rig r n y y g l nd x l w 2 6 PP» 3 , 3 e ea and Boscarne 2 6 Th s a ea s to b e ase a ate find f om those of T g , omiraMa . A 1 8 2 8 . . G g pril , , p 9 i pp r p r r r r

but it may b e the same . 3 for the B o mi n and Lamvet ﬁ s see the om Gaz . 6 Au . 1 8 0 For the Dunmear coin see Royal C . g 7 ; d nd

I e belo . nd x, w A HISTORY OF CORNWALL

- te The e e ete post Roman burials in sla coffi ns . s cond c m ry contained graves a r e—R a ate e t and a e a a e La e e l o/a and of v rious p om n d s , n oli hic l t r, l t T n fi , o ne a e e e a e t and a t e a a in gr v som bronz orn m n s Rom n po sh rds (fig . Rom n e D fe e a t a A . 1 was a e coin of F us in Junior (di d . 7 5 ) found w inch s b low the 4 e e e he a surfac of th ground n ar t buri ls . c e a a the nOr th e a ( ) St . Minv r, P dstow H rbour . On shor of P dstow a te a t and e ee the a e and H rbour , opposi P dstow own b tw n h ml t of Rock Enod k ea e the at e and I n e a oc . St . Church , but n r r to l t r, St Minv r p rish , con sid er able e e a e a the a and a te 1 8 8 e e finds w r m d mong s ndhills in f r 4 . Th s includ ed copp er coins of ' v ari o us d ates (among which Third Brass of Gal lienus a e and A a ar e e e a a and e , Const ntin I , rc dius m ntion d) ; S mi n oth r pot e a o ne e - e e and a e a e sh rds ; much gl ss , including viol t colour d bit ; blu v ri g t d

F G . PADST0w : ROM OR M S R L S CO L O ORM D B Y I . 5 AN NA ENT AND E IC ") IN THE L ECTI N F E

M R . T OM S O See ab e . P S . o H A KENT, AT AD T W ( v )

a ea éuloe a l o/a e e a gl ss b ds ; fi , including zoomorphic fi , r s mbling bird , and a e a a oo/a a a- a e t e ee e and a and p n nnul r f ; lunul sh p d s ud ; bronz tw z rs ch in , ‘ ’ e e a e a a e a e fi a a t oth r bronz fr gm nts ; pink cor l n ckl c ( g . bund n wood d e a - at e n a e e a a a e an a d . sh s fus d tr p rock , indic ing fir s ; lso som cr m tion buri ls The e ee e e e a a e e a e the e whol s ms to r pr s nt vill g , p rh ps of fish rs , in lat r 5 a - t e Rom no Bri ish p riod . ha ee O ne te . a a e a e e e e e s wri r , Mr H sl m , cit s pi c to which som int r st b n a a h i s a a a e a a e e a thought to tt ch . S mi n potsh rd , pp r ntly of inf rior f bric,

4 A r 0 e t B r r e Arrot . 0am 1 e s see T o e ea 1177 1 . x vn 2 i t . A a. . For the ea ﬁ o . rli r nd r ll p , 7 , ; K n , 7 iv ( 3 94 n e o a o zo our i 0 R B arl n B a Lo o M R l I mt ra . ”. x v . A e H for the ate Ia o a d . C . l r, g ull r, y y , 3 3 ; ull n, y y ( nd n, 0 6 60 1 . See aso Comte . i 6 . . 2 1 pp 9 , , 7 47 , 9 3 , 7 l , 3 5 r r n o al I att . Cameo. l a 0am e t B i t . A ea Am e 0a a d R m 2 . m T o o e . . i i 1 . . r l p , 7 xv 3 ; K n , 7 iv, 3 94, y m 8 m . 2 M or I ii 8 an o al I mt Cornea. ette e ce Mac ea T t i rr d Ia o R . . . 2 h r Re . p xi p 4, n l n, gg , , 7 , , g , y ~7 x 5 l r 6 Cameo. . h In the s e o ect o In E ete M se m See aso 7 . CH . f e t to C . R. Sm t h C . o K n i Fi r ll i n x r u u l i , 3 7 6 ROMANO—BRITISH CORNWALL

W I A

Y 8 8 1 I 6 TREC EAR : PL OF ROM S FROM OR S R , 1 , F G . . AN AN ITE DNANCE U VE ’ R O S OF S S A . B . C. AND INS ET F OM M c LAU C HLAN S PLAN WITH ADDITI N ITE ( )

R B A RRows O 1 8 8 see . O F DEST OYED , N TED IN 3 ( p

r oller o H. M . t e Or dnance S ur v e M a w it/z tne sanction of Me Cont P lan based upon n y p , f

S tationery Office . A HISTORY OF CORNWALL f K en a 1 8 o ne e the e e e and e ound by t bout 47 on or oth r of pr c ding sit s , stamp d an a e t a e b e a and a a has with orn m n t k n to cross Christi n monogr m . This been accepted by Haddan and Stubbs and others as a vesti ge of Romano a the a e British Christi nity . But fr gm nt (it seems) was too worn to justify any a e a i ts a e . A e e ea a we ss rtion bout orn m nt nd v n if it did b r cross, should not b e e t e a a A O e a a nti l d to c ll it Christi n . cross occurs ft n on S mi n embossed as a e e a e and e e the a e e a a e e bowls m r orn m nt , n ith r P dstow pi c nor simil r pi c a e te e e e e b e e e a 6 from C tt rick , of n cit d with it , d s rv to consid r d Christi n . ’ 6 A a Bo en e the arI h an e s c . s d a f a ( ) In p of St . Erth w y rds north of Bosence R e a the a e a e a e the or oss ns F rm , on top of ridg of hill , is fi ld c ll d Rounds , a an a e ea a e e e e cont ining nci nt rthwork which is still f irly w ll pr s rv d . It is e a a e ea e e a e 1 0 1 ft and roughly r ct ngul r in outlin , m sur s int rn lly som 5 by 3 5 . , is surround ed by a broad rampart and ditch which have apparently been e e and a e e e e e e wid n d fl tt n d by ploughing (fig . Int r sting discov ri s were a e e e 1 6 the - e e the ea m d h r in 7 5 . In north w st corn r of rthwork a circular pit 6 ee and a to e e . a 0 . a e e was or w ll , 3 ft d p ( ccording Borl s ) only 3 in in di m t r, e ea e and e e a e a O e —at the e th n cl r d out , from it w r t k n v rious bj cts d pth of

1 8 . an e a e at 2 . a . a ft inscrib d tin s uc r , 4 ft tin jug (fig holding bout four a and e a e b e e and e a e e e qu rts , two ston s t k n to w ights , b low this , m ny bon s , pi c s at e t and the e The a e e a the e . t of l h r, old boo s , lik tin s uc r is 43 in . wid brim n fiat- t e e the A elius M odestns aleo Mar ti a d bot om d . Insid is inscription round the and the e t e the e e the ea bottom , in c n r l tt r R , of which m ning is unknown The a a e ee to a e ee the (fig . jug is of sh p which s ms h v b n common in third and e e and the e a e a A a fourth c nturi s , inscrib d s uc r, ccording to Sir rthur Ev ns , b e e e e to the a e e e a a the S e ma . y r f rr d s m p riod But without xc v tion of it , it is 7 t a e a a e ar e diffi cul to discuss its d t or ch r ct r. Pits of this sort not uncommon and ar e ofte n merely disused wells which have been filled up gradually with rubbish or (in some cases) have served as a re ceptacl e for O bj ects which the ha a t a a e e a a e the in bit n s did not , or could not , c rry aw y wh n th y b ndon d spot . e e a a e a e a Of the e They do not n c ss rily indic t v ry long occup tion sit .

a e a as e e e e e i n 1 8 8 (e) Tint g l church . A Rom n inscription w d t ct d h r 9 e R e W a a e had e e ea as the - e by th v . . I go on ston which s rv d for y rs lich ston e - ea e t a e the a e a a a e at th south st n r nc of Tint g l churchy rd . It is pill r of blu e a a a e e a a a and ea lv n , prob bly of loc l origin , mor r ct ngul r th n round , m suring e 1 ea and t e the t and e 5 9 in . in l ngth , 3 in . in br dth , 7 in . in hickn ss fron sid s e ee e A the the a - i nscri hav b n roughly smooth d . t top of front is much worn p e a e V A LI C—I I V a tion in three lin s which pp ars to m e to read M P CG . Mr. I go e e e VA L LI C LI C I N the e and e e e pr f rr d in s cond third lin s , but I cannot d ciph r

6 W s Ar ea 0a 06 S s ounci ls and Et c/es . D oc . . m . m . Ha a an t C . Ha a d bb l , 7 iv, 3 ; dd n u , i , 3 9 “ ’ 6 = ~ f the Ce t c mo ks M r e e the nam B s s s D e of the Sa ts i . e. o . Acco to . e o en the rding j nn r , w lling in , , l i n 7 c i . M S . M tes 6 t at s n a an mo e eﬂ So . A t Bo ase Anti . . 1 h e a d a too e a d b rl , y p 3 , wi pl r gul r pl n, r ri y n q inu , ’

P ni los Tr ans a 60 2 2 L so s . c c v E mo s Land s He ce . . 1 Gent . M . 1 1 0 8 . ; viii , n li 3 ; g 7 , 3 ; y n , p xl ii d nd , - is r arnor s s 8 k c all a ot . A f e acco t A ea C en i 1 8 . 1 La e 6 . e 6 t . h b End . , p 5 ; , 5 , p 7 4 ; , i , 3 4, dding n ing ull r un y W rnea 0 m te a a c 13 at e too e a to o a I nst Co . a M cLauchlan co t b h h h Ia o R l . . 2 . . g , y 7 x, 3 7 n ri u d pl n, w i r r r gul r, e T te t of the sa ce was ﬁ st ea co ec t o ea . s e h b C rn . R e ﬁ . e Royal I nst . p xxix 3 9 ( g x u r r r d rr ly y Ia o Ro al I nst ornea 0 2 and m se f E nerner i s Vii 8 1 2 co ect h a s . see . if t E C . am . Sir Ar ur v n g , y 7 , 3 9 , y l , p , , ( rr ing ‘ x r an Ar e r t i s sa to b e sc e t the a d a. on n . 0 he sto e e r s L t . T . h b h I n t i x1vii 2 . Co . p p vii , f , 3 n w ig id in ri d wi ' r r a - me e o ame t E nerner zs Vii me a X Co . I nst . L t . b ut the so ca e me a 13 I th k nu r l ( p vii , ll d nu r l , in , r rn n ( p , , 1 The u sa ce and two ei hts are now the Ashmo ea M se m a o th a th ck c c a j g, u r, w g in l n u u , l ng wi i ir ul r

ea e ece not ke asa ce th a a e ho e In the m e hi ch e hs 2 oz . and meas es ameter l d n pi , unli u r wi l rg l iddl , w w ig 5 ur in di

S e also 7 . C.H. Cornea. 0 . 4 in. e i , 47 8 8 See . BO ENC E : PL OF ROM E R ORK . ) G . S ( FI . 7 AN AN A THW p F I G 8 A TI N U G B S R E R R M O AS MOL . . I N C I ED TI N S B O F O BOSENC E , j , AND , AUCE , TH , N W , IN H EAN

E M C u G RO M A HA L Mus U . TI N F C R YES O O S NO W CA R HAYES C S , j , WHICH C NTAINED C IN , AT A T E

See 8 . 1 2 2 1 ( pp , , , 3 3)

. G R FF O S R FROM B OS ENC E Now 9 A IT IN IDE TIN SAUCE , IN

M L M 2 See 8 AS M S . . THE H O EAN U EU ( g ) ( p ) — ROMANO BRITISH CORNWALL

the e . 1 0 an d 1 this on surfac (ﬁgs The gen eral character of the ston e and the a e the e e ee to e e to the a e i e t sh p of l tt rs s m r f r it l t r Emp r , hat is , to the p eriod a e A . D . 2 0 . U a e O ft r 5 nfortun t ly , both its bj ect and the e eta i ts e ar e e t The int rpr tion of t xt op n to doub . ﬁrst

et e . M P C e a i t e a im er ator Cas ar : t a l t rs sugg st th t b g n p h t is , it e a e e e e . W the e e was comm mor t d som mp ror ho mp ror , is

e . . a e e L e l ss obvious Mr I go conj ctur d icinius , cont mporary a e and e the a and e a e of Const ntin rul r in E st , xp nd d ' im er ator e C a"s p ( ) ( ar e) G ﬁ ler i o) Val(er i o) L ic (i niano) Lici n(io) ‘ i ’ l ra; the e the e e Li ci nianus L in r ign of mp ror icinius . B ut the lettering on which he relied seems to m e uncer a and L u ea the am e Galeri us an t in , icini s did not b r n or y e a e b e ate the e e FI C 1 ° oth r n m which could indic d by l tt r G . NTAGE“ INSC B e a as the e e a it m a b e e ea e R’ ED P rh ps , l tt ring is f int , y b st to l v ﬁI LESTONE Now I N he e e t . N c an o ne ea e i i e t probl m op n or sp k d c s v ly abou Tmm c n Cannon. the O e the e a e i t e e bj ct of monum nt . In sh p r s mbles a } roughly- mad e Imp erial milestone as much as i t resembl es anything in par ti cular . I t ea ee a Of ea e . b e d ue b rs , ind d , no m rk mil g But this might to eat e and an a e the a e e t e te e a The w h ring , in y c s l t r mil s on s of n omit this d t il . chief obj e ction to consid ering it a m ileston e seems to li e rather in the absence an a a a e a The a e O e of y known Rom n ro d in Tint g l p rish . s m bj ction will ee e we a he e 8 t e the . a m t us wh n p ss on to n xt it m , St Hil ry inscription .

. a ea a a A e e 1 as . i . w (f) St Hil ry , n r M r zion n inscr b d ston (ﬁg 5 ) found 1 8 i the e t a S t a a the a in 5 3 , dur ng r s or tion of . Hil ry church , mong found tions th e a e a a a a e a a te of ch nc l w ll . It is sl b of loc l ston , kind of gr ni or porphyry , a t a 20 e and 1 2 ea ten e e e e bou 4% ft . t ll , in . wid , in . thick , b ring lin s of rud l tt rs 2- ea e e t 3 in . high , not sily l gibl throughou imp (er ator e) Caes (ar e) Flav‘ (i o) Val(er i o) Cons tanti no P i o N oé(ili)

’ ' Caes ar e ai vi Cons tanti P ii A n nsti li o. ( ) , g ( ) ﬁ (ere ct ed) in th e reign of the Emperor FlaVi us Valerius Constantinus a e the eat N e ae a the e (Const ntin Gr ) , Pious , obl C s r , son of divin i e i e ea a A . . ( . . d d) Const ntius Pius ugustus ( ’ was set a e a e had e e ae a a e ea 0 It up ft r Const ntin b com C s r on his f th r s d th , 3 July 0 6 and e e h e had a a e the e a as was t e e 3 , b for tt in d high r r nk , it h n count d , of A t the e im er ator Caesar ugustus The addi ion of pr ﬁx p is , strictly ’

ea a a e at t a e was e e e Au . sp king , usurp tion , sinc h t p riod it r s rv d for gusti But i t seems to indicat e the actual position of Constantin e at the Opening of l e e h e had ee a a e had et r e his r ign , wh n b n ccl im d by his troops , but not y 9 ceived the title Augustus from the other e mp erors

8 An i xi i i 1 1 m se f E éerner i s 1 0 W 6 2 and P r oc . S oc . t . , ; . Ia o Ro . I nst . Cornw. ourn. 2 , , g , y 7 x, , q y l p 9 5 The sto e is now T ta e ch ch he e I ha e e ami e I t 6 2 an Arc 0am xlvu 2 2 . , d é . . ix, p . 3 , 7 , 3 n in in g l ur w r v x n d

2 8 . m aso ebt t a o for fo mat o and s eez es . See be o . I a e o Mr . I l ind d g in r i n qu l w, p 9 2 1 b h 8 E mo s P enz ance Nat . Hi st . S oc . 11 r az NOV . 1 s s o G . 2 Fir t pu li ed C nea. 5 54 ; d nd , 9 r Cambrenszs s A al . ht Ancient Crosses d . . E mo , Arcﬁ . 0am 2 8 1 1 n . . T . B 7 3 ; n , ; , ( p 7 xii , 3 ; xvii , 3 J lig e d d ’ am . or ea. 0 h Mac ea Tr i Mi nor ii I 8 Ba ham Ro al I nst . C , 1 8 8 . 1 6 and Land s End . e ce , ; , 7 5 , p 7 ; , p 5 7 , n l n , gg , r y n v the ece i m se f b nd E nerner i s . 1 8 1 8 f om ; , 66 Hu e Car as I nscri . Lat . 1 1 a , , , g 3 ; n r, p p vii , 47 , p , iii pp 3 3 r pr d n y l

m 1 2 . The te t Ants . x S oc . c t ca W . Ia o P roc. 6 2 B r it A ro . Assoc . ourn. x x 0 , , Mid . . n ; . y ix, p 3 ; 7 xx i , 5 (un ri i l) g x nd 18 I thi k mo e co ec t tha G . C . A e so a and M r . . hich I have given above was ma e by myself nd r n , ( n ) r rr n w d J . n t ese ea i e an e o s e s not th k it ecessa he e to c te all the sma a i eti es of e o I h y pr vi u v r ion . I d o in n ry r i ll v r rr r rl r

2 . s S H a ch ch a . See f the . e o s . v r i n The stone itself is now in t. il ry ur y rd ur r p 7 9 A HISTORY OF CORNWALL

The e a a e a ee e inscription do s not st nd lon . It gr s id ntically both with N t ta one the a Wa and one the a a e two found in or h Bri in , on Rom n ll on dj c nt a a e S tane ate and t e t a a ro d c ll d g , wi h som inscrip ions found in G ul . It lso e e e e e e t e ta e i ai r s mbl s l ss clos ly ight o h r inscriptions of Cons ntin found in Br t n . The a e e a e t e e all e e et e e b e s m probl m ris s wi h r sp ct to of th s , wh h r th y should a e as e t e as honoriﬁ c e t t e e e cl ss d mil s on s or monum n s . Eight of h m w r found ea a a and b e e e the t e a ee n r Rom n ro ds ought to mil ston s . On o h r h nd , thr the a e and e s- ar e flatt a a e St . Hil ry ston two oth r ish sl bs , not round or squ r

' a as e e e e a e a ea e e e ee a pill rs such w r g n r lly us d for m rking mil g . Th s thr lso e e e a a a e et ee a e The a com from spots wh r Rom n ro ds h v not y b n tr c d . rgu e the a e e a e S e the a e e m nt from sh p is p rh ps inconclusiv , inc l t r Empir did not a e e the e e e e ﬂatti sh a fe e t dh r to old r form of mil ston , but us d sl bs indif r n ly with a The a e e a a I n the e 18 e e i pill rs . bs nc of ro d n ighbourhood mor s r ous . For , if the a e and e the e b e e the e a e can ete sh p t xt of monum nt inconclusiv , sit lon d r e e b e a e at the S t a e as an honoriﬁ c min its purpos . It might rgu d th . Hil ry ston w monument set up at B osenc e a mil e and a half away and brought the nce when a t e e a he a e e a e e a w s . s t th S St . Hil ry church buil But h r , in c s of Tint g l ton , 10 e a e to a at t e e e e w sh ll do b st w i fur h r vid nc .

C arnanton N e e 1 8 2 1 an e e e (g ) . ot long b for ingot of tin of uniqu int r st a at Car nanton the a a a P d ar A w s . found , in p rish of M wg n in y ccording to 11 the O e and e t a t the e e fi nd — t was the a ld st full s ccoun , pr cis spo on B rton of Car nanton 2 ft e the a e a and , ; . und r surf c , in sw mpy ground , contiguous to ’ a a a e a e e — a an a e e - e The wh t is usu lly c ll d J w s hous th t is , nci nt sm lting hous . e e - a e e a at the a e end and a e a a ingot is w dg sh p d , s micircul r l rg r , t p ring tow rds he t e ea e 2 1 e ea e t at t 8 . point o h r ; it m sur s in . in l ngth by in in gr t st wid h , weighs 3 9 ; lbs and app ears to represent only a partial filling of the mould in e flat a e ea an and a a was a . which it c st On its upp r f c it b rs inscription st mp , e a e ea e ee e the e the has a e ch r p t d two or thr tim s , though blist ring of tin m d the e e and a e a e e The a a e e e l tt ring st mp v ry h rd to d t ct . st mp shows h lm t d ’ ea a e e e the e ea t h d with sm ll buckl r in front , v ry much lik Emp rors h ds wi h e a - e The has t ee shi lds on v rious fourth c ntury coins . inscription hr or four e e the o ne m a b e D D D and the a ar e l tt rs , of which first or two y or , l st two a NN et e as LN I e a e e e a pl inly run tog h r (fig . It is p rh ps p rmissibl to xpl in ’ t e as a e a e aonzinor nnz nostr or nm the the h m bbr vi t d for , tin of our lords Em ’ e a o n a e a a and t the t and p rors . This formul occurs v rious m t l b rs ingo s of hird t e e and e as We e e the a ea a e e e four h c nturi s , impli s , should xp ct from pp r nc h r of ’ the e ea and e e e a t at the Emp ror s h d our oth r knowl dg of Rom n mining , h e a as e a e t i t e e t ta a ate w . a I S i s a m t l Imp ri l prop r y Th t , gov rnm n s mp , not priv ’ m e e e t a e a . ta and e e as . a e r d r s m rk Both s mp l tt ring , Mr Gowl nd t lls , w r t e the was A a e the am a eta a s ruck on wh n tin cold . s rul st ps for Rom n m l b rs were either includ e d in the mould in which the bars were cast or were i m

e e e the b ar Was e e we ee a e an e e . e pr ss d whil hot . H r s m to h v xc ption It do s

1° - e m a e the S ussex A r al o e ten m esto es al e to are Cor . I nscr i . C ll . x 1 6 2 Th Se . 1 y p p r in lvi , 5 5 il n l ud d p p — — 0 6 an er er 1 a sto e f om Ca l s e Tr ans . Cant o. Lat . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 d 1 1 8 8 E é n i s 1 1 1 2 VII , 5 4, 57 , 7 , 7 7 , ; p , VII , ; n r r i l ( How d iﬁ cult i t 8 E nerner s W se oll as a o e . r c i i x 1 2 an e o t S us x C . en o . i i i h b A . S d a sto f om , 43 , p 5 5) n r r ing ( v ) x ‘ T at o k c o ta s a so t is to ec e In these cases ma b e e em ﬁe b an sta c e f om the Co s . h h d id , y x pli d y in n r rpu w r n in u s t o e t ca t t e S H a st x 8 8 In his te t the e to es tates to c ass it as Ga sh c h h t . o e h uli in rip i n id n i l wi il ry n ( iii , 5 x di r i l the e the me t s e a milestone in ind x jud g n i r verse d . mas Ho Manual o ner a o T e ook s s et mes c te as b o Tho Mi l T o . b h . h i om gg, f g y ( rur , p 7 5 i i d y J n - e He co abo ate but is not ame on the t t e a e . Mich ll . ll r d, n d i l p g ‘I " - - O o r TI N CA RNA NTON M I N P Y DA R : INSC RI E ED S M P I , G 1 1 . F I . IN AWGAN AND TA ED NG T

See . 1 0 2 1 TR RO M S M . NOW IN U U EU (9 ( pp , )

O LM L R R U P H RB R, O : TI N B O KS O F D D D FI G . 1 2 . FA UTH C UNCE TAIN AGE E GE IN A U 0 See . 2 R R M . , NOW IN T U O MUS EU ( pp 4 4 )

A HISTORY OF CORNWALL see e a aa e a e t en at b e n , coins of V sp sian , Tr j n , Pius , p rh ps nin or most , may e o Tr e ear and and a e a e a t . e e e the a e ssign d g its Vicinity , indic t bri f s ttl m nt in l t ﬁrst and early secon-d centuries ; a coin of Vespasian and a coin of P ius have Cam ea and a A D 1 0—1 60 at Harl n ee . . Ba a b n found on Br , coin of 5 y y. Sm ll a a and e e e e a ho rds cont ining ﬁrst s cond c ntury coins , mix d with oth rs of a e a e e ee e a t e a a e ea e much l t r d t , hav b n not d from Const n in , M wg n in M n g e a h e e a e an e e Ch ar ki . T c b the ( yg ) , and Stithi ns r m ind r b st shown by following table :

m e : 1 Ne o t a 1 e Ca bo rn r S . Bury n : V spasian F owe : 1 T ra a We o : st and seco ce e y j n ndr n 7 , ﬁr nd nturi s Helsto n : 1 T raj an Cape C o rnwall : 1 Vespasian

La cesto : 1 Ves as a 1 om St. st oscas e : P s and ot e s un un n p i n, D i Ju (B w ll) iu , h r tian recorded P enz ance : 2 Vespasian Sancreed : 1 Pius ' Perranz abuloe z 1 Ne o East Co a : 1 co of A D 68 r rnw ll in . . t A ste : 1 Ne o S . u ll r

b e O e e of the e ar e ea the sea the It will bs rv d that most sit s not only n r , but on and a the ef e a a a t . ctu l co s , th t ﬁnds consist chi ly of singl coins It is noteworthy , the e ee b e e a of the too , that coins of ﬁrst c ntury s m to common r th n coins N e of e e ee a e ee e e second . on th s coins s ms to h v b n found in clos conn ction ee m a with ti n d eposits (s p) . the of the and f e e e Contrast coins third ourth c nturi s . Carn Br a and e e e as a e e e e ar e St . Minv r both supply sp cim ns, lr ady point d out . Th r also a all one of C e e e e e many ho rds, but opp r, and som of consid rabl siz

6 T rass a o t A D — ea e : 1 00 . . 2 0 2 . Br g hird B , b u 5 7 3 o and T ass a o t A D — 1 Sec . . 2 0 oc : 000 0 . Bud k nd hird Br , b u 5 3 5 ’ e some e s of C o sta t a most ass but some e Cam o s . b rn hundr d n n ini n , ly br ilv r — T a s a A . D 8 0 a tin 8 ha es : 2 00 s o t . 2 0 2 . C Car . y 5 hird Br , b u 5 , in jug (ﬁg ) d ra t e t - ﬁve a o s Of sma co e a o t A D — on o : . . 00 0. C w n y g ll n ll pp r, b u 3 34 me T ass of 26 —2 and ma t Ha e : so . 0 o sa s of m ms yl hird Br A D 7 3 ny h u nd ini . o s ome m m me T ass o f A D — nd ate L a : 1 000 c s s so . . 2 0 2 a oss udgv n in , ini , hird Br 5 7 3 p ibly l r

COINS .

t o e f T ass a t A D —8 a as : t e s t o o . . 2 0 2 . M lp w n y p und w igh hird Br , b u 3 5 m e ce ta T ass and a few ea of a A D — o a o a : o t . . 2 0 2 M rv h nu b r un r in, hird Br l d, b u 5 7 3 , f und in e e e c os e rud ly wall d n l ur . — T ra s f a A D — s o o t 2 0 2 . Sennen : 3 00 400 hird B b u . . 5 7 3 d eth m e ce ta n a o t A D 2 0— 0 T war r : . . . y nu b r un r i , b u 5 3 4 8 e o s of a e t a a a Z e o : 0 s c V G t A ca s . nn r ilv r in l n ini n, r i n, r diu

ee e Also thr mix d hoards , all small

sta t e : ea co s and som e 0 ate o to Va e s . Con n in 3 rly in 4 l r, d wn l n

d m e ate o to A . D a a e ea e : ea co s an So 200 . 0. M wg n in M n g 4 rly in l r, d wn 34 d St t a s : 1 Re ca . T t s 8 2 e a of a A to S e an i hi n publi n (" i u , 7 d n rii M rk n ny, 3 ilv r - 1 o z e of Ves as a Co sta t e I and 1 C o sta t s oss Co sta t s I I . 7 br n p i n n n in n n iu , p ibly n n iu

Nor are small ﬁnds or scattered coins very rare

a e : 1 a m not far f om Pe te a : 1 T et ricus and ot e s on the Bre g M xi in ( r n w n h r , the hoard noted above) beach P e t e Pt 1 Sev A e a e : . Carnon Streamwo rks : 60 minims n ir . l x nd r Coswinsanson : 1 2 early 4th ce ntury Polpe rro : 1 Li c inius — t es 1 d 1 a e t a 8 S . A : o a an V f A . D 2 2 Ethy : 4 o . 5 7 3 gn g ld Juli n l n ini n t ee : 1 C o sta t e o Lanhydrock : 8 late Third B rass S . V p n n in Juni r — f a o t A D 2 0— 0 D 6 2 Sa c ee : co e o . . a o f A . . 2 Mawn n : 9 5 7 3 n r d pp r, b u 5 3 3 , a : C o sta t a co e om a o s s ots c it a es Mo rv h 9 n n ini n pp r in fr v ri u p , in luding p vill g an earlie r barrow and beehive hu ts Unce rtain : 1 Go rdian ROMANO - BRITISH CORNWALL

These coins ar e not only much more numerous than those of the first e e e ar e a e e a to the sea- a The e of two c nturi s , th y lso l ss p culi r co st . numb r e and e e t e e a ar e fi a t a t hoards , too , is not worthy , , mor ov r, h ir d t ils signi c n . C u ion , e e e e a e a e e e e e e a e how v r, is n c ss ry in stim ting th ir vid nc . In g n r l , our r cords of e e ea e - e ar e e e e e e a e th s tr sur s trov v ry imp rf ct . Th y do not p rmit us to rgu e e a e e ate e a e the ea e a e rigidly , sp ci lly in r sp ct to d s . For x mpl , r d r will h v seen that in several hoards the latest noted coins b elong to Tetri c us ( 27 0 This fact m ay strike him as p erhaps conn ected with the overthrow of that e em i e A e a I n 2 a e e e a a e rul r and his Gaulish p r by ur li n 7 3 . Th t v nt c rt inly c us d e a a e e e e a e th burying of ho rds in m ny parts of w st rn Europ . It may w ll h v e e a a e ee e t e e influ nc d Cornw ll lso , if only by driving r fug s thith r . But h r is e the a e a a a a another sid to m tt r . M ny Third Br ss ho rds occur in Brit in which e e e e e the Carha es e e a e ate the w r cl arly buri d , lik y d posit not d bov , much l r in a A D 2 e e a e e third century th n . . 7 3 . Th s usu lly includ num rous coins of W e e e e e e a a etri cus . w T h n , th r for , know this only , conc rning a ho rd , th t it e S e e sa a e and Tetri cus we ma compris d p cim ns of ( y) G lli nus , Victorinus, , y e a a ar e e e e and a e e the e susp ct th t our ccounts d f ctiv , th t th y nam common st , We a t t e e e e e a the the a e the a e . not l t st , coins in p rc l c nno , h r for , conj ctur th t We ma e e a Tetri cus a e e a . w fall of m rk d an poch for Cornw ll y, how v r, dr a e e e e e e e the en a wid er inf r nc . Roman mon y vid ntly gr w common in p insul , the e and the the e the e both in int rior on coast , from middl of third c ntury The a e e a b e e e a e a onwards . l nd th n b g n to mor thoroughly p rv d d by Rom n e e influ nc s .

e e We may now compare the Statistics of Roman coins found in D vonshir , e e e a and in particular west of Exeter and its n eighbourhood . Ex t r its lf bounds l e W e few are O e a the e the f with coins of al p riods . hil a ld r th n Empir , our ce nturies of the Romano - British age ar e represented by many hundred

e e a A a and a e , Sp cim ns , ranging from Cl udius to rc dius ; , mong th m coins of N a e The e m a a e ee a e Claudius and ero ar e by no means r r . sit y h v b n inh bit d - a e ee e the as a tribal capital in pr e Roman days . It must h v b n occupi d by

A D . . e e Romans very soon after the Claudian invasion in . 43 It r main d a e e a and a Roman town so long as the Empir h ld Brit in , Rom n civilization e e e and e the s pread up to it . But w st of Ex t r its n ighbourhood position is he e e e D e ar e e e a e different . T r cord d coins of w st von f w r th n thos of Corn e e and e e a e e e a a . A wall , but in dat g n r l distribution th y pr s nt simil r pictur s in - a the ea o ne e has e e a e the r e , Cornwall , only sit yi ld d coins lik of p Rom n rly the D e e e and the a e a e . Roman , l t Rom n p riods Round vonshir sid of Plymouth

a e e e , Harbour there have been discovered at v rious tim s , not m r ly British coins

Ma nenti us A . D . but also som e twenty or thirty Roman coins from Nero to g ( 5 4 F ew e e e the ﬁ t 3 Elsewhere we meet only scattered items . of th s b long to rs

a A D . 2 0 w A all a ar e ea e t . 5 ce ntury and fe er still to the second . lmost th t rli r h n . e e e the a the I nterIor I ar e isolate d specimens , and occur ith r on co st or in mm e the a e the a t e c an b e e a diately west of Exet r . For most p r th y xpl in d by loc l the one trad e of farmers and ﬁshermen selling their produce in country town

e . e the and e t e are of the district . Coins of third fourth c n uri s common r Th y as e as the coast thou h the includ e some hoards and they occur inland w ll on , g , . e a e e ai I a e . central plateau of D artmoor has not yet yield d singl c rt n nst nc e e th e in The following lists will Show the facts . Th y includ all Roman co s I 3 A HISTORY OF CORNWALL

m e as D e e e e e and e known to found in vonshir , w st of Ex t r its n ighbourhood , e e the e e and t e ar e a a e a e xc pt Plymouth discov ri s , h y rr ng d in two groups ( ) thos the e e 6 e the t and of ﬁrst two c nturi s , ( ) thos of hird fourth

A nsti a e T o a : 1 s or T a a 1 eco e a s C P . ( ) v , rq u y iu ( r j n), unr rd d e 1 Bid fo rd : Vi tellius . ’ a N e a 1 T a a s o s o c a : Ves s a 1 . Bi h p M r h rd 4 p i n, rv , r j n am B e rr head : a s Ne o o a few co s C . Brixh , y l udiu , r ; nly in Haldon a o s : 2 C a s 1 P s 1 Fa st a: see a so b rr w l udiu , iu , u in l s e 1 e o King bridg : N r . N e to Fe e s : 1 Ne o w n rr r r . t 1 Fa t No r h Huish : us ina. a t 1 a s P ign on : Cl udiu . Pou hhill ea T e to : 0 S e T e s to a c s g , n r iv r n 4 ilv r, ib riu M r u . R e e sto e : 1 s s v l k Dru u . W t e e 1 i h ridg : Pius .

b As to : ec s Co sta t e e tc ( v hbur n D iu , n n in , . rd d th ce ts a e s hlo rus : an G C . Bigbury 3 4 n . ( lli nu , ) le i B ci ca A D — rz e 2 0 2 0. F u gh ( ovey) : r . . 5 7 T etricus nd t C a o : 1 P a s . h gf rd hilip, "uin illu om to ffa co s Of a o t 2 — 0 C p n Gi rd : in b u 5 0 27 . e t 1 f e C r di on : coin o D cius . Haldon a o s : 1 a aesa 1 Ca aca a 1 P I P o s : see aso a b rr w Juli M , r ll , hilip, r bu l ( ). 1 T I nstow : Val entinian o r h eodosius . ’ Ho e T o a a e t a e t s : 2 V . K n l , rq u y l n ini n s e s e : co s of a o t 2 0—2 0 King k r w ll in b u 5 7 . e am to : 200 T ass f 2 — 0 O k h p n hird Br o 3 0 3 3 . to 1 T eo os s Pil n : h d iu . T e mo t 1 arausius ign u h : C .

ne ea e e a e otI ced e O curious f tur r m ins to b n in this conn xion . Among the Roman coins said to have b een found in Exeter the SO-called Greek ’ colonial issues of the se cond and third centuries of our er a ar e strangely d ea e e the e a a e e an th A . fr qu nt , not l st issu s of l x ndri n mint Such coins hardly e e e e the e a e e e ea occur ls wh r in w st . A doubtful inst nc is r cord d from n r e a e Ha a e e a one e Totn s , noth r from Plymouth rbour, noth r c rt in from H lston , and the e e e e e t a ar e a an e e e Ex t r list includ s pi c s h t not Rom n in y s ns , but pur ly ee e e a e e e e e ea e the a e Gr k . Som writ rs h v conn ct d th s st rn coins with tin tr d . e e e e e e e But th ir m r distribution disprov s this hypoth sis . Th y do not b long to

the e e e a e ar e e e t a ea e ete a e . w st country in g n r l . Th y vid n ly f tur of Ex r lon The probability is that they got to Exeter by mod ern rather than by ancient 15 a e g ncy .

H S A LL OM N O S N N LL ND D E ON (i) OT ER M R A BJ E CT FOU D I N COR WA A V . To compl ete our summary of Roman remains found in Cornwall we have e a fe e e e nd the e The w a . still to m ntion bronz obj cts , potsh rds , lik list is S e ar e ea a a e and i t e e a the hort ; its it ms not sily d t bl , is l ss instructiv th n list of e eta the ea e t e e 2 coins For furth r d ils r d r Should consult h Ind x (p . 3 )

’ A e ots h e s as es c a coa a ma s o es o at Carminow (i) rud building p rd , h , h r l , ni l b n , f und in a a -in- e ea e on an m f e M wg n M n g ar o L o Pool . Two c o s a s o at Golvadnek W e o and at e s Pa ot (ii) uri u buri l , f und in ndr n K rri in ul, b h o a e a e ate th pr b bly x gg r d in e desc riptio n . Som e ooc es co s and s o a ate R oma o at T relo ea Carnanton (iii) br h —, in ring , pr b bly l n, f und y n r , old tin o s in w rking .

15 ee Haverﬁeld an a r — G M c o Nara o . 0 1 1 . S . d . a Cli n 1 . F d n ld in . 9 7 , pp 45 5 5 1 4 ROMANO - BRITISH CORNWALL

’ A tin o r e te sa ce o at Hallivick t Ste e -ln- a e a (iv) p w r u r f und in S . ph n Br nn l parish in streamwork 2 (p . 4, ﬁg . A i bula om T re il as oo t Ewe b in S . am t s t e e s . (v) f fr g g M r in , dug up y r r A tt e o z e - - o m St . st ln P e th o te ca e Ca t a a but un (vi) li l br n bull fr Ju nwi , f n ll d r h gini n, o te R oma d ub dly n . A s ma ece Of Sam a o m a s t e a ea e at Cha e Un in a c ee S . (VII) ll pi i n fr ub rr n n dw lling p l y, n r d A sm a ec e of Sam a o C a e Ca B ea m o -in- e t St . st P (viii) ll pi i n f und in h p l rn r und in Ju nwi h , e the S te o f the m e ae a c a e and a o e the e h sto c t ae und r i di v l h p l b v pr i ri kis v n . P otsh e s o f o t a e ca e R oma b W a e i . C . o s o t o t . w (ix) rd d ub ful g , ll d n y Mr B rl , f und in p a es i t t-in- P e t S . s h vill g n Ju nwi . R e ots e s o nd t o r ea R om a co s ee e t a B odinar ee s t Sa c . (x) ud p h rd f u , wi h n r n in , in b hiv hu in n r d

e a a e and a a e This throws littl light on Rom n Cornw ll . In numb r ch r ct r the obj ec ts ar e such as might easily occur in a re gion that lay outsid e the full e e e a a e e e at e i —x e . t a to NO i S . V th d v lopm nt of Rom n civiliz tion Som int r s t ch d , a a and t e e t e a ea e We a e S mi n o h r potsh rds found in sub rr n n dw llings . h v a ea ee a a a e ee e ea one lr dy s n th t Rom n coins h v b n found in , or v ry n r , or two a e I I e e ar e m a e e S fi a t a such Vill g s (p . ) . Coins , how v r , in this tt r l ss igni c n th n t e e e O e t e a a e e po sh rds . Coins w r ft n los or buri d in b rrows or c v s of much old r at e e e te e t at e e te a and d . Pott ry d no s som sor of occup ion , how v r mpor ry , its O ccurre nce at Chap el Uny and elsewhe re m ust b e take n into account in any a a e e e a e e a o c cu ske tch of Rom n Cornw ll . But it do s not n c ss rily d not Rom n on a e o f a a a e a e ee e e at e S e as far pati . Fr gm nts S mi n w r h v b n discov r d in n iv it s . e e e e t t a afield as th xtr m nor h of Sco l nd . e e at t F ew Similar finds have bee n record ed from D von . Exc pt Plymou h a a S e a O e t t e t a a has ee e e e h rdly ingl Rom n bj c , o h r h n coin , b n discov r d w st of Ex e O ne two e a ar e a a e ar e t te the . or it ms , th t possibly of Rom n d t , con ribu d the a a e and m a b e e e t a a by Torqu y c v s , y conn ct d wi h Rom n coins lso found e e e a e e to at Bantham and at e a onla at th r . Potsh rds h v com light Chudl igh , fi ea e and a a ea t to b e a at Wa e Ok e Ilsington , n r Bov y , gl ss b d , hought Rom n , t rn ’ D a A a e e a e at K Tei nto n e e the on rtmoor . n ll g d Rom n bridg ing s g compl t s a a e e e the m a e t as e e brief c t logu . In r sp ct of s ll obj cts , jus in r sp ct of coins , D evonshire west of the Ex e shews the same paucit y of Roman remains as

a and e a e a e e ee . Cornw ll , sh ws it in mor m rk d d gr

LI T E RA RY I D E NCE . 3 . EV

a ar chaaolo i cal The pre ceding paragraphs have catalogued the princip l g e We a re mains of Roman d ate found in Cornwall and in West D von . p ss now the e e e the e e e e to ti n ta e a e t to the se cond part of vid nc , r f r nc s con in d in nci n the o ne a t e e e e e e e ar e a . literatur . Th s r f r nc s m ny Cornish tin is f mous produc ta The ti n a e the e t e t e e at e of ancie nt Bri in . tr d of w s is m n ion d in lit r ur long

i t has a e a e . before Britain b e came a real part of the known world ; promin nt pl c ’ t i t has ta e and e e e t e a e e e ﬁ , in many travellers l s , v r sinc hos t l s w r rs told con . I ts ea t e the i i ti nuo usly vexe d the curiosity of stud ents . rly his ory li s in tw l ght

B ut the e e t a e I t 13 a a . re gion of things seen dimly . int r s rous d by n tur l . h eolo I st I t a and t a not e a t th e ar c , Twilight is always ch rming , h t l s to a g whom

and a a e . allows to invent theories which Shall b e at once novel inc p bl of disproof t the e t fi a the In this case the theories ar e almost all concern ed wi h id n i c tion of a em e e the C assiterid es and I c ti s . famous ti n islands of th w st , M ny of th ar e the e and a I cti s end eavour to prove that the Cassiterid es Scilly Isl s th t is ’ e e t ut e all a has een r e on th j , St i ae s Mou . B in spit of th t b w itt n sub c . M ch l nt , 1 5 A HISTORY OF CORNWALL the e e a e a a e e riddl still r m ins unsolv d . Though this p rticul r qu stion do s not ea e a a m a b e as e e a e ef 16 r lly conc rn Rom n Cornw ll , it y w ll to x min it bri ly . The Cassiterid es are first mention ed by Herodotus whose contemporaries e e b e the a the a e e he h e e e h ld th m to tin isl nds of f rth st w st , though ims lf d clar s ” t a he e e e La e e e e e e h t had no knowl dg of th m . t r writ rs w r mor cr dulous . A Diod or us Si culus e P oseid oni us e ccording to , who possibly quot s , th y lay in 18 the a e - e a a a P oseid oni A . us a tl ntic , opposit north w st Sp in Str bo , lso citing , s ys e the a e has o ne a a e a and a e v ry much s m , but in p ss g long curious ccount of th m , e nding with a state me nt that Publius Crassus travelle d thither and that the 19 2° sea a e was e a a a e e the a voy g long r th n th t to Brit in . M la m ntions isl nds ‘ ’ ’ e ef as i n Celtzcis a at e e e ex act/ver so Celtiéer i ce quit bri ly . Pliny s ys th th y w r , 21 e e a e e e e e he e a and ow d th ir n me to th ir b ing rich in tin . Els wh r r m rks ’ 22 e a a was Mid acritus ex Cass iter ide insula incid nt lly th t tin first brought by . e e a e t a e e e e ten Cassiterid es the a e ea Ptol my stim t s h t th r w r in f rth st oc n , giving " 24 e as D P eri e etes a e the ffi e th ir position 4 ionysius g , to obvi t di culti s ‘ e e a e E cm zses La the a a e e a a of m tr , c lls th m p . stly , p ss g in St ph nus of Byz ntium e e as ea a e t e a e the r cording th m n r Indi , is i h r corrupt or is m mory of tin work 25 Dr an iana ings of g . It is clear that there was a ge n eral id ea that the Cassiterid es belonged to e n e e t a The t r aditi on as S a la th t a d th A . w p in , but to nor h w st in l ntic known y _ 24 Poseid oni us and a a Miillenhoff Ti maios and ea to lso , ccording to , to Pyth s, although there is nothing to indicate that the latter used or had heard of the a e C assiterid es a e a ad d and a a e n m . L t r uthors do not much . Pliny Str bo lon a e a new e the f e the a Mid acri tus the a e h v nything to giv us orm r story bout , l tt r he e e a e a e 11 The t a a a . d lightful , though nigm tic l , ccount summ riz d bov ( 27 few e t ar e e e e e P oseid oni us he ea e first lin s of his vid ntly d riv d from , but t gr t r a e t e e The e e a a e e p rt is , no doubt , borrow d from o h r sourc s . most g n r lly cc pt d ’ e a e ae a e a e a was e a L . A hypoth sis is th t , wh n C s r s g t , P Cr ssus , s rving in rmoric 28 and A a a he a e a a e e e e a the quit ni , m d voy g , which is unr cord d by C s r, to ‘ ’ 29 3 0 a - e a e e a British tin isl nds or to north w st Sp in . It is curious , how v r, th t Cmsar Should pass over in silence an expedition so unusual ; it is still more

16 It is sc sse at e th b P ofesso Haverfield the two a t c es Pa -Wissowa Real -Enc clo di u d l ng y r r in r i l in uly , y ’ l ssit r eeai e s .v . Ka e id es and Icti s h ch ha e bee f ee a o hat fo o s . p , , w i v n r ly dr wn up n in w ll w 17 ’ He t s - l o o . I 1 5 6 v 0 K a c S eO 5 K a 6 K ir e o f l y ( on . 0 7 m o o s 330. o cr w i as Iiaas r w oo G s r d u , iii , 5 , j p , p u b d 18 ' - ’ ’ ' ’ ’ Diod . 8 Inr e aivw de T aw A vatr avé w as a n ox e eva 1 I e fa cv r T h em/ I V, 3 , p y fis r x p s p m s 7 39 fi p s d} ; ' ’ ’ K GG G Lr e LSa o wo ao cev a p S n y s . 19 He sa s t a t e e I II I 1 . h t h e e e ten s a s one of h ch was i hab te th othe s occ e b , 5 , y r w r i l nd , w i un n i d , r upi d y eo e who o e on b ac k a me ts e e e an ca sta an ooke ke the es the theat d e ffs d e . p pl w r l g l g r n , w r gird d rri d , l d li Furi in r The ba te e the tin and ea for otte sk s sat an ta eme ts O a o the Phcenicians d me m . y r r d ir l d p ry, in , l , l i pl n rigin lly, nly f om Ca z t a e th them and the ke t the te s c n one c cas o he a R ma sh o a e et . O o o r di r d d wi y p ir r u r i n , w n n ip fo o e a P hoe c a t a esse the ca ta Of the atte ran his sh on to a shoal to com ass the ll w d ni i n r ding v l , p in l r ip p I est ct o of his s e s . n the en s d ho e e the Roma s fo the wa to the a s . F or f the d ru i n pur u r , w v r, n und ir y i l nd ur r e e e ces see St abo 1 0 2 f . r r n r ii , 5 , 5 , 3 ; iii , , 9 2° P om onius Me a De si tn or ois 6 p l , , iii , , 47 . 3 1 Nat t His . P . 1 1 . liny, iv, 9 22 Mid 1 . , vii , 97 23 Pto em 6 . l y, ii , , 7 3 24 Or ois Descr 6 . . iii , 5 3 25 éns Ste h . B z . De Ur bi ed . Mei eke 6 p y , ( n , i , 3 5 . 2“ Dentsc/le Alter tnrnsknnde 1 , i , 47 27 mme ma Hermes Z 1 2 2 . i r nn in , xxiii, 28 aGalli co De B ell . , ii , 34 2° ’ ’ se st o onz D cks Momm Hi . R e o s T a s 6 e e r e 2 th ] . 1 B E dknna rd n, f ( i n r n V, 3 ; rg r, (3 9 , 3 5 , (4 2 2 Ho mes Ancient B r itai n 8 4, 7 ; l , , 49 . 3° ' Rid ewa in Folk-Lore 1 8 0 g y , 9 , 9 1 I 6 ROMANO - BRITISH CORNWALL

e , h e e t the e e curious that whil ims lf r por ing occurr nc of tin in Britain , he should sa was the y that it found in interior of the country and not on the coast or in

3 1 ' the e 3 2 . e e e Un er i s islands P rhaps , th r for , g right in maintaining that the s e - e was the e e of Cra sus m ntion d by Strabo w ll known gov rnor Spain (c . 9 5 and a he e e the e the e e th t it was who op n d up tin min s for b n fit of Rome . The e a ffi a e the e on fundam nt l di culty ttaching to both vi ws is g ographical e . There a e a ’ at a e t e e e is no rchip l go th would fit Str bo s d scrip ion v n tol rably well . In of a an n a a point f ct , tin isl ds hay i g re sonable rese mblance to the Cassiterid es ar e ee T e . h sadly to s k only possible groups ar e the small islands off the north e a Of n and the 3 2“ e . e e the e w st co st Spai Scilly Isl s Of th s form r contain no tin . 3 3 The e e e e and al t e ar e latt r poss ss v ry littl tin , though h y easil visible from ’ y the a e ee a L nd s End , it would hav b n s impossible to discover them as the d e e e he A t a . a Spanish islan s without imm diat ly obs rving mainl nd g in , d espite e e e e e , e the Of a a e e a an th ir fr qu nt m ntion d spit Visit Rom n g n r l , d d espite the ’ ’ e e e e e the e pr cision of Ptol my s m asur m nts , xact position of the Cassi terid es re a . the m ins unknown During whole of t he Imperial p eriod they were e one . one e a a e Th Visit d by no Only xpl n tion is possibl . e Cassiterid es can b e e a ' a a e— nothing mor th n n m the old est l egendary name for the western ea d , e e an a e e e e Europ n tin istricts wh th r in Sp i or in Cornw ll or ls wh r . Th e ee of the e e e B . C e Gr ks fifth to s cond c nturi s . kn w that tin was obtain ed thence Phaeni ci ans by sailors , possibly from Cadiz . In this way arose the legend of the m e a 3 4 . La e e yst rious isl nds t r, wh n Spain and Britain became better n and e - , e e e the ee e e e e know th ir w alth of tin was xploit d , d p root d l g nd surviv d . the e e . 1 0 B . C . A . D . 1 0 ee Thus g ograph rs of c 5 to 5 , finding thr tin districts e e e e a and m ntion d in th ir authoriti s , and knowing only of two , Sp in Britain , S for a e a the was a a e imply took it gr nt d th t third lso uth ntic . e the e Of the Cassiterid es ea the Consid ration of tymology word , , l ds to same The e . e ffi . the e conclusion qu stion is obscur and di cult But , on whol , it ’ see s a e the a e K aam r e os a e e the e the m prob bl that n m p c m to Europ from ast , e e the a a e e Of e original c ntr of m nuf ctur of bronz , which tin is , of cours , a com ponent ; that it was first given to the metal as found there ; and that from the e a e the the e e e was e e m t l it spr ad to district in far w st , wh nc tin in lat r tim s e e 3 5 d riv d .

31 De BellaGalli co 1 2. The assa e seems to be e e s te of ot Caesarstndien , V, p g g nuin in pi Kl z 45 E. ' The ta ement a o t as s t b u the tin may l o be explained by the fac t that tin was sometimes brought from Cornwall ‘

a to Ke t for e o t ence . E a s Anc r t oi a e b th B . i . C n 2 2 y l nd n xp r v n , . g , 3” Mas Ri ein. . 1 6 . xxxviii , 4 32‘ O os te V o . E . G ee Cornwall and ti e Earl Ti n Trade Bath pp i ig r n , y ( , p . 1 5 . 33 ’ W. ce ineralo a omnéiens s Pr M i C i . . y , g p iv 34 The puzzle of the Cassiterid es has no doubt been complicated by the belief of the anci ents that north este n S a - w r pain nd south western Britain were close together . 35 The o is not mit e G eek . It ma ha e o nate Bab o a oss b as has ece t b w rd pri iv r y v rigi d in yl ni ; p i ly, r n ly een s este Hii sin Or iental . Lit . Zeitun 1 0 2 Pokom Zeitsci r ii r celt . P éilol . it is co ec te ugg d ( g, g , 9 7 , 5 y, J ix, nn d th the E ami te tr be s G eo a h cal i t o ﬁt el if an E am te o for tin fo me the o al Cas . wi l i , i gr p i l y, w uld w l l i w rd r d rigin ’ both of the G eek x aao'cf e o and of the Sa sk t I asttra tho h the atte is an s a o for tin and oes r p s n ri , ug l r unu u l w rd d not occ e It s e e a c e an e e e k o m c ea e weste As a ur in literatur . i g n r lly believed that opp r d bronz w r n wn u h rli r in rn i a se ester As a efo e the end of the t nd in Egypt than in Europe . Bronze was extensively u d in w n i b r hird me a and t -east e s m e m B .C . and ti n has bee fo este As a both A o h P a the ill nniu , n und in w rn i , in r ni in n r r i , ( h ass t Dran ana n n the othe ha the commo use of tin the E ean lan s o a the a c e i . I E o e o K r n , n i n g ) ur p , r nd , n in g d he o k of the Co s and S a s ti n e os ts seems ha b b e seco m e B . an t h h e a efo e th m C . d rdly g n r nd ill nniu , w r ing rni p ni d p i to ha e be e a ate on fact he c i i ati o e e o e the Me te a ea . v gun q u lly l , ly, in , w n iv l z n d v l p d in di rr n n ’ t c sc o a s Re ac L Antl ro olo ie 1 8 2 . 2 At the same time it is fair to say that there are Cel i h l r ( in h in p g , 9 , p 7 5 ; ’ D Arbois d e ba le Les Celtes de uis les tern s les lus anciens . 20 who o e ai Cassi terides as Ju invil , p p p , p ) w uld xpl n ’ a l a r sh Is s =e the the sta t or the fort ate s a s the metal tak n O d Ce ltic n me fo the Briti land ( i r di n un i l nd ) , ing 1 7 3 A HISTORY OF CORNWALL

The I ctis e e e e island of is qually impossibl of id ntiﬁcation . It is d scribed 3 6 Di od or us Si culus and a Timai os as off by Pliny , both prob bly quoting , lying a t the f e a was e e to the a Brit in . Tin in ingo s ( orm r s ys) conv y d it from m in

a a e e e a e at e . AS Di od or l nd in w gons for xport , acc ss b ing obt in d low tid us e e the a the e B eleri on We a vid ntly puts isl nd in n ighbourhood of ( st Cornw ll) , ’

e e a e e . ae Of a it is g n r lly id ntifi d with St Mich l s Mount , which is , in point f ct , e he e e e e e W a peni nsula wh n t tid is out . Oth rs suppos it to b th Isle of ight e e was e a a a a a ewa 3 7 which , in pr historic tim s , join d to Brit in by n tur l c us y . the e W e at a ea a e B el erion and the a But Isl of ight li s gr t dist nc from , simil rity 3 8 of the a e I cti s and e the e the a e W e n m s V ctis , latt r n m of ight in Roman tim s, ee b e e a a e e e the e a e a s ms to no mor th n curious coincid nc , whil suppos d c us w y 3 9 e e and a e . e e e e a e is quit unprov d highly improb bl Oth rs hav sugg st d Th n t , 40 ar e The a e m a e or eve n islands that not British at all . n m y p rhaps b e con nected t I cti um a e the e the sea e ee and wi h Icht or M r , Irish nam for b tw n Gaul 40A land s e e e e b e e e the I s . e e British On such vid nc it is impossibl to mor d finit , whil e t e the ea e e a b e e e to continu fur h r s rch for th s lost isl nds would idl . It is mor a e a to and e the e the profit bl to p ss from twilight full day , to trac fortun s of a e a te e had e e a famous or fabulous tr d f r Rom conqu r d Brit in . b e ee The e a e e e a . AS was lit r ry vid nc , it will s n , is distinct and un nimous “ a o O e e the e e Manner t the a a e long g bs rv d by g ograph r , classic l uthors v ry e e e e r e - a e and a e e a e fr qu ntly r f r to British tin in p Rom n tim s , h rdly v r llud to The te the a e e a e . Poseid onius as it in Imp ri l tim s wri rs of Rom n R public , , e Di od or us Si c ul us and S a Cmsar and e e quot d by by tr bo , Julius oth rs , m ntion

ee e . e S e e this tin fr ly nough But Strabo , writing of his own tim , is il nt r garding - e e e Na a a A . D 0 th . it . Pliny Eld r, who compos d his tur l History bout 7 7 9 , is He ea e e he e - e e a e . a q u lly sil nt sp ks of tin oft n nough , but giv s north w st Sp in 42 He a has a a e a as the a e . a b ut he pl c of origin lso much to n rr t bout Brit in , e e e a he e Timaios e e i a a . wa nowh r h nts th t tin c m th nc In f ct , cit s in such a y as to imply that he d eﬁnitely consid ered tin was not one of the products of a and S oli nus and the a e e the a e Britain . T citus l t r Pan gyrists furnish s m e a e e e e and e e a e e Of the a n g tiv vid nc , th r is probably not singl writ r Rom n e e a e e e e The e e a e e a . m Empir who mak s quit c rt in r f r nc to British tin sil nc y,

its ame f om the ace as co e f om C s . In that case the ame o be ate tha the a a of the n r pl , pp r r ypru , n w uld l r n rriv l

Ce ts on our sho es an e e t s a ate 0 . 8 00 B . C . Th s if the o is Ce ti c it can ha ha e eache l r , v n u u lly d d u , w rd l , rdly v r d the Me te a ea m c h befo e the ﬁ st O m a and it is fﬁ c t to be e e that the assa es Home di rr n n u r r ly pi d , di ul li v p g in r whic h mention it are so late as that . 3“ N t 0 ca . ut e sa a a Hi s . 1 . . B P i s t t it takes Diod orus Siculus 2 2 P t . h h , v, ; liny, iv, 4, p xvi (xxx) , w n l ny y six a s sa to each it he seems to be co f s it th Th e h ch he me t o s mme ate befo e c f. d y iling r , n u ing wi ul , w i n i n i di ly r , '

M ullenhoﬁ Deatscée Altertnensknnde 1 2 . , ( i , 47 3 7 C eme t Re Ar céaeolo ia 2 8 1 . l n id , g lix, 38 e a ea s t the r W Se a H. H nts 2 d R s Ce t Vecti s e ho t tia V o . e f ther V. O. an h l i c n v r pp r wi u ini l ur , , i , 3 5 , y , r a 0 B i t i n p . 3 4 . 3° U esti o ab the Is e of W ht was the ate eo o cal e o o e to so th- es t Ham shi e nqu n ly l ig , in l r g l gi p ri d , j in d u w p r but it is incredible that even the last traces of thi s juncti on could have formed a causeway dry at low tide in ’ Timaios s da . Nor is the e th s a t of the s a a o e ha bo for ti n shi s h c h co ee ha e y r in i p r i l nd pr p r r ur p , w i uld , ind d , v started more easily from many mainland ports . 4° ’ S et L Antér o olo ie 1 08 . 1 2 . B ut R chbo o h obab an is a at h h t e the ea ir , p g , 9 , p 9 i r ug , pr ly l nd ig id in rly

Roma e o is mo e obab e tha Tha et . n p ri d , r pr l n n ’ - - a iss a eal Enc c di e s . v Ic Pa W ow R l o . ht . uly , y p ,

eo ra /iie der Gr iecnen and orner Lei . 0 E t ri i ns o n i st G R 1 1 1 . o O E . H . g p ( pzig, , II , p 4 l n , g f g p 34 42 Nat Hi st . i . 1 6 1 6 . . xxx v , 5 1 8

A ' HISTORY OF CORNWALL

45 e e . The e es on en we e e w e A D Ex t r l ad min M dip r b ing ork d by . . 49 , and e e e f e e e t a ea Ex t r its l must hav b com a Roman town almos s soon . But no gr t eff was e a e e of the Ex e the of the . ort mad to adv nc w st Plainly, Romans conquest p eriod did not care to march beyond Exeter ; it was i n itself a natural t a e e e e e the mass of s opping pl c , for w st of it str tch d for sixty mil s gloomy, if Dartmoor and the d esolate wastes of Bodmin ; the Romans found nothing to e the o D e a Yet e e w attract th m in moors and coasts f von and Cornw ll . th r as e an and the ee e the e the tin in that barr n l d , had tin s m d worth conqu ring , w e e e f wa e e the e e Romans ould assur dly hav gon or rd . Th y min d M ndip l ad within six years Of their landing ; they would not have n eglected the tin of e re- e the a e - e e Cornwall . In pr historic and p Roman tim s tin tr d of south w st rn “ ‘ w a e e A e a e ee was so . w S Britain as prob bly consid rabl s h v n , it probably not

” e t the e of - e e S a e e c e gr a as trad north w st rn p in . But it is m ntion d by an i nt e e one of the e t e a e the writ rs, and it was undoubt dly obj c s which l nt import nc to

e e a ea the A a the e e ean . trad rout s cross Gaul , l ding from tl ntic to M dit rran We might even conj ecture that it had some Share in causing the Roman e a of aNar b onensis 20 C a e a ee I B . ann x tion Galli in . This nn x tion was , as it s ms , a - e the a and e a m en bit of land grabbing , inspir d by capit lists comm rci l of e and e e e e t a e e Di od or us Si culus Rom , it s cur d pr cis ly h t trad rout by which e a ea e the e e a ea the e t lls us th t British tin r ch d M dit rr n n , that is , rout from N the a Car cassone and e e e a arbo by P ss of Toulous to Bord aux, or p rh ps ” Cor bilo the the L e A e e e e t , at mouth of oir . nd although , d spit stat m n s to the C a e e Phce ni cian a e e e ee ontr ry , no v stig of tr d rs has v r b n found in Britain , et a e r e- e e e - i e y n tiv p Roman obj cts hav com to light in Cornish tin works , wh l was e e the -A e e w e tin discov r d in Iron g Villag of Glastonbury , and tin as us d for 48 e British mon y . The a e e e e a e e an end the e tr d , how v r, app ars to h v com to about b ginning of the era Cmsar t e e e as e Christian . is h first writ r who m ntions it a cont m orar The S e e a e a e e e the of p y product . il nc of l t r uthors must b put b sid halt the e e e a n the a e e Romans at Ex t r . P rh ps , as iro took pl c of bronz in many e i n e a e e e e lands , tin was no long r such d m nd . Or p rhaps tin or s had n v r ee a e the e b e h - ea e b n so rich as f ncy paint d , or acc ssi l Cornis tin str ms may hav ee e b e e e as e e a n et s m d to xhaust d , or, Prof ssor Ridg w y thinks , Spa ish comp ition 49 e e e e e e e us the a e may hav oust d British tin . Our vid nc do s not t ll c us s , but - he t e e . T e e A D . 0 . t h r sult is plain he Cornish tin trad e vanished b for . 5 In t e ea s the e s e e was a e the la r y r of first c ntury om att mpt m d , with or without aid e e the - e m and I n e w but e e of troops , to r viv tin working n ar Bod in P n ith , v n that e the e e The i a i we di d away in s cond c ntury . growing Roman z tion wh ch can — ffe e a e e a n the e A . D . 8 0 1 00 a tr c in oth r p rts of Britai about y ars , ct d Cornwall e and e a e a the but bri fly littl . Cornwall was doubtless reg rd d as p rt of pro

e was e e e No o e e a e . N Vinc , but it n gl ct d . r ads w r m d through it o towns

‘5 Somerset 8 , i , 3 3 4“ ' ’ r Carn B ea. éeeolo i a 1 8 8 8 6 s .v . A c 1 0 b . 1 . 2 ; . 1 . I 1Vi 2 fi and e o , g xlix, 9 ix, 7 xvi , pl , p 37 ; , 9 5 l w p n 4, 5 r 47 Diod orus Si culus 22 2 8 C l 3 b b s h s and Na bo and th . or bi o 1 co ecte P o t Mas lia , V, , , 3 , 5 nn d y ly iu wi i r wi ’ r B ta and I s sa b St abo 2 and 2 to ha e fo me bee an em o m . A e so F u neaux s ri in, id y r (iv, , 4, 5 , ) v r rly n p riu nd r n, - ’ A r i cola o Tacitus . 1 11 . See aso a e B s e Fox 3 Re ort on tée Hen istbicr Head Ex cavati ons g f , p 7 9 l r view of u h p g y

Man 1 1 6 . . in . 9 , p 45 ‘9 ' B ri A oc . e r 0 Gra Ti e Glas t . ss R o t 1 . 1 0 E a s Ancie t B r na e 1 2 f. Bullei and p , 9 5 , p ; v n , n i tts/I Coi g p 3 d y, ’ ake 1114 0 L 7 E. See I e be e St A stel and Trelo . 6 o . 8 Pp 3 , 393 nd x l w, und r u l y 4’ - Folk Lore 8 0 . 8 2 E. I 9 , p 20 ROMANO - BRITISH CORNWALL

nor i s e e w . N e e e e N0 e V lla r built in it o troops w r quart r d in it . r al civiliza t e t ion cr pt into i . Coins of this period are even rarer west of the Ex e than c the e e e e e e oins of arli r mp rors . Th r may have been a few isolated searchers ; e e e the a for tin Trad rs may hav push d round co st from Plymouth , which s e e e an a e s e was in om s ns inh bit d it . e e e e e we e e Ext rnal vid nc is qually scanty . If tin r fr ely mined in Cornwall 5 we e e e e e O e 0 might xp ct to find in Britain abundanc of tin and p wt r bj cts . e e r ob abl m ot one can b e e ea A the Th r is p y such which dat d so rly . bout i e the en ur the e a e the a e we e m ddl of third c t y pictur ch ng s . In first pl c , hav evid ence to Show that about this time the Roman occupation of Cornwall e e e We . ee e w b gan to grow mor r al find , ind d , no Romaniz d to ns or Villas , ee a e only two or thr Vill g s . But coins become frequent and inscriptions seem to i e a - a at ea the e e e a the - h ndicat ro d m king , or l st xist nc of ro ds , in mid t ird or e f u e e and ffi a a ti n e e e arly o rth c nturi s, roads imply o ci l action ; block of m rg s to e was e e the e e I I The t stify that tin r ally min d during lat r Roman p riod (Fig . ) . in got see ms to Show that this mining was offi cially recognized very likely the m e e e the e e NO e Of ti n and e e . W in s b long d to gov rnm nt , too , obj cts p wt r or s e e a e e Th e contai nI n a om oth r simil r alloy b com common . tin jug g hoard of 5 1 - e has ea ee e e A e a a third c ntury coins alr dy b n m ntion d . noth r with ho rd of 5 2 was at a ree e e e S e e Gratian found E st Harpt in Som rs t . Inscrib d labs of p wt r, e e the a e ea a e e at a e ar e ate the dr dg d out of Th m s n r B tt rs a v rious tim s , d d by a and the a e S a ri us the e and Christi n monogram n m y g to fourth c ntury , prob 5 the end it 3 A a a a a e We a set ably to of . t Rom n Vill in H mpshir ( yhill) of handsomely ornamented ti n and p ewter dishes was discovered buried und er a ’ 5 4 n - A S set oo e the e e the a . fl r, and o of dish s bor Christi n Chi Rho imilar was found at Manton n ear Marlborough in 1 8 84 with coins of Julian and 5 5 e e e e e e e e the e of a a at Honorius . P wt r v ss ls w r discov r d in w ll vill Brislington 5 6 5 7 in S e e w e e a e e ff a e e om rs t , hil oth rs h v turn d up in Su olk , C mbridg shir , and

e ew e e . a the a e e e e O e ls h r In f ct , most of dat bl tin or p wt r or kindr d bj cts which have been discovered in Roman Britain seem to belong to the late third ea a e e the e f or fourth century . It is not unr son bl to conn ct this with oth r acts

e ee e a e a e a Of the a e . which hav b n adduc d , and to scrib it to r viv l Cornish tin tr d eta O e e e N0 hard and fast rule can b e laid down in such a case . M l bj cts w r e e e e e m a b e O e a the e durabl ; som , too , of our undat d xampl s y ld r th n p riod e e e e s e e b e m a a b e e just m ntion d , and such v ss ls (if uch th r ) y ag in of nativ the a e one a e manufacture or imported . But known f cts harmoniz with noth r e e in a way which it would b e exceedingly rash to n gl ct . im This revival of tin trading in Cornwall is historically by no means e AS e e a e e at the ffe e probabl . a g n r l rul it is tru th mining industry su r d

he e . seve rely during the troubles of the third century throughout t Empir w e e e Da a e e a e e e But in districts hich w r not lik ci , d ﬁnit ly ab ndon d , or xpos d

5 ° 0 ma be of the ﬁ st ce t b b r I nscr i . Lat . 1 , The inscri ed larnella stannen descri ed in Co pus p VII, 4 , y r n ury

e P ark . but it is ma e of ea not tin Bath st and Anti uities o L dn , d l d , ( ur King, q f y y p ’ 5 1 s See 1 2 and be o . n e Carha e . p . l w p 3 3 u d r y 5 ” f. Nuns . C 1 8 8 8 . 2 h en. , p 4

“3 8 . 6 2 Arcl . ourn. l 1 E éenrer is E i r a éi ca , 1 263 , p . 4 j i , 5 p p g p ix x x 0 5 ‘ The esse s are now I n the B i ti sh M se m . 2 . rcéeeolo ia . f. 7 r u u A , 7 i , 97 v l g lvi . 5 5 w the De i es M se m . i r a /ii ca Vii 1 1 . The set i s no Eph rneri s Ep g p , 54 in v z u u 5 ° ﬁ 6 . 7 0 H. S omerset 0 . . . , i , 3 5 , g 5

6 . . i n . 2 1 5 7 Arch eolo o ti e Cambr i d e Re o , , 8 0 . . 1 2 . Fox g g p pl v S u lk i 2 , f xx ﬁ , , 9 , 3 9 , pl p 3 gy 2 1 A HISTORY OF C ORNWALL

e a the e a a e F S u s w a . or p cially to barbari n invasions, fo rth c ntury r viv l 5 8 e the - e a was e the a e e instanc , tin of north w st Sp in work d in l t r Empir . In the e e S a ea a e a t e e Britain , in M ndip r gion , faint igns pp r of mor c iv lif than had O a e a e e and the a e e e th e bt in d for hundr d y ars , ctivity must hav conc rn d 5 9 e l ad . Sir Arthur Evans has drawn attention to the great hoards of Roman e the e and a e a the e e e the silv r coins of middl l tt r p rt of fourth c ntury , or v n 6° e the I n the e e H e a e t S e b ginning of ﬁfth , found M ndip r gion . rgu s hat , inc the t O er e the e t e e b e dis rict is th wis poor , prosp rity to which h y t stify must conn ected with mining carried on for the sake of the Silver extracted from the e He a a a e ar e a e the e and l ad . points out th t ho rds of this d t r r on contin nt , also Shows that the London mint inaugurated for all metals by Carausi us and Allectus at the end the e and e C e 2 6 of third c ntury , continu d for opp r to 3 , was e for e a e a and ea e 6 and as e e . 8 w r op n d silv r by V l ntini n I his coll gu , c 3 , still in u e e a f e a ea a e the s und r M gnus Maximus . It would urth r pp r prob bl that mint was e e e a a e and e and occupi d v ry larg ly in ss ying , w ighing , c rtifying bars ingots for which the legal equivalent was given in current coin n eed ed for the a e a e and a e e a e the L was e a a p ym nt of w g s , th t v n ft r ondon mint clos d , pp r e 8 8 the ea e e e a e e the e a e e ntly in 3 , Tr sury th r r m in d op n for issu of st mp d silv r 1 e a e 6 ingots und r Honorius and Const ntin III . e e m a b e a ea a the e 2 0— 0 was the How v r this y , it pp rs th t p riod 5 3 3 most e a A a ee ti n a e prosp rous in Roman Cornw ll . t l st , it would s m , Cornish t k s its e as an e e e the at e a plac articl of comm rc in Roman world , or l ast in Rom n a a e e a e e e the a e the Brit in . It is a str ng sp ct cl . H r , on f rth st limit of world , in an e e the e a e to e a at obscur corn r of Empir , mining industry b gins xp nd a time when other industries are contracting and whe n mi ning in general was P P er a e a e e e e e e . about to vanish wholly . Sh ll w c ll our Cornish vid nc d f ctiv haps we may b e saved from that counsel of d espair by scattere d facts which suggest that Britain enjoyed unostentatious prosperity at the end of the third the a the e e e e a and and during ﬁrst h lf of fourth c nturi s . Th n , c rt inly, its towns ee a e ee e and new a e e e a e Villas s m to h v b n fully inhabit d , Vill s w r p rh ps b ing e a as the a e E um eni us e a a e built . Th n , lso , p n gyrist t lls us , Brit in bound d with 61A a a b e e at A and e e e e Gaul and as rtis ns who could s nt to build utun ls wh r in , , a a e e a She e a e a e L e Ger l t r writ r dds , could xport l rg qu ntiti s of corn to ow r 62 a e a we can a e e effe e a a . was m ny . P rh ps , too , tr c th n ctiv dministr tion It ‘ a a i Chlor us a A D 0 0 a e the the prob bly Const nt us who , bout . . 3 , org niz d forts of S e : was he e e e ea e Saxon hor it , or som rul r who liv d n r his tim , who built or e at a ff and e e e e The a e e a e r built forts C rdi ls wh r . m ny mil ston s of Const ntin ’ the ea and e a e all e a ea a a Gr t his cont mpor ri s , which occur ov r Brit in , n r H dri n s Wa the t We a and t m a all a e a - a ll , on Sou h lsh co st so for h , y not indic t ro d m king e some of them ind eed might b e me morial Slabs rather than mileston s . But e e a the ae e e e e e effe e e and e e th y prov th t pl c s wh r th y occur w r ctiv ly h ld , th s e the places includ coasts and the northern frontier .

5 3 59 r ee olo ia merset . A cn 1 1 f . S o g , lix, 3 , i , 3 39 00 N C an . se h th r . 1 uns . 1 ff. 4 xv, 9 5 , pp 43 3 61 It is not m oss b e that the m o ta ce of Lo o n the fo t h ce t em has z e ece t b the i p i l i p r n nd n I ur n ury, p i d r n ly y

s e o aﬁne o e r s s 1 2 . Vii was i n some meas e co f m a ea Ar as A etéu e F o an e Pa , 4 , 4 , pl ) , ur di v ry g ld d l n r r ( , l r g ri 9 , i 5 - s ts due to the silver mi ning activity necessitated by the requirements of the Gauli h min . 61“ Eumen us P ane . Constant i o Caesar i i . g , xxi “3 mi s 2 cf. Z os s Am an xv m . u , iii, , 3 i u , iii , 5

2 2 ROMANO - BRITISH CORNWALL

e a e This prosp rity did not l st . B fore 3 5 0 the Emp eror Constans had to the a e and e a the A e cross Ch nn l driv b ck Picts . ft r 3 69 aid was often and e e ee e and as te t the a mor urg ntly n d d , coins s ify , British Vill s then began to b e a a e as a e b e a e and the b ndon d uns f , or to pill g d burnt . In obscurit y which soon a ee the Of a the t the a f lls d p on history Brit in , s ory of c rgo of ti n in the early e e e a e a ee s v nth c ntury illumin t s Cornw ll . It s ms to Show that tin mining was a e e e at t d a can e still c rri d on h r his y. It b set besid e other facts which suggest a the - e t or n f th t south w s c ep p Britain re main ed free from the Violence of the a a a was a e ffe ea e e a e and at e e the t a t b rb ri ns , or bl to o r gr t r r sist nc , th h r r di ion the a e a e e a e a Of the a of Rom n Empir l st d long r th n in oth r p rts isl nd . But more probably this Should b e attribut ed to the geographical character and 63 a a the a e position of Cornw ll th n to tin tr d . The e e the a e e tin grounds occupi d or work d by Rom ns , if work th m th y e e e e a : the e a ea and e ea e did , w r thos of w st Cornw ll P nwith r , possibly som n r r ’ the La the e a e a e the P or thlune a e nd s End , H lford v ll y , C mborn , Truro , y v ll y , e e and a e a e a t t e e e th Fow y C m l v ll ys . E s of h s two riv rs Roman re mains ar e e a and a a a ea l ess num rous . D rtmoor E st Cornw ll pp r to have been n eglected a he m edi zev al e e e t the . t he t e e t t by Rom ns In p riod , how v r, tin of h s dis ric s was ee e a ee a e e a the ea e e ae a fr ly work d ; it is s id , ind d , th t in g n r l rli st m di v l e e the D a t e and a the a t e e e e workings w r in r moor r gion , th t f r h r w st th s workings ”A a the a e e ar e The a e e a a li e from D rtmoor l t r th y . prob bl xpl n tion is that the e ea e a a e e the b e e m an rich st str m d posits , which n tur lly w r ﬁrst to work d by , e e e the e e e e e a la ea t he a and a w r thos of xtr m w st ; th y lso y n r to co st, tr nsport e e e e a e e e the m edi ze l a e was ea . va thus sy But possibly th y w r xh ust d b for g , and it be came n e cessary to work th e l ess accessible stream and alluvial d eposits the ea AS e e e ea e b e e e e to st. th s in th ir turn c s d to productiv , it would b com worth while to work over once more the Old areas and even to follow from the a e the a a e e e a surf c lluvi l d posits , though prop r und rground mining is com e paratively mod ern d evelopm nt . few e a e Of the d etails Of this tin mining we know nothing . A obj cts h v The a e e a e been discovered in ancient streamworks . ccounts of th ir prov n nc u e e a we e e e e are far too vague to teach us m ch . In g n r l poss ss no kind of vid nc a has ee e e that these streamworks ar e Roman in origin . Cornw ll b n turn d ov r A e and e e e and and over during t he Middle g s in mod rn tim s by tin min rs ,

a a e a e e wa e e é . e e Roman remains m ay e sily h v m d th ir y into r c nt d bris Mor ov r, e e a the exact circumstances of the ﬁnds ar e very seldom report d . Obs rv tions a ar e have still less ofte n been mad e by compete nt p ersons . If our ccounts — a a “ a e a r e a was a e at . corr ct , p Rom n coin found in tin min M lp s Rom n coins i n the a a e e e e of the ﬁrst ce ntury were found C rnon works , p wt r v ss l of prob lle“‘ Hallivi ck ea . A uste ably late Shap e was dug up in tin works at n r St

a “3 b h th c t one of the most acti e of the Roma tin a eas , co ta s m It is noti cea le t at the P enwi oun ry, v n r n in ny e a e e s and oma ces tho h - be e e f om the me , possible Arthurian place names whi c h seem not to d riv d r di v l l g nd ug ‘ ,r’ n e e H sto In Co i sh Place names Ro al Cornwall the e is oth to Sho how old the are . i ry rn , y r n ing w y J nn r f r .

Ta o Celti c Cér zstzanzt i n Cornw. T . rn xIx 6 If. d Ro al I nst . Cornw. ou . , y P ol te n c S oc . 1 1 2 an y cé i 9 , y f 4 yl r

2 0 if. s Haverﬁeld Roman Occu ati on o B r i tai n ( 1 24) . 7 6 2 f c . a o p ( 1 9 1 ) p . 1 9 ; f l p f 9 3 3 “ 2 . 7 . 0.H. Cornw. , i 54 0 “4 h 8 8 1 0 2 b ut hi s acco t Is not e relIable . See Nut/ . S o tt S lna Ant i ua I st ana Exete . , , r , y g ( r pp un v ry t

ks see Bo ase . 1 1 7 . 0. H. Cornwall 1 re-Roma Ob ects fo st eam o , , 3 , , , ff. For cm . 1 0 . 1 ” 7 , pp 4 5 , p n j und in r w r rl p 9 ’ he Late Ce ti c a m et fo at Trenoweth see ste l . For t , b b S t . A s .v . n 1 a o e and . 2 e o 3 56 a d p . 5 v , p 4 l w u l l r l und

ser . 2 . Arcéeeolo ia 1 P r oc . S oc. Anti , , 4 3 g xvi , 3 ) IV ? 64“ ' Pe te a Ruthern BrId e St . B a St . Ewe . i dk c . aso I anivet , g , , o Halli i l , n n ury n See Ind ex s?v . Ca ; w , rn n, f 2 3 A ' HISTORY OF CORNWALL

e e e e e b e e and SO . (fig . forth It is not unlik ly that th s stat m nts may tru . But without the means of testing them ' we can hardly make them the basis of e a e s precis rgum nt . Nor is it permissible to fill the gap by adducing the large number of uninscribed blocks of tin that have occurred in e e e Cornwall, as if th y w r ‘ ’ a e e e Rom n . Pi c s of J ws ’ e as e Hous tin , it is styl d , b e e can , cit d from most tin - bearing parts of 65 a Th e i n Cornw ll . scribed block in P en z an c e M us e um oft e n cited as Roman is almost e ' e e c rtainly m di val , or a e The e e l t r . d vic on it bears no resemblance to a a nything Rom n , and is exactly like some of R . HALLIVI CK ST A S : TI N OR P SS L FI G . 1 R V 3 , NEA . U TELL EWTE E E the known marks of F O STREAMWORK 1 NOW B R S M S M D 7 9 3 , . UN IN A IN IN THE ITI H U EU m a n M D R m edl v l 8 d mod ern D M R O I . M H H I N. 1 N EIG T, 43 ; IA ETE AT THE UTH , 5 } ; IA ETE AT 8 a n e S . 1 e h e BAS 2 m . I t E, 3 ( upp , m rch nts w st Th e astra a country . g loid block dredged up in Falmouth Harbour and preserved in Truro 66 e . 1 2 re e e e e e i ts Mus um (fig ) is ally undatabl , and until som d finit crit rion of age is discovered we must content ourselves with the confession that it may b e a e we the e se e a e of Had . A w of any g nd must do sam ith v r l oth r ingots tin . we and e e of e e e e s e abundant c rtain r mains Roman mining , th s own rl s , undatabl

e e e b e c e e . e b e e pi c s, might xcusably onn ct d with it Th y cannot adduc d to prove I t . the e e was the a Finally, q u stion aris s , what civiliz tion of Cornwall in e ? The e e c e Roman tim s abundanc of lat oins prov s a population , but it con tr a ts the t e e s e e fe are s curiously with paucity of o h r r lic . Indications of s ttl d li W e ee l e few. e Tr e ear hav s n that such occur only at Plymouth , g (for a imit d e a Bosence a e e t e e p riod) , P dstow, ( lso , p rhaps , for a limit d im ) , and pr sumably Ca ea The S m en e e e on m Br . coins how that must hav liv d in oth r parts of e e and e f and e . of r t Cornwall But of th ir hous s habits, th i com or w alth and ' e e m e n ee e a e r w . duc tion , v n of th ir bu ial custo s , k ow nothing It has , ind d , been conj e ctured that the y dwelt in the beehive huts and subterranean cham bers and h ut-circles that can still b e traced on Cam Brea and on the downs of e The e e ee s e w st Cornwall . conj ctur may s m to Obtain om conﬁrmation from

“ the cases where Roman remains have been discovered within these rud e ‘

a e U e e e are not e a e one . vill g s . nfortunat ly , th s so w ll substanti t d as could wish

e Un ee i s the e c e a e . e Chap l y, in Sancr d , probably only auth nti at d inst nc Els where we are d ealing with coins that may well b e secondary to the barrow or

“5 He oo Ro al I nst . Cornw. oam . 2 1 . nw d , y of f iv, 5 f 5 6 I s v S St . a es and Trereife . ee ndex . . M w ROMANO - BRITISH CORNWALL

e e e dw lling in which th y occur , or with potsh rds of which the Roman date i s e The - v ry doubtful . pit villages the mselves also provid e an argument against 6 A e . e a e ee e a e e e 6 this Vi w Many of th m h v b n xcav t d , sp cially those on Dartmoor and the - e C m a ea. t the e hut circl s on Br But , wi h xception of a coin Of V es asI an a - e Cam e a a e p found in hut circl on Br a , fr gm nt of Roman glass and 67 e e a - e at and a e som potsh rds in hut circl Morvah , possibl Roman bead found W e Ok e Da a e e a e e at at rn on rtmoor, also in circl , th y h v yi ld ed no Roman e the - O e l r mains and bj cts g gtualy discovered date from an age long before 68 the . the e a the a e Of the ee Roman On oth r h nd , p rall l , w ms in southern a e a e a the e e e e Scotl nd t lls r th r in f vour of conj ctur . Th s weems ar e e a ea e O e ea e and e e e subt rr n n hous s , ft n of gr t siz , r s mbling th und erground e of e ee Of if e hous s Cornwall in d gr civilization , not in structural d tails . In e f the ee e e sev ral o w ms th r have been found bits of Samian , and in two cases e e a e 69 ston s with undoubt d Rom n dr ssing . Possibly a solution of the difficulty ma b e a f e d the e a ea a e a y found in urth r stu y of subt rr n n ch mb rs of Cornw ll . e ee a are O e a the a . e ma e a a Som , it s ms pl in , far ld r th n Rom ns Oth rs y, on x min e to b e e a e e e a e i e the tion , prov cont mpor ry with th m , or v n l t r . H th rto ' e a at e a has ee e a e Dartm oor and principal xc v ion of such r m ins b n und rt k n on , e e a a an b ut a a a a o ula this r gion , unoccupi d in Rom n d ys by y nom d p stor l p p 0 e e e e e a e e e e 7 tion , has yi ld d no vid nc suit bl to our pr s nt purpos . the a a the e e e Of Thus inh bitants of Cornw ll in Roman p riod , lik thos e e e e e the a a e e the Scotland , w r littl influ nc d by Rom ns . Prob bly v n in fifth e e a was off the e the e t e had not c ntury , wh n Brit in cut from r st of Empir , h y arrived at the Stage when life in towns or country houses could b e conducte d e e e Yet was e e a a a with ease or advantage to th ms lv s . it just h r th t Rom n tr di e e Dam nonia the e e a e tions surviv d long st . in fifth c ntury b c m a kingdom e e e a e and a e e e e Gwledi e whos rul rs bor Rom n nam s c ll d th ms lv s g or Emp ror , and were sufli ci ently Romanized and cultured to re gard the Saxons as b ar b ari ans has ee e a the e a t e a e it b n surmis d th t usurp r, Const n in III , who m d him 7 0A am nonia The e far e e of a was the a e D . s lf rul r G ul , of roy l hous of r ason is not ee was a e a e a to s k . Cornwall prob bly immun , or lmost immun , from S xon or Irish r aid erg and pirates who assailed the rest of the island ; it was too distant e e the Damnonia for the one and Offered too littl hop of booty to , ee a e e e a e Of e e e ee the ind d , must h v b com hom r fug to thos fl ing from bar a e a e a a e e e Of the b rian . But b c us civiliz tion had adv nc d so littl in this corn r

66 “ B a . R . Information from Mr . urn nd “7 he ames me t o e . 2 f. e t See Index p . 3 und r n n i n d “8 e e an ot e a es s c h as Tra rain Law Scot a , and mme ea Abe , d h Even the fortiﬁed vill g , u p in l nd Ki l n r rg l r R a s s Roma o aces Waes hose o at o h e the e h ts t afﬁcke th the om , g pl in l , w p pul i n w il living in ir rud u r d wi n u in n ew R a h Co al ess Cam B ea Is an exam e, but he e e f om B s otte etc . d o n ot occ y riti p ry, , ur in rnw l unl r pl r v r n o S cotland 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 20 and b h b For Tra rain Law see P roc . S oc . Anti . , 4 , 9 , o j ects ave een found . p , q f 9 5 9 - l 20 1 2 1 . 0 for Ca W W ee e C mmroaor i on S oc. Trans . 1 , fo l ow ea s for aes Dr . h 9 9 pp 4 rn l ing y r ; l , l r in y — 6 . nI nst . 1 8 B ea see aso R s B nan Trans . P l mout r , l ur d of y 9 5 - 6° P roc . S oc. Ant . S cot . 1 1 e . 28 0 . S cotland i n P a an Times : ti e I ron A , 7 , 7 ; os . e so 3 V J And r n, g g pp 9 II

don 1 6 1 . v 1 0 8 P r oc. S oc. Ant . Lon iii , , 47 3 ; , iv,

7 sso averﬁeld 1 0 1 06 . ° b o Huccab Ho se P ceto , to P ofe H , 5 , Lette s f om Mr . Ro e t Bumand f , 9 9 r r r y u rin wn r r ” “ 70‘ The Ro a Ho se of Damnonia Ro al Cornea. For survival of Romaniz ed princes see Jenner y l u , y

2 8 0 ff. te oc Haverﬁeld Roman Occu ati on o B r itai n ( 1 24) . P ol cl ni c S . 1 1 f 9 p y 9 9 ; p 0 0 e I s monastImsm and 71 Wh h attack it was mo e the at e of m ss o s to t o c h en the Iris did , r in n ur i i n In r du ri “ te th and ea 6th h h h en e The I sh Imm at o s to Co a the a s y revivify the Britis C urc . J n r ri igr i n in rnw ll in l rl ” S Haverﬁeld S omerset Arcl . and Nat . Hi st . oc. S oc. 1 1 . See aso o al Cornw. P ol tecl ni c Centuries, R y y 9 7 l an Occu ati on o B ritai n 1 2 . 2 6 ff. P r oc. x x i x v and Rom f ( 9 4) p 7 l iv, x x ii, xx ii ; p 25 ‘A HISTORY OF CORNWA LL

e en if e ee , e r e island , Romanization , v it had tak n root or b n introduc d by

fu ees was e e . e e e g , doom d to p rish Only traditions and l g nds surviv d to form the subj e ct-matter Of later romantic The o ne inheritan ce of Roman and a was . e e Cornw ll Christianity , this was possibly not continuous But , v n if too e e the f e e e ewe the e e va it , , d clin d in ﬁ th c ntury, it was asily r n d in gr at r vi l t e e e e e e of Celtic Christianity in h sixth and s v nth c nturi s . It r mained in close w A c I e a and S W e e e a e touch ith rmori a , r l nd , outh al s v n ft r Cornwall was cut Off from E ngland and Wales by the advance of the Saxons in the late si xth e a e the d and the . e c ntury It sh r d missionary work in Englan on Contin nt . The names of Cornish churches still bear Signiﬁcant witness to Cornish stead a e the a for the C elti c sai nts e e e ee e e f stn ss in f ith , patron hav n v r b n r plac d by ~ e . e e e e ha e e Latin saints as in oth r parts of England . For ign l m nts v ver pen e “ tr ated a e e f e e but slowly into Cornw ll, that land wh r ragm nts of forgott n

e e t . as e e e e p opl Thus it is that this coun y, no oth r, pr s rv d to a a e d a a e e re- n - n l t y British tr ditions, wh th r p Roma , Roman , or post Roma .

AN A DD I T I ONA L NOT E ON THE I LESTONES A ND OA DS or ORNWA LL 5 . M R C .

ea e e ffe e the o u It is cl r that Cornwall , hith rto bar ly a ct d by Roman cc pa

was A . D . 2 0 e e a the tion , about 5 sudd nly brought into clos cont ct with Roman AS the e e e m o A world . to natur of this contact th r is no roo for d ubt . part 7 4 ee e r e f e S e from thr or four a thworks which , to judg rom th ir hap , may b e e a e et b e e possibly t mporary camps , but h v y to prov d Roman , Cornwall contains no military remains Whatever ; nor is there in the county a single town

Of a e . e e e ee or Villa Rom n typ But th r is a gr at quantity of coin , all con n ’ r a ed e ee e and La e Of t t . b tw n Fow y nd s End , and almost all w st Truro This of e a the e - a of the e e profusion coin r c lls w ll known ho rds M ndip r gion , and e a e the e a e a e e e i nto ' a must b scrib d to sam c us . In both c s s mon y cam district to pay for som ething that was going out of it and in the case of Cornwall this We an e a a 2 0 a e e e e the was . c a tin thus inf r th t bout 5 , or v ry littl arli r, Rom ns

' e the e and e e as a m onO Ol the a took ov r tin min s work d th m crown p y, y h ving

e ex e the a e and e e e e at Tr e ear . ee hith rto , c pt for isol t d t mporary xp rim nt g , b n e Of e a e left in th hands th n tiv s . as a e a The e But this w pur ly industri l occupation . country was xploited e e e i T e w . h ar e for its tin , but not oth r is touch d by Roman civil zation hoards e e r e he e e a e . a t e s ldom found in conn xion with structur l r mains wh n th y , r mains ar e e Of e a e a e The a e a e e e a the Of thos rud n tiv Vill g s . s m ppli s g n r lly to ﬁnds

a e e and . N e one e e e isol t d coins , potsh rds , so forth or do s any nativ villag yi ld a the e e at e ea a e e m ny such ﬁnds , with xc ption of that St . Minv r n r P dstow, wh r the O e are e an me The e e at B osen e Roman bj cts vari d d nu rous . littl arthwork c

7 2 - Mr . e e on some oss b e A th a ace ames West Pe th ou n. o Ro al I nst . Cornw J nn r p i l r uri n pl n in nwi in y r f y . ” - 6 If and H sto Co sh P ace ames Ro al Cornw. P ol tecéni c S oc. 1 1 2 . xix, 4 ; i ry in rni l n , y y 9 ’ 73 - For Ch st a and ost Roma Co a see M r . Hen en e s o ks me t o e above ; and ri i n p n rnw ll, ry J n r w r n i n d , r Ha e e - T . Ta o Celti c 0nistiani t i n Garaw. The Ch st a tombsto e at and th Chi Rho yl r, y ri i n n yl , Phi ack Ch ch ma co cei ab ate f om befo e the Roma e ac at o the are ho e e obab in ll ur y n v ly d r r n v u i n ; y , w v r, pr ly

ate and ha e been a ea sc sse er the h ea of Ea Ch stia Mo me ts 7 . 0.H . Cornw. l r, v lr dy di u d und d rly ri n nu n , i ,

o r r aanJ Nat Hi st . S oc . i i . 0 1 2 20 . See also Haverﬁeld S me set A c . . 4 9 , 4 , 4 lxiv, xxx i , xxxv ii

74 - N .E the o e cam ea erthen The a e e u a cam ea G am o O . S . six ch b M l rg , irr g l r p n r r p und , in lviii , d u l p n r , “

e a a at G W l .E . oss the ea t o k ea Carw thenack . t s c m rambla ear e o N b h l i S .W h m ll i xxv i, ; p n ndr n , xxv , ; p i ly r w r n r y , - r w. 6 6 o e of t ese are marke Roman . e s e 7 . . o n h on th same sheet . In the ea th o k s ct o C H C 8 r w r i n ( i , 7 ) n n d 26

A HISTORY OF CORNWALL

i h and 1 in. wid e : the i nscri i on ic i s not d ee cut b ut e h g 5 pt , wh h ply quit e e runs as fo ows l gibl , ll IMP [c] DONO MA RC CA SSI A NI O I mp(er ator i) Do(rnino) N o(str o) Mar c(o) Cassianio [Latinio P ostumo piofel(ici) aug (usto)]

3 TO the e e L M s Cassiani us Lati ni us s Emp ror C sar our ord arcu Postumu , ’ t n e pious, for u at , august . the e the e f e has ee e off the From last lin inscrib d ac b n ﬂak d , and though re o the a e i s e the e e are a e n storati n of n m c rtain , concluding pith ts prob bl o ly . An almost exact duplicate of this ston e was the lost mileston e found on the e e e and e e the a the e bord r of Carmarth nshir Br cknockshir , on ro d from Ga r to 7 9 L a The e e a a e the e l nio . only oth r pigr phic l r lic of Postumus in Britain is titl Postumiana e a e the Da a at Bi r d oswald the , twic ppli d to ci n cohort , on Roman 3 ° Wa e t e e e The rea e e h N . ll , on ston s in now vanish d aworth coll ction B g ston is therefore the only surviving inscription in Britain dating from the long e the e e e a S and r ign of Vigorous and succ ssful usurp r who h ld Brit in , pain , a 2 8 26 G ul from 5 to 8 .

The a e S e e e e and 1 0 e 8 . ff 3 . Tint g l ton is d scrib d abov (p . figs , I di r from ’ Haver eld 8 ea b the a of an L VA e 2 fi r ding only y ddition to his in lin (fig . A row of dots above line 1 represents a roughly-picked rule such as exists above the e of the s e e 2 A L are e and e first lin St . Hilary ton . In lin , and ti d follow d S e e e e e the e has a e by a top som what r s mbling a c nturial mark ; in lin 3 cutt r , ft r LI C e e C e and e e e e the , b gun a s cond in rror, l aving it incompl t has continu d e the e The the N e the e word lat r in lin . last stroke of is crowd d on to v ry arris the e ea the e e e the a of ston . In r ding ston it is n c ssary to distinguish Rom n chiselling from marks of a different character mad e by sharpening pointed m eme e i pl nts in later ti m s . The text appears to run G(aesar i) G(aio) 7 al(er i o) L icin(i o) ’ e e e a a e TO th Emp ror C s r Gaius V l rius Licinius .

AS to the fﬁ of the e a Galeri us we ea the di culty nam G ius or , if b r in mind e a e O e e e ea e e e a xtraordin ry rrors which ft n occur on mil ston s , it is sy to b li v th t the G e a e at the e was e t a e the is a simpl mist k , and th cutt r doing his b s to n m

e L the e a e . Emp ror icinius, cont mporary of Const ntin

a a e A Tr etheve the e the e e e S t . 4 . t y, sit of r put d monast ry of Pir n , mil and af e of e e a e . 6 . 1 2 a h l ast Tintag l , is a sq uar d gr nit column 4 ft in high , to 1 in and 1 0 has ee e as a a e and e 4 . broad , in . thick . It b n us d g t post , two dow l holes for the insertion of hinges have bee n sunk in the inscribed face ; the - s one has e Off at the e e Of the e e e .the of the t crack d l v l upp r dow l hol , and top n The St e t the can a a to e . 6 I . on is los , but loss h rdly mount mor than 5 in or remaind er of the Stone is now carefully preserved by being cemented into a paving against the wall Of the house n ear whi ch i t was found in 1 9 1 9 by

M W ee e e a e w . e r r. . . . B Harris (ﬁg It was s n , som tim ft r ards, by Mr H n y e e W e e e e e as a a es o e J nn r and Sir . Flind rs P tri , who r cogniz d it Rom n mil t n , en e and i t i s to th e latter that I owe my ﬁrst information as to its exist c .

79 C r I Lat . Vi i 1 1 6 1 . o pus nscrip . ,

bi Vii 8 20 8 22 . I . d , , 28 ROMANO - BRITISH CORNWALL

DIUI STANT"

L ROM M STO FI G . 1 . T . H L RY ROM M L S O 1 . T : FI G . 4 INTAGE AN ILE NE " 5 S I A ? AN I E T NE

ET H EY : ROM M S O E M M S ON FIG. 1 . TR EV L 1 6 . BR AG : RO N 7 FI G . E E A ILE T E AN I E T N A HISTORY OF CORNWALL

The w and e e e e es can inscription is shallo much mor w ath r d , but four lin b e ea w e i e e are ta a e e w e e r d ith c rta nty, and th r unmis k bl trac s of t o oth r lin s, at the e end e e t e e e e C DOM I N A L LOET b ginning and r sp c iv ly . Th s r ad G V OLVS , that is [I mp(er ator ibus)] G(aesar ii us) Domi(nis) N (ostr is) Gallo cc Volus [iano

the e n To Emp rors Ce sars our Lords Gallus and Volusia us .

The C the end of e I a a e e a s as at lin is too f int for bsolut c rt inty, but it look if ‘ e 1 I M P C e e as a e SO an lin had run . This , r gard d a plur l , is incorr ct but , in y e DOM I N w e e we e as ea Domi nis n ostr is cas , is , h th r und rstand it r ding ( ) ( ) or ’ d omin is ostr is a e e e e e e e e The n a a th u . ( ) , lt rn tiv s qually discr dit bl to c tt r s styl e e e e the e b e e e a the t xt is, how v r, cl ar ; nor would sol cism r mov d by d ting

e 2 1 e Volusian was et e the of A s. ston to 5 , wh n not y rais d to rank ugustu e w e the e b e 2 1 - 2 Oth r is dat would 5 5 3 .

HE OA DS T R .

‘ W e 1 Of e e e e e b e hil only nos . and 3 th s ston s w r known , it could plausibly

e e e e we e e t e at honoriﬁ c . ask d wh th r th y r mil s on s all , or only inscriptions But t e e e s e e h addition of two oth rs mak s doubt on this head almost impos ibl . Th y conform in every particular to the types of milestones usual in the late third and e e e e e ef e the e fourth c nturi s , and th r is no r ason for r using th m nam of milestones except the difﬁ culty of identifying the roads on which the y

stood .

w mile:

c onj ectu r al Roman road

othe r

FI G SK MAP S O G RO To P OR L . . ETCH H WIN AD TH EVEN

We seem to b e concern ed with two roads or groups of roads one Skirting the e Ba th e e the S e e wee the shor of Mounts y, oth r running along h lf b t n high an he - a el W e d the e e e is moors d t c liff top n ear Tint g . ith r gar to form r, th r a - ea e . a e straight road , now disus d , running from St Hil ry south astward for n rly ea e u six miles to the harbour at Porthleve n (ﬁg . It is trac bl througho t e as its e b e and e St . ar e l ngth y lan s or footpaths, b yond Hilary signs of it Visibl 3 0 ROMANO - BRITISH CORNWALL

far as - Ludgvan . Ludgvan is on the bord ers of the Old tin mining area of e and e e the a 8 1 e a . P nwith , Porthl v n is first s f n tural harbour along the south ’ t a coas , starting from L nd s End . If Penwith ti n had to b e shipped along the a and the w ’ south co st , if sailors did not ish to double the Land s End on every v a e e e was the e a e a e e N oy g , Porthl v n b st h rbour th y could h v chos n . 0 Roman re mains have bee n found here ; but it is tempting to conj ecture that the e e St . Hilary mil ston marks a road by whi ch tin was regularly brought from Lu and e i rt e e dgvan b yond , tofl conv ni nt port . The e at e e the Old a a e ston Br ag is on ro d from Mar zion to H lston , but though this is certainly a very old road there is nothing about it that suggests e and e ma a Roman lin , this ston y possibly mark another road connecting e e the e e Porthl v n with int rior, this tim with a mining district outsid e the e e P nwith p ninsula . That there were other routes for the carrying of tin in south-western a b e e A a a 8 2 Cornw ll can hardly doubt d . str ight tr ckway l eading from the Camborn e district to the natural harbour of Hayle is marked as an old road m of e e ma e b e a e the in aps two hundr d y ars ago , and this y w ll Rom n ; furth r, various hoards found on the banks of the Helford ri ver point to the probability of at a e ee Roman ports such pl c s as Gw k . When we turri to the Tintagel area the facts ar e far hard er to interpret a e Tr etheve ar e ea e plausibly. Tint g l church and y n rly two mil s apart by a if a S a as the e and e road which , not str ight , is as tr ight ground p rmits , two mil s beyond Tr ethevey such a road might either come down to the sea at Boscastle or strike inland and aim by easy ways at Exeter ; or it might follow the e a a a e e e e e a e an mod rn m in ro d to Str tton . But th r is no vid nc th t it do s y of these things ; and why a Roman road should have come to Tintagel at all I Ca see We can a e a the a e e nnot . h rdly suppos th t Rom ns w r constructing a a a c a the e e : if , e oastal ro d from n ighbourhood . of Bud to th t of P dstow for, so th y e o th e e a e ff would not hav brought it out t v ry brink of Tint g l cli s , but would a we have cut Off the corn er by keeping nearly a mile away inl nd . And cannot suppose that the Tintagel mileston e has been brought far from the place e e a e the wa a e e e e wh r it was found . Tint g l is not on y from nywh r to anywh r a I t a neither is it a natural terminus for any ro d . is not good harbour ; its only e a a e and if the a e f a valu is its milit ry v lu , Rom ns had wish d to forti y this co st a sea- a e the e Of the e e e e gainst r id rs in middl third c ntury, th y might hav fortifi d a e e e e the a e wa . a e e Tintag l in s m y in which , c ntury or mor l t r , th y fortifi d a - e a e e has ee e e and Sc rborough . But hith rto no Rom n fortifi d sit b n found h r , a in gen eral the Roman occupation Of Cornwall is strikingly unmilit ry . A small Roman earthwork which appears to b e a signal-station of the Yorkshire e e the a coast typ e was explore d some years ago by Mr. St . G org Gray on co st 8 3 and e a e a a e of North D evon n ear Lynton ; this impli s th t oth rs w it discov ry ,

- - a a the a e Of the a e e e S a . for signal st tion , in n tur c s , involv s oth r ignal st tions far as we e e S - a e the e But so know, th s ignal st tions b long to lat fourth e we a e a e e e e a c ntury , and can hardly ssum th t th y w r b ing built in Cornw ll 2 0 about 5 .

8 1 e bt as to hethe Po thle e was a safe at a ha bo Roma times, Mr . Jenner e presses som ou w r r v n n ur l r ur in n x d .

he s ests Loe Poo as an ate nati e . though no doubt there was always acreek of some sort there ; ugg l l r v ‘2 b He e e to hom I am e bte for m ch k ass sta ce . So I am tol y Mr . nry J nn r, w in u in i n d F d d d. ‘ - 33 l i re Assoc . x i v 0 1 1 1 ans . Deoons d B ow Cam Ex moor b H . St . Geo e G a Tr , 7 3 7 7 ( 9 Ol urr p, , y rg r y, l 3 1 A HISTORY OF CORNWALL

The e -Tretheve a e e e e to m e e nu Tintag l y ro d , th r for , r mains, at l ast , an e e and one e a e e es solv d probl m , which d m nds for its solution furth r discov ri . It does not seem to b e accounted for by the require ments of the ti n trad e : it the at e for the SO- a e a e f hangs in air both nds , c ll d Roman ro d l ading rom 34 Wee St a to a and e et e k . M ry Str tton b yond is as y unprov d : and all that I can do at the mome nt is to commend the proble m to the attention of those who know the district . 6 IN EX . D

—I ta o of ffi r e o e lat i . e o I t s a t e A T R o rs as 2 e v . o L A NUN n gli gri n wing d h , B rl , p . 34 , p xx iii h rd judg ’ t s o ect om o ase s st at o but it ma e be Roma I t is as e o e e to hi bj fr B rl illu r i n, y w ll n lik ly, h w v r, a e ee ost b a mo e as b a Roma o- t s o e h v b n l d rn n ri i h wn r. — y y B B I NNA MY See St atto . . r n A R LA — e a ee B ODI N R C E L s . S e S c n r d . O M - m o n e m be a Roma o- t s s te ot Roman as een . o to es ot s e to N h B D IN B d in wn d n Bri i h i . hing b o it e ce t t ee co s a F st a of s me t o e b a o ~ o In t Cor nw ss P I R . s . f und in x p hr in ir Br iu , n i n d y g , y . 1 and a s C e sa and a es as a stated b e t 2 1 I to a e een 0ur n. . 2 V G . i7 , x 4, Juliu r p i n y ilb r , i , h v b dug 1 8 1 6 the a t a e f the AS Wa s oes not ot ce t ese two up in during p r i l r building o church . lli d n i h his B odmin R e ister o m 1 8 2 Ia o t s t at G e t ma a e co se some in g (B d in, 7 g hink h ilb r y h v nfu d ma e at T re ear see a B ut e t was t amost at the mom e t sco e o e . G di v ry d g ( b v , p ilb r wri ing l n e the c c was e t and his e e ce ma be so wh n hur h r buil , vid n y und . o m a s on the ot e a s o s se era t aces Of Roma o- t s occ atio B d in p ri h , h r h nd, h w v l r n Bri i h up n in t ct S c are an ea t o co and ots e s sco e e at T re ear its es te s . s w rn di ri u h r hw rk, in , p h rd di v r d g , 2 miles wes t o f the town ; coins discove red at R uthe rn Bridge and Pencarrow Wood ; potte ry discove red at B oscarne ; and (though just outs ide the parish bo undary) a coin and fibula found killi k a et r the e f t ee a fo r the eta s at T re c L . F o s ca c o ese s s o e . in niv ignifi n h find , b v , p 5 d il

see the S ingl e headings . m a — z e em e am a of e t and t e ts e s B OS CA R NE o s . o c e oss S rst c o o (B d in p ri h) Br n bu kl , b d i n ﬁ n ury, h r p h rd m se m ee aso o S . . in B d in Mu u . l p 5 B OCA DZ H I L — ee t st e t O e t a o P . S C S W s s S S . B A ELL ( p l l , Ju in nwi h O E — a e ee 8 B S S NS t E t a s . E t o sc e meta sa c etc . s . . B OS ENCE S . ( , r h p ri h) r hw rk, in rib d l u r, , p R — s e S to e see 2 A t o o a m e o r SO om B osence co e G . I c . . G B EA E n rib d n , p 7 d lphin, il fr , pp r co s an co e e b a S to e o A ost of the co s 8 o s in in urn v r d y n , f und pril , M in , p und in e t e e so to a ew and ost s t of t ose e am e e on e to Ga e s V cto s w igh , w r ld J l igh h x in d b l g d lli nu , i rinu ,

and T etricus and the o e oa was o t ess s m la to the Carha es oa see elo . , wh l h rd d ub l i i r y h rd ( b w) lo ia e and ate te W ta e S u le c o L o ccxx . rs . H tc s Ar hae . 2 2 ce s s i hin , g , xiv 5 (h n y n , p, v l r wri ) hi k r, pp lz e ch o o ia 8 8 me e eats r e l . ment to P olw ele Lo o . A ( nd n, p , r ly r p g 8 8 6 th e Rev R e e t the e a ce at H st oc et a co of a im n S o o P N . . S I 1 . S. undl h w d nz n i i y in M x in i t e e at W m i t e a f ea e enz ance Nat H s . o some ears o ea Vor a a et n h s o P . f und y b f r h l , h l p ri h Br g ( 8 — i i ta 8 6 W c a im s mea t s not S te . S oc R e . 1 . . p 7 , p hi h M x in n , d

e i m R o Inst. C oins are said also to have been found on T r gonning Hill in Penca r Ca p ( y. a ta i e Co nw our n. . 6 2 L e . B t the s teme t s e a . r . u 7 , ix 3 k , i n v ry v gu O Fa m t —At Pennance Fa m 0 a s om Pennance Po t and in e a C ea o . 0 BUD K (n r l u h) r , 4 y rd fr in ﬁ ld 7 34 o f the a s ma o f 1 8 1 two a o ers o Fe a 1 8 6 a oa of a o t p ri h p 4 , l b ur f und in bru ry, 5 , h rd b u nd T ras o ea T e e e s o e b lac Seco a s co s . nd hird B in , lying in r ul ux h y w r urr und d y b k matte s est e of a sac o r ba c c m e as soo as co e e and este on a e r ugg iv k g, whi h ru bl d n un v r d, r d rud f es c ere f Sto e 2 eet e o the s ace. R x o t 6 1 o t e ﬂoo o f . . F o r n , f b l w ur Mr b ugh 3 h , whi h w l ec n c S oci et th R e or t 1 86 T os . Ho o al o a l P o t h i catao e b . R C r nw l gu d y Dr h dgkin ( y ly y, 35 p , 7 ,

1 if. as o o s p . 7 ) f ll w 5 Gallienus 1 Tetricus 1 Postumus 4 Taci tus 4 Claudius Gothicus 9 P robus 1 L e lianus 1 5 2 Diocletian 2 Aurelian 1 29 Maximian 1 s 1 1 Chlorus Victo rinu 0 C . The earlie r coins are all Third B rass ; 2 third of the coins of Dioc letian and all the later Hod i n ol/e n s of L c s or Max entius occ r . m e ors are Seco rass s. As o co e p r nd B f in i iniu u , Dr gk

“4 Roma in Th h Mr . O . G . S . C a o k l te ls me that an eco e ea th o k s s ci o s oug r wf rd ind y l unr rd d r w r , u pi u ly n

a ea a e has ate bee see ea th s oa a i tt e so th of Helebrid e . pp r nc , l ly n n n r i r d , l l u g 3 2 ROMANO—BRITISH CORNWALL

s es ts t at the oa was e et ee A st and e em 6 The c e 0 . a se ce of ugg h h rd hidd n b w n ugu D b r, 3 b n c o s o f Carausius and A llectus is o te o th and z z o t f he a in n w r y pu ling . A cc un s o t ho rd are give n a so b a e Numismatic Chr onicle 1 8 6 1 8 . st of 1 c o s a t of the 6 1 a te l y M dd n, , 5 , p 3 (li 39 in , p r 3 f r ’ a s cata o e b Ho k and m oe e ﬂ the Ar ch ou n m n . r . 2 Gentle a w rd l gu d y dg in), , r bri y, in ff xxii . 3 3 ; s a az ine 1 8 6 1 R o In M . t Co n ; s . r w . our n I I I 2 I I I g , 5 (ii), 99 y y q xiv, 9 , xxx, he V . 20 1 e tc . es es t co s o ta e b F ox a few cam e to o . . to of , B id in b in d y Mr , Mr J hn Bur n, ’ m t B oase Collect Co nub a o . r f x i i F . . a co o Ma m an i t W s o e C. o a e s l u h ( , p in n d in . B rl s e a a e ata o e No a e La S C . S co ass of oc et a is Pe z a ce se m 1 2 r g n l l gu , 9 7 ; nd Br Di l i n in n n Mu u , T o se m R o I n o are . st C r nw ou n . . r etc . in rur Mu u ( y 7 . , xii . Two m o e co s 1 im ian 1 C o sta t e e e o I . 1 02 No o e x . t t r in ( Ma , n n in ) w r f und in 9 d ub h y e e 1 8 6 Anti e e o oo . uar 1 02 . w r v rl k d in 5 [ , viii . , , p — q y xxx 9 R See St . a . BU YAN . Bury n - We o A A DNA C K S"e . C LV . ndr n B O —A co of the 1 2th ea of Ne C M R . o o a a e East C a es St eet and an A NE in y r r f und in g rd n in h rl r , c o ta som e e s o f C o sta t a m os t rass but som e s e c ea urn n ining hundr d n n ini n, ly b , ilv r, in l ring an a c e t mo R os ewarne Pa Co ni Note and uer i e I a a . r sh s s . 2 w y n i n und in rk " 4 . ea See also Carn Br . OR W — ee St st Pe t CAPE C N ALL S . Ju in nwi h . A Y E —H a No em e 1 8 6 a tin e ce b sto es eec t ee Woo C A R H S . o o rd f und v b r, 9 , in jug f n d in y 3 n in B h r d a t a ee ft e o th ese a e t a o e the e e of the es t t es and o ce c . e t s c s ( n id l r k), 3 b l w pr n urf ju b v l v l high id The he e ec t o a esem e a s at c a et o a tt e est on sea sa . r ing nd jug, w n p rf , pr b bly r bl d qu l r jug h lding li l n m e a a 8 c and was sto e e t a oo e : its mate a is m o re than a i p ri l q u rt (ﬁg . ) pp r d wi h w d n plug ri l e f e tin he a o ta e a o t 2 00 T ass o f c a few e e 6 e r c t . o . T o c 9 p n pur h rd n in d b u , 5 hird Br , whi h w r he a o e the ate W ams sec e the and and T . . ate s e . pl d ilv r l nd wn r, l J M illi , ur d jug R e W Willimott te a e o f e a sse o t a o t The v . . Mr . M . Dunn, M v gi y, b ugh b u prin d bri f ’ 8 I a e s ce e am e lli m the ch our n x x vn. 1 2 20 f Wi a s s Ar . . st o . li Mr in y 4 , ; h v in x in d W am s an d had s t e t 1 8 a te s ec me s a a and whi ch Mr . illi Mr . Dunn ill l f in 99 f r giving p i n w y, ic e 2 C om the two sts we can te a st Numismatic Chr on l . 0 . prin d full li , , xx 9 bining li , o s draw up the following summary of c in . 2 Vale rian 8 Marius e 8 8 T etricus at e 1 9 2 Galli nus 7 , f h r 6 T e tricus son 1 5 Salonina 39 , 4 1 Postumus 1 84 Claudius Gothicus 2 L ze lianus 1 9 "uintillus 5 1 2 Vi cto rinus 7 A ure lian

nw our n. n Cor . 8 R o I st . 6 . e e t B r iton Nov . 2 1 The h oard is also m entio n d W s , 5 , 9 ; y y iii (iii)

B r it Ar ch. Assoc. our n. d 2 6 La e . . an . R e o t . . 20 1 ; ( p r 5 3 , pp xxi , xxix ; v , x 4 ; k , iii 343 y ms an 1 00 are sa to e at 2 1 A few co s are the T o and Pe z a c e s e , d xxxii . 5 . in in rur n n Mu u id b W o s o t e wa to Ca ff se m s ech e e I e fo r t em a . 1 20 c , 45 i b , wh r inq uir d h in v in in f und h ir y rdi Mu u t e e T e are as o o s : 1 Va e a 1 0 Ga e s 2 Salonina of whi ch can still be ide ntiﬁed h r . h y f ll w l ri n, lli nu , , i us t s 1 P o s 6 Post m s 2 a s 8 T et ricus 1 T et ricus 1 1 C a s Goth c uin illu , r bu u u , M riu , i , ii , l udiu , 3 " ' e The is st W ee . i Na S oc 1 8 o mat o om . R . E . . (Car d ﬁ t . . xi ( 79) 45 ; inf r i n fr Dr M h l r) jug ill e C em e t R e The Geolo o the Countr ar ound M ev a i sse emo at Carhayes Castl . l n id in gy f y g y (M ir ut t at the os t o of the u o es t at of the Geo o ca S e . 6 1 o ts o l gi l urv y, p , p in h p i i n j g pr v h in

- w. R oman tim es the sea level was almost the same as no

— H o A R MI NOW See e st . C . l n

— 1 See a so Nans k eval . f tin see . 0 . a dar . I sc e o C A R NA NTO N (Mawg n in Py ) n rib d pig , p l —T s eat n “ was a a e t C R R I o a a s et ee R e t and Cam o e . h pp r n ly A N B EA ( ll g n p ri h, b w n dru h b rn ) i gr I - - e es es eo t c ema s flmts and hu t C c es occupi ed in p re R oman and Roman tim s . B id n li hi r in , , ir l t e are a a e m o e of e ha s a o s ates the following obj ects conce rn this arti cle : h y rr ng d rd r p r p v ri u d , ‘ of ate so far as oss e : d , p ibl t s co s some ea some com a t e ate o 1 ) Som e 40 o r 5 0 uninsc ribed Bri i h in , rly, p raiv ly l , f und

i h Coi ns . 1 8 E a s Anc. B r i t s o ase . 2 , e 1 ea the e of the . B 5 ; , 5 , in Jun , 749 , n r ridg hill rl , p v n pp 8 8 e t o e b E a s . fo The sc e t s co of the Catt es t co t t e m y , 4 , ll . in rib d Bri i h in i (w un ry yp ) n i n d v n p

m e om Cam B ea. as found near Cambo rne abou t 1 8 6 may also c o fr r mm es t ea ed ea on one S e and a o (2) Bronz e co in (we ight gra ) wi h b rd h d id g ll ping B C 1 —1 1 o r som e ot e N m a s n the e erse s a att te to Mici sa . . 45 5 ) h r u idi n hor e o r v , u u lly ribu d p ( - Ac e f Ca t a e but somet m es ca e P c S a s . q prince late r than the des t ruction o r h g , i ll d uni p ni h uir d a B ea: now the T o late He F ox a o t 1 8 0 and sa to com e om C . e by th Mr . nry b u 3 id fr rn r in rur - m 1 2 1 1 0 ; x vn 2 1 2 ; nfo rm t on fro or nw our n. . ; , , i i In C . se m R o st . 3 Mu u [ y . 7 xii 3 , 47 xiii a ate no ec se eco e sts of the H a F ox . o t En s and . o Mr. J . D . y Mr w rd ] Unf r un ly pr i r rd xi 3 3 S A HISTORY OF CORNWALL .

' He F ox o ta e c c msta ces e c . t s co or of its e act o If ir u n und r whi h Mr nry b in d hi in x rigin . really o o n Cam ea it is the so e et sco e e et ee A caand C o a and t o f und Br , l link y di v r d b w n fri rnw ll, h ugh o a ate t a the es t ct o of Ca t a e m t easo a be co ecte t the ti n pr b bly l r h n d ru i n r h g , igh r n bly nn d wi h ’ F o r the att t o of the ee L Numi m i t ra e . co s . u e s at ue d e l anci enn d (p ribu i n in M ll r, q e i ue o e a e 1 Z o e de Z an r niz A r C . o Estudeo histor ico de a f q ( p nh g n, ii b l g l M oneda anti ua es anola 1 1 1 0 e e R ev ue Ar cheolo i ue 2 1 2 if and a e m R o ev . g p , , ; B rg r, g g xii , ; B b l , mi mati ue se r tom e I a e o te Nu s . . . . c s e e l . G o ac o a and q , iii 7 p 39 3 h v n ul d Dr rg M d n d ma a o t t s z z co O . P rof. n b u hi pu ling in ‘ ’ Se c a and co —a a e t F 1rst rass—of A st s Cae sa o (3) pul hr l urn in pp r n ly B ugu u r, f und ‘ ’ ‘ a o t 1 1 0 on a stee and fﬁ c t o os te Ca ea Cast e c had a o o s b u 7 p di ul hill pp i rn Br l , whi h pr digi u ’ it ma e t a te Hi t o n and 1 f sto es on a c . Ca s E l e ea o . . 0 ce o ase 0 h p n , d r iﬁ i lly r , f g , i 3 ; h n B rl , p . 3 7,

etc . I am not s e at Ca te m ea s et e the ot e end of Cam ea tse or ur wh hill r n , wh h r h r Br i lf, n ll r a T sta Pete s es t t m e Carnme e is o mo e o a s . s o Carnmarth , r pr b bly ( Mr hur n r ugg ) in G e a a s Ca te s s t at the sto es e e e ca te a a for a e cts 1n m es w nn p p ri h ; r ay h n w r b ing r d w y qu du in , and t e e a e ee a te a es on Carnmarth om t me mmemo a Nor can i be h r h v b n gr ni q u rri fr i i ri l . t h e e to s t it m t e o to an ate call ed certain that t e coin b long d Augu us . igh b l ng y l r empero r whose own ame had ee eface on the o e s e e his t t e A stus ema e e e B ut n b n d d bv r , whil i l ugu r in d l gibl . ‘ ’ ’ as co s of s Cae sa are sa to a e ee o a o t the same t me as t s A st s in Juliu r id h v b n f und, b u i hi ugu u , n arnmenellis o ase Anti it is o a e t at we a e e e two acco of e o C (B rl q . p . pr b bl h h v h r unts th e a We o e so . same find . S l ndr n a a f A D C o e o on the o f ena s of Ves s o . . 0 flo o a hut c c e hut (4) D riu p i n ( 7 , h n 9 3) f und r ir l ( the easte o of ts e ca ate b Pete 1 8 a Roma o r Late C e t xx . ) in rn gr up hu x v d y Mr. r in 95 ; n l ic —bula a o the sam e e ca at o s R eli uar 1 8 6 1 o n fi s . 1 0 R I t o w w . s . C r n ring f und in x v i n [ g yg 9 , pp 49 , ; y . ou 8 1 0 1 a Tr ans P mouth I nstituti on O cto e 1 1 8 rn . 2 . H V. C . . y ” xiii , 9 4, ; Burn nd, ly , b r 7 , 95 ; I t s o be a e t at acc o to a a o e Cor nw. . C s was , i , h uld dd d h , rding Mr Burn nd, rni h p nny i e t and e H ts ee aso a ov e S . 2 . o n c c . f und ir l xxxvi , wi h und r in l b , p 5 " Nea the easte end of Ca ea some co s of c 1 A to s P s a e (5 ) r rn rn Br , in ( whi h n ninu iu , l rg s z e of the a c e t ea 1 Se e s A e a e 1 Chlo rus e e e e e e o 1 i , n i n l d v ru l x nd r ; , w r l gibl ) w r f und in 744 . a e N ia 8 1 2 e 1 W . o s m . o ase . 2 G t . . C . [B rl , pp , 99 ; ilb r , i 9 7 ; B rl ,p 6 A t the oot of the to the o t a c c e a t of Roma co e c ( ) f hill n r h, in ir l , pin n pp r, in luding 1 Tetricus and 1 s Roma ate t and ea o t ce t es o t sma o z e Urb (l hird rly f ur h n uri ), f und wi h ll br n ma nd e and e e e 1 o ase nd ea of a a c co . . 2 0 a ate h d ni l hing d pi r d v r, July, 749 [B rl , pp 99 , 3 9 , pl a e N ni W o s a a . G e t . 1 . C . vii . ; ilb r , i 9 7 ; B rl , , p f a e t a S O R B I P UB LI CA E—S MTES o e 8 Go co o V I . R T T T R C 2 o (7) ld in l n ini n ( E I U , h n ) f und io 8 the o at the a e of a ea The l . a o t 1 8 2 o s C O . b u in br k b rn Br [ , iii p 1 at a la e 8 Hoa eta s eco e o e o e C ea. o s . 00 e ce ( ) rd (d il unr rd d) f und b f r 749 rn Br B r , p 3 , h n e t 1 Gilb r , i . 9 7 . I e e e t at a ot e oa has ee o the ast few ears but I a e fa e to (9) b li v h n h r h rd b n f und in l y , h v il d ta s get de il . — — We o and am No CA R NMENE LLI S MENE LEZ . A e e co s see C ea . ) ll g d in , ndr n Br , M O S e a a t a and t Feoc e o a a s es and Restron uet CARN ON STREA W RK (in P rr n rwor h l S . k (D v r n) p ri h g ’ ee —I n m e o the ate e e t e e e e o a oo e s o e a c of sta s C r k) . ining b l w w r l v l h r w r f und w d n h v l, pi k g ‘ ’ o a tin o and m o e t a t ee-sco e m ms o f T rass co s at e t s e h rn, b wl, r h n hr r ini hird B in , d p h giv n as 0 and 6 eet o r at oms acco to G e t the ate of the s or some of t em was 3 , 3 f f h ; rding ilb r d find , h , w oa 1 8 8 nd R o st Cor n . m . 1 a . 8 1 F or the co s see e t . 2 1 1 . . 1 1 . G in ilb r , i ; y In f , 44, p , v = inthill lla P odr ida 1i 1 8 1 1 2 F 8 R Sa O . . a oc oc 6 e a 1 2 . 1 2 f. . N m S . P r . 2 20 1 . ; , bru ry, 5 , p , , ( 5 3) 8 and P mouth In tit T ans 1 8 h ou n m i t La e 11. s . r . . he s o e Ar c r . cu F or t . . h v l, y 5 4 ( ) ; k , , ly v ( 73 ) 1 The co s a ea to a e ee a a o s m tat o s of Te tricus so Sainthill and s c 3 0. in pp r h v b n b rb r u i i i n ( ) u h to e ate e As st ati e of the e t of it ma be m t e o th t c t . as igh b l ng l hird n ury illu r v d p h finding, y a e t at a c c was o the Ca o St eam o s 1 8 1 2 0 eet e the t e dd d h ru ifix f und in rn n r w rk in , 3 f und r h n 8 ee rt e He oo and Co e so R o In R e o 1 . d of the e . st. Cor nw t S be . r riv r ( y p 45 , p fu h r nw d l n ,

l S oc 1 8 2 and 1 8 2 and Wo t R o al Cor nw P ol t. S oc. 2nd R e . o Cor nw Geo . . R . y . 7 9 , r h, y y 4 p m h tin i T o se . 1 8 2 . 2 a o e T e o s ( 74) 4 ; p 3—b v . b wl in rur Mu u t Pe t . C HAP EL CARN B u m See St. Jus in nwi h H P NY —See Sa c ee C A EL U . n r d — m e e AR K I E See a a ea . C HY G . M wg n M n g — o ta a few al e e Roman HYS A USTER CHYS OI STER etc . G a a s . Ea a e c C ( , in ulv l p ri h) rly vill g , n ining l g d H o nw o Tin T ade 26 . e a co to W o ase S ketch r . V. C. . C r . t s ots s c . C . Bri i h p h rd rding B rl , f , p 0 B ut o a all re-Roma : ot t at I a e see om t s s ot seems to be i, 3 7 . pr b bly p n n hing h h v n fr hi p Roma n . f He o d e — e R O O a e a s on the so th s e o . La GON O C NDUR R W St. A to e D A ( , n ny in M neg p ri h, u id lf r riv r) rg oa 2 a ons f l of sma co e co s of Co sta ti e and his fami Constant no o s and h rd, 4 g ll ul ll pp r in n n n ly, i p li 34

A HISTORY OF CORNWALL

8 l 1 8 R o al o o c i . 1 1 vo 0 1 C r nw P te hn c S c . . 2 . l . o 1 th R . 2 e . 6 xxv ( 43) 9 , v ( 7 5 ) y y , p p . 9 . T o ~ e m has o s om the a rur Mus u 4 3 c in fr ho rd ] F o r the insc ribe d sto nes at Hayl e and ac e a 6 P s e o e . 2 . ee a so 1 . S . hill k , b v , p , n 3 l p 3 — 7 H F OR R R . F 0 r co s fo on the a s of t s et see C ondo ra Co sta t e a a EL D IVE in und b nk hi inl , n n in , M wg n e ea e a a in n g , wn n . M— M Hu a ee t Ewe . m n S S .

H S O — few e ee ma e n h T . A s a o t e es t o f t s to c ma be co e e t EL N ﬁnd h v b n d w hi wn, whi h y nv ni n ly o e e e gr up d h r . ’ 1 n t e 1 8 6 o e R e M P o I c o 0 . . o s the F O , p , . . Post e 00 a s ( ) b r , Mr J J g r f und in i ld, 3 y rd - om Loe Bar and 7 m e om Carminow ma o o se som e R oma o tsh e s as n fr } il fr n r h u , n p rd , hes a d

c a coa o es o f a mas a bit of o z e and a e sto es s es t a e Ar c . h h r l, b n ni l , br n , l rg n ugg ing rud building [ . o 68 R o In t Cor nw R e or t - ur n. . 1 . s . . . C e t c oo otsh e s T o y xviii ; y p , xliii l i l king p rd in rur se m I n O cto e 1 8 6 2 he o two sto e o e s a o t 1 0 a s om the ece Mu u ] b r, , f und n v n b u 5 y rd fr pr ding, but t e a e is ce ta Ar ch our n 6 R o In t Cor nw R e o : . . . . s . . r t 1 8 6 h ir g un r in [ y xx 4 ; y p , xlv . ( 3) n 2 o ase . 00 o tes 2 s e co s o ea Pe ose 1 R e ca B i atu f ( ) B rl (p 3 ) n ilv r i f und n r nr , publi n g s o a o t 1 B C and 1 T a a e c e e t 1 R o In G . . st Cor nw o n 00 . . . u 8 . r . . 1 202 b u r j n ; h n ilb r , i 9 7 ; y 7 v ( 7 5 ) . (3) A Gree k Impe rial coin of Caracalla is said to have bee n found in Loe Pool Valley i ua 1 8 8 I t a ea to a e ee m Wester n Ant r . s te at A sta T raian [ q y, iv ( 5 ) pp r h v b n in d ugu a o r a a e Mionnet Descr de médailles anti ue e T c . s . 2 and te f. s em e t B r in hr ( q i 4 , ii . uppl n , 5 1 1 and to bear o n its reve rse a figure o f D eme te r holding ears of co rn in he r right a and ea t her e t on a o to c ac ona h nd l ning wi h l f l ng r h (G. M d ld) . — a te Hi t o n land 1 — ot tat t m O N C s . E . 0 e s es at a I G L GG . Roma co s some LL A ( U AN) r , f g , i 3 4 n , h ny n in , ce ta and o a all co e e e o a a o the e s of I o a a o t 1 1 0 r inl pr b bl pp r, w r f und in b rr w in fi ld ll g n b u . y y — 7 T his caused oth e r barrows to be ope ned and co ins to b e fo und among whi ch he saw coins of a a na L c a T e eem la e a Ha P s L . e s F st b C s N V . es s to e the ol udiu , rv , dri n, iu , ru , u i , u ill h G vadnek co s see W e o F o r Ca ea c is t s a s see t at ame in ; ndr n . rn r , whi h in hi p ri h , h n . — B KARN See Carn n t K ew a s es R oma cam ma e E o a e a d . . s . NE com a S O S. e Ia o KELLY ( gl h yl p ri h ) n p ( rk d xxv ) ; p r g , o In t o n our n 2 and ate 2 ac ea ate C r w. . . 0 . T e e e m R . s . s e s no easo y y x 3 pl ; M l n , i pl xii h r r n to a it Roma c ll n . ‘ ’ — l as at a ee co ecte t Pto em s K enion Some ea t W Tll s h . o e KEN YN . n ur lly b n nn d wi h l y r hw rks xist e e E but no R oma ema s a e ee o A nd the m a t f e . S . s o th a c e t h r lvii ), n r in h v b n f und i il ri y n i n m a i too e and ode rn n mes s clos . S —See Pa RR . KE I ul . LA NDA I DDY — ee o e o V P . . S lp rr ’ L ND —ee e e AND S E . S S nn n . ‘ L H ROC —Ei ll t T h rass co s o a o t 1 8 0 and e to T r o e m o . s : R AN YD K g ird B in f und b u 4 , giv n ur Mu u y . r In t or n our n 2 1 ee a so La e . C w. . . . S s . 7 xi 4 l nliv y — f a a A D 8 killi k e co o es s . C o e 2 1 o r 1 6 o L T At T re c s V . 2 1 8 ANIVE . , ilv r in p i n ( 7 , h n 5 ) f und 7 3 in z a R o In t or nw our n C . . 2 . 22 1 nd o A so a o e . . s . a ates pl ughing. l br n fibul [ y y q viii 9 , x 4, 45 , pl R a o our n 2 2 1 m e t o s a eat tc e o f in T see a o e . I . . t o , , b v , p g , y x , n i n gr pi h r full f und in k et he s eem s to t Roma ee a m d a st reamwo r ea La c . S so o an , n r niv , whi h hink n l B d in p . 5 . L R —A ate R oma was o t s a s ea Pe te 1 m e om L ost t e ANLIVE Y . l n urn f und in hi p ri h n r nq ui , il fr wi hi l . i nd u t Roma ots e s sc e CA M O and M W o ase Neen a 2 2 a c . E NI L . C . . VE [ B rl , p 9 ] n p h rd in rib d . ILL t R rm el t e M t o are a to ee ea a es to Cas . S es S c o f A t s a e o . . e id h v b n f und n r, l [ Minu n iq , 7 Jun , ’ m i m e M eniln e t Ca e s B r itann a . 20 ss ae 1 2 ce Go A s . o I f 79 ; h n ugh, dd d n i , i p lling m a ee m ea Sa a t ese eces h e s . i n, h pi v b n i r d A sma ma e te m eta t c se He e ette s is sa to a e ee o ll i g in whi l , wi h in i d br w l r , id h v b n f und n i I t seems e o es t o f r 1 8 on B odwe n oo a d s now at La oc . a ate in 5 3 M r, nhydr k b y nd q u i n l r o In o n ou a c ou 1 2 R st C r w. r n he R oma e o . Ar h r n. . . . 22 2 e t t . A h n n p ri d y xix 7 ; y y q xiii ; ll n, Hi t o Li hea d 2 am e te to Lo C e fo r an o o t s r . . I t of s . f p 7 ind b d rd lifd n pp r uni y e am the o ect x ining bj . L S OS — ee P o e o S . AN ALL . lp rr L CES TO —T ee co s a e occured e e : o ne Ves as a and one om t a o the AUN N . hr in h v h r p i n D i i n f und in a s o f an old o se and a t I VLI a o e e e o d a a t the c c w ll h u , hird ( l n l gibl ) f und in igging v ul in hur h . l l e 1 etc A P Ro s Launc n 6 e o whe e 1 t . . . e to a o a e h e . P . 02 G s P s s . 0 c t [B rl , p 3 ; n , i ; ilb r , i 9 7 , ] bbin and ent 1 8 8 6 a that ea a o h e Easte R oa was ma e a ot e c P r es . s 0 s o ( 4 , p ) dd 5 y r g w n rn d d , n h r in ’ T s is not s ffi c e t to o e h b ea the ma e and s e rsc t o of C msar was o . t e ring , i g up rip i n , f und hi u i n pr v m - te a o e . 2 . ace a Ro a o t s s . See pl n Bri i h i b v , p 7 ’ L S R —The ot o t at L skea was a Roma o - t s s te ca e L e io o r Sebasta a te a I KEA D . n i n h i rd n Bri i h i ll d g , l r ’ nd is a m e e a c m a e le io o r the e a es om a e ea e to o f Pto em a . See g , lik , d t fr v ry rly di r l y, r f n y y p p r 8 ra of R m ema s has e e e o e h our n 2 . No t ce o a e e Ar c . . r in y lx. 5 n r in v r b n f und h . 36 ROMANO - BRITISH CORNWALL

o a P 00 L — ee He sto no L . S . . l n , 3 wr E L —T o e Ux ella b am e Los r m . ca C o ase and ot e s and Voliba b Ho sle r h ugh ll d y d n, B rl , h r , y r y , 8 the a e a B r i tanni a R omana . c h s e e no Roma ema s and the ma s of a t t , p 3 7 , pl yi ld d n r in , rk n iq ui y ote b Ho s e e o to ot e e o s F o r R oma ema s th n d y r l y b l ng h r p ri d . n r in in e neighbourhood at P e te and R esto rm el see La e nqui , nliv ry. 1 I n a a az o a sh t s a s e 1 L G . a oa an was UD VAN ) dr ining M r i n M r (in hi p ri h) in Jun , 79 3 , h rd in urn o a o t 1 00 a s om the seas o e ea the ese t Lo e o t o f the a a f und b u y rd fr h r n r pr n ng Bridg , n r h r ilw y I t co s ste of a o t T ass and m ms o f A D - stat o . d . . 2 0 2 0 an e a s i n n i d b u hird Br ini 5 7 , p rh p ate co s : Ga e s V cto s T et ric us are am e as e ese te and a s ec m e T o l r in lli nu , i rinu , n d r pr n d, p i n in rur m eems t e o to the o t ce t T an o he S oci o se s . r s . t et Ar ts M anu actur es Mu u o b l ng f ur h n ury [ f y f , f 6 H tc s A ch me ce . 1 r . 2 2 L s s and Com r . o . cc e and , xiv 3 ; i hin , xiv 9 ; y n , p xxv . ; Dr w R o In o n o l e t 1 6 . st C r w ur n R e o t H t s 1 G . . . . c . . c . i hin , ii 3 3 ; i b r , i 9 ; y 7 iv, ( p r , liv p . x ii ; men o P olwhele 1 6 e t chae o o ia Ar l . W ta e S u le t t . s N e co s are hi k r, pp p , r prin g in in in f z a c e te ma e d a ew at P e . . . NE T o se m an S O S . e e s to rur Mu u , n n i rk d lxxiv , r f r (2) I n 1 8 49 a ﬁnd was made near the seash o re and the broo k dividing Ludgvan and z t c e e maso c s a ash es e ots e s and eces of a o z a a o . I e M r i n in lud d rud nry, bri k, l g, , rud p h rd , pi br n m T co s e e t s Roma b u t it is m sse eet a ete . . t h oss e to s ea ve l 3 f in di r J Bligh n id r d i n, i p ibl p k m e ea a e E m T a T he o z e esse s ests so t . o s r ns ; Nat i t H s . t ce ta t . . wi h r in y br n v l ugg rly d [ d nd , ' ’ an n La e n nc 8 and The L d s E d . 20 1 te ma o z a e . S e i S oc P e . . and Ant . . q f , i 34 , , p 9 ; k , ii i rk d

o n l iv NE . ] — xx See I o a . LUGGAN . ll g n — m wo rk on The m eta esse s e tc . o a c 1 2 a st rea oa ate oo U LY A N . LUX l v l , , f und M r h, 79 , in Br dw r M r ’ ent eman M a az ine 1 are o a not Roma but ma be o f ea ate . G l s 6 1 pr b bly n, y rly d [ g , 79 5 5 and plate ] — ile R O See T re re . MAD N . O P A —La e oa o 1 a tc ea a as Passa e on the east s e MALPAS (M S ) . rg h rd f und in 747 in di h n r M lp g , id B o a e ma ate I t o ta e l a s s . c 2 bs Pe e 0 . f T es a R e St . c ae o r ili n iv r, in Mi h l nk vil p ri h ( rl , p, pl i ) n in d - — m c e e one weight o f Third brass pe rhaps coins a ong whi h w r o r two o f Seve rus and Va e a and ma of Ga e s and s cc ee em e o rs o to Carinus A lexande r l ri n, ny lli nu u ding p r d wn ’ A D L e Gentleman s M a az ine 1 1 2 a st ; o ase . 02 ote ( . . [ y, g , 749 , 3 (f irly full li ) B rl , p 3 n , l In n ol he e 6 o . 6 P w . R st Cor w f the co s e ce G e t . 1 . . who examined o in ; h n ilb r , i 9 , i 9 ; y

our n . y . v — S u e o Cor nwall 11 Poss l na Hi t r v . A R0man co s at T re onnel . Pena u s . , MAN C CAN . in g [ , y f ibly

e ce o f Go o a o a m e a a . a reminisc n nd r , nly il w y — f e o o ea a az o c R Z O T rur0 se m has o r had a Seco ass o N Ch . MA A I N . Mu u nd Br r , f und n r M r i n ur h b e o a o om t . . W C o s has s e m e co e co s o h . S S Mr . J . B . rni h h wn 3 pp r in b ug y Mr r n l ng g fr b the se e s to a e ee o some e e the est wo rking m en in Maraz io n and said y ll r h v b n f und wh r in w B C e a z o T e are 1 a R e ca as o f a o t 1 00 . . 2 a S co ss of e nd o f Mara i n . h y ( ) publi n b u , ( ) nd Br C a s a Seco ass of C s a fe o f C omm o s I am a a the e e ce as l udiu , (3) nd Br ri pin , wi du fr id vid n

a fo r m c st ess to b e a on the . A Re ca to the circumstances o f finding is too we k u h r l id find publi n a e ee o t to E a mo e t mes and ost as in particular is much m o re lik el to h v b n br ugh ngl nd in d rn i l , , , y t than to have found its way h e re in antiq ui y. — R S See L a . MA AZ I O N MAR H . udgv n —A t Ch arkie a m e so t o f T relowarren Ho se a lou hman o MAW GAN 1N MENEAGE . yg , il u h u , p g f und a flat sto e and the a oa o f a e and sma co e in 1 8 1 7 an earth en urn unde r n , in urn h rd l rg ll pp r The m e o f co s is e a o s as 200 and b u t the a e co ins o f vario us dates . nu b r in giv n v ri u ly l rg r e t T e c e a e ass of ea e em e o s one eac o f numbe r seems m o re co rr c . h y in lud d l rg Br rli r p r r , h m a a so o and T ass of c Vespas ian P ius arcus C rispina and ulia o n ) ; l bill n hird r , whi h , , M , , J D B A a e t we a e e are ote . A D a s and C o sta t I I . He rennius Et rusc us ( . . M riu , n n in q u d pp r n ly h v s e e c e fo r c m t e ce t oa c some ea e F st as , he re a fourth n ury h rd, in whi h rli r ir Br w r in lud d whi h ix ur ine and Lite ou n New M onthl M a az r . r . a Co sta t e . compare the forty co ins found n e r n n in [ y g 7 C asc the oa to T revassack iet s . . D . 6 L e s To o . , Ma p . 2 ; i ( v ury), ribing h rd vi , ( y 3 w , p g 8 C mm s Br it La e . 2 S ur v e . 2 h arkie Penaluna Hist . , ; , 3 ; , whi ch is near C yg ; , y ii 7 k iii u ing ar and Gunwalloe T o d Chur ches and Anti . o C . 0 an ( rur , oc our n. f y ch Ass . q Ar . y xxix 3 5

See a so He sto . p . l l n e a so Nansk eval 1 . S e . rnanton see . 0 W R —F o r sc e o f tin o at Ca , MA GAN 1N PYDE . in rib d pig f und p l 4—Te n co s ﬁve V cto s o T et ricus o ne e e R e . , , MAW NA N (No rth side of Helfo rd iv r) in ( i rinu , f ur ill gibl ) 8 e so a s ect o R e or t 1 8 0 . Cor nw. ; o Inst . ] m R . , , in T ruro Museu . p 3 p p r n l in p i n — [ y See Carha es . MEVA GI SS EY . y e 1 8 ea the oa om o va to H Hoa o , 9 , M OR VA (West C o rnwall) . rd in urn, f und Jun 7 n r r d fr M r h a t e The la ea the e z a ce m e om C C s . P e nz ance and ﬁve mil es no rth of P n n , il fr hun l urn y n r of sto e and was ace e s o e b a t c ceme te a , p co rner of a small enclosur , urr und d y hi k un n d w ll n l d 3 7 ’ A HISTORY OF CORNWALL "

e a sto e se te t s a . The co s e e m ost co e a few ea of Ga e s und r n in r d in hi w ll in w r ly pp r ( l d) lli nu , T etricus V cto s t e e to the a s of a ew H h . tc s A chaolo ia ; r . 2 26 , i rinu h y f ll in h nd J [ i in , in g xiv , nd W ta e S u lement o a t P olwhele . 8 8 e ce H tc s and e 6 in hi k r, pp p ; h n i hin Dr w, i . 3 9 L o e s cc tc . ysn , p . xxv . ] 2 a ex ate b W 8 t o cav C . o ase 1 6 I n he b ( ) B rr w d y . B rl in 3 . arrow was a kistvaen and t e e an of e sto c a c co ta t o es : ea the e t r e sm h r in urn pr hi ri f bri n ining burn b n n r urn, igh o nin all Roma co e co s fi ve now T o se m t a m e t of one C o sta t a n pp r in ( in rur Mu u wi h fr g n urn), n n ini n ol/is one C r s s and one C o sta t e o and the est e e bu t a a e t coe a f , i pu , n n in Juni r, r ill gibl pp r n ly v l . T e e can a be an o t t at the co s are ate t a the kistvaeri and a ee h r h rdly y d ub h in l r h n urn, h ving b n e 1n the mo s se e t to its e ect o and e a s a a e m buri d und ub q u n ly r i n, p rh p h ving f ll n deepe r l n the W f e ca at o . o ase Ar ch Camb en i ocess o . C . . r s s . and Narnia 1 8 pr x v i n [ B rl , , xv 3 3 , pp . 3 , 2 8 I t has ee s es te on the e e c e o f t s a . t t oss o z e A e t 4 b n ugg d vid n hi find, h p ibly Br n g ypes of ott e aste on C o a to the o t c e t A e c om P r oc S oc o i . . Ant p ry l d in rnw ll in f ur h n ury b r r by, f q . B it ch oc n e r A . A ou S co and . 2 1 . e ot ces . r ss . r . 2 . C . H o tl 0 . C r n 1 V. . w 6 xli 9 Bri f r n i , y xxxiii 4 . . 3 3 ; m e La e a a e ata o e Th S C NO . me t fi T o se . 0 o s ve co s one Co sta t s I I rur Mu u r g n l l gu 9 n i n in ( n n iu ), 1 and a flint flake fromthis find . A a me t of am e -co o e ar-mo e ass of the a e st r ea (3) fr g n b r l ur d, pill uld d gl l t fir o rly second ‘ ce t and afew ots e s one sa to be o f oca a e e e o e ca at hut-c c es at n ury, p h rd , id l l w r , w r f und in x v ing ir l ’ ft e a e In t o nw ou - w r ro o rs . s . C r . r n rofto o C . R o . 1 C . 0 1 . See [M d n, y y q xxi pp 7 7 3

a o e . b v ,—p 6 . . RTH E N See a o e . 2 M E . b v , p , n 74

' O RV —La e eco s the sco e of a o t 0 Roma co s the s of a a n M AL . k r rd di v ry b u 7 n in in rubbi h qu rry o H not o e o e 1 8 Bin Down ill l ng b f r 7 0 [iii . E A L —Some s e co s e e o e e m an ea t e ot and e to T NA NS K V . ilv r in w r f und h r r h n p giv n ruro Museum

In t Co nw. R e or t T e e 8 2 R o . s . r . a o e e 1 a o t 1 . s not state b u 9 [ y p , v h ir g , h w v r, d, re no now to be o l n the m se m and they a t f und u u . O — h T re ear and B oscarne s ee A NS TA L L N. F o r t e s . 2 . N g find , pp 4 , 3 TOW 1 F or the sett em e t ea Roc and fo r the T revone and Harl n b a e P S . s s e . . AD ) l n n r k, y uri l , p 5 ’ i e c i tion o B itaine ed 1 8 6 1n Holin d a o h s D s r r 2 6 . h W H s . s e s h n 2 . C r o ( ) rri n, in p f ( , 5 , p 5 . ‘ ’ a e ot of Roma e o e a o nea a sto The ot e me t o s a ss c s P . c so c ose n i n br p full n in , f und r d w n i l ly esem es a ot ce Le a o f a at T redine t at it ma a e ee ta e om 1t s ce r bl n i in l nd find h y h v b n k n fr , in a e a ee T redine e a e t s co S . Harrison wo rk d l rg ly nd h nd . — m ee Nea the o se at e s o me emo n a e Not far o Sa c . e 1 P . 2 L fr n r d r h u rri , w rk n r vi g h dg in 7 3 AU K ‘ came o a a t 8 eet o and 6 eet a c e t sto e and m it a fa a up n v ul f l ng f high, r h d wi h n , ir pl in urn ’ d c a of ea t 8 c es and some co e co ns f the est re . o ase o . 0 fin l y, full r h, % in h high, pp r i [B rl , p 3 7 , Polwhele 1 Ia o R o I n t o w ou e e C r n . r n. 2 nd a e v c . . s . W a t . . 2 C . pl x iii 3 ; h n , i 39 ; g , y y x 4 ; . W W a e l the n S. . S . . . C . o s ca s m a b a ia 1 O . Sa ut i a o r ase N . ts s e B l , , p 7 5 lxxiv ] B rl l urn i n, h p t and it was o a commo red a e T e o and s z e s o es at . h e sto seems how i di pr v h , pr b bly n w r wh l ry , m e the te e e to a e ee o . v r, h v b n i pr v d in lling O m a s —C o of T a a o ea the cam Pencarrowand Dunm P E NCA R R W (Bod in p ri h) . in r j n f und n r p in ear o az e te st ee nd a so e m oo R o al C r nwall G t 6 A S . a o 2 . , 5 . . w d—[ y ugu , p l und r B d in, p 3 I T See La e . PEN"U E . nliv ry E F M — ee oc S . PENNA NC AR . Bud k — He st ROS See o . PEN E . l n ’ m t o f t te a s — o f T et ri s and ot e f o A s . C o cu rs o a o 1 8 8 8 PENTEWAN (ext re e s u h S . u ll p ri h) in h und b ut ' ‘ h re R o Inst Cor nw our n ld tinwo rkin s sa to e o . O esc o on the seas . [ y. . y . ix. g id d nd bel w sea lei/cl a e een t race e e and an a o ea c se and o z e s ea ea o n t em , h v b d h r , rr wh d, hi l br n p rh d f u d in h ; ’ - m ee an R o al eo o ica S oc o or n al a G l l C w l . fl nz anc be re R o S Tr s . P e e t e ma . . 2 h y y p n y g f , iv 9 , ; nt S oc 8 8 e d i t and A i . e t ste an 2 a S S . A . . Natur l H s . q . . ii . u ll p 3

’ O NT S ea Ne a a toc a s —F rst ass o f Se e s A e a e PENTm E P E T C . I A (n r wq u y, in r n k p ri h) i Br v ru l x nd r

8 1 a o R o In Co o n. o 1 I st r nwi ur . Co e o a t . . . ( h n f und b u 9 [ g , y j x ‘ —Two Seco a s co s o f Ves as a co o e and ea e e e e o P Z C . EN AN E nd Br s in p i n, rr d d n rly ill gibl , w r f und in ' A st 1 8 the Pe a ce C em ete ra e 1 5 8 eet e o o to et e t ugu , 99 , in nz n ry (g v J f b l w gr und, g h r wi h an a e t e mat f om Co s who some cow o es c t c . I o o . . . b n , lying in n i n r n h [ nf r i n r Mr J B rni h, H o n me the co s C. . C r w 62 . e V. . . s how d in . J i 3 — f N e o P as a o n the old R o O A eco ass o or es l c ch a . RR Z B . V P S . . E AN A UL E nd Br r ( p i n), f und hur y rd [ y m n o f coa 1 R e o t 1 T r o se . A se c a 1 c es In t Cor nw r . s . . p , xxxii 7 ; ur Mu u ] urn r l y , in h b W o ase Nee nia 1 8 1 a te r a a b th e e e o lase e a e . C . . s high, ﬁgur d y B rl , , p , f dr wing y ld r B r (p rh p m ma - B t hi a e see s C e t c at e t a Ro o ri s . the same as s pl t xvii . ﬁg . l i r h r h n n i h - - -T e m ms eco e b R ainthill 11a P odr ida 1 1 2 as A O T A L h . S 0 . o ear P RR R W R H . E AN ini r rd d y , , ii , f und n ' m e e e m ik ee a n e e a co e o to the Ca on strea wo . S C on. h r in pp r in , b l ng d rn r t - Ha Param e er See yle.

38 , ROMANO - BRITISH CORNWALL — P 1 STR T . A e e Roma oa ea om St atto T ta e and l St . E e o to the LA N EE ll g d n r d l ding fr r n, in g l , nd l i n, ’ St . e s te et ee Roc and E nodo k St . c s c h c see Pa sto . 6 2 Ve Minv r i b w n k ur h ( d w, pp , 7 , ry

o t . ac ea Tr i Minor 8 8 o n . R I st Cor nw our n d ub ful [M l n, gg , i 4 4 ; iii . ; y . . . y . ix. 39 3 . PO O La sa s a h — o ns O . S . E z : S . o e o o f LPERR ( n ll p lii . ) Br n c in Li c inius found at Landaviddy in building a o se : La e h u k iii . 45 . P OB S — ee o e R . S G U ld n . R - R TH . See Cam ea ED U Br . RESTOR ME L — e L . Se a e — nliv ry. ROC H E B oc o f tin 20 lbs . 1n we1 ht and s o e o a o t 1 2 H tc ns and e 11 l k , g , h v l, f und b u 7 7 . [ i hi Dr w . 8 La e . 1 2 e tc . e te u ce ta but 5 A e a s ea . See a o e . 2 . 7 , k iv 3 , ] g q ui n r in, p rh p rly b v , p , 4 ROC t e a h — S . s . O os te Pa stow ee 6 . S . K ( Minv r p ri ) pp i d p . R OS EWA R NE —See am o e . C b rn . — ’ ’ RUTHER N R G o m a s . A e s Ho se oo e s a es co s of Ves as a st eam B ID E (B d in p ri h) J w u , w d n p d , in p i n in r : Cor nish M a az ine A 1 8 8 o 2 . 6 t o t at ace is a ffe e t a e T s w rk g , pril, , p 9 , h ugh h pl in di r n v ll y. hi is the o nly notice of the find and it may be a repeti tion of th e neighbou ring finds at B oscarne ; ‘ see t e e and a so o m h r l B d in . T GNEs —Go co o f a e t a I e — S A . N o . V . Co 2 e e e A TA 1 68 nea ld in l n ini n ( h n 5 x rgu , ) f und in 4 r Goonvrea the old ea t o ca e the o rres a e 1 lw l G . o s 00 Po he e 1 0 in r hw rk ll d [B rl , 3 , 3 4 ; , i . . 9 ; e t 2 0 etc —all e e e t n ette m To to o e W G . 0 . o a o s ate an 1 ilb r , i , d p nd n l r fr nkin Br wn illi , d d J . 7 A o co of a was o 1 1 0 on the s o e of t A es eaco 1 1 inf r~ g ld in Juli n f und in 9 l p S . gn B n in 9 0 [ o mat om He e e o . i n fr Mr. nry J nn r] T A O I N — ee ondo ra TH G S C . S N NY MENEA E . T A S —ma co s o f Ne o o the to e t o r som e t n S . G . F e P ewa s S . T . U ELL ll in r f und in wn [ ilb r , i n n fi d f in 8 lbs e t e e a ld ee e te a TWO oc s o t eac 2 . o o o o o s s P n w n . bl k ( h w igh ) w r f und l ng g in w rking 8 eet ee b ut t e a e is o t o as e Natur al i A ste oo 0 . H tor 1 on St s . 6 . u ll M r, f d p, h ir g d ub ful [B rl , y, p 3 , ‘ ‘ The W ea He R o In t Co nw 0ur n. 2 2 ote . t eamwo rk oo . r . . V s r pl . xx . nw d, y s . 3 , iv 7 n h l irgin 2 m es to the est ea Pe te a e e 1 8 1 a o z e ce t and oo e mu 6 c es ( il w , n r n w n) yi ld d in 5 br n l w d n g in h ecorate t a o z e a e and t ee o z e a s o 2 8 eet ee now in high, d d wi h br n h ndl hr br n b nd , f und f d p, o A n ea La Te e F a o at Redmore T o se m es ma Late C e t c . rur Mu u , pr u bly l i w rk rly n ibul f und , ’ n e t o Sa o ema s a streamwork e e was i r o Eva s s co c . ea St . A ste S n r u ll, in J hn ll i n x n r in in h r 8 a s B onz e Im em n . n E r l e ts 0] ee 8 c ou . 1 S c molo ia 1 A h r . . 0 a o ts A r h . r b u , g , ix 7 ; 7 , xxi 3 v n , p , p 4 H lli k and also a vic p . - T R Co o f Ves as a o streamwo rk . Ar ch. Camhr ensis 1 8 62 . 60 R o . S . BU YAN . in p i n f und in [ , , p 3 ; y 6 and T redine n See a so St . st . w ou . . I nst . Cor n . r f? , v l Ju ( ) — l T O M B NO R See T relo T reve ue . S . C . L I y, g U —M T DE NNI s Goss oo see Roc e . S . . M r h M —T he a e sc e e e o Ma 1 8 8 2 at Sta oot is m c ate t an Roman T ER . S . E l rg in rib d p bbl f und in y, , irf u h l r h m 8 T o se . I n t Cor nw. our n. . 2 t mes R o s . i . [ y . i7 , viii 5 ; rur Mu u ] — Ha e T ERTH ee B osence and . . S S , yl — 8 eam t e s a o o a t o z e a of Roma ate T EW E . I n 1 st S . 7 7 r inn r dug up g ld (pr b bly, brigh br n ) fibul n d , ’ n man M a az ine Dec 1 8 o a o f the st c e t on T re il as oo . Ge tle s . pr b bly fir n ury, g g M r [ g , 7 7 , f a o z e fin er- o at The oo is n w e c ose . Pa t o 1 0 and ate . p . 5 5 pl ii ] M r o n l d r br n g ring f und

he R Po lmaz ick 1 8 was e to T o se m 1 1 . R o . I nst . eli an t . H g in in 7 7 , giv n rur Mu u in 9 9 [ y

I t ma be one o f the o ects m e t o e Ar chx olo ia . 1 86 . o nw our n. . C r . xx y bj n i n d in g , ix y— The tesse ate ﬂoo m e t o e b G e t . 20 1 ; La e . 60 and F urneaux T ER MA Ns . S . G ll d r n i n d y ilb r , i k , i ,

S t Ger mans . is m e ae a . i o ical Notices o . H st r f , p 47 , di v l — he s te ea R I sc e sto e of Constantine I c h c a : see , 2 . T a T HI . S . LA Y n rib d n in ur hy rd pp 9 7 ub rr n n T t Account o subter r anean Chamber s b . dwellings at T reveneague exam ined y J . Bligh ( f e e co s e e b h1m to a e ee occu 1ed at Tr ev enea ue Pe a ce 1 8 6 . 1 1 ff. 2 g , nz n , 7 , pp , 4) w r n id r d y h v b n p ’ 8 Sm t Gentleman s Ma az ine 1 6 . m nd so t o t C . Roac , in R oman ti es, a h ugh h i h ( g 7 , i m c t at is ea e and some D e ﬁni tely R oman potshe rds are said to have bee n found th ere wi th u h h rli r B . 1 22 ut I ta e to be o a Sa o Intellectual Obser v er , 4, 5 . pi eces k n pr b bly x n, xi pp 7 3 , 3

f ma o f th e o ects o . confess to some doubt as to the Roman characte r o ny bj f und — ’ T I Es ee Z e o fo r the G a t s Roc oa . S . v . S nn r, i n k h rd

T W TH — f Ves as a o on the ﬂe ra e at Ca e Co a . T S I N P I . I e a s o S . JU EN ( ) D n riu p i n, f und ri ng p rnw ll t of Co e 6 6 IM P VESPASI AN ea to r1 ht ; e e se The coin is a vari e y h n 3 3 , 3 4 ( h d g r v r , . mat and I I I Ves as a seate t sce t e and o 1 e a c . I o o PONT I F TR P CO S , p i n d wi h p r l v br n h) nf r i n t W Ho ma Fo Ho se St . s . m . r ubbings fro l n, undry u , Ju n t st 1c r e a e 1n bu ldm a ma o z e 2 c es o 1 S . V (2) S ll br n bull, in h high , f und Ju aag g rd n i g - te ca e Phoen1c1an b u t fal l ce tam to be m 1 8 2 now T o se m . O r school roo in 3 , in rur Mu u f n ll d ry ?" 1 8 o In t ch our R . s 1rch Ar . in P enwith . 6 B ; Roma e S t . ust ; , y y n . [Bull r, 7 p vi ambr enszs 1 862 8 Ar ch. C o w 2nd R e . , ) 34 C rn . 3 p 47 ; 3 9 A HISTORY OF CORNWALL

B o dz hil et e oscas e a so s e t ca c . a 1 00 co e co s o a o t or e o e 3) B w ll ( l p l , ) in ﬁ ld, pp r in f und b u b f r

' m T N INU P I U a o ase L e AN S S . . 00 so s 1 : o n so O . cc e 7 3 7 pl in [B rl , p 3 ; y n , p xxiv ; Bull r, 8 W o ase Ne nia o a h e C . P t e co m t o e N nia S u t . 1 . . ee 1 t . s . 2 7 , p ; B rl , , p r b bly in n i n d , p 7 o iii is one of t ese — A c ff cast e and som e s te a ea e r A to s C s . s a e ( n ninu , ) , h li l ub rr n n dw lling T an R o al eol S oc of Cor nwall 2 R o I n n ) a a : r s . G . . . . t Co o n far s . r w. ur 2 not . . w y y , ii 3 5 ; y y i ( 68 60 H Cor nw . . O. . . V. i 3 , 4 (4) At Carngluz e (in the east of the parish) and B ollowall (near Cape Co rnwall) are pit W o ase a e e e a few R oma i acco to . C . ot e B ut th s s villages which ( rding B rl ) h v yi ld d n p sh rds . i m e 1 8 8 o n henmum 2 1 Se te . R I st o u At . . C r nw o n 1 8 e o t . . r . v ry d ub ful [ , p b r, 7 , p 3 74 ; y y . vi 9 ; c 0am 2 Ar chaolo ia Ar ch. sso . . . . B r it. A 7 xxxiv 4 3 ; g , xlix (5 ) The Ashm olean contains two small grani te dishes whi ch are said to come from the e L so cc f Lesw n t s a s . o as . 1 0 s ote B u t e i te em e t o . . t a e s n n y in hi p ri h [B rl , p 3 ; y n , xxiii n ] h ir g o t ope n to d ub . m t f t 6 A t C a e Cam ea two es so o S . st c c a ece of Sam a a e ( ) h p l Br , il u h Ju hur h, pi i n w r ase the c a e mo e the a e nd a W C . o c a o e the st e was fo und by Mr. . B rl in h p l und und r h p l b v ki va n ' ia it is o r was Pe z a ce se m . Ar chaolo . 1 A e o S aints I t o ct o , , in n n Mu u [ g xlix 9 7 ; g f , n r du i n, - p . vii xii . ]— See T e a . T E R . S . V r l n K E—NE W See T re ear R o s and T revinnick . T K E . S . g und — dine See T re . T L . S . EVAN F m t — sc e oc of tin ast a a - 8 te a o . s s a lbs M A W Es o os e . 1 . ST . ( pp i l u h) Unin rib d bl k , r g lu h p d (ﬁg 5 8 e ee t a and Pendinas n e e 1 1 2 t S . es : ow T o e m Poo e e t s . w igh , dr dg d up in b w n M w in rur Mu u l ate i e t w mm . . t es to e ts t e nd Cor n . . 2 A eta ta e a Inst . ts R o . ( y 17 i (iv , 9) ri qu w igh wi h gin n l n , i - f the a c e t t th the co t e ta t n t a e o s . ames Ar ch 0am i 8 and i . . xv to co ec t . nn wi n in n l r d n i n J , 7 3 a its s a e ﬁts it a e fo r t a s o t b o e o B ut e i 1 6 s ests t t s r oat . its a s ea xxviii . 9 , ugg h h p lik r n p r y h r b g r lly d the co es o e ce o f e ts is e ot et ca ee H n ce ta an : s e oo R o . I st . un r in, rr p nd n w igh v ry hyp h i l nw d, y

n R e or t . . See a so a o e 2 . nw our . . . Cor . y iv ( p lvi, p xiii , f l b v , p 4 — ha es T C H C A R HA Y ES . See Car . S . MI AEL — y T C H P V . See a as . S . MI AEL—ENKE IL M lp 6 see aso Pe t e Po t . R See . T M1NVE . S . p l n ir in - - — Halli i k T ST H I N R . See v c . S . EP EN B ANNEL — l laz e sma co e co of Co sta t s o as C aesa A D 1 m At Po . . te T V . S . EEP g , ll pp r in n n inu Juni r r ( 3 7 in d T R s m tte to me at A ntioch (SM AN ) . [ ubbing ub i d . ] R — ra sco e es are eco e om the m oo s of t s a s D Se e . SAN C EE . v l di v ri r rd d fr r hi p ri h 1 A t H e B odinar o the so t and east s o es of B odinar H ema s e st o f ) igh r , r und u h l p ill, r in xi bee-hive hu ts and unde rground c hambe rs (B odinar C rellas) noted long ago by B o rlase and E mo s and e ce o a o ase oc e a e sto c c he o ca s R oma d nd , h n pr b bly B rl pr ur d pr hi ri urn whi h wr ngly ll n 206 R ece t Roma co s e ots e s a sto e o and as es e e o (pp . , n ly, n in , rud p h rd , n b wl h w r f und a hut e c os e and a oa o f co s T et ricus V cto s P o s was etecte e in n l ur , h rd in ( , i rinu , r bu , d d und r a flat sto e at its e t a ce e oth e co s o f s m a ate a e I e e e ee c e n n r n , whil r in i il r d h v , b li v , b n pi k d up in e W o ase A ch ou n n C . r . r 2 N ia s . . ee B r it Ar ch oc h a o . . 2 A s t e . . s . dj ining ﬁ ld [ B rl , y xxx 3 9 ; , p 5 9 ; e S t u t 8 C H or n 2 1 s . V. . . C w. 0 E ma h u n . . 0 OS . . . . s t e o r . S y xxxii 5 ; Bull r, 7 , p , i, 3 7 ; lxvii rk He e a a place wh e re the co ins we re found . ] r g in the antiqui ty o f the chambe rs and huts may e t a t at of the co s well be great r h n h in . A t C a e Un est o f Sa c ee C c to W o ase e b ee 2 . C . sco e ( ) h p l y, w n r d hur h wn, Mr . B rl di v r d e ts s te a ea and ot e 1 8 6 —8 and one of the o m e an o s ea ea and hiv hu , ub rr n n h r, in 3 , in f r r ir n p rh d o ac and red e she s a bit o f Sam a se tin 2 s e- o s etc Ar ch o c o . . ir n r k, bl k rud rd , i n, fu d , pindl wh rl , [ S oc Anti 2nd o . Nani 1 6 P r c. . 1 6 Hi a 2 O H or nw u . . V. . . C o r n. 0 . y xxx 3 34 ; q ( iv 4 , ; , 49 , , . i e ata o e o 1 1 d o m e a Sa C N . an h is now or e 6 La . t e Sa a was P a ce 3 9 ; r g n l l gu , 5 f ll ; i n , , in nz n

m ee a o e . se . S Mu u b v , p h widden o t o f the c c t Hut e o and e i C o . c s e s t a few Roma (3) yg (n r h hur h wn) n l ur , in id n ea a a s W ass o c . c o n xxx n C . o as e Ar h. ur 1 N ia T y . . . a hird Br f und in l ring w ruin [ B rl , 7 34 ; ,

H Cor nw . The eta 6 1 V. C . . . s are not o e e a so te e ta 2 c . ; i d il , h w v r, b lu ly r in A t B ot rea T rannack o co e co s of Carausius e e o a o t 1 8 0 (4) ( D wn) pp r in w r f und b u 4 , o ate sta ces B e S t u t m e t s . F s C . a a e o he B ot a a . . t rea hut pp r n ly i l d in n ( ull r, y , p B rh , xpl ring no Roma ema s Tr an R o al eolo ica oc o o s . G l S Cor nwall c es . . Cir l , f und n r in ( y g f , iii Goldhe rrin so t - est O f a sh 2 o r co s of Post m s nd T et ri u B it a c s . r 5 ) g (in u h w p ri ), 3 in u u [ .

oc ou 2 1 C . o ase La e h Ass . r n. . W . e ata e c . a Sa C o No ee Ar . S y xxxii 5 ; B rl , r g n l l gu ,

also Paul . ] Es —O u Samso 6 s e co s of C o sta t e I I a H R o n o n I S L . o o s . I st . C r w C . . S ILLY n, ilv r in n n in , Juli n, n riu [ y 1 8 xx ii ar e o t v . T es e e the o R R r . . ma ema s et o n h 0am . o o t e s a s . 7 iv, p lvi ( 74) p ] h nly n r in y f und i l nd ’ met m ma e n t Roma oa s so es o S . a s are m t ca I t is e t a the The n r d i rk d M ry y hi l . poss ibl h t Scilly ROMANO - BRITISH CORNWALL

I sles m ay be the Silura ins ula m e ntio n ed by Solinus as divided from the lands o f the Dum nonii b asto m sea and a so the S lina s a to c the P sc a st e et c I nstantius is sa to y r y , l y in ul whi h ri illi ni h r i id ee e o te A D 8 l i S a e a e . Su Se e s H st cr . . T e e a a e t a . . ted h v b n d p r d in 3 7 ( p. v ru , ii h y w r pp r n ly inh bi m W a m ea t es . C . o se Nm ia but e e f n m o . 0 o o o ta ce and e ce t fr rly i ( B rl , , pp 7 , w r i p r n , x p at one s ot T es co had no tin m es of an so t atsoe e Cam e Tr ans R o al Geolo ical p in r in y r wh v r ( , . y g o o n all n a f e S oc C r w . A sc e R oma ta o coa s a te 2 c es t . f , ii unin rib d n l r r gr ni , 3 in h high, wi h an ax e ca e on one s e and a e on the ot e is now at T es co A e it is sa to a e rv d id knif h r, r bb y; id h v ’

H a a b . ee o t om Ga so St . s Is . A st s Sm t 1 8 0 but its b n br ugh fr rri n ill, M ry l nd, y Mr ugu u i h in 7 , a e is ce ta I t is e he Anti uar ies 0am t . 2 . proven nc un r in . ﬁgur d in q 7 3 9 ’ — he m e — R oma o e of a A D - 8 N ea t La s so 00 00 c o t . . 2 0 0 e e SENNEN . r nd 3 4 n pp r b u 5 w r a wo fl t sto es L o cc . c t the R ev R o e s e fo e et ee t . s s . . . ce und hidd n b w n n [ y n , p xxv i ing J g r ; h n B i oc ou n 1 e t A te The io t Ar ch. Ass . r . . 0 c . Ol e and H c s . 0 r t . Dr w i hin , i 3 7 , y xxxiii 9 , ] wri r in , 1 8 2 1 06 states that a few t e e-mo t s a o som e s e o r m o e o e s ea iii . ( 9) , w lv n h g ilv r ( r pr p rly p king, ’ ’ n a e a th La nd compos i ti o n) co ins of Julius C aesar and Ne ro we re found o the s urf c t e nd s E . l n Hi t S u v e ed 1 8 1 Pena u a s . r . . s is o a an t st o t ot ce . Thi pr b bly un ru w r hy n i , y ( 9 , p m ma b a W ams ea the c c me nti ons vaguely so e Ro n coins found y Mr. D . illi n r hur h .

— H sto TH See e . SI NEY . l n

T TH —T he o o co s e e o b a a m- a o e a o t 1 1 8 : - 1 R e can S I IANS . f ll wing in w r f und y f r l b ur r b u 9 publi T t s 8 2 a A to s e 1 Ves as a 1 T a a P s 2 a c s (". i u , 7 M rk n ny ( ilv r) , p i n , r j n , 3 iu , M r u , F t a 1 L c a 2 Commo s 1 Se t m s Se e s 1 Ge ta 1 Ca aca a I Va e a 1 aus in , u ill , du , p i u v ru , , r ll , l ri n ,

1 Post m s 1 Co sta t s 2 C o sta t e I . All e ce t six e e o z e . 1 P I . hilip , u u , n n iu , n n in x p w r br n W e to f am o e 1 0 are T o se m the es t the ossess o o f E . . N O C in rur Mu u , r in p i n Mr w n b rn

d Pe ose . e an G . m e . [ I nfo rmatio n fro Mr. J nn r Mr nr ] ’ — n TR TTO NO R oma ema s seem to a e ee o e e . Go a s . to Camde s S A N . n r in h v b n f und h r ugh ( dd ’ s oses c e ta co e Co s o at Binnama o r B inham to be B r itannia i . upp r in pp r in f und y, y, The ame St atto ma come R oma but his a t o t B o ase . 1 2 oes not sa so . n, u h ri y ( rl , p 3 ) d y n r n y t at its sto is ce ta o sc e and its co e o t st eet o t from the Rive r S r hi ry r inly b ur , nn xi n wi h r d ub

8 2 2 ac ea Tr i M inor e tc . n R e or t . 1 0 In t Cor w. M c Lauchlan R o . s . ; , ful . ( , y p xxxiv 5 ) M l n, gg

ee a o e . 2 S b v pp 7 ,

R — Roma o- t s ema s indieatin occ at o all o ce t es TAMA Ma nn Nume ro us n Bri i h r in , g up i n in f ur n uri ma e o a e ee o at the m o t of the Tama but o I e e e on the o f the R o n p ri d, h v b n f und u h r, nly ( b li v )

See a o e . 1 . s e s e . D evon hir id b v , p 3 — T H RC H I sc e sto e see . 8 2 8 . TINA GEL C U . n rib d n , pp , — O W C H0a o a o ea Z e o a s ; see Z e o . T EDNA K . rd, pr b bly f und r lly in nn r p ri h nn r

e T e e was o hominum memo a fo r the fox 3. T R E DI NE (unce rtain s it ) . h r f und in ri digging , ’ e Hea e ama al SO L e a I tiner ar . d . . f Roma mo . Brasse [Pot] ful o n ny l nd, y (iii 3 rn , p in rgin ce to a V a o o f T redine Cast e and o os te a e e e ce to a note following a refe ren yvy n, l rd l , pp i r f r n ‘ he ff the o a MS. t dns de T rewardreth the bottom of the page is broke n o in rigin l in ass m e L e a to m ea t at the e t co ce the co s e e ed o ase . 00 Bodle ian . B rl (p 3 ) u d l nd n h n ry n rning in r f rr B ut T re r n was e e a t Le a . T rer n S . to T redine and th e n identiﬁed T redine with y in v n y n v r, a c a s O ne m t s est athe T redinne St . , lo rdship o f the Vyvy n . igh ugg r r y in Bury n whi h

T ardreth but . e e t s e to the V v a s o r e se co ect the e t t w , belong d y y n , l nn n ry wi h y Mr J nn r hink s Pa sto nd ma e am sta e a o t the V a s . See a o that Leland meant T reryn (o r T ree n) a d i k b u yvy n l d w — See . . TR EOEA R (Bodmin parish) . p 4 d e s R . a an ot —T s ea t o has ee e ca ate b . , t K ew . TR EGEA R RouNDs (S . ) hi r hw rk b n x v d y Mr Burn nd h r

and has i elded no Roman remains . y— La et . K I L LI C K See . T R E . niv

- o e e 1 8 are Late C e t c of R The ea s m o s etc . t e e e a s . , , 3 3 T ELAN (S . K v rn p ri h) b d , irr r f und h r in l i 6 Ar ch. our n. . 2 66 . 20 - o w our n. . 2 ; 7 , C r n . I nst . e R o . , 3 y pre R o man dat . [ y y iv v xxx ll s b the O a ce w The R oma cam ma e on Goonhi y o y H Cor n . . C . . i n p rk d wn rdn n V. D ma Su rve is not R o n . y — LOW A R R EN See a a e ea e . T R B . M wg n in M n g ates —Streamwork and ema s of o a a o s , t C o m o a s . y T R E LOY (in S . lu b Min r p ri h) r in pr b bl v ri u d W . in o . o e ooc es co s s o on the t [ bronz e c elts tin an and c v r, br h , in , ring , f und gr und , p J n w 2 20 In t Cor nw. our . . 6 R o . s . o nwall . ] o al Geolo ical S oc. o C r , iv 5 ; e oo Tr ans . R y H nw d, y g f j 1 A ooc wh1ch he es i s d easo to e e e the c o s Roma . Henwood says that he ha r n b li v in n br h ﬁgur and ma be R oma - h a c c m e e ce of e and h te , an o val dis k ﬁbula o f bro nz e inlaid wi t ir u f r n blu w i , y n

m He oo Sir H. de la o se m . o ate R oma it o r one e it is now T F , poss ibly l n ; , lik , in rur Mu u r nw d 6 4 1 ' ‘ A ~HISTORY OF C ORNWALL

he eolo 0 Cor nwall 2 B t c c ou i . Ar h A o r n B et G . r W . ss . . . 20 . C . o ase S ketch , gy , p 5 5 ; 7 xxxiii 3 ; B rl , - o in T ade H w . T r . 2 C. . Cor n e e the 1 V. . ooc 8 sa to be of ate C e t c a f , p 5 ; i wh r br h id l l i d te. The s te is c ose to Carnanton See a o e 20 i l . b v , p . R E E a o a s —Tin o lbs we1 ht fo a o -1 8 RE LE . c t T (M dr n p ri h) bl k . g ) und b u 4 5 m an old sm elting ’ ’ ’ ‘ ace o f mo e e e o e t e t a the o a e s Ho se cast a mo and sc ed furn r d v l p d yp h n rdin ry J w u , in uld in rib ‘ t a raise m o o m t has been lled R ma and a . I ca o e e Roma C st a B ut its stam wi h d n gr n v n n hri i n . p ’ is tte e a t i Roma and e t eme e ame ae a me c a t s ma see for u rly unlik ny h ng n x r ly lik di v l r h n rk ( , ‘ m on oc nd Ass . 1 a a the a e e it me i exa e Dev . c ce d esc e . s ca s as e m pl , xxiii 3 furn wh n rib d b ing o re e a o rate t a a e a e e we ma es t e er it to the e c t ces A es . F or an acco t l b h n n i n furn w r , y b r f Middl g un

of the ee L e ce T an R o al Geolo i al S oc . o Cornwall 1 8 6 W s G r s . c . a ﬁnding ri , y g f , vi ( 4 ) 43 ; y,

h ou n o n o w . e o 8 Ar c . r 2 Poo R . I t C r n R r t 1 6 . . e s . . . Go a 7 xxiii 7 7 ; l , y p , i (iv 5 ) wl nd, A cheelo ia 1 ee a o r . 0 . S e . 2 . g , lvi 3 b v , p 4 R B R Y N r T —See T redine T o R . ( EEN) . - 8 T R ETH EVEY I s e sto e s ee 2 . . n c rib d n , p . R E E LGUE T R EVA LOA t o m o on Wat ate Ba — e e is a c ff-castle and T V S . C e . H ( ) in lu b Min r, rg y r li , a s east a s a a o c W C o as e t o t to etect a Ro o— t s 5 00 y rd w rd b rr w in whi h . . B rl h ugh . d man Bri i h n a 8 i o ot e Nee i Ar cheelo a 2 C H C r nw. B ut 1ts a e i s . . V . s p h rd ( , p 4 ; g , xliv 4 5 ; i 45 3 , g

e o t . See a o e . 2 . v ry d ub ful b v , p 4

" — bt e o e t H a T R E E NEA GUE u e a ea w o n t Roma s e . . S s a S . V rr n n d lling , pr b bly n ; il ry EVI N NI C K t K ew a s —A e e a a a cam but o one co e eft 110 co s r T R S . . o ( p ri h) ll g d q u dr ngul r p, nly rn r l ; in ° ° e n m it a e R oma b ac ea T Minor 8 0 and ao o ots s o . i C r . I R In t . s p h rd f u d ll d n y M l n, gg , ii g , y . Co n aur n x 2 2 but o a at r w. . . m c e 17 9, pr b bly u h l r. ﬁ EVA S S A c x —ee a a l n e ea e S M wg n M n g . T R E O NB — ec S . . V —. p 5 ma ema eem e e . a e ee o e e e e O NO Ro s s to sc . T RUR . n r in v r h v b n di v r d h r A Y —H a A 1 of o s at m “ci r ca T W R R TH B ea Pan o o e o e . D . 00 c o 2 0 Y A D EA , n r rd, f und b f r 7 , in d ing fr 5 A D o ase saw 1 a e a a s to s 1 -T et ric us C a s Gothicu 0 . V G e 20 V c s 3 5 . B rl l ri n, 3 lli nu , i rinu , 5 , 9 l udiu , a m ta e ta t e I s Roma A e a 1 1 C o s t I . 1 o s I I . o ase 1 C . . 0 ur li n, M xi in, n n in , n n in , Urb [B rl , p 3 3 ; lwhele 1 e t 1 e t e ce P . 0 G . c . h n p , i 4 ; ilb r , i 9 7 , ] He e a so a o t 1 was o it is sa a sto e co fﬁ and and it an e r l , b u 5 99 , f und ( id) n n lid in urn gild d ’ o w 1 ed 1 and e a e w t e tte rs and of ac as a e S ur v e o C r n . . . 6 2 es . C 0 ngr v n i h l full bl k h [ r w, y f p 3 7 , d 1 8 1 1 e 8 nd t e te W et e R oma ma e be 1 e ce o ase . 0 a o s p . 3 9 . ; h n B rl , p 3 , h r wri r ] h h r n, y w ll T redine o te The ta e has a ee m o e the te . See aso . d ub d . l pl inly b n i pr v d in lling l — ’ 6 m W B o r the te b amd en B r itannia . 2 o F co s c o A s . o C s ADE RIDGE . in i d y G ugh ( dd t i ) fr Ha so see Pa sto rri n, d w . W T the t f the o t N E —As cam was ta ch t o be R . c . . . . S . o o O S Y (in n r h un , viii ) hbury p k EEK MA y ' m R o In t R oma b Ia o who ma e a se es o f cam s om the o t coas t to o . s . n y g , i gin d ri p fr n r h B d in ( y w our nal B ut the t eo i m o ab e and ' Ashbu r has no R oma Cor n . . s y x h ry highly i pr b l , y n

O o e . 2 ee H C r nw ee a so a o . eat es s V. . . . S f ur ; i , l b v , p 7 m W O ol dn k al dn k NE a o t A . D . 1 00 so e t ers R A t G va e o r C va ac . END N . lxx ), b u 7 , inn ope ning a barrow came to large Sto nes disposed vau ltwise and ins ide found an urn full of as h es ’ and a f e c e e e a em e t and a so se e a Roma Sec o ass co s and a ttle ass in h q u r d p v n , l v r l n nd Br in li br ° and 1 o o ect The co s e am e e e 1 P s 1 Fa st a1 L c a 1 N e a 1 T a a v ry bj . in x in d w r iu , u in , u ill , rv , r j n, m t ot Lette s of 1 Marcus ; but 1t is not ce rtain that any except the firs t two cam e fro his sp . [ r d e —8 e ce Polwhele G e t T o ate 1 2 an 1 ot b o ase . 0 nkin , d d 7 7 7 3 3 , q u d y B rl , pp 3 7 ; h n , ilb r , 1 et This som e at esem a ma e a o t the same t m e and eco e b Ca te c . es i . 9 7 , ] wh r bl find d b u i r rd d y r ‘ ’ co e o t an I o a The fine c e e e a eme t ma a e ee m o e in nn xi n wi h ll g n find . h q u r p v n y h v b n i pr v d ‘ d ’ i n N t . H t the te A t s a e was t e o e e e m 1 8 8 : P e z ance a s . in lling. Bri i h vill g par ly xpl r d h r 7 S oc 1 8 8 . iii . ( 7 349 . - l dn k a o t 2 Carnm enellis Carnm enelez a a m e o t east of Go va e . ( ) ( ), h lf il n r h B rr w wi h ’ ’ Co s of s C ae sa o ase 08 easo a st st the em e o s am e W . C . in Juliu r . [B rl , p . 3 , r n bly di ru ing p r r n

’ B o a Neenia 1 etc om a e ea O ch ma e e e to the se C am N . . . C rl ,, , p 79 , ] p r Br whi y w ll r f r am e co as t s ee a so 6 s . S . 2 . in hi l p , n 74 . 8 b W B o ase O B os orthennis o r B o h nni m e e ca ate 1 2 . C . Z R . A t s re s c o c ENN p p , r l h x v d in 7 y rl , - co ta ots e s ta e b o ase to be Roma o B t s bu t e o a m c ea e . n ining p h rd k n y B rl n ri i h, v ry pr b bly u h rli r Nwaia [ , p . ’ ‘ ’ 2 e the G a t s R oc e a s a o t an of as es and b the s e o f i t a ( ) Und r i n k, p rh p q u i , urn full h y id a e s G at a A ca s o a of ea t co ta 8 0 s e co s of Va e t a I . V r und b ll r h n ining ilv r in l n ini n , l n , r i n, r diu ,

Ho a s a m s m te Hi o En land . 1 0 ote o ase o s o 1 02 . Ca st. ; n riu , M gnu M xi u , f und 7 [ r , f g , i 3 n B rl , W o ase Nania C . T o o S I v e . 2 2 . 00 ote c t e ce att e s Hist . t . s p . 3 n ( i ing nkin) ; h n M h w , f , p , B rl , , ' a s e te is ofteri ut T o e nac 6 etc ee o O. H C 6 Th s . 2 S V. . or w p 9 , . l n . i , 3 3 f] i p in w d k a s p ri h . 4 2

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