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ANALYSIS OF FAULTS IN OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES Presented to the faculty of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Electrical and Electronic Engineering by William Patrick Davis FALL 2012 THE ANALYSIS OF FAULTS IN OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES A Project by William P. Davis Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Turan Gonen, Ph.D. __________________________________, Second Reader Preetham Kumar, Ph.D. ____________________________ Date ii Student: William P. Davis I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the project. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Preetham Kumar, Ph.D. Date Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering iii Abstract of ANALYSIS OF FAULTS IN OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES by William P. Davis When designing power transmission systems, electric utility companies are expected to follow a set of standard specifications that are briefly described in this research. The idea to be kept in mind is that during the planning and construction phases of transmission lines, natural elements, such as trees for example, there will be less of a chance of fault occurrences and therefore more power system reliability. Faults in transmission lines are one of the elements that will affect the reliability of the system. The more fault occurrences, the lesser the system reliability, since this causes outages in the power system that may result in the interruption of service. The electric utility companies are expected to provide the consumer a continuous and also a high quality of service at a competitive and reasonable cost. This means that they have to insure the reliability of the system to provide the consumer with a service that is consistent with the safety of personnel and equipment and meet their demands within not only the specifications of voltage and frequency but with a high degree of reliability and within reasonable cost to the consumer. _______________________, Committee Chair Turan Gonen, Ph.D. _______________________ Date iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to Professors Gonen and Kumar as this would not have been possible without both their help and guidance. To my family and friends for all the support throughout the years and believing that this would one day be possible. Also, I would like to thank, via Professor Gonen, the original undergraduate Power Senior Project Group whose work was the initial basis for the production of this report. My especial gratitude to my beloved fiancée, Miss Amanda K. (Mandie) Ryan, for without her contributing effort, the completion of this report would not have been possible. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments v List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THE LITERATURE SURVEY 2 2.1 Transmission lines 2 2.1.1 Introduction 2 2.1.2 Requirement of Transmission Lines 2 2.1.3 Selection of Voltage for High-Voltage Transmission Lines 3 2.1.4 Choice of Conductors 4 2.2 The Nature and Causes of Faults 5 2.2.1 Lightning 5 2.2.2 Pollution 8 2.2.3 Fires 8 2.3 Types of Faults 9 2.4 Fault Detection 13 2.4.1 Fault Detection Using Composite Fiber-Optic 13 2.4.2 Fault Detection Using Neural Network 15 vi 3. MATHEMATICAL DESIGN 18 3.1 Introduction 18 3.2 Types of Faults 18 3.2.1 Shunt Faults 18 3.2.2 Series Faults 19 3.3 Shunt Fault Computation 20 3.3.1 Single Line-to-Ground Faults 20 3.3.2 Double Line-to-Ground Faults 25 3.3.3 Line-to- Line Faults 29 3.3.4 The Balanced Three-Phase Fault 31 3.4 Series Fault Computations 33 3.4.1 Open Line Open (OLO) 33 3.4.2 Two Line Open (TLO) 35 4. THE APPLICATION OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Calculation of the Network Sequences 38 4.3 Single Line-to-Ground Fault 44 4.4 Double Line-to- Ground Fault 45 4.5 Line-to- Line Fault 50 4.6 The Balanced Three-Phase Fault 52 vii 4.7 Series Fault 52 5. MODEL SIMULATION OF THREE-PHASE COMPENSATED NETWORK..56 6. CONCLUSION 62 References 63 viii LIST OF TABLES Tables Page Table 4.1 System Data 38 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page Figure 2.1 Flashover Faults on Transmission Lines [6] 7 Figure 2.2 Configuration of Lightning Arrester [6] 7 Figure 2.3 Lightning Arrester Unit [6] 7 Figure 2.4 Lightning Arrester with Zinc Oxide [6] 7 Figure 2.5 Single Line-to-Ground Fault 11 Figure 2.6 Line-to-Line Fault 11 Figure 2.7 Double Line-to-Ground Fault 12 Figure 2.8 Three-Phase Fault 12 Figure 2.9 The functional parts of protective relay 17 Figure 3.1 Single Line-to-ground Fault Schematic 23 Figure 3.2 Equivalent Circuit for single Line-to-Ground Fault 23 Figure 3.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault Circuit 28 Figure 3.4 Sequence Network for Double Line-to-Ground Fault 28 Figure 3.5 Example of Line to Line Fault 30 Figure 3.6 Line-to-Line Equivalent Circuit 30 Figure 3.7 A Balanced Three-Phase Fault 33 Figure 3.8-(a) One line open: general representation [8] 34 Figure 3.8-(b) One line open: connection of sequence networks [8] 34 Figure 3.9-(a) Two lines open: general representation [8] 36 x Figure 3.9-(b) Two lines open: interconnection of sequence networks [8] 36 Figure 4.1 System and fault location 39 Figure 4.2 Positive Sequence Network and steps in its reduction 39 Figure 4.3 Negative Sequence Network and its reduction 41 Figure 4.4 Zero Sequence Network and its Reduction 42 Figure 4.5 Sequence Network connection for SLG fault 48 Figure 4.6 Sequence network for DLG fault 48 Figure 4.7 Sequence network For LL fault 51 Figure 4.8 Sequence network for balanced 3Φ fault 51 Figure 4.9 Thevenin equivalent of positive, negative, and zero sequence networks_53 Figure 5.1 Simulink Model of 3-phase compensated network 57 Figure 5.2 Simulink Model output parameter block 58 Figure 5.3 (a) Output of Bus B1 59 Figure 5.3 (b) Output of Bus B2 60 Figure 5.3 (c) Output of Bus B3 61 xi 1 Chapter One INTRODUCTION The Electric Power System is divided into many different sections. One of which is the transmission system, where power is transmitted from generating stations and substations via transmission lines into consumers. Both methods could encounter various types of malfunctions is usually referred to as a “Fault”. Fault is simply defined as a number of undesirable but unavoidable incidents can temporarily disturb the stable condition of the power system that occurs when the insulation of the system fails at any point. Moreover, if a conducting object comes in contact with a bare power conductor, a short circuit, or fault, is said to have occurred. The causes of faults are many, they include lighting, wind damage, trees falling across transmission lines, vehicles or aircraft colliding with the transmission towers or poles, birds shorting lines or vandalism. In this study, the causes and effects of faults in the overhead transmission lines were the focus of the research. Some of the many causes of faults, and some detection methods will be discussed in chapter two (2). Chapter three (3) will illustrate the mathematical model, and chapter four (4) will demonstrate the application of this model for some hypothetical situations. 2 Chapter Two THE LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1. Transmission lines 2.1.1 Introduction The electric energy produced at generating stations is transported over high voltage transmission lines to utilization points. In the early days (until 1917), electric systems were operated as isolated systems with only point-to-point transmission at voltages that are considered low by today’s standards. 2.1.2 Requirement of Transmission Lines Transmission lines should transmit power over the required distance economically and satisfy the electrical and mechanical requirements prescribed in particular cases. It would be necessary to transmit a certain amount of power, as a given power factor, over a given distance and be within the limit of given the regulation, efficiency and losses. The lines should stand the weather conditions of the locality in which they are laid. This would involve wind pressures and temperature variation at the places and the lines should be designed for the corresponding mechanical loading. The regulation would give the voltage drop between the sending-end and the receiving-end. The possibility of a corona formation and corresponding loss would be another consideration. The charging current of the line depends on the capacity of the line and should not exceed the limit. As far as the general requirements of transmission lines are concerned, the lines should have enough capacity to transmit the required power, should maintain 3 continuous supply without failure, and should be mechanically strong so that there are no failures due to mechanical breakdowns also. [2] 2.1.3 Selection of Voltage for High-Voltage Transmission Lines With increase in the power to be transmitted over long distances, use of high voltages for power transmission has been developed. However, a choice could be made out of the standard voltages that are used in the country. The voltage selected has to be economical and depends on the cost of the lines, cost of apparatus such as transformers, circuit breakers, insulators, etc.
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