New Rinodina Species from the Cape Verde Islands, with Notes on Some Additional Species

New Rinodina species from the Cape Verde Islands, with notes on some additional species

Mireia GIRALT and Pieter P. G. van den BOOM

Abstract: Examination of Rinodina specimens from the Cape Verde Islands revealed three new species, which are described here: Rinodina capeverdeana Giralt & van den Boom, R. inspersoparietata Giralt & van den Boom and R. polymorphaespora Giralt & van den Boom. Additional information is given for six further species, of which ﬁve are new records for the archipelago. Rinodina punctosorediata Aptroot & Sparrius was found to be conspeciﬁc with R. stictica Sheard & Tønsberg. Key words: Lecanoromycetes, lichenized fungi, new records, new species, taxonomy

Introduction In an attempt to find additional Rinodina material on the Cape Verde Islands, the se- The Cape Verde Islands are situated off the cond author visited three islands, Santiago, west coast of Africa, c. 500 km W of the Cap São Vicente and Santo Antão, and collected Verde in Senegal, 14°48' to 17°12' N; 25°42' c. 25 specimens. These specimens repre- to 22°41' W, in the North African arid and sented nine species of which three, R. semiarid climatic regions. A checklist of capeverdeana, R. inspersoparietata and R. poly- lichens and allied fungi of these islands, pub- morphaespora, are described below as new to lished by Mies (1993), included four taxa of science. A further three species, R. algarven- Rinodina: R. atrocinerea (Hook.) Körb., R. sis, R. colobinoides and R. guianensis, represent corticola (Arnold) Arnold, R. intermedia Bagl. new records for Africa. and R. cf. roboris (Dufour ex Nyl.) Arnold. The material reported by Mies (1989, 1993) as R. atrocinerea and R. intermedia, could not be located; that reported as R. corticola (coll. Mies CV-3745, GZU) and R. roboris (coll. Materials and Methods Mies CV-936, GZU; CV-1265, B) does not The study is based on specimens in the private her- correspond to these species (see also under barium of P.P.G. van den Boom, mostly collected in July 2006. They were examined using standard techniques R. capeverdeana). An additional specimen with stereoscopic and compound microscopes. Current identified as Rinodina sp. (coll. Mies CV- mycological terminology generally follows Kirk et al. 4690, GZU) has proved to be Rinodina (2001). Ascospores, mounted in water, were measured beccariana Bagl. var. lavicola (M. Steiner) at ×1000 magnification; only free ascospores lying out- Matzer & H. Mayrhofer, which is reported side the asci were measured. The terminology used for the apothecia follows Dughi (1952), for asci (Rambold here from Cape Verde for the first time. et al. 1994) and for ascospore types and ascospore ontogenies (Giralt 2001). Chemical constituents were identified by the standard methods of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) (e.g. M. Giralt: Departament de Bioqui´mica i Biotecnologia Culberson & Ammann 1979; Culberson et al. 1981; (Àrea de Botànica), Facultat d’Enologia de Tarragona, Culberson & Johnson 1982). Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·li´ Domingo s/n, The following type specimens were studied for com- E-43007, Tarragona, Spain. parison: Rinodina geesteranii H. Mayrhofer: South- P. P. G. van den Boom: (corresponding author): Arafura Africa: Western Cape: Wynberg Flats, SE of Cape 16, NL-5691 JA, Son, The Netherlands. Email: Town, on granite outcrop near dusty road, 19 xii 1949, [email protected] R. A. Maas Geesteranus (GZU, isotype).

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Rinodina griseosquamosa Vain.: Brazil: Rio de tains atranorin and stictic acid. As with R. Janeiro, in rupe grani´tica, 1885, E. Wainio 220, 172 stictica, R. punctosorediata also differs exclu- (TUR-V 12480—lectotype!, 12478—isolectotype!, here designated). sively from R. algarvensis by the absence Rinodina placynthielloides Aptroot: Taiwan: Taichung of polygonal lumina during its ascospore County: 30 km ENE of Taichung, 7 km NW of Kukwan, ontogeny, a fact that makes it clearly con- along mountain trail, 1000–1300 m, 51RTG9279, on speciﬁc with R. stictica. granite of wall along path, 20 x 2001, Aptroot 53451 (B—holotype). Rinodina punctosorediata Aptroot & Sparrius: Ecology and distribution. The Cape Verde Taiwan: Hualien County: 43 km WNW of Hualien, specimens constitute additional records for Meifeng, roadside with relict mature trees, 2250 m, the species hitherto known only from the 51RUG1666, on Castanopsis, 11 x 2001, Sparrius 6117 type locality in southern Portugal. The Cape (B—holotype). Rinodina scabridula Matzer & H. Mayrhofer: South Verde habitats include a trail along a lightly Africa: Transvaal: Northern Province Dist. Zoutpans- cultivated mountain slope and a cultivated berg, Louis Trichard, near ‘The Punch-bowl’, ± 4500 ft, area with many terraces. In both situations, on sandstone rocks, 8 x 1953, O. Almborn 6169 (GZU— there were only a very few accompanying holotype). lichen species such as an Acarospora sp. (brown) and a Trapelia sp. The most remarkable record is v. d. Boom 36685, which was The Species found corticolous in a rich lichen community on bark of Pinus (for additional data see Rinodina algarvensis Giralt, Barbero & under Rinodina colobinoides). The type collec- van den Boom tion (Portugal) is from a maritime lowland Rinodina algarvensis is characterized by its area, but the Cape Verde records are from bluish grey thallus composed of discrete to c. 1000 m altitude and are new to Africa. contiguous areolae which often become sore- Material examined: Santo Antão: S of Ribeira Grande, diate, its large Pachysporaria-type ascospores, SE of Corda, trail 203 from Cha de Mato to Losna, 19–25 × 11–16 µm, with polygonal lumina outcrops near Cha de Mato with shrubs and small trees, when immature, often grading into the 1095 m, 25°04.7' W; 17°07.6' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Mischoblastia-orPhyscia-type when young Boom 36741 (hb. v.d. Boom); NW of Corda, trail 205 in NW direction, to Figueiral, cultivated area with many and, especially, by its particular chemistry walls of stones, on S exposed vertical surface of stone, with stictic acid (and the related substances 970 m, 25°05.4' W; 17°08.3' N, 2006, P. & B. van den cryptostictic, norstictic and menegazziaic Boom 36637 (hb. v.d. Boom); Corda, centre of village, acid) in addition to atranorin, chloratranorin outcrops and roadside trees along main road, on Pinus, and zeorin. For additional information see 1060 m, 25°05.3' W; 17°07.9' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Boom 36685 (hb. v.d. Boom). Giralt et al. (1996a). Up to now, R. algarvensis has been known only as a saxicolous Rinodina colobinoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. lichen. The other two Rinodina species known Rinodina colobinoides is characterized by its to possess stictic acid and atranorin/ entirely leprose thallus (blastidiate), the yel- choratranorin as major secondary com- lowish orange, K+ purple-rose pigment in pounds are the North American R. stictica the thalline and apothecial tissues, and by Sheard & Tønsberg (Sheard & Tønsberg the Pachysporaria-type ascospores, 15–21 × 1995) and R. verruciformis Sheard. The 6·5–10 µm, which are constricted at the former species differs from R. algarvensis be- septum, smooth and with a well-developed cause its ascospores do not exhibit polygonal torus. Further information may be found in lumina when young and the latter species Giralt et al. (1995, 1996b). lacks soredia (Sheard & Mayrhofer 2002). The holotype of R. punctosorediata Aptroot Ecology and distribution. Rinodina colobi- & Sparrius, a recently described, sorediate noides was found on the bark of a mature species from Taiwan, growing either on bark Pinus in a rather rich lichen community, or rock (Aptroot & Sparrius 2003) also con- associated with Heterodermia leucomelos (L.)

Poelt, Lecanora sp., Normanina pulchella mistaken for Rinodina isidioides (Borrer) H. (Borrer) Nyl., Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Olivier, an atlantic species occurring locally Moberg, Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach., rather abundantly in the western Iberian Rinodina algarvensis, Teloschistes flavicans Peninsula (Giralt 2001). The lichen commu- (Sw.) Norman and Usnea spp. In mainland nity on Caffea (v.d. Boom 36865) was rather Europe, it is known from two localities in rich in Bacidia sp. and Physcia atrostriata Portugal (Giralt et al. 1996b) and also from Moberg. New to Africa. the British Isles (Coppins 2002). This corti- Material examined. Santo Antão:SWofViladas colous species seems to be an oceanic species Pombas, Figueiral de Paúl, NE part of the valley, area of with a tropical and subtropical distribution Lombo de Luzia, different plantations, scattered mixed (Giralt et al. 1995, 1996b). New to Africa. trees, acidic outcrops and walls, on ?Mangifera, 180 m, 25°02.7' W; 17°07.8' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Boom Material examined: Santo Antão: S of Ribeira Grande, 36889, 36906 (hb. v.d. Boom); SW of Vila das Pombas, Corda, centre of village, outcrops and roadside trees Figueiral de Paúl, SW part of the valley, Cha de Padre, along main road, on Pinus, 1060 m, 25°05.3' W; small coffee plantation, scattered mixed trees, acidic 17°07.9' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Boom 36678, 36684 outcrops and walls, on Caffea, 195 m, 25°03.0' W; (hb. v.d. Boom). 17°07.0' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Boom 36865 (hb. v.d. Boom). Rinodina guianensis Aptroot The Cape Verde specimens are poorly devel- Rinodina intermedia Bagl. oped, damaged and not very fertile, but they Rinodina intermedia is easily recognized by its show an isidiate thallus and Pachysporaria- crustose to subsquamulose, ochraceous to type ascospores following a type B ontogeny. brownish thallus containing deoxylichester- The ascospores are smooth, without a torus, inic acid and growing on soil or terricolous and include minute, scattered and globular mosses, and by its large, non-ornamented, ‘inclusions’ within the spore wall. All these (4–)6–11(–12)-loculate submuriform as- characters are diagnostic for R. guianensis. cospores with type A ontogeny. Detailed Nevertheless, in contrast to R. guianensis, information of this species is given in these specimens lack the yellow pigment re- Mayrhofer et al. (2001). acting K+ purple in the apothecium (Giralt et al. 1995). Although other species contain- Ecology and distribution. The collecting site ing this or similar pigments (e.g. R. inter- of Rinodina intermedia was rich in lichens, media, R. canariensis and R. alba)donot including members of the genera, Caloplaca, consistently possess it, the specimens studied Lecidella, Parmotrema, Phaeophyscia, Physcia, cannot be assigned with total certainty to Ramalina and Toninia. Rinodina intermedia R. guianensis. has previously been reported from the island The peculiar globular ‘inclusions’ within Fogo (Mies 1989,1993). the spore wall have been observed in other Material examined. Santo Antão: S of Ribeira Grande, species of Rinodina, such as R. dolichospora NW of Corda, trail 205 in NW direction to Figueiral, Malme and R. intermedia, that are closely area with terrace cultivation, many walls, some outcrops related to R. guianensis. Photographs illus- and scattered trees, on N vertical soil among outcrop, trating this feature may be found in 970 m, 25°05.4' W; 17°08.3' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Mayrhofer et al. (1999, under R. dolichos- Boom 36648 (hb. v.d. Boom). pora) and in M. Giralt, K. Kalb and H. Rinodina oleae Bagl. Mayrhofer (unpublished). The new saxicolous species R. inspersoparietata described The crustose thallus lacking secondary lichen below shares the same feature. substances, the small, abundant and con- fluent apothecia with plane, dark brown Ecology and distribution. In the study area to black discs together with the I+ blue R. guianensis has been found corticolous on a apothecial cortex and the Dirinaria-type trunk of a ?Mangifera tree and on small ascospores (= Physcia-type thickenings but trunks of Caffea shrubs. In the field, it is easily ontogeny of type B), are diagnostic for this

species. Detailed information of R. oleae is The New Species given in Giralt & Mayrhofer (1995), Kaschik (2006) and Trinkaus et al. (1999, under R. Rinodina capeverdeana Giralt & van gennarii Bagl.). den Boom sp. nov. Rinodina dalmatica similis, sed differt thallo pannarino Ecology and distribution. Rinodina oleae has destituto, apotheciis minoribus c. 0·2–0·5 mm latis et been found in a poorly developed lichen ascosporis minoribus c. 14–22 × 7–10·5 µm. Conidia 3–5×1µm. community with a sorediate Physcia sp. Al- Typus: Cape Verde Islands, Santo Antão, SW of though this species is very common in many Ribeira Grande, Ribeira de Duque, trail 205a, southern places in Europe and occurs on a wide range part, between Cha de Rocho and Meio de Questin, of substrata, on the Cape Verde islands it north-south trail with steep outcrops, N exposed steep (70°) rock and N vertical outcrop, 160 m, 25°05.3' W; seems to be rather rare. 17°09.8' N, 22 July 2006, P. & B. van den Boom 36927 Material examined. Santiago: W of Sao Domingos, (B—holotypus; LG, hb. v.d. Boom—isotypi). Rui Vaz, centre of village, mixed trees and outcrops along small road, on ?Mimosa, 825 m, 23°36.0' W; (Figs1&2) 15°02.1' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Boom 36337 (hb. v.d. Boom). Thallus crustose, composed of areolae with the appearance of minute sublobate squamules, up to 150 µm thick, greenish to Rinodina oxydata (A. Massal.) A. olivaceous. Areolae discrete to usually con- Massal. s. lat. tiguous, becoming partly or entirely blastidi- Under Rinodina oxydata s. lat. we have in- ate and then forming a rather continuous cluded saxicolous specimens with a thallus leprose crust. Thalline cortex paraplecten- containing atranorin, cryptolecanorine to chymatous, 20–25 µm, covered by an epi- lecanorine apothecia, which often become necral layer of 5–10 µm. Algal layer pseudolecanorine, and large Mischoblastia- continuous, 50–100 µm, photobiont cells type ascospores. As has already been noted 7–13 µm diam. Medulla indistinct to 10 µm by several authors (e.g. Matzer & Mayrhofer thick. Blastidia pale greenish, olivaceous to 1996; Giralt 2001), R. oxydata should be brownish, 25–50 µm diam. treated as a species aggregate until a thor- Apothecia lecanorine, immersed to subim- ough worldwide revision is carried out. mersed, becoming pseudolecanorine, adnate to sessile, prominent and constricted at the Ecology and distribution. All three collecting base, 0·2–0·3(–0·55) mm wide. Thalline sites of R. oxydata s. lat. were rather rich exciple 60–70(–100) µm thick, with a well- in Trentepohlia-containing lichens, especially developed, paraplectenchymatous cortex. species of Bactrospora, Lecanographa, Proper exciple nearly indistinct laterally, Opegrapha, as well as species of Caloplaca, expanded above to 30–50 µm. Disc dark Dirinaria and Pyxine. brown to black, ﬂat to rarely subconvex. Thalline margin thin, blastidiate or not, Material examined. Santiago: W of Sao Domingos, WNW of Rui Vaz, “Monte Tchopa”, near telecom- usually excluded. Proper margin thin, not munication station, hilly area with low exposed outcrops persistent. Hymenium 80–100 µm high, col- on slope, steep N exposed outcrops and mixed trees, S ourless. Hypothecium 70–120 µm high. Asci of sloping outcrops, 1085 m, 23°37.5' W; 15°02.2' N, 2006, Lecanora-type, 8-spored. Epihymenium dark- P. & B. van den Boom 36389 (hb. v.d. Boom). Santo brown. Apical cells of the paraphyses 3–5·5 Antão: SW of Ponta do Sol, Fontainhas, S side above village, N exposed slope with acidic outcrops along trail, µm diam., not separating easily, with dark- N vertical rock, 245 m, 25°06.2' W; 17°11.2' N, 2006, brown caps. Ascospores Pachysporaria-type, P. & B. van den Boom 36821 (hb. v.d. Boom); SW of (14–)16–19(–22) × (7–)8–10·5 µm, not orna- Ribeira Grande, Ribeira de Duque, trail 205a, southern mented, when mature with a well-developed part, between Cha de Rocho and Meio de Questin, north-south trail with steep outcrops, E exposed steep torus and slightly constricted; young asco- (80°) rock, 160 m, 25°05.3' W; 17°09.8' N, 2006, P. & spores with very characteristic polygonal B. van den Boom 36933 (hb. v.d. Boom). lumina. Ascospore ontogeny of type A.

F.1.Rinodina capeverdeana, habitus (holotype). Scale = 1 mm.

Hedw., Peltula sp., Pertusaria sp., Pyxine cf. cocoes (Sw.) Nyl., R. inspersoparietata, Trente- pohlia sp. and cyanobacteria, on steep (70°) N-exposed outcrops of rather soft rock, in a small valley not particularly rich in lichens. A corticolous specimen examined (coll. Mies CV-1265, hb. Follmann, B), identiﬁed by Mies as R. cf. roboris, probably belongs to R. capeverdeana (but see below). An additional specimen of R. cf. roboris (coll. Mies CV-936, GZU), also collected on the Island of Santiago, does not belong to this F.2.Rinodina capeverdeana, ascospore ontogeny and species. The specimen mentioned from Fogo variability (holotype). Scale = 10 µm. Island by Mies (1989, 1993) could not be located. Pycnidia abundant, globose and prominent, dark-brown. Conidia bacilliform, 3–5 × Observations. Rinodina capeverdeana is 1 µm. characterized by its thallus lacking secondary lichen substances and composed of partially Chemistry. All spot tests negative. No to entirely blastidiate areolae and a well- lichen substances detected by TLC. developed paraplectenchymatous cortex, its small lecanorine apothecia often losing the Ecology and distribution. Rinodina capever- thalline margin and becoming pseudo- deana is known only from the type locality, lecanorine, its abundant, globose pycnidia where it was growing abundantly in associ- and its Pachysporaria type ascospores, when ation with Caloplaca sp, Endocarpon pusillum young with typical polygonal lumina.

The corticolous specimen (coll. Mies unable to find apothecia corresponding to CV-1265, hb. Follmann, B) differs from the the isidiate thallus of R. placynthielloides.We saxicolous one in possessing a better devel- did however, identify small, K+ yellow thalli oped not so continuously leprose thallus, (atranorin) with pseudolecanorine apothecia more and larger usually persistently leca- belonging to R. oxydata mixed up with the norine apothecia (up to 0·7 mm diam.) and thallus of R. placynthielloides. As the thalli of smaller pycnidia. Although microscopically R. placynthielloides and R. capeverdeana are both specimens are very similar, there are clearly different and, according to Aptroot & too many thalline and apothecial differences Sparrius (2003), the apothecia of R. placyn- to include them with certainty within the thielloides are lecideine and its asci 4-spored, same taxon, particularly when R. capever- we reject the possibility that this species is deana is saxicolous and its habit variability conspecific with R. capeverdeana with leca- still unknown. The specimens reported in norine apothecia (often becoming pseudo- Mies (1989, 1993) as R. cf. roboris (coll. lecanorine) and 8-spored asci. Mies CV-936, GZU) and R. corticola (coll. Rinodina capeverdeana is somewhat similar Mies CV-3745, GZU) both belong to a in habit to poorly developed specimens of species with Physcia-type ascospores close Hyperphyscia and Phaeophyscia species. to R. exigua, but lacking atranorin. Additional material examined. Santiago: Milho Branco, The blastidiate thallus, the lecanorine 300 m, an Borke eines alten Ziziphus spec., 1986, B. apothecia becoming pseudolecanorine and, Mies 322b (coll. Mies CV- 1265, hb. Follmann, B). especially, the Pachysporaria-type ascospores when young with polygonal lumina, are all characters close to those of R. dalmatica Rinodina inspersoparietata Giralt & Zahlbr. However R. dalmatica is only known van den Boom sp. nov. to be corticolous, contains pannarin and has Rinodina dolichospora similis, sed differt thallo saxicola, larger apothecia and ascospores, 17–26 × apotheciis pseudolecanorinis et ascosporis minoribus, 8–13 µm (Giralt et al. 1995). The ascospores c. 17–23 × 7·5–12 µm, ontogenia typo B. Conidia 3– of R. capeverdeana are similar in appearance 4·5×1µm. Typus: Cape Verde Islands, Santo Antão, SW of to those of R. dalmatica in Giralt et al. (1995, Ribeira Grande, Ribeira de Duque, trail 205a, southern fig. 2, p. 7). According to Sheard & part, between Cha de Rocho and Meio de Questin, Mayrhofer (2002), the recently described north-south trail with steep outcrops, N exposed steep North American R. perreagens Sheard, is (70°) rock and N vertical outcrop, 160 m, 25°05.3' W; 17°09.8' N, 22 July 2006, P. & B. van den Boom 36926 closely related to R. dalmatica, but differs (B—holotypus; LG, hb. v.d. Boom—isotypi; 36919, mainly by its slightly larger ascospores, 21·8– 36927a, 36928—topotypi). 31·8 × 13·4–16·2 µm (Sheard & Mayrhofer 2002). It differs from the new species by the (Figs3&4) same characters as R. dalmatica. Other saxicolous, blastidiate species, R. Thallus crustose to subsquamulose, ochra- blastidiata Matzer & H. Mayrhofer, R. ceous, olivaceous to brownish, areolate furfurea H. Mayrhofer & Poelt, R. obnascens to rimose-areolate. Photobiont cells usually (Nyl.) H. Olivier and R. scabridula Matzer & 5–7 µm diam., with some larger, up to H. Mayrhofer, apart from other differential 12 µm. characters, never possess polygonal lumina Apothecia from the beginning pseudoleca- in the young ascospores (see Matzer & norine, sessile, prominent, up to 0·7 mm Mayrhofer 1994, 1996). diam. Proper exciple (40–)70–100 µm, basal The holotype of R. placynthielloides, a saxi- part including algal cells, external part colous, isidiate species recently described brown-pigmented, internal part colourless, from Taiwan (Aptroot & Sparrius 2003), has paraplectenchymatous. Proper margin not been studied for comparison. Although in persistent, black. Disc flat to convex, dark- the envelope containing the type specimen brown to black. Hymenium colourless, (80–) there is a drawing of an ascospore, we were 100–120 µm high. Hypothecium colourless to

F.3.Rinodina inspersoparietata, habitus (holotype). Scale = 1 mm.

apical cells 3–4 µm diam., with brown caps. Ascospores Pachysporaria-type or ± Physconia- type, (17–)19–21(–23) × (7·5–) 9–10(–12) µm, with young intermediates of the Physcia- type, including globular inclusions within the spore wall, not ornamented, torus absent or poorly developed, ontogeny of type B. Pycnidia immersed, rare. Conidia bacilliform, 3–4·5×1µm. Chemistry. All spot tests negative. No lichen substances detected by TLC. Ecology and distribution. Known from the same type locality as R. capeverdeana, with which R. inspersoparietata was growing abundantly on steep (70°) N exposed outcrops of rather loose-textured (soft) rocks, in a rather small valley, not particularly rich in lichens. Closely associated with Caloplaca sp., Endo- F.4.Rinodina inspersoparietata, ascospore ontogeny carpon pusillum, Peltula sp., Pertusaria sp., and variability (holotype). Scale = 10 µm. Pyxine cf. cocoes, Trentepohlia sp. and cyanobacteria, It seems to be rather widely distrib- pale yellowish brown, up to 150 µm thick. uted in the Cape Verde archipelago, being Epihymenium orange-brown. Asci Lecanora- known from the two largest islands, Santiago type, 8-spored. Oil paraphyses abundant; in the south and Santo Antão in the north.

Observations: Rinodina inspersoparietata is & NW exposed vertical rock, 640 m, 23°42.0' W; characterized by its saxicolous crustose to 15°12.5' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Boom 36536, 36528 subsquamulose, ochraceous to olivaceous (hb. v.d. Boom); SE of Tarrafal, along road to Fundura, S rim of Serra Malagueta, N of Fundura, vertical out- thallus lacking secondary lichen substances, crops on W exposed slope, W exposed vertical, 675 m, its pseudolecanorine and sessile apothecia 23°41.6' W; 15°10.5' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Boom and its Pachysporaria-type non-ornamented 36553 (hb. v.d. Boom); W of Sao Domingos, S side of ascospores, 17–23 × 7·5–12 µm, with a Rui Vaz, low exposed outcrops along field and steep N exposed outcrops on top of hill, N vertical outcrop, 815 poorly developed torus, including globular m, 23°35.8' W; 15°01.7' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Boom inclusions in the spore wall and following a 36376 (hb. v.d. Boom). type B ontogeny. The presence of the globular inclusions within the spore wall, clearly allies this Rinodina polymorphaespora Giralt & species with the corticolous R. dolichospora van den Boom sp. nov. and R. guianensis and with the terricolous R. Thallus corticola, crustacea, effusa, grisea ad griseo- intermedia. Among all species of Rinodina fusca, granulosa. Apothecia lecanorina, sessilia, 0·2– hitherto known they are unique in possessing 0·3(–0·5) mm diametro, disco plano vel subconvexo, this character. This group of species also nigrobrunneo. Ascosporae (14–)15·5–19(–23) × (6–)7– 9(–10·5) µm, typo Physcia-, Physconia-etPachysporaria, shares other particular characters (e.g. ochra- 1(–2–3)-septata, toro non vel vix evoluto. Pycnidia non ceous thallus, small photobiont cells, epihy- visa. menium orange-brown, etc.) (M. Giralt, K. Typus: Cape Verde Islands, Santiago, W of Sao Kalb & H. Mayrhofer, unpublished). Apart Domingos, Rui Vaz, centre of village, mixed trees and outcrops along small road, on Casuarina, 825 m, from the different habitat, these species can 23°36.0' W; 15°02.1' N, 7 July 2006, P. & B. van den be separated from R. inspersoparietata: R. Boom 36334 (B—holotypus; hb. v.d. Boom—isotypus). dolichspora by its larger ascospores with type A ontogeny; R. guianensis by the presence of (Figs5&6) isidia and R. intermedia by its submuriform ascospores. Thallus crustose, thin, continuous, smooth The type material of the South African R. to minutely granulose, pale greyish to greyish geesteranii and the Brazilian R. griseosquamosa brown. Photobiont cells up to 25 µm diam. were studied for comparison. In contrast to Prothallus absent. R. inspersoparietata, both taxa lack globular Apothecia lecanorine, sessile, 0·2–0·3 inclusions in the ascospores. Furthermore, (–0·5) mm diam. Thalline exciple well devel- R. geesteranii has finely ornamented asco- oped, up to 60 µm. Proper exciple indistinct spores, which are intermediate between the to 10 µm wide laterally, expanded up to 30 Milvina- and the Pachysporaria-type and µm above. Thalline margin thin, smooth, develop after a type-A ontogeny, and R. usually persistent, concolorous with thallus. griseosquamosa possesses a thallus composed Proper margin often visible as a ring within of thicker, larger, imbricate, whitish grey the thalline margin. Disc dark-brown to squamules and larger, crytolecanorine black, flat to subconvex. Hymenium colour- apothecia. For more details see also Matzer less. Hypothecium colourless. Epihymenium & Mayrhofer (1996), Wainio (1890) and dark-brown. Asci Lecanora-type, 8-spored. Malme (1902). Oil paraphyses often present; apical cells of Rinodina inspersoparietata could be mis- the paraphyses dark-brown pigmented, taken for R. oxydata in the study area because 4–4·5 µm diam. Ascospores (14–)15·5–19 of its pseudolecanorine apothecia, but the (–23) × (6–)7–9(–10·5) µm (mean = 17·3 latter species possesses atranorin and has ±1.9 × 8·2 ± 0.9; n = 118), with internal wall Mischoblastia-type ascospores, developing thickenings of the Physcia-, Physconia-or after a type A ontogeny. Pachysporaria-type, some with tendencies Additional material examined. Santiago: SE of Tarra- to the Callispora-type, often with lumina fal, along road to Fundura, N side of serra Malagueta, protruding towards the spore ends, rarely vertical shaded and overhanging rocks along road, E becoming 2–3-septate, torus absent or poorly

F.5.Rinodina polymorphaespora, habitus (holotype). Scale = 0.5 mm.

ontogeny mostly of type B, sometimes seem- ingly of type A. Pycnidia and conidia not seen. Chemistry. All spot tests negative. No lichen substances detected by TLC.

Ecology and distribution. Rinodina polymorphaespora is known from a rather wide range of substrata such as Acacia and Eucalyptus trees and also various shrubs. At the type locality it was growing on a Casuarina tree, together with a Bacidia sp., a sorediate Calo- placa sp., and a sorediate Physcia, probably P. poncinsii Hue. Rinodina polymorphaespora is widely distributed in the Cape Verde archipelago, from the southern island Santiago to the northern island Santo Antão.

Observations: Rinodina polymorphaespora is characterized by its crustose thallus lacking secondary lichen substances, its small, leca- F.6.Rinodina polymorphaespora, ascospore ontogeny norine apothecia and its peculiar ascospores, and variability (holotype). Scale = 10 µm. (14–)15·5–19(–23) × (6–)7–9(–10·5) µm. In contrast to the constant macroscopical developed, usually not ornamented but a few thalline and apothecial characters, the as- overmature ones showing a scabrid surface, cospores of R. polymorphaespora show a wide

variation in internal wall thickenings. They The authors are indebted to M. Barbero for carrying out can be assigned to the Physcia-, Physconia- the TLC analyses, H. Sipman for correcting the Latin diagnoses and for comments on the manuscript and H. or Pachysporaria-type, and may also show Mayrhofer for locating material from Cape Verde in tendencies towards the Callispora-type. Fur- GZU. We thank the curators of B, GZU and TUR-V for thermore, they can develop after an ontogeny the loan of specimens and the first author also thanks the of type A or B, may become 2–3-septate ‘Comissionat per a la Recerca’ (Catalan Government) and can be smooth or ornamented. Never- for support. theless they always present lumina protruding towards the spore ends. This variability R can be observed in a single apothecial Aptroot, A. & Sparrius, L. B. (2003) New microlichens section. from Taiwan. Fungal Diversity 14: 1–50. Similar, remarkable variability in the spore Coppins, B. J. (2002) Checklist of Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. London: British Lichen Society. thickenings has been reported in the corti- Culberson, C. F. & Ammann, K. (1979) Standard- colous species, R. confusa H. Mayrhofer & methode zur Dünnschichtchromatographie von Kantvilas and R. abolescens H. Magn. (cf. Flechtensubstanzen. Herzogia 5: 1–24. Mayrhofer et al. 1999; Giralt & Mayrhofer Culberson, C. F. & Johnson, A. (1982) Substitution of 1995). The sporadic presence of 2–3-septate methyl tert.-butyl ether for diethyl ether in the standardized thin-layer chromatographic method ascospores also allies R. polymorphaespora for lichen products. Journal of Chromatography 238: with species of Rinodina with 3-septate as- 483–487. cospores, such as R. conradii Körb., R. con- Culberson, C. F., Culberson, W. L. & Johnson, A. nectens Malme, R. homobola (Nyl.) Vain. (1981) A standardized TLC analysis of -orcinol depsidones. Bryologist 84: 16–29. and R. homoboloides Vain. However, all these Dughi, R. (1952) Un problème de lichénologie non taxa possess larger ascospores that, except résolu: L’origine et la signification de l’apothécie in R. conradii, develop only after a type A lécanorine. Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de ontogeny. Marseille, Sér. 2, 21: 219–243. Rinodina polymorphaespora seems to be re- Giralt, M. (2001) The lichen genera Rinodina and Rinodinella (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) lated to R. oleae, R. boleana, R. pyrina and in the Iberian Peninsula. Bibliotheca Lichenologica even to R. conradii, since, apart from being 79: 1–160. very similar in habit, it has all ascospore- Giralt, M. & Mayrhofer, H. (1991) Rinodina boleana types of these species. However, its as- sp. nov., a new lichen species from North-Eastern Spain. Mycotaxon 60: 435–439. cospores are significantly larger than in the Giralt, M. & Mayrhofer, H. (1995) Some corticolous first three taxa and smaller and more rarely and lignicolous species of the genus Rinodina 2–3-septate than in R. conradii (cf. Kaschik (lichenized, Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) lacking sec- 2006; Giralt & Mayrhofer 1991, 1995; ondary lichen compounds and vegetative prop- Mayrhofer et al. 1999). agules in Southern Europe and adjacent regions. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 57: 127–160. Additional material examined. Santiago: W of Sao Giralt, M., Mayrhofer, H. & Sheard, J. W. (1995) The Domingos, N of Rui Vaz, along village, on rocky moun- corticolous and lignicolous blastidiate, sorediate tain, with some shrubs, on ?Acacia, 855 m, 23°35.7' W; and isidiate species of the genus Rinodina (lichen- 15°02.3' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Boom 36509 (hb. v.d. ized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) in Southern Europe Boom); W of Sao Domingos, WNW of Rui Vaz, “Monte and adjacent areas. Lichenologist 27: 3–24. Tchopa”, near telecommunication station, hilly area Giralt, M., Barbero, M. & van den Boom, P.P.G. with low exposed outcrops on slope, steep N exposed (1996a) Rinodina algarvensis, a new saxicolous sore- outcrops and mixed trees, on Eucalyptus, 1085 m, diate species from Portugal containing the stictic 23°37.5' W; 15°02.2' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Boom acid complex. Lichenologist 28: 1–8. 36404 (hb. v.d. Boom). Santo Antão: S of Ribeira Giralt, M., van den Boom, P.P.G. & Boqueras, M. Grande, SE of Corda, trail 203 from Cha de Mato to (1996b) Nuevas localidades para cinco especies Losna, outcrops near Cha de Mato with shrubs and del género Rinodina recientemente descritas o small trees, on shrub on N slope, 1095 m, 25°04.7' W; muy poco citadas. Folia Botanica Miscellanea 10: 17°07.6' N, 2006, P. & B. van den Boom 36751, 36752 5–9. (hb. v.d. Boom); S of Ribeira Grande, NW of Corda, Kaschik, M. (2006) Taxonomic studies on saxicolous trail 205 in NW direction to Figueiral, area with terrace species of the genus Rinodina (lichenized Ascomyc- cultivation, many walls, some outcrops and scattered etes, Physciaceae) in the Southern Hemisphere with trees, on Acacia, 970 m, 25°05.4' W; 17°08.3' N, 2006, emphasis in Australia and New Zealand. Bibliotheca P. & B. van den Boom 36641 (hb. v.d. Boom). Lichenologica 93: 1–62.

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Accepted for publication 27 June 2008