About the National Peanut Board

The National Peanut Board repre- sents all USA peanut farmers and their families. The mission of the Board is to improve the economic condition of USA peanut farmers and their families through compelling promotion and groundbreaking re- VOL. 69 No. 1 www.aboutpeanuts.com Winter 2021 search. Virginia Peanut later edition of this paper and else- Mullins serves as the alternate. The 2021 Production Meeting to be where. term for the current South Carolina board member and alternate expires South Carolina Available Online Let’s all hope that we will be togeth- Dec. 31, 2021. Annual Meeting er in person for the 2022 Peanut Pro- Postponed Until 2022 Due to spacing and safety issues the duction Meeting. USDA requires two nominees from annual Virginia Peanut Production each state for each position of mem- After much discussion and careful Meeting will be in a new format this ber and alternate. The National Pea- consideration, the South Carolina year. The usual research presenta- nut Board will submit South Caroli- Peanut Board has decided to cancel tions will be viewable online at the South Carolina Peanut na’s slate of nominees to the U.S. the 2021 Annual South Carolina Tidewater Research and Extension Board seeks National Secretary of Agriculture, who makes State Peanut Growers’ Meeting in Center website. The presentations Peanut Board nominees the appointments. favor of waiting to resume the in- will be available by February 15, person event during its normally 2021 a t h t t p s : / / The South Carolina Peanut Grow- The National Peanut Board encour- scheduled time on the last Thursday www.arec.vaes.vt.edu/arec/tidewater/ ers seeks eligible peanut producers ages inclusion of persons of any race, in January come 2022 (January 27th). arec-updates/2021-virginia-cotton--- who are interested in serving on color, national origin, gender, reli- peanut-production-meetings.html. the National Peanut Board. South gion, age, disability, political beliefs, Updated peanut production infor- In addition, plans are for a crop re- Carolina will hold a nominations sexual orientation and marital or mation will be made available in the port to be included covering peanuts election to select two nominees family status. NPB encourages all form of the 2021 Peanut Money- and possibly other commodities if in- each for member and alternate to persons who qualify as peanut pro- Maker that will be distributed for person meetings do not take place. the National Peanut Board during ducers to attend the meeting and run growers near the end of January,

a meeting on March 16, 2021 at for nomination. 2021. Growers and related industry Information on the possibility of TBD at the TBD in TBD. All eligi- will be able to obtain a free copy earning pesticide recertification cred- ble peanut producers are encour- It is USDA’s policy that membership through their County Extension its will be addressed in your Exten- aged to participate. Eligible pro- on industry-government boards and Agent or local Peanut Buying Point. sion newsletter. ducers are those who are engaged committees accurately reflect the An electronic copy will also be sent

in the production and sale of pea- diversity of individuals served by the out and posted to the web at https:// It is unfortunate that the usual nuts and who own or share the programs. www.clemson.edu/extension/ meeting can not be held but you will ownership and risk of loss of the agronomy/peanuts/guide.html not miss any of the information that crop. About the STATE has been provided to you in the past. PRODUCER GROUP The peanut yield contest will also be Bud Bowers of Estill is the current held this year as always with the South Carolina National Peanut The South Carolina Peanut results being made available in a Board member and Neal Baxley of Board is a farmer-led organization whose mission is to increase consum- er awareness and consumption of peanuts while creating a positive economic impact for producers.

North Carolina Peanut Growers Elect Lynn Hobbs President

A Peanut farmer from Gates County, Lynn and wife Janine raise pea- nuts, corn, cotton, wheat and soybeans in Gates, Chowan and Perqui- mans Counties. He serves on the Board of Albemarle Cotton Growers. Lynn served for many years as an EMT on the Chowan Rescue Squad. He is a member of Warwick Baptist Church and the North Carolina Men’s Disaster Relief Team. WINTER 2021 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS PAGE 2 Life Moves Slowly in a Pandemic

nuts. For some pests, such as again in 2021 and hope to provide more to learn about how to use it southern corn rootworms, we are more data on its cost-effective effectively. It is a biological insec- down to one product. For other use. Its registration is certainly a ticide and it is capable of sup- pests such as spider mites, the welcome addition to our spider pressing both corn earworm and options are either expensive, hard mite control toolbox. tobacco budworms. One of the to purchase, or modest in the level advantages is that this product of control. On top of all that, The second product I want to dis- preserves the natural enemies in many of the products we use today cuss also has the potential to help the peanut field and reduces the are more than 30, 40, and even 50 us with a challenging insect prob- likelihood of spider mite out- years old. The older I get the less lem, but I need to do more re- breaks. While it does not control of a problem I see with an insecti- search on it to fully understand other species of caterpillars such Rick Brandenburg cide that is 50 years old, but it how to use it most effectively. The as fall armyworm, it does work on Extension Entomology Specialist does illustrate that we’ve not de- product is Heligen® which is man- the most common ones in the Vir- North Carolina State University veloped a lot of effective products ufactured by AgBiTech. It is a bio- ginia-Carolina area, the corn ear- in recent history. logical insecticide that has shown worm and tobacco bud- I know I do not need to say that good effectiveness in controlling worm. While I have more work to 2020 was a bit of an unusual year. While we still struggle with new both corn earworm and tobacco do to get a full understanding of I am certainly not going to go into products to help us manage root- budworm. These are our two most this product, it may provide op- details as you all have your own worms, there have been a couple common caterpillars or worms that tions to help us with the pyre- stories. I hope you and your fami- of new products that show some we find in peanuts in the Virginia- throid resistance concerns and the ly have weathered this storm with potential for controlling other in- Carolina region. In recent years presence of budworms while also minimal impact. This past year sects and mites in peanuts. These we have faced the situation of de- minimizing spider mite risk. was a great illustration of the re- two products help us manage termining which products to use siliency of American agriculture some difficult pests and challeng- for caterpillar control. For decades My main area of concern is find- and those associated with this in- es we face almost every year in we relied upon relatively inexpen- ing other options for southern dustry. Rather than buckle under peanut production. sive synthetic pyrethroid insecti- corn rootworm control. Lorsban® the pressures that the pandemic cides which did a very good job of (chlorpyrifos) remains are “go-to” created, producing the food and The first product is Portal® Miti- controlling corn earworms. We product and right now I don’t fiber that our citizens rely on cide/Insecticide manufactured by had few tobacco budworms in pea- have good alternatives to recom- went forward with few disrup- Nichino America, Inc. Last year nuts and virtually no level of re- mend. This product was first reg- tions. When initial concerns was the first time I had the oppor- sistance in the earworms. istered in 1965! While that about food shortage were reported tunity to evaluate this product doesn’t mean anything bad or neg- on the news in the spring of 2020, and I was impressed with its con- However, that situation has ative about chlorpyrifos I think we I think the general public took a trol of spider mites in pea- changed and we now have corn can all see that industry interest greater interest in the farms they nuts. While I have only tested it earworm resistance near 40% and in finding new products to control drive by on the weekends. one year (2020) and in only one we see more tobacco budworms rootworms has not been a high location (Bertie County) I decided which pyrethroids don’t do a good priority. We look at a lot of op- While agriculture moves forward to add it to our control recommen- job of controlling. Growers found tions each year and are still strug- in spite of pandemics, hurricanes, dations. Obviously when a product themselves switching over to more gling to find anything that com- global recessions and other disas- gets used on a wide basis, then we expensive, but very effective, cat- pares. Hopefully, we will have ters, the need for new products really find out how good it is. I erpillars products more similar to some good news sometime in the that allow for the production of believe it can be a very effective their programs in cotton and soy- near future. safe food continues. At the same option for spider mite control in beans. When the cost of an insect time, the need for products that the future. I am not 100% sure of control program increases, then In conclusion, we have some up help farmers turn a profit are the price but I think it will be very the decision to spray becomes a bit and coming options for insect and equally important. Fortunately, competitive compared to other more difficult to make. There is mite control in peanuts. The op- we saw progress this past year products. In addition, I do not also the threat of creating a spider tion of using Portal® for spider and new products continue in know anything about its availabil- mite outbreak if the weather is hot mite control is one certainly to be their development. ity. Other spider mite products and dry and you spray a foliar in- considered by those who frequent- have often been hard to find in the secticide to control caterpil- ly battle this serious pest. Those of you that read my column past as it seems when it gets hot lars. Therefore the decision be- know that for years I have com- and dry, everyone needs them at comes much more complex. Let’s all stay focused on doing the plained about a lack of new prod- the same time. right things and hoping that 2021 ucts in the pipeline to help us Recently, I have worked with the is a better year in many manage insects and mites in pea- I do plan to evaluate this product Heligen® product, I still have ways. Good luck! PAGE 3 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS WINTER 2021 Our future is about Food was time to give back to our local cational section for parents to and more. We partnered with the communities by donating peanut print out material for their chil- Peanut Institute to print the reci- butter to food banks. We pur- dren to use in virtual learning. pe cards to hand out at future in- chased 20+ pallets of peanut but- We directed parents to the Ameri- person promotional events. We’ve ter from Peanut Proud to donate can Peanut Farm page to play got exciting new endeavors we are to food banks in Southeastern Vir- “Operation Peanut Butter.” As working on for 2021. ginia, the Coastal and Central re- harvesting took place, we upload- gion in North Carolina, and the ed photos and videos for our fol- I hope as we enter into the New Midlands in South Carolina. Pea- lowers to see farmers harvesting Year, we are able to have gather- nut butter is a staple item in the 2020 peanut crop. ings and in-person events to con- many households and we’re grate- tinue to spread the word about ful that we’re able to give back. In This fall I took some time to visit peanuts! I wish everyone a safe early 2021 we plan to donate jars with peanut growers in South and successful New Year! of peanut butter to food banks Carolina, North Carolina and Vir- Marianne Catalano across the Virginia Carolinas ginia as I feel it is important to Chocolate Peanut Butter Executive Director again. keep the face-to-face interaction, Smoothie Bowl Virginia-Carolinas Peanut Promotions while also maintaining our social- As we moved into the summer distance during each visit. During "New name here, I would like to months, we partnered with my visit to Virginia, I stopped by formally introduce myself as Mrs. iHeartRadio and the National Belmont Peanuts’ and Hubbard Marianne Copelan Catalano. I Peanut Board to create 10-, 15-, Peanut Company’s new facilities recently married my husband Mr. and 30-second radio commercials and both were very impressive. I Jospeh Catalano on August 15, across the region, promoting gour- highly encourage for those who 2020 in Amelia Island, Florida. met, boiled and in-shell peanuts. are reading this article, if you are Our wedding day was spent with The first set of commercials began in the area of either business, to immediate family and will be a airing the first week of June, run- stop by and show your support. day we cherish forever. As we ning through mid-October. The begin this new chapter together Total time: 5 minutes Serving 1 areas of focus were major cities As many of us have witnessed in Columbia, South Carolina we throughout the Virginia Carolinas within our industry, the growth of Ingredients are excited about our future." region such as Charleston, Myrtle peanut consumption increased as 2 frozen bananas Beach, Asheville, Charlotte, Vir- much as 7.6%. Virginia Carolinas 1/3 cup almond milk ginia Beach and Newport News as Peanut Promotions partnered 2 tablespoons peanut butter I was sitting in a marketing meet- well as many other cities. Every with a communications and mar- 2 tablespoons cacao powder ing in late November when a commercial favored the word pea- keting company by the name of Add-in’s optional speaker came up to the podium nuts and directed our consumers Ketchum to increase awareness of 2 scoops of peanut powder and opened his presentation with, to our website. We were very im- in-shell peanuts. Since the majori- “Our future is about food, not Tablespoon chia seeds pressed that 40% of listeners went ty of in-shell peanuts are grown in 1 teaspoon of honey about farming” and that line from hearing our radio commer- the VC region, we felt it’s im- struck home to me. As we are ma- cial to visiting the website. portant for consumers to continue For topping neuvering through this pandemic, to purchase this item during the ½ banana sliced I’ve often thought to myself how Other areas where we have been pandemic. The majority of in- Chocolate granola food has played an important, key promoting peanuts are our social shells are sold at sporting events Peanut butter to drizzle role in everyone’s lives. This is media pages: Facebook, Twitter such as basketball, baseball and Chia seeds where peanuts and peanut butter and Instagram. Since the pan- football games and many of those come into play, as our product has demic began, many consumers games have been or are being can- Instructions Combine bananas, almond milk, pea- really impacted many households have been drawn to social media celed, so we came up with the nut butter, cacao powder and peanut during this pandemic and will to stay up to date with current idea to promote in-shell peanuts continue to do so. I find it so intri- powder, chia seeds and honey. If us- trends and headlines, and to be an through social media influencers ing a blender (I used Nutribullet) guing that many people are going outlet of escape. We heavily pro- located within the VC region, blend until completely smooth, mix- back to their old ways of eating, moted the retail shops listed with- choosing one from each state. ture should be thick. such as a peanut butter and jelly in the shop section on our website. sandwich, to find comfort in a Recipes became an ideal post as New recipes have been added to Add more liquid if necessary, to get childhood memory. many parents were searching dai- our website and also printed into mixture to blend and smooth. ly for recipes to make with their recipe cards. The new recipes fea- Early in the pandemic, the Vir- children. We highlighted our edu- ture salads, main dishes, desserts Transfer to a bowl, add toppings as ginia Carolinas region knew it desired, and enjoy! WINTER 2021 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS PAGE 4 Was an increase in acres needed time, we have seen a decline in rienced these last few years. I CO-OP NOTES this year? In the scheme of some of our traditional export know our inshell processors have things, it probably didn’t hurt. markets, particular the European seen some difficult times with the The last two years have been dif- Union and Japan. The declines loss of baseball over the summer ficult ones in terms of quality there are the result of the quality and now with some of the new when it comes to the Southeast issues mentioned earlier. Let’s crop having below average inshell runner crop. Aflatoxin preva- hope that a better quality crop color. lence caused shelling losses and will help recharge these markets. extra expenses due to the costs You can’t survive as growers Going forward, I hope we have and losses from blanching neces- growing peanuts to be crushed. better days ahead. We have our sary to clean up affected lots. difficult growing and harvesting There has been a need to dispose Peanut butter and peanut con- year behind us, so that is a good of this affected inventory and sumption has been on a good roll thing. We also have the potential much of it has been exported to during this pandemic period. For for higher alternative crop prices. Thomas R. Cotton, Jr. China to be crushed for oil. With the USDA year ending July 31, Soybean, corn and cotton prices Manager PGCMA peanut product sales strong in peanut butter was up 5% and all have all risen recently, and Chi- our pandemic atmosphere, it is edible categories up a combined nese demand along with a La Ni- I am going to begin this article by good that shellers have usable 3.3% over the prior year. That na weather pattern meaning dry first summarizing the 2020 crop. inventory with which to fill man- has continued since July, with the weather for Argentina and Brazil ufacturer demands both now and August-October period up 4.3% could help further strengthen Planted acres were 1,623,200 na- moving forward. for peanut butter and up 6.8% for prices. Any movement in these tionally, a 233,500 acre, or 17% all categories. Again, with con- crop prices will put pressure on increase over last year. Acres in As I mentioned, US exports of sumption climbing it is good that the peanut contract price as alter- the 4 state southeast were up peanuts have been extremely we are having a good quality crop, natives are important for the av- 18%, 14% in the VC, and 13% in strong. There is good news and particularly in the Southeast. erage crop mix and rotation de- the southwest. Contract prices as bad news there, however. The mands. Stick to these rotations far as I know were similar to last good news is as I mentioned, Chi- Closer to home, our V-C crop, as they have helped get us where year so you have to assume that na has been a very aggressive with the exception of much of SC we are today in our area with the increase in peanuts planted buyer of both inshell farmer stock production, will not yield like re- peanut yields typically among the was mostly due to competing crop to crush for oil as well as some cent years and, unfortunately, highest in the country. prices. shelled goods too. At the same will not grade like we have expe-

July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020

funds monthly to the Virginia The United States is the third serves an important role for all Department of Agriculture and largest peanut producer in the involved. The APC is the main Consumer Services, which houses world behind China and India. industry organization which the Peanut Fund. The excise tax While China and India produce brings together all segments of rate is $.30 per hundred or $6.00 primarily for the oil market, the the industry in efforts from do- per ton. This rate was renewed US produces primarily for the edi- mestic and export promotion to by legislation and effective for the ble market. The US is known for market development, food safety, first of five years with the 2016 the quality of it’s peanut produc- and crisis management / media crop year. This money is used by tion compared to it’s competitors relations. On the export side, ex- the Virginia Peanut Board but there are countries, such as port promotion funds are matched through agreement with the Vir- Argentina, South Africa, and even by funds from the Foreign Agri- Wayne C. Barnes, Chairman ginia Peanut Growers Association China, who can produce quality cultural Service through the Mar- Virginia Peanut Board to staff an office, conduct promo- peanuts on par with those from ket Assistance Program and ex- The Code of Virginia allows for tional activities, and fund re- the US. tensive market development pro- an excise tax to be paid by the search projects on behalf of and grams target Europe, Canada, producer on every pound of pea- to benefit Virginia’s peanut grow- With the domestic industry being and Mexico, the largest consum- nuts sold. This excise tax is col- ers. These promotional activities composed of growers, shellers, ers of US grown peanuts. The pro- lected and remitted by the first are conducted by the Association manufacturers and the many oth- motion strategy is reviewed each handler to the Virginia Depart- and in conjunction with other or- er companies that support these year to target new countries and ment of Taxation. The Depart- ganizations. basic pillars of the industry, the ment of Taxation transfers the American Peanut Council (APC) continue on page 5 PAGE 5 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS WINTER 2021 regions toward which to allocate vidually. For 2020, the three is in charge of the website, Marianne and her staff. resources. states are promoting the con- aboutpeanuts.com, which has sumption of peanuts with an ad- been revamped and is often updat- The Association continues to help The Board has maintained it’s vertising campaign on I Heart ra- ed. She continues to search for identify companies willing to add membership with the Council dio. new markets in which to make the the Virginia-Carolinas Grown through the years and paid presence of VC grown peanuts logo to their product label. There $2,314.00 as its pro-rata share of The Virginia Peanut Growers As- known. are now four small processors us- the grower segment dues. The sociation, using Virginia Peanut ing the logo on their label. Virginia Peanut Growers Associa- Board funds, continued it’s efforts The Peanut Production Contest tion alternates with the North in promotion and education in was once again held for the 2019 Acres in Virginia have somewhat Carolina and South Carolina as- other areas as well. Nearly crop. Sponsorship of the trophies stabilized in the last few years in sociations for a Board seat on ei- 100,000 of the regular Virginia for the Virginia county winners the mid-20,000 range. This is cer- ther the APC Domestic or Export sample bags were distributed to and the State champion was Colo- tainly lower than before the pro- Board of Directors. Currently the organizations and individuals up- nial Farm Credit. The state win- gram changed but the tendency Association’s Executive Secretary on request, to Washington legisla- ner was Joey Johnson of Branch- seems higher than the low of serves on the APC Domestic tive offices, and to the 12 USO ville. His farm operation is in the 12,000 acres in 2009. Recent Board. sites in VA during the year. The Boykins/Newsoms area of South- acreage totals were 26,000 for Association, usually with Virginia ampton County. The state aver- 2017 and 23,500 in 2018. Acreage Another organization the Associa- -Carolinas Peanut Promotions, age yield was over 4,550 pounds in 2019 of 24,238 acres is ex- tion is affiliated with for promo- had a presence at promotional per acre which was a record. pected to be followed by a return tion, education, and research is functions such as the Virginia to 26,000 acres for 2020. the National Peanut Board. The State Fair; the Washington DC Association funds were allocated National Peanut Board is the pro- Marine Corps Marathon and oth- to the Tidewater Agricultural Ex- In January of 2016, the Virginia ducer checkoff entity which col- er events throughout the year. periment Station for research pro- General Assembly passed and the lects the national assessment of The Association once again hosted jects in the amount of $40,567. Governor signed an extension of $3.55 per ton sold. These funds Peanut Night at the home of the The projects were approved in the $6.00 per ton excise tax rate paid by producers are then spent Flying Squirrels baseball team in April and will be completed dur- for 5 more years, or through the to promote peanut nutrition and Richmond. Advertising venues ing the 2020 crop year. A list of 2020 crop. This will not require consumption. The National Pea- this year included the University the research projects is a part of more General Assembly action nut Board is the industry leader of Virginia stadium for home foot- this report. The Association is also until the session of 2021. The 5 in searching out new uses for pea- ball and the arena for home bas- responsible for reviewing research year extension was sponsored by nuts and peanut butter. ketball games, along with bill- proposals to be recommended for the Virginia Peanut Growers As- board advertising. This effort was funding in Virginia by the Nation- sociation with no known grower The National Peanut Board also enhanced by an internet ad- al Peanut Board. In December opposition. It is expected that spends a great deal of time and vertising venture attempting to 2019, the Virginia Peanut Grow- Virginia’s acreage will be in the resources on the allergy issue, guide the public to the aboutpea- ers Association recommended pro- 18,000 to 25,000 acre range for making sure that a responsible nuts.com website to shop for pea- jects totaling $27,500 to be spent the foreseeable future, and the $6 plan is developed to deal with the nuts during the holiday shopping against the National Peanut rate with at least an average crop issue in schools and other public season. The Association was also Board funds allocated for Virginia provides adequate funding for our places if their input is requested. a sponsor of the VA Nutrition and for 2020. administration and promotional The Virginia Peanut Growers As- Dietician Association and ran a needs while allowing new projects sociation, along with other state full page ad in two special issues The Association once again pro- to be considered. Promotional grower organizations and indus- of Cooperative Living magazine. vided funds for a weather hotline projects have increased the budg- try groups, partners with the Na- for use at harvest by VC area et in recent years, and this is ex- tional Peanut Board on market We continue our joint efforts in growers from South Carolina, pected to continue. The annual promotion and outreach efforts. promotion with the North Caroli- North Carolina and Virginia. The Association budget is currently in In May 2019, the National Peanut na and South Carolina grower expense is now split three ways, the range of $300,000. Plans are Board was reauthorized for 5 organizations through V-C Pea- with the North Carolina and Vir- being made to determine the rate years by a producer referendum nut Promotions at a cost of ginia growers sharing the cost at- to pursue during the 2021 Gen- with an approval rate of 93%. $24,000 for the fiscal year based tributed to the traditional areas eral Assembly session. on 2019 crop planted acres. This covered by the advisory. The Asso- The National Peanut Board annu- contribution is based on $1 per ciation is a joint publisher of the Discussions are ongoing on new ally allocates funds to each pro- acre. Marianne Copelan serves as VC Peanut News, issued three or promotion and education pro- ducer state for a co-promotion head of V-C Peanut Promotions. four times during the year. The grams that can be undertaken on project. Typically the three VC She has brought new ideas and paper provides marketing, re- behalf of and to benefit our pro- area states (VA, NC, SC) pool promotional efforts to the job, search, and promotional updates ducers and our Virginia peanut their funds for a larger project mostly through her varied capa- for growers in the three state re- industry. than could be accomplished indi- bilities in social media. Marianne gion. The paper is put together by WINTER 2021 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS PAGE 6 PAGE 7 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS WINTER 2021

have made a very tough decision to the cooperative effort of the peanut I am optimistic on the future of pea- Sutter Sez retire as North Carolina Peanut states coming together to support nuts in North Carolina. When I came Grower’s CEO, effective July 31, and lobby for the base system that to work, many of the producers that I 2021. replaced the quota. We were able to met were farming with their fathers. ensure that owners were paid for Now, 27 years later those sons are Every day that I have come to work their quota and that the new base now the fathers and many are farm- here has been enjoyable because of was allocated to producers using ing with their sons and daughters. who I am working for. There is not a their planting history. Things are changing fast and I am better group of people than the pea- confident that the peanut farmers of nut farmers of North Carolina. NCP- Another bright spot was the estab- North Carolina will use new technol- GA is truly a family and Sylvia and I lishment of the National Peanut ogies to meet the challenges of the have enjoyed being members. We Board. The Board of NCPGA worked future. look forward to continuing those very hard, along with the American friendships in years to come. Farm Bureau and other state grower Some of the Board members in 1993 groups to develop a unified plan to are still active in the Association, Robert R. Sutter I have enjoyed being part of the coop- submit to USDA. The 1995 Farm and like me look a little older. It has Chief Executive Officer erative research effort with NCSU Bill contained generic research and been a pleasure to see new Board North Carolina that has produced such great results. promotion language allowing com- members come into the industry and Peanut Growers Association I know that Drs. David Jordan, Rick modities to petition USDA to hold a become active. It is because of the Brandenburg, Jeff Dunne and Ryan referendum to see if peanut produc- past, present and future Board mem- November of 1993 sounds like a long Andres will continue to provide great ers were in favor of a national re- bers that I am confident of the future time ago, but as I think about the new varieties along with improved search and promotion board for their success of the Association and pea- last 27 years it seems like a very cultural practices. This would not be commodity. In 2000, US peanut pro- nuts in North Carolina. short time ago. When I became the possible without the support of cur- ducers voted unanimously in favor of CEO of the North Carolina Peanut rent and past Boards, who knew the establishing the National Peanut Most of all I want to thank all North Growers in 1993 I felt like the lucki- importance of research. Board. In 1999 the per capita con- Carolina Peanut Farmers for the est guy in the world. Every day since sumption of peanuts in the US was privilege of working for such a won- then I have had that same feeling. It Along the way we have faced chang- 5.8 pounds. By 2020 that figure had derful group of people. is very difficult to end this wonderful es that have been difficult. The end- increased to 7.6 pounds. That trans- journey. But as they say, “All Good ing of the Peanut Quota System was lates to 1.1 billion more pounds of Things Must Come to an End”. So, I devastating for many. I’m proud of peanuts being consumed annually. WINTER 2021 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS PAGE 8 Williams Elected President of Virginia Peanut Growers

Richard “Rich” Williams of Suffolk was elected President of the Virginia Peanut Growers Association at their Board of Directors meeting held in July.

Rich, a graduate of Virginia Tech, farms in west central Suffolk and grows corn, peanuts, cotton, and soybeans. His family has farmed for 5 generations but Rich is the first to be solely traditional row crops after converting from a dairy operation in the past. Rich also serves on the Suffolk Farm Bureau Board.

At the same meeting, Wesley Barnes of Southampton County was elected Vice-President and Dell Cotton was re-elected Secretary/ Treasurer.

slowed peanuts to the point holding the county and state dio for a good part of this year. where they were not near ma- yield contest this year. Get As you have read in other arti- turity in September or early your information to your coun- cles, without a peanut produc- October. In 2019 in Virginia ty agent in January in order tion meeting we will report on peanut harvest was pretty to be considered. our necessary business, such much done by early October. as the audit and our financial Many farmers got their entire I usually in this article review situation, to the full Board in crop out of the field without it the many events that we have lieu of the Annual Meeting. being rained on during har- participated in but there have- Any necessary approvals will vest; in many cases, the crop n’t been any in far too long. carry over to next year’s meet- Thomas R. Cotton, Jr., dried completely in the field. We are still promoting, howev- ing. Rest assured that we will Executive Secretary In a classic case of from one er. Every weekday a Morning continue to promote your pea- Virginia Peanut Growers Association extreme to the other, this year Ag Clips goes to many com- nuts and will be ready to re- saw few if any peanuts har- puters in the Virginia, Mary- turn to in person events as Without a doubt, 2020 has left vested before being rained on land, and Delaware tri-state soon as we are cleared to. its mark as a rough one. Be- and field conditions that region. We have an ad at the sides the complications and would never get dry. Let’s top of it. Once again this year Finally, all is set for our as- safety concerns brought by the hope we don’t have another we placed a full page ad in Co- sessment or excise tax lan- pandemic to every aspect of one like this for many years. operative Living that goes to guage to be acted on by the our lives, you also had to suffer 500,000 homes in the same tri General Assembly in the Janu- through the fall of 2020. No The result of all of this is a -state region. This was actu- ary session. The Virginia Pea- rain in July. The spigot cut crop of maybe two tons per ally in two separate issues of nut Board and The Virginia back on in August and is still acre in Virginia. While this the magazine, one in October Peanut Growers Association on. At times that spigot was a may be considered a good and one in November- Board met in July and unani- waterfall, with rains of multi- yield for some states, it cer- December. We are once again mously approved a decrease in ple inches common, usually the tainly is subpar for us after partnering with UVA Sports, the rate from the $6 per ton to result of a used-to-be hurricane the record yields we have en- and have added VCU this bas- $5 per ton. If it passes the heading offshore. joyed in Virginia these past ketball season. We also General Assembly, this will The loss of growth and devel- few years. Please remember through VC Peanut Promo- begin with the 2021 crop and opment of plants in July that we will once again be tions placed ads on I Heart ra- will, be in effect for 5 years. PAGE 9 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS WINTER 2021

The Virginia Carolinas Peanut Promotions partnered with Ketchum a global marketing and communications company to create awareness of in-shell peanuts.

Ketchum partnered with three in- fluencers in the Virginia Carolinas on behalf of Virginia Carolinas Pea- nuts Promotions to help increase brand awareness and considera- tion. These three influencers brought to life unique recipes that incorporated VCPP peanuts and highlighted inshell peanuts as a star ingredient while also providing Rebecca Gallop Saidah Washington Jen Eddins information on how to utilize them properly and where to pur- Here is combined chase. Meet the following influenc- ers we worked with: Rebecca Gal- Instagram lop, Saidah Washington and Jen audience data Eddins. We partnered with Rebecca from Virginia in September, Saidah from South Caorlina in October and Jen from North Carolina in Novem- ber. The name of Rebecca's blog is A Daily Something, Saidah's blog name is Aprons and Stilletos and Jen's blog name is Peanut Butter Runner. WINTER 2021 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS PAGE 10 fields just didn’t advance in tember 26. Some fields took a ble planting window in a sea- maturity very fast and many lot longer to reach optimal or son, if we are planting both were several weeks behind reasonable maturity this year. Virginias and runners. I don’t schedule. Between in and These environmental factors, think we humans will ever around Blackville and Flor- which were outside our con- know in advance of a year ex- ence, the seasonal heat unit trol, tell a lot in helping ex- actly what the whole growing total from April 20 to October plain why. Not to say all was season will be like as far as 31 was about 500 degree days on the downside in 2020, a when the cool, warm, wet and lower than the same period of good many fields saw strong dry spells will pass through time in 2019. This translates yields, and while tomato spot- and what each will bring. Dan Anco into 27 days on paper (each ted wilt was a bit on the in- There will always be surpris- Extension Peanut Specialist with an average temperature crease this year, late leaf spot es. Still, planting Virginias Clemson University of 75°F) but an actual 35 days got off to a slower start than in earlier generally hedges our There is a lot we can say slower to reach the same previous years. chances more towards favora- about 2020. For growing pea- amount of heating units we ble conditions for harvest, nuts, this past year was anoth- saw in 2019. In other words, it With this in mind, overall where even though most run- er installment in a growing took us until October 31, 2020 there is still value to planting ners take longer to mature line of “non-normal” years. For to reach the same total heat Virginia type cultivars towards many cultivars, seed quality units we had in 2019 by Sep- the earlier part of the favora- continue on page 11 and vigor suffered following the stressful 2019 growing sea- son when U.S. peanuts saw the worst aflatoxin year out of the last ten years. Sub-optimal seed quality predisposed fields to slow emergence, and this was further compounded by the cooler growing season we saw. From April 25 through June 5, the accumulated heat- ing units we had were equiva- lent to 14 days’ worth of slower conditions (e.g., 14 days of 75° F average temperatures). Rains during later May into early June further slowed field access, and some parts of fields needed replanting due to drowned out seed. Further challenges included if seed with varying quality were planted deep to reach moisture The blue dashed lines show cooler periods in 2020 compared to 2019. right before a cool spell settled in with heavy rains. Some Cumulative growing degree day (cDD) (base 56°F) and total precipitation for Blackville and Florence, SC fields were alright, others from April 20 through October 31, 2020 compared to 2019. could have been better. All Year these factors contributed to a Location 2020 2019 lot of the crop getting off to a slow start. The rest of the year Blackville 3471 cDD 3992 cDD in general saw more precipita- 28.2 inch precipitation 18.8 inch precipitation tion than in 2019, which Florence 3444 cDD 3933 cDD helped to reduce aflatoxin problems. However, many 34.4 inch precipitation 18.7 inch precipitation PAGE 11 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS WINTER 2021 than Virginias, runners gener- Yield Acre value ally lend a slight (A.K.A. not a Virginia type variety (lb/A) Group TSMK ELK Group $/A Group silver bullet) flexibility to har- vest. Walton 5359 A 69.6% 40.2% B 953 A

Varieties Bailey II 5254 A 69.6% 46.7% A 938 AB

Yield performance in our 2020 Bailey 5202 A 68.8% 40.6% B 912 AB Virginia variety trial was tight overall. For reference, this test was planted May 14 and in- Emery 4825 AB 69.5% 47.4% A 864 ABC verted 138 days after planting. The only variety not in the top Sullivan 4936 AB 67.2% 41.1% B 848 BC yielding group was Contender (4386 lb/A). The numerically greatest yielding variety was Contender 4386 B 69.5% 45.2% A 783 C Walton, which was followed closely by Bailey II and Bailey (each 5200 to 5360 lb/A). Per- Yield Acre value Seed size Runner type variety (lb/A) Group TSMK Group $/A Group no/lb Group formance in terms of acre val- ue closely followed the same Georgia 16HO 6721 A 74.0% A 1193 A 667 C groupings for yield. Each Vir- ginia type variety had a low FloRun 331 6560 A 69.8% CD 1099 B 709 BC overall amount of tomato spot- TUFRunner 297 6358 AB 71.8% ABC 1096 B 675 C ted wilt infection (less than 6.2%), except for Contender Georgia 18RU 6193 ABC 73.0% A 1078 BC 691 C which had more than double (14%) the amount of any other Georgia 06G 6180 ABC 72.4% AB 1075 BC 680 C variety. Contender is still a re- AU NPL 17 6203 ABC 69.7% CD 1047 BCD 725 BC cently released variety, though this pattern of higher TSW in- Georgia 12Y 6019 BC 68.8% D 1005 CDE 771 AB cidence has shown through in Georgia 09B 5753 CD 69.7% CD 970 DE 725 BC previous years as well. TifNV-High O/L 5702 CD 70.4% BCD 966 DE 665 C Our 2020 runner variety trial at Blackville was also planted Georgia 14N 5413 D 70.6% BCD 930 E 799 A May 14 and was inverted 146 days after planting. Yields sep- arated out more in this test than they did in the Virginia test. Six of the 10 varieties placed in the top yielding group, which included Georgia 16HO, FloRun 331, TUFRun- ner 297, Georgia 18RU, Geor- gia 06G, and AU NPL 17 (6200 to 6720 lb/A). Of these, Geor- gia 16HO was the only one in In addition to yield, this varie- winter meetings. We are work- able to control the terrain our the top grouping for acre value ty’s high grade contributed to ing out options for electronic paths wind through, but in at $1193/A, though several its farmer stock value. formats for county production persevering forward we sit not others weren’t far off from this. meetings and plan to have on our hands. Onward and up- I will miss seeing many of you something available early in wards into 2021 and beyond! face to face during our normal 2021. We may not always be WINTER 2021 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS PAGE 12 Tools to Help Manage Peanuts The Peanut Risk Tool can help NC State built a Field Log that gens are not active. We do run you minimize the risk to yield is a component of the Peanut into periods of time when rain when you start the season. A Risk Tool. The idea is that you is limited but humidity is high few images of this tool are can use a MS Excel spreadsheet enough that the leaf spot- shown here and more details on generated by the Peanut Risk causing pathogens are active. its use are provided in the 2021 Tool to begin recording infor- Even though our gut tells us Peanut Information guide. Ma- mation for fields or groups of one thing (to hold off sprays) jor diseases, insects and arthro- fields. Production information the reality is we are falling be- pods, nematodes and weeds you select in the Peanut Risk hind on the epidemic curve. have individual risk indices Tool automatically populates The advisories also help us (southern corn rootworm and the Field Log. You can then avoid sprays when spider mites tomato spotted wilt virus, for add as much additional infor- might be active. Pathogens example) that when combined mation as you would like to the keep spider mites in check and David Jordan give the grower an overview of Field Log and save the Excel when we spray fungicides when Extension Peanut Specialist potential risk based on their file for later use. I’m not a big they are active we eliminate a NC State University production plans for the year. fan of changing something until key element that is keeping Peanut growers have many Growers can then revise their I need to if it is working well. them from exploding. sources from which they can plans in order to minimize risk. But, there is almost always obtain information to help The cost of minimizing risk someone smarter than me in The Frost Advisory provided them make better informed de- based on production budgets every room I am in and there is through Virginia Tech is a very cisions about peanut produc- can be seen as changes are very often a better way to do important piece of information tion and pest management. made. In many ways the Pea- things if I would just try one or that can be used to inform deci- Most tools we have available nut Risk Tool allows one to see two of them. If you are strug- sions on digging peanuts. We through NC State Extension how many of the pest manage- gling to keep track of peanut had a long and drawn out har- are research based and provide ment issues in 2021 Peanut In- production practices you have vest in 2020 and from late Sep- predictions or model potential formation come together and used in the past and the out- tember through late November outcomes of what will likely interact. comes of those practices, the we were concerned about freeze happen when a farmer imple- Field Log may provide you a damage. Slow growth of pea- ments various production prac- The Peanut Risk Tool also al- method to better organize and nuts in May and dry periods of tices . We know our tools are lows growers to create Field maintain your records and al- weather during the summer not perfect but they do point us Logs to record production data. low you to access that infor- delayed maturity and pushed in the right direction. One of In a survey of growers across mation more quickly and easily. us much later in the fall for the best scientists at NC State North Carolina, South Caroli- digging and harvesting. The reminded us in a seminar not na, and Virginia at county and The Peanut Leaf Spot Advisory cool weather during the latter too long ago that “A model is a state production meetings, it and the Peanut Sclerotinia half of September kept a lot of lie that points to a truth.” Our became apparent that many Blight Advisory continue to pro- peanuts from reaching opti- peanut tools help us with per- farmers are using memory and vide information on making de- mum maturity. As we tried to spective and the decision- the traditional method of writ- cisions about fungicide applica- give the crop a chance to get making process. With this is ten records in notebooks to help tions. This tool is easily ac- there, we found ourselves navi- mind, here are some of the them recall what production cessed through your local NC gating through rain and poten- tools we have for peanuts with practices have been used in pre- State Extension agent or tial frost. The Frost Advisory is a brief description of their val- vious years. I use plenty of pa- through e-mail. We often think not perfect (just like all forms ue. per and have Gene Sullivan’s of the advisories as tools that of weather and climate data) file cabinet right behind my can help us save money in some but is another tool that helped The 2021 Peanut Information chair in my office with plenty of instances by not spraying when growers avoid freeze damage guide presents information on folders. But I find myself going conditions (temperature and (Seg 2) that could result in tre- all aspects of peanut produc- to the easiest source of infor- humidity) are not favorable for mendous economic loss. tion and pest management. mation sometimes and that is pathogen development. This is Many of you are familiar with often whatever is electronic and indeed the case. But in some The State Climate Office of the guide. on my computer or whatever instances the advisory can help North Carolina and the weath- the computer can link me to. us make applications when we With this in mind, Greg Buol at would otherwise think patho- continue on page 13 PAGE 13 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS WINTER 2021 er and climate data collected lar weed complex but also the fining what might be affecting sions. You can get more infor- across the state and region economics of the decision. We peanuts in a particular field. mation and gain access to these helps us predict what might have taken the information be- tools by contacting your local happen in the future in real hind WebHADSS (yield loss Hopefully, I’ve outlined key ele- NC State Extension agent and time and we can use that data from weeds, herbicide efficacy, ments of tools you can use in through the NC State Exten- to explain why something hap- and cost) and placed it into a peanuts this coming year. Ulti- sion Peanut Portal (https:// pened. As we tie weather and web based decision aid, called mately, famers make the deci- peanut.ces.ncsu.edu/). You will climate data into our produc- NC Herbicide Selection Tool, sion on what to put in place. also find our Peanut Notes se- tion and pest management rec- that should allow growers and Our role is to provide you infor- ries that is designed to keep ommendations we have the po- their advisors to more easily mation in more than one format you up-to-date on what we are tential to reduce risk. use the decision aid. We are to help you with those deci- seeing throughout the year. developing this not just for pea- This past growing season Bar- nuts but also other major agro- bara (Shew) developed a nomic and vegetable crops. You spreadsheet with information don’t have to know how many on fungicide performance and weeds you have but just what cost. We know costs can vary weeds need to be controlled. from farmer to farmer but this The NC Herbicide Selection tool helped us think in terms of Tool will help you make quicker economics. We will update this decisions with both effective- Fungicide Information Tool for ness and economics in mind. the 2021 growing season. We also updated the Peanut Selecting the best herbicide or Maturity Chart this past year. group of herbicides to control We placed a considerable weeds is one of the most im- amount of new information on portant decisions we will make the chart to help make a deci- in peanuts. We often do this sion on when peanuts are ready from memory or take a look at to dig. Pod maturity is just one rating tables in 2021 Peanut of numerous pieces of infor- Information or the North Caro- mation that goes into the deci- lina Agricultural Chemicals sion to dig. Hopefully the up- M a n u a l . WebHADSS dated Peanut Maturity Chart (Herbicide Application Decision helps us not only with knowing Support System) was developed pod maturity at a given point in many years ago to enable us to time but also with decisions on think in terms of both effective- whether to continue fungicide ness of herbicides on a particu- sprays and the possibility of de- WINTER 2021 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS PAGE 14 Maintaining the diverse collection of peanut wild species in the NCSU Peanut Breeding & Genetics Program

they are recalcitrant to seed pro- ited ability for improvement. best available seed sources of all duction outside of their native Wild species offer a wealth of accessions was developed. Of habitats of South America. valuable diversity, particularly these, 217 belong to Section Ara- for disease resistance genes, but chis (Figure 1) and thus can be Frozen seed begins to lose viabil- accessing these genes is difficult crossed to cultivated peanut. ity after ~5 years. Therefore, ac- due to differences in chromo- Therefore, these are considered cessions must be periodically re- some number and resulting in- “usable” for cultivar improve- grown to obtain fresh seed. fertility. Furthermore, wild spe- ment. Fourteen of these 217 ex- While this can be done on a lim- cies possess numerous highly ist only as a greenhouse plant or ited scale in the greenhouse, undesirable characteristics such with very limited seed. The other Jeffrey C. Dunne field increases produce signifi- as fragile pods, poor seed produc- 198 accessions (Figure 2) belong Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences cantly more seed in a more effi- tion, and specialized growth hab- to other sections of peanut which North Carolina State University cient manner. The Sandhills Re- its that must be purged before are not considered crossable to search Station in Jackson incorporation in the cultivated cultivated peanut. These other NCSU has maintained a large Springs, NC is the only location breeding program. Therefore, accessions, particularly A. pintoi peanut wild species collection for in the United States that cur- utilizing wild species is a and A. glabrata, have utility as more than 60 years which serves rently performs field-based wild lengthy process, but is needed to forage cultivars and are receiv- as the primary back-up to the peanut seed increases due to its ensure a continuous supply of ing interest as potential cover USDA collection in Griffin, GA. combination of soil type, equip- novel disease resistance genes crops. Of these 198 accessions, Currently, there are 475 acces- ment, and experience. The abil- for use in the cultivated breeding 94 exist either as greenhouse sions in the NCSU collection, 415 ity to perform such increases not program. plants only or with very limited of which can be considered high- only enables NCSU to maintain seed. These accessions are well quality, and 217 of which belong and utilize its collection, but also An inventory of the entire wild known to be poor seed producers to Section Arachis (Figure 1) allows seeds to be routinely dis- species seed collection was per- outside their native habitat in meaning they can be used to im- tributed to other scientists formed, identifying 475 total ac- South America and are predomi- prove cultivated peanut. The re- around the world and allows oth- cessions present in the program. nantly maintained through vege- maining 196 accessions are from er scientists to utilize their col- However, 22 are known dupli- tative propagation. The planting different sections (Figure 2) and lections. The Andean Pact/ cates either because the acces- of the 2020 Wild Species Nurse- currently do not have much utili- Community has virtually elimi- sion is of particular importance ry (WSN) at the Sandhills Re- ty for peanut cultivar improve- nated germplasm introduction to the program or a seed mix-up search Station (Jackson Springs, ment. However, they do have from South America for the past is suspected in one of the copies. NC) was prohibited due to Covid utility as forage cultivars and 25 years, which puts even great- Another 38 accessions have -19 induced reductions in field cover crops. Most of these acces- er emphasis on preserving cur- questionable or incomplete infor- operations. Skipping one year of sions are preserved as frozen rent materials. mation, leaving 415 “high- the WSN is not expected to have seed, although some must be quality” accessions. An updated a long-term impact on the pro- maintained as vegetative cut- Cultivated peanut has a narrow database containing all known gram. tings in the greenhouse since genetic base, and therefore lim- names, original location, and

Figure 1: Native geographic distribution of the NCSU Section Arachis Collection. Figure 2: Native geographic distribution of NCSU Non-Section Arachis Collection. PAGE 15 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS WINTER 2021 Peanut revenues are predicted to decrease if temperature increases

learn something new and, if gest that under moderate accepted for publication in the enough information exists, we warming this decline can be Journal of Agricultural and can predict the future. For ex- offset from breeding and varie- Resource Economics in 2020. ample, the data from the past tal development as an adapta- 35 years of the Peanut Variety tion strategy. The paper was and Quality Evaluations (PVQE) testing at 12 locations across the VC region predicted that peanut revenue will drop Maria Balota if weather gets hotter in the Pathology, Physiology and Weed Sciences future. The prediction models Virginia Tech Tidewater AREC shown in Figure 1 were devel- This year, my program fin- oped by Dr. Ford Ramsey, As- ished picking peanut just two sistant Professor of Agricultur- days before Thanksgiving! It al and Applied Economics at was a late crop. As mentioned Virginia Tech; and Dr. Jesse on an earlier note, this was the Tack, Associate Professor of result of a combination of cool- Agricultural Economics at er than normal May, hot and Kansas State University. dry July, hot August and, fi- These folks showed a roughly nally, cool nights in September 11% revenue decline under and October. Wet early sum- warming of 1 degree Celsius or mer and fall along with dry 2 degrees Fahrenheit from mid-summer played into the both, yield and quality reduc- equation too. Well, no year is tions. And, not to get overly perfect; but in each year we concerned, the same data sug- Virginia Peanut Disease Report for 2020 vorable for disease until leaf spot is that the spotting leaf spot control were brought Hurricane Isaias dropped occurs primarily on the upper- to my attention by growers. several inches of rain in the mid canopy and seldom is ob- Cooler than average temps be- area in early August. Up un- served in the lower canopy ginning around Labor Day did til August, the only reports where leaf spot pathogen infec- create very favorable condi- of disease turned out to be tions typically begin. Bayer tions for Sclerotinia blight spotting caused by Provost representatives have indicated (Figure 2), and the Virginia Silver (Figure 1). This spot- the product will be formulated Sclerotinia Blight Advisory in- ting was observed in fungi- differently in 2021 to avoid this dicated that the risk of disease cide trials and in some grow- issue. development was high from David B. Langston, Jr. nd th Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist er fields where Provost Sil- August 2 until October 17 . Tidewater Agricultural Research & Extension ver had been sprayed within Canopy closure and more fre- Although few growers reported Center the previous 2 weeks. Alt- quent rains created a more fa- severe epidemics of Sclerotinia Virginia peanuts experienced hough the symptoms appear vorable environment for dis- blight, field trials at the Tide- variable environmental condi- very similar to those of leaf ease in mid-late August that water Agricultural Research tions that affected disease de- spot diseases, the condition continued through harvest. and Extension Center exhibit- velopment in 2020. Dry condi- is primarily cosmetic and lit- Late leaf spot (Figure 2) was ed high levels of disease that tions in July coupled with de- tle, if any, defoliation occurs. the only foliar pathogen ob- layed row closure were unfa- One way to tell that it is not served, but no problems with continue on page 16 WINTER 2021 VIRGINIA-CAROLINAS PEANUT NEWS PAGE 16

had not been observed in 10 or Omega 500 (1.5 pt/acre) for re- Sclerotinia blight can be gicides that contain DMI fun- more years. Field trial results ducing Sclerotinia blight achieved using the Miravis/ gicides in FRAC Group 3 as demonstrated that Miravis (Figure 3) and improving yields Elatus (both FRAC Group 7s) well as chlorothalonil, espe- (3.4 fl oz/acre) and Elatus (9.5 (Figure 4). This information is 2 spray program without addi- cially later in the season, to oz/acre) tank-mix programs very significant to growers be- tional fungicide inputs. How- manage fungicide resistance in performed as well as programs cause control of peanut leaf ever, I recommend applica- the leaf spot pathogen to receiving 2 applications of spot, southern stem rot, and tions of effective leaf spot fun- Miravis.

Figure 1. Large, irregular spots in the upper canopy caused by Provost Figure 2. Late leaf spot and Sclerotinia blight in peanut trials at the Virginia Silver. Tech Tidewater AREC.

Figure 3. Fungicide treatment area under the disease progress curves Figure 4. Effect of fungicide treatments on yield in peanut trials with Sclero- (AUDPC) for Sclerotinia blight in 2 trials at the Virginia Tech Tidewater AR- tinia blight at the Virginia Tech Tidewater AREC. EC. Higher values indicate greater disease incidence in treatment plots.