International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 116 No. 13 2017, 267-272 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu

EVALUATION OF FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN GROUNDWATER AROUND TALUK, DISTRICT

1A.Ambica,2 B.Saritha, 3Gokia Changring, 4Md. Salman Assistant Professor 1,2 Student 3,4 Department of Civil Engineering, BIST, BIHER, Bharath University, . [email protected]

Abstract : The most important natural source of water groundwater. Soil is a product of the disintegration of supply to the people all over the world is the solid bedrocks under physical and chemical reactions in groundwater. This study aims to evaluate the which the fluorides are normally available to a concentration of fluoride in the groundwater in and considerable levels (Bashir et al., 2013). Fluoride around Tambaram Taluk, Kanchipuram district. Since concentration in drinking water is important for human Tambaram taluk is a densely populated as well as a health. The factors which influence fluoride developing area so the possibilities of getting polluted are concentrations in natural water are geological, hydro maximum. The public are not aware of the fluoride geological, geochemical and anthropogenic[1-4]. content in water. They are worried only about salt content The consequences of fluoride in groundwater has and that, too, is measured only by taste. There is no valid drawn world attention due to its impact on human or recommended cost-effective household method to physiology. The maximum allowable limit of fluoride in reduce the additional fluoride content. So it is a need to drinking water is specified by World Health Organization check the overall water quality and the level of fluoride (W.H.O. 1984) is 1.5 mg/l. If the fluoride concentration concentration in the groundwater for drinking purpose. is above 1.5 mg/l, that results in dental and skeletal The collected twenty water samples were tested for fluorosis. This can create serious problem when fluorides physical-chemical parameters like pH, Total Dissolved concentration exceeds above 4-8 mg/l. which leads to Solids (TDS), Hardness, Alkalinity, Phosphate, Iron, increase in bone density calcification of ligaments, Nitrates, Chloride and Fluoride . It was found that fluoride rheumatic pain in joints and muscles along with stiffness concentration ranged from 0.5-1.5 mg/l in the study area. and rigidity of the joints, bending of the vertebral column This study aims to create the awareness to the public etc (Teotia and Teotia 1994).As per the record in world about the level of fluoride in the drinking water for taking around 200 million people from 25 nations have great the protective measure. health risks, with high fluoride in the drinking water. About 62 million people in are at risk of developing 1. Introduction fluorosis from drinking high fluoride groundwater (Andezhath et al., 1999)[5]. Urbanization, industrialization growth in the metropolitan In India is one of the 19 states with city Chennai is increasingly growing too fast and this will high fluoride contamination in drinking water, this lead to demand of many natural resources. Groundwater varying from 1.0 to 48 mg per litre as against the World is one of the most important resources affected by the Health Organization’s permissible limit of up to 1.5 mg increasing rate of urbanization and industrialization. The per litre. People from from Salem, Ariyalur, pollution keeps on increasing every day because of Srivilliputhur, Tiruchengode, Namakkal and Dindugul population. Fluoride in water exists in the dissociated are mostly affected by dental fluorosis and skeletal form, i.e. the fluoride ion (UmaRani et al., 2014). It is the fluorosis, diseases that weaken the teeth and cause joint 13 th most abundant element in the earth’s crust pain. People in these areas are using untested (Weinstein and Davison,2003). If it dissolved in water it groundwater directly which is high in fluoride. Fluoride does not show signs of any colour, taste or smell. monitoring is carried out at 1,286 observation wells in the Fluoride concentration in drinking water is important for state by the Tamil Nadu water supply and drainage board public health. Fluoride is essential for dental health, bone twice a year before and after the monsoon. About 121 and cartilages. The factors which influence fluoride blocks in 19 districts have high fluoride concentration in concentrations in natural water are geological, hydro groundwater[6-8]. geological, geochemical and anthropogenic. The studies indicate that high concentrations of fluoride are found in

267 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

The study conducted by Dar MA et al (2009) in The study area is Tambaram Taluk, Northeast part of kancheepuram showed that fluoride abundance in the Chennai. It lies between 12.93°N and 80.14°E. range of 1 to 3.24 mg/L, Pradeep kumar et al (2011) Tambaram is in Kanchipuram district has a total showed ground water contamination of fluoride releases geographical area of 4,432 km 2. In this area the soil is from fertilizer plants in showed fluoride mostly clay, shale and sandstone. Clay underlies most of concentration in the range of 0.98 to 1.04 mg/L, the study the city. Sandy areas are found along the river banks and done by Balakrishnan. et al (2008) in kanchipuram coasts. Since Tambaram taluk is a densely populated as showed ground water contamination of fluoride in the well as a developing area so the possibilities of getting range of 0.13 to 1.09 mg/L[9]. polluted are maximum. The Tambaram Taluk covers Nowadays, the Fluoride concentration in the twenty reveune villages like , Kadapperi, ground water has been increased and they affect the Madampakkam, Mulacheri, Rajakizhpakkam, human health. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Thiruvancherri, Pulikoradu, Irumbuliyur, Kovilacheri, fluoride contamination Level in the study area,in and Perunkalathur, , , Vengapakkam, around Tambaram Taluk,Kancheepuram district[10]. Gowrivakkam, Kaspapuram, Madurapakam, Peerkkararanai and Mudichur. 1.1 Study Area

Figure 1. Study Area Map

1.2 In-Situ Data from open wells and bore wells. The samples are collected in well washed (washed with de-ionized water) The groundwater samples were collected from twenty plastic bottles and the analysis were carried out by different locations and the samples are directly taken standard methods in the laboratory[11-16].

Table 1. Location details of study area

Sample Station Name Latitude Longitude Type of well Station S1 Gowrivakkam 12˚55 ′ 13.23 ″ 80˚9 ′55.66 ″ Open well S2 Sembakkam 12˚55 ′36.54 ″ 80˚7 ′38.37 ″ Open well S3 12˚55 ′3.82 ″ 80˚9 ′20.37 ″ Open well S4 12˚54 ′16.35 ″ 80˚9 ′33.78 ″ Bore well S5 Chitlapakkam, 12˚55 ′56.82 ″ 80˚8 ′33.65 ″ Open well S6 Tambaram 12˚55 ′23.2 ″ 80˚7 ′39.84 ″ Open well S7 Kadapperi 12˚56 ′26.4 ″ 80˚6 ′52.53 ″ Bore well S8 Thiruvancherri 13˚2 ′41.47 ″ 80˚11 ′9.61 ″ Bore well

268 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

S9 Mudichoor 12˚54 ′34.12 ″ 80˚4 ′12.92 ″ Bore well S10 Selaiyur 12˚55 ′13.23 ″ 80˚7 ′38.37 ″ Open well S11 Agaramthen 12˚53 ′11.73 ″ 80˚8 ′24.35 ″ Open well S12 Kaspapuram 12˚55 ′13.23 ″ 80˚7 ′38.37 ″ Bore well S13 Irrumbuliyyur 12˚54 ′44.35 ″ 80˚6 ′10.44 ″ Bore well S14 Perungalthur 12˚54 ′22.21 ″ 80˚5 ′21.49 ″ Open well S15 Madurapakkam 12˚54 ′0.55 ″ 80˚9 ′1.72 ″ Open well S16 Kovilacherri 11˚1 ′39.02 ″ 79˚24 ′36.91 ″ Open well S17 Vengapakkam 12˚54 ′26.43 ″ 80˚6 ′18.73 ″ Bore well S18 Perkarkaranai 12˚54 ′33.43 ″ 80˚6 ′13.09 ″ Bore well S19 Moolacheri 11˚25 ′58.31 ″ 77˚52 ′15.59 ″ Bore well S20 Polikoradu 12˚55 ′13.23 ″ 80˚7 ′38.37 ″ Bore well

Table 2. Fluoride concentrations in and around Tambaram Taluk

Sample Station Name Fluoride Sample Station Name Fluoride Station concentration Station concentration (mg/l) (mg/l) S1 Gowrivakkam 1 S11 Agaramthen 1 S2 Sembakkam 1 S12 Kaspapuram 0.5 S3 Rajakilpakkam 1 S13 Irrumbuliyyur 0.5 S4 Madambakkam 1 S14 Perungalthur 1 S5 Chitlapakkam 1 S15 Madurapakkam 1 S6 Tambaram 1.5 S16 Kovilacherri 1 S7 Kadapperi 1 S17 Vengapakkam 0.5 S8 Thiruvancherri 1 S18 Perkarkaranai 1 S9 Mudichoor 1.5 S19 Moolacheri 1.5 S10 Selaiyur 0.5 S20 Polikoradu 1.5

Table 3. Permissible limits of Fluoride in drinking water

Serial Name of the Organization Permissible Limit of No. Fluoride (mg/l) 1 World Health Organization (WHO) 1.5 2 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 1 3 Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) 1

Table 4. Physical-chemical characteristics of ground water in and around Tambaram Taluk

Parameter Maximum Minimum

PH 8.5 7 TA 750 250 TH 1150 300 Cl 1450 200

269 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

TDS 2580 900 F 1.5 0.5 Fe 2 0.3

NO 3 45 20 P 5 0.3 pH -No Unit, For all other parameters are assigned mg/l

2. Result and Discussions suffer from various dental and bone diseases and the high level of fluoride will affect the kidney and thyroid glands The frequently used most important parameter to of the people. So it is a need to thoroughly study the determine the water quality is the pH. The pH values for groundwater before its use for domestic purposes and all the samples in the present study are within the accordingly a suitable method can be chosen for its permissible range (6.5-8.5). Also it was noticed the pH is treatment. not only the parameter to fix the quality of the drinking water, many other parameters also taken into an account References to fix the water quality for drinking purpose. The analyzed samples show the hardness ranges from 300 [1] Brindha G., Emerging trends of telemedicine in mg/l to 1150 mg/l. The desirable limit of TDS as per India, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v-6, i- Indian standard is 500 mg/l. TDS in the study are falling SUPPL5, pp-4572-4578, 2013. in the range of 900 to 2580 mg/l. All Stations has the [2] Vijayalatha S., Brindha G., Emerging employee high TDS content that are not within the range. In this retention strategies in it industry, International Journal of current study the alkalinity varies from 250 to 750 mg/l. Pharmacy and Technology, v-8, i-2, pp-12207-12218, Cl varies from 200 to 1450 mg/l. In the study 2016. area the chloride level are higher than the desirable level [3] Karthik A., Brindha G., Green revolution in most of the locations as fixed by BIS, it indicates conversion of offline education to online education, organic pollution. The desirable limit of iron content as International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, v-8, per the drinking water standard is 0.3 mg/l. The study i-3, pp-15393-15407, 2016. region is having very low amount of iron content and all [4] Padminii K., Venkatramaraju D., Brindha G., A the stations except 7and 20, they are under the verge limit Study on Quality of Women Employees in Medical of 0.3 mg/l. The desirable limit of nitrate content in the Transcription, Journal of Health Management, v-18, i-1, drinking water study are in the within permissible limit. pp-13-20, 2016. The fluoride concentration in the study area ranges [5] Gunaraja T.M., Venkatramaraju D., Brindha G., between 0.5 to 1.5 mg/l. Table 2 shows the fluoride Organizational climate-pharmaceutical professional, concentration in various locations of the study area in and International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, v-7, around Tambaram Taluk, Kancheepuram district. The i-2, pp-8924-8929, 2015. figure two shows the different concentration levels of [6] Padminii K., Brindha G., Venkatramaraju D., fluoride in the study area[17-21]. Quality work life – In medical field, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, v-7, i-1, pp-8437- 3. Conclusion 8446, 2015. [7] Gopalakrishnan K., Prem Jeya Kumar M., In the study area the fluoride concentration was ranged Sundeep Aanand J., Udayakumar R., Analysis of static from 0.5-1.5 mg/l as suggested by BIS value. The public and dynamic load on hydrostatic bearing with variable are not aware of the fluoride content in water. They are viscosity and pressure, Indian Journal of Science and worried only about salt content and that, too, is measured Technology, v-6, i-SUPPL.6, pp-4783-4788, 2013. only by taste. There is no valid nor recommended cost- [8] Prem Jeya Kumar M., Sandeep Anand J., effective household method to reduce the additional Gopalakrishnan K., Satheesh B., Anbazhagan R., fluoride content. There are some expensive portable Computer modelling of a vehicle system, Indian Journal water cleaning systems, like reverse osmosis, deionizers of Science and Technology, v-6, i-SUPPL5, pp-4620- and activated alumina-based water treatment, but their 4628, 2013. efficacy has not been studied. If the people will drink the [9] Prem Jeya Kumar M., Gopalakrishnan K., non treated high fluoride content water they may be Srinivasan V., Anbazhagan R., Sundeep Aanan J., PC

270 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

modeling and simulation of car suspension system, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v-6, i- v-9, i-22, pp-5699-5707, 2014. SUPPL5, pp-4629-4632, 2013. [21] Ajona M., Maria Subashini L., Eco-friendly [10] Jeykar K., Srinivasan V., Performance concrete with rice husk ash, International Journal of characteristics of twin cylinder Di diesel engine operated Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-5471-5489, with three different non edible vegetable oil blends with 2014. diesel, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-7601-7607, 2014. [11] Srinivasan K., Gopikrishnan M., Analysis of a reduced switch three phase BLDC drive, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp- 6633-6637, 2014. [12] Venkatesan N., Srinivasan V., Fabrication and mechanical properties of natural composite materials, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-7743-7748, 2014. [13] Mustafa Kamal Basha M., Srinivasan V., Fabrication of AlSic Mmc and analysis of its mechanical properties, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-7621-7626, 2014. [14] [8]Selvam M.D., Srinivasan V., Sekar C.B., An attempt to minimize lubricants in various metal cutting processes, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-7688-7692, 2014. [15] Valentina D.S., Ilayaraja K., Ambica A., Spatial distribution of groundwater quality in Selaiyur village, Chennai, India, Ecology, Environment and Conservation, v-20, i-, pp-S173-S179, 2014. [16] Ambica A., Tamizharasan V., Venkatraman K., Treatment of domestic waste water by electrochemical method, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-5537-5542, 2014. [17] Gokul V., Ambica A., An experimental study on high strength concrete with replacement of fine aggregate using welding slag, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-5570-5575, 2014. [18] Divyaa K., Venkatraman K., Design of flexible pavement for an engineering college, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp- 5576-5581, 2014. [19] Venkatraman S., Sathish Kumar K., Effect of glass powder on performance of concrete subjected to sulphate attack, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-5636-5659, 2014. [20] Iyappan L., Maria Subashini L., Landuse change detection in namakkal taluk using remote sensing,

271 272