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P. O. Box 128, Dept. 76 City— State Zip Code 37-41 57th St Woodside, New York WHAT actually constitutes young and mature tree species terial is free of brush. Rodent "brush?" One easy description are also included. habitation in fields adjacent to is the term "woody weeds." Brush control is essential to food processing plants is elimi- Plants commonly thought of as transportation facilities and util- nated when removal of weedy weeds are herbaceous (non- ities because brush interferes brush also removes rodent hid- woody) . Brush, however, differs with maintenance, repair, and ing places. Oil storage tank in that individual plant cell walls patrolling operations. Highway "farms" and pipeline operations have extra chemical support visibility is necessary and brush require a "no weeds" policy for which imparts to woody plants which impairs drivers' vision is maximum protection from fire. their rigidity. Woody plants are a definite hazard. Uncontrolled Brush removal improves all perennials which, under fa- brush can cause outages on rangelands and cultivated tim- vorable conditions, increase in power lines and can damage com- ber stands also. Destruction of size from year to year until ma- munications systems. brush along irrigation canals turity. Readers will note that Industrial storage areas be- stops water robbery through under this definition of brush come more efficient when ma- evaporation. "Dried up" springs ON BRUSH CONTROL

This basic manual on brush control is meant as a refresher for old pro's and as an introduction for neophytes.

Results of another Weeds and Turf field research project

Truck-mounted spray rig (left) is ideally suited for spraying roadside brush. Huskier vehicles (shown in distance at upper right) can pene- trate some utility rights-of-ways. Crew on foot (lower right) can maneuver to pinpoint spray operations in rights-of-ways.

and wells have been known to and with a greater degree of why methods other than chem- flow soon after water-robbing permanence. ical are less effective; chemicals brush was killed. All this means that by use of used for control and how they Brush control is used in fire the various methods of chemical should be handled; equipment breaks to prevent the spread of control described in this article, used in the control of problem wildfires in drought-ridden there is a good year-round mar- brush. areas which readily burn over. ket for contract brush control, Types of brush are arranged Fire fed by light fuels such as and contract applicators may in three categories for better dry grass is more easily con- profitably participate if they description. Stands of small trolled than fire fed by dense keep abreast of the subject. brush have trunk sizes less than brush. Classifying Brush 1 inch in diameter; medium In all of these endeavors, Some important points to con- stands range from 1 to 2 inches; brush control by chemical means sider are: the types of brush; and large brush exceeds 3 inches does the job more efficiently identification of particular spec- trunk diameter. than hand or machine cutting, ies, resistant and susceptible; Short brush varies from 2 to 4

Pistol-grip sprayer (far left) permits operator to direct his spray pattern with accuracy. Sometimes it is necessary to spray trunks oround bottom (near left). Photo at right by O. A. Leonard of the University of California (Davis) demonstrates how firebreaks may be left standing after brush has been cut and seedlings sprayed. feet high; medium height from data concerning effectiveness of perimeter firebreak is mechan- 4 to 8 feet; and tall grows 8 feet their chemicals against particu- ically cleared, are strip firing, and higher. Over 15 feet, one lar brush species. center firing, and edge firing. thinks of the species in question These techniques are ticklish as a tree. Methods Other Than Chemical and should not be conducted To estimate density of a brush A short discussion of non- without prior experience and ex- stand, it is necessary to deter- chemical controls is in order so pert supervision. Permission and mine approximately how much that it can be pointed out where cooperation of local fire depart- ground is covered by the brush. these methods fall short of the ments are usually required. If it is light, it covers 25% of the results which are considered Burning is unpredictable be- ground or less. Medium stands desirable. cause a slight change in wind cover 25 to 75% of the area, and Cutting has been the most direction can change an adven- heavy stands, 75% and over. popular control method for a ture into a calamity. Burning These groupings are used be- very long time. For large mod- causes unsightly charred ground cause brush identification is a ern-day operations, cutting re- from which new brush growth less familiar subject with some quires many men or a lot of sprouts. Burning destroys val- workers and infestations us- time; it may be a hazardous oc- uable ground cover also. ually occur in what is called cupation. With present-day labor Girdling is the process used "mixed brush stands." Such ar- wages, such cutting operations by the early settlers. This is an bitrary classification should not, may cost as high as $800 per acre. energy-saving way to kill a tree, however, eliminate the need for Cutting has one inherent dis- but it takes several years to kill proper and accurate identifica- advantage which often creates large ones. By removing the tion of species in a stand of more problems than it solves. bark and the phloem (conduct- mixed brush. When brush or trees are cut, ing cells which transport food sprouts often arise from the from leaves to root storage), a Know Species, Save Money roots and stumps and create a person can starve a tree because Time taken for an identifica- dense impenetrable growth. This the girdled part prevents food tion survey of a brush stand can phenomenon is caused by re- from being stored. The second save money by indicating the moval of the dormant bud su- year, girdled trees will have less proper chemical to use, thereby pressing effect or what botanists reserve food to help it leaf out in saving time and expense in- call "apical dominance." the spring. By the third year, it volved in treating a reinfestation The apex is the tip of a main will generally be dead. In spe- or re-treating an ineffective ap- stem or a twig where new cies capable of sprouting from plication because of resistant growth normally begins. Those roots or from the root collar, species. who study plants and their sucker growth is encouraged by In truth, a contractor cannot growth processes tell us that the girdling. Sucker growth in- economically bid on a brush con- apex or main stem tip produces creases stem count and produces trol job without knowing the a chemical hormone which sup- more brush. As we will see, this composition of brush. The least presses any lateral growth from same principle can be used in expensive treatment may not, in buds below the tip. If the apex conjunction with chemicals, and cases where resistant species are is cut off, it no longer supplies the whole task takes less time involved, be the most econom- the suppressing hormone and and is more complete because ical. new twigs sprout. The object of chemicals kill the roots too. Unfortunately space limita- control is to reduce the number tions prohibit a discussion of of stems per area; this method Chemical Results More Complete In addition to advantages of brush identification. A listing actually increases the stems per less time and less hand labor of sources at the end of this area. article gives names of books Large machines have been with the use of chemicals, which which deal with brush and tree developed for use on ranges and have already been pointed out, identification. Lists of resistant pastureland for the uprooting we can state that chemicals more brush species can be found in or crushing of brush. These ma- safely insure complete results most university or governmental chines are too unwieldy for use over a reasonably long period of publications covering brush con- anywhere else. Cables drawn time before a treatment program trol. Two very good sources are between two tractors can uproot is again needed. "Chemical Control of Brush and certain small brush species, but Several chemical methods are Trees," U. S. Dept. of Agricul- this process is expensive in used. Among them are foliage ture Farmers Bulletin No. 2158, terms of equipment, manpower, sprays, treatment of bark and and for those interested in west- and the destruction of desirable soil around small tree bases, ap- ern brush, "Chemical Control of range species which are run over plication of chemical into cut Woody Plants in California," in the cabling process. in bark, and application of oil California Agricultural Exper- Brush in some situations can solutions onto uncut bark of dor- iment Station (Davis, Calif.) be burned under control so that mant plants in winter. Bulletin 755. damage to adjacent areas is On small brush, short to Chemical manufacturers are minimal. Patterns of ignition medium height where density is also happy to supply technical used to control brush, after a medium to heavy, foliage sprays There's an "ANSAR"wee d control product to meet your needs!

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"ANSAR" 184 D.S.M.A for selective control of crabgrass and Dallisgrass in turf.

"ANSAR" 170 MONOSODIUM METHYLARSONATE a concentrated solution with properties similar to D.S.M.A.

"ANSAR" 138 CACODYLIC ACID a highly effective non-selective that produces no residual effect.

"ANSAR" 290 METHYLARSONATE + 2, 4 D a combination herbicide effective on both broadleaf and grassy weeds.

Ansul Chemical Company, Marinette, Wisconsin When Writing to Advertisers Please Mention WEEDS AND TURF 15 trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid, is used instead of 2,4,5-T in Since brush is often classified under the category of some dry rangeland states where "small trees," most identification texts will deal with trees silvex-susceptible oaks abound. and must be adapted for use with young trees. As a precaution to avoid spray mist drift, it is advisable to ab- Some of the important points to be learned for identi- stain from spraying when winds fication are: leaf shape, habit of growth, general form of are above 6 miles per hour. Keep- branches, markings on bark, and form of new twig growth. ing spray pressures below 60 psi prohibits formation of atomized Following are some helpful source books for tree and droplets of spray which are brush identification. easily carried on winds. Collingwood, G. R., and W. D. Harlow, W. M., Trees of the One should take the time to Brush, Knowing Your Trees, Eastern and Central United recognize the difference between American Forestry Associa- States and Canada, Dover spray mist drift and volatile tion, 1962. Publications, 1957. vapor drift, a problem with use Coker, W. C., and H. R. Trot- Hough, R. B., Handbook of ten. Trees of the Southeast- Trees of the Northern States of simple ester formulations. ern States, Univ. of N. C. and Canada, The Macmillan Vapor fumes are most likely to Press, 1934. Co., 1947. form on hot days. Use of low- Dominion Forest Service of Illick, J. S., Tree Habits, How volatile forms and amine phe- Canada, Native Trees of Can- to Know the Hardwoods, ada, King's Printer, Ottawa, American Nature Associa- noxy preparations will eliminate 1949. tion, 1924. the volatility problem, but the Eliot, W. A., Forest Trees of Mathews, F. S., Field Manual responsibility to prevent atom- the Pacific Coast, G. B. Put- of American Trees and ization and mist drift is left with nam's Sons, 1938. Shrubs, G. B. Putnam's Sons, the operator. (See Weeds and Emerson, A. I., and C. M. Weed, 1915. Our Trees, How to Know McMinn, H. E. and E. Maino, Turf, Jan. 1963, page W-12). Them, J. B. Lippincott Co., Manual of Pacific Coast In the event nearby plants 1936. Trees, Univ. of California, may be affected by drift of vola- 1951. Graves, A. H., Illustrated tile fumes of esters, one should Guide to Trees and Shrubs, Preston, R. J., Jr., North Amer- Published by the Author, ican Trees, Iowa State Col- select a foliage spray of low- Wallingford, Conn., 1952. lege Press, Ames, 1950. volatile esters or an essentially Green, C. H., Trees of the Sargent, C. S., Manual of Trees nonvolatile amine salt form. A South, Univ. of N. C. Press, of North America, Houghton completely nonvolatile prepara- 1939. Mifflin Co., 1933. tion is the diamine salt forms of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T called Daca- mine-D and Dacamine-T. may be the most economical. herbicide to be absorbed and Another chemical which can Timing is important when spray- moved throughout the woody be used to avoid drift problems ing leaves of brush. plant. In this way the whole is ammonium sulfamate (AMS) Best results are obtained in living system is killed. Surface which is trademarked Ammate late spring to early summer active agents and oil additives X. This is a nonvolatile, non- when brush is still young and should not be so toxic them- flammable, inorganic compound tender but is fully leafed out. selves that they give a rapid top applied in a water solution to Later in the summer leaves of kill. which a few ounces of wetting many species develop a waxy Foliage sprays become inef- agent have been added. It should covering which is more nearly fective as soil moisture is de- be applied to undesirable brush impervious to spray penetration. pleted late in summer. Soil only. If applied as an overall This condition is known as moisture is essential for control area spray, it will inhibit growth "hardening off." Although re- by the leaf stem spray method. of grasses and other desirable sults are less predictable when Sprays of the phenoxy com- ground cover. leaves have hardened off, some pounds, 2,4-D (2,4-dichloro- AMS is a corrosive compound operators get results with the use phenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4,5-T and should not be left sitting in of surface active agents (sur- (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic a spray tank for an extended factants) added to their spray acid), alone or together in equal period. Chemical manufacturer's mix. Sometimes a small amount amounts are translocated recommendations for removing of fuel oil (1 to 2%) added to throughout plants after having residues of AMS from sprayers water-based herbicide will in- been absorbed by leaves. Four to should be carefully followed crease penetration. Of course, 8 lbs. of water-emulsifiable esters after each use. AMS can also be with any foliage application, of the 50-50 mixture of 2,4-D and applied in an oil-based formula- adequate overall coverage is es- 2,4,5-T (4 lbs. per gallon formu- tion. In this form, it is said that sential to get good results. lation) mixed in 100 gallons of corrosion is minimal, but the The object of foliage (leaf water works well when there are same careful cleanup procedures stem) application is not to kill no susceptible desirable species should be followed. leaves outright, but permit the in the vicinity. Silvex, 2-(2,4,5- A new brush killer which Weed-choked pond?

FIGHT BACK WITH ORTHO In just ten days, new Ortho can give you a clean, weed-free pond

New Diquat makes short work of the common water weeds—water lettuce, water fern, pondweed, coontail, Southern Naiad, water hyacinth and Elodea. Diquat is easily applied by spraying or injection under the water surface. The weeds absorb it, and quickly wilt, collapse and die. (For free-floating weeds, use a standard sprayer.) Diquat is non-hazardous, used as directed. It would take 20 times the maximum recommended dosage to be at all harmful to fish. It's inactivated immediately on contact with soil, and it doesn't build up in water. In just 10 days (be sure to follow label directions), you can have clear, clean water for irrigation, watering your animals, swimming, or even a fishing hole. ^ "Helping the World Grow Better" CALIFORNIA CHEMICAL COMPANY, ORTHO DIVISION, 200 Bush St., San Francisco 20, California

ON ALL CHEMICALS, READ CAUTIONS AND DIRECTIONS BEFORE USE. T.M. REO. U.S. PAT. OFF.» ORTHO, HELPINO THE WORLD OROW BETTER could be considered alternative not adequately sprayed, flour- to the use of phenoxy compounds ishing growth on one side of a is 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolin- tree will be noted the following ic acid, trademarked Tordon. It season. is said to be translocated inside woody plants more efficiently Dormant Cane Broadcast than phenoxy derivatives. A relatively recent proven Translocation downward from a development of brush control is leaf stem (foliage) application dormant cane broadcast. This to the roots gives a more com- method is similar to basal bark plete kill. Tordon is also said to treatment. Brush is sprayed stifle suckering (small shoots when dormant between the time which emerge from roots and of fall leaf drop and spring bud root collar around the base of sprouting. Leafless brush is trees) because it is transported sprayed from top to bottom with to and kills root cells. 6 lbs. of heavy esters of 2,4,5-T After spraying, carefully fol- in 100 gallons of No. 2 fuel oil or low manufacturers' recommen- diesel oil. Generally 150 to 200 dations for removing spray resi- gallons per acre is sufficient. dues of phenoxy herbicides from Rate per acre depends upon the tanks, etc. Sprayers used to density of brush. apply brush killers should be Dormant application kills by restricted to this use and not be prohibiting spring leafing out. used for treatment of lawns, Chemical which penetrated to crops, or ornamentals. Phenoxy the growth layers is transported herbicide residues are very dif- to the roots when spring sap be- AVAILABLE ficult to remove from sprayers. gins to flow up and down the trunk. For the First Time! Basal Bark Treatments Several problems are over- To selectively kill certain come by spraying dormant brush species and leave desir- brush. Normally brush sprayed Applicator's able shrubs or to treat thin in the spring becomes brown by stands of brush it is advisable to midsummer. When spraying is Manual of use the basal bark treatment done along highways, it often AQUATIC method. This method which can presents a repulsive sight to be performed any time during passing motorists who see the Weed Control the year thus extending spray- browned-out foliage. ing season, involves spraying the Dormant broadcast also elim- base of brush and the trunk up inates danger of drift to suscep- The Last Word to a height of 18 inches with an tible crops because there are no oil solution of brush killers. Ap- susceptible crops being grown. In Aquatic Weed Control plied to thoroughly wet all sides Larger areas can be treated in of a trunk or stem under two less time and lesser volume of Weeds and Turf 's widely hailed series inches diameter, the chemical spray is needed because there is of articles on aquatic weed control penetrates to the growth layer no foliage to block the spray and covers species identification, chem- (cambium) and the tree is resist penetration. icals for control, methods and equip- "chemically girdled." It will ment for application. Now available generally be dead the next Granular Soil Treatments in a single 16-page, illustrated reprint season. Applications which can be for handy reference! Six pounds of 2,4,5-T ester or made if spraying is not feasible brush killer mixture in which at are with either a pelleted form PRICES: 1-10, $1.00 each; 11-25, 901 each; least half the active ingredient of fenuron called Dybar or with 26-50, 80tf each; 51-250, 75tf each, 251-500, 60< each; 501 and over, 50tf each; postage is 2,4,5-T can be applied to the the granular form of picolinic prepaid in the United States only. Supply is bark in 100 gallons of oil solu- acid called Tordon 10K. limited. tion. A gallon of spray will treat Fenuron is a substituted ORDER NOW! 100 diameter inches of tree bark. compound which has a high In other words, 1 gallon will herbicidal activity especially to | WEEDS AND TURF treat 50 trees with 2-inch diam- brush and small trees. Fenuron | 1900 Euclid Avenue eters or 25 trees with 4-inch treatment is effective for thin j Cleveland, Ohio 44115 diameters. Chemical should be stands of brush or for use as a Send me copies of your aquatic reprint at $ each. My check applied to the runoff point. followup treatment to stands for is enclosed. Spray should run down the tree which have been initially | Name I and saturate the root collar sprayed with foliage herbicide. | Address I where new sprouts arise. Fenuron from the pellets | City State I If both sides of a trunk are leaches into the soil and is taken At the NEW tow price ®

INSECTICIDE provides real economy in safer insect control with less drift hazard

Many experts and farmers have needed. Just follow label directions and use nor- switched to SEVIN carbaryl insecticide. This mal precautions. growing recognition of the value of this safer-to- Reduces drift hazards to fish and wildlife, live- use, long-lasting insecticide has brought about stock and homes. SEVIN is comparatively low in factory expansion and improved production meth- toxicity to warm-blooded animals, birds and fish. ods. The result is a new low price for SEVIN insec- ticide. SEVIN gives you all the important benefits No oily residue to disfigure buildings or cars. listed below, along with true economy. Use SEVIN, the wet table powder insecticide, mixed with water for sprays. Long-lasting control of insects even in hot weather and bright sunlight. Controls many pests For full information and a list of recommended resistant to other insecticides. uses of SEVIN, write Union Carbide Chemicals, 270 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. 10017. Greater safety in handling than many other insecticides. No special protective clothing is UNION AGRICULTURAL CARBIDE CHEMICALS

SEVIN is the registered trade mark of Union Carbide Corporation for carbaryl insecticide. up by the roots of brush. Rates 100 gallons of oil is a sufficient from the root collar region of application depend upon the rate for frill application. AMS around the base of the stump species of brush and density and liquid is applied at the rate of 7 will be very difficult to control. age of stands. lbs. per each 2 gallons of water. Several years of foliage sprays Fenuron is a water-soluble If crystals of AMS are used, ap- may be required to completely compound and care must be ex- ply 1 to 2 tablespoons for each kill these. Some root sprouters ercised when applying it near inch of trunk diameter. Pelleted are aspen, sumac, black locust, any desirable species. Fenuron fenuron and Tordon are used in and sassafrass. can "run" and affect trees on the frills at the same rate as used for There are a couple of special- downhill side of the application basal soil applications. use chemicals which should be point. Also since tree roots often Use of a water-soluble amine mentioned. Amitrole at 1 lb. travel extensively underground, form of in- (50% formulation) per 10 gal- the fenuron must be applied stead of oil-soluble ester forms lons of water with % oz. of where it will affect only the tar- is becoming increasingly popular spreader sticker added is an ex- get species. for treating frills. Water-soluble cellent control chemical for poi- son oak. One sticky problem which amine products containing 4 lbs. should be pointed out is that of herbicide per gallon can be Certain polychlorobenzoic trees of the same species grow- applied without any dilution by acids are considered highly effec- ing near one another often graft using a pump-type squirt can to tive against woody brush which roots, in other words they have place liquid into the frills. There has a vining habit of growth. some roots in common. If an at- are also aerosol products which tempt is made to take one and apply herbicide to frills. Application Equipment not the other, damage to the Use of tree injectors to kill As the reader has probably no- "untreated" tree may result, be- medium to large trees eliminates ticed equipment for brush con- cause herbicide is transferred the need to carry an axe and a trol varies widely. There are through roots underground. separate bag, bucket, or can of many chemical formulations and chemical. A tree injector is a just as many ways to apply Pelleted formulations such as long tube filled with an oil solu- them. Dybar and Tordon prove useful tion using approximately where brush stands are inacces- Following is a summary of lbs. of active esters (either 2,4-D, some of the more familiar equip- sible to spray rigs. Although the 2,4,5-T, or silvex, depending upon material is applied by hand, ment: tree susceptibility) for each 10 a spoon or scoop which increases labor and time gallons of solution. An amine expense, there is no need to form can also be used; it is di- pump-type squirt can make machinery investments. luted one to one with water. knapsack sprayer If desired, both Dybar and The tube has a hard sharp compression hand sprayer Tordon 10K can be applied by tree injector mechanical application or by air- point. The point is rammed into plane if large areas are to be the bark at the base of the trunk; truck-mounted spray rig with treated. one injection is made for each booms and/or hand gun two inches of trunk circumfer- airplane or helicopter mounted Cut Surface Application ence. Chemical enters the sap- with spray boom or granular When stems or trunks of plants wood and is carried through the applicator over 4 inches in diameter are cut tree to both leaves and roots. helicopter mounted with at- tachment for applying in- or wounded before chemicals are Stump Treatment applied, treatments act much vert emulsion (See Weeds If one takes the trouble to com- faster. Chemical is placed in the and Turf, Jan. '64, page 12) layer of phloem (conducting pletely cut and remove a tree truck-mounted mist blower cells which transport sap to in a brush control program, pre- for dormant low-gallonage roots) and the roots are killed cautions should be taken to see spray quickly. Several methods of cut that the stump does not resprout. Saturation application of AMS back pack mist blower to ap- surface application are presently ply invert emulsion. in use. crystals, picolinic acid, or 2,4,5-T sprays at basal bark concentra- With the many types of appli- With a hand axe, one can make cation and chemicals available, a series of overlapping notches tions will prohibit resprouting and stump and roots can be com- alert operators can profitably (called a frill) in bark of a trunk. meet the demand of the brush pletely killed. Stumps with very This should be done as near to control market. the ground as possible. Phenoxy thick bark should be given a few herbicide, AMS, or picolinic acid axe cuts very near ground level. sprays can be applied into the Sprouts which do emerge from frill. In the case of AMS, fenu- stumps are usually very hard to Next month in W&T ron, and picolinic acid, dry crys- kill because the small bush has tal or pellets can be spooned into such a large supporting root sys- Controlling the the frills. tem. Some species which re- Bermudagrass Mite Six lbs. of 2,4,5-T herbicide in sprout from the roots rather than