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Biodiversity Maintains a Healthy Biosphere and Provides Direct and Indirect Value to Humans

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Biodiversity Maintains a Healthy Biosphere and Provides Direct and Indirect Value to Humans 1 Chapter 5-HB Biodiversity & Conservation I. Biodiversity Biodiversity maintains a healthy biosphere and provides direct and indirect value to humans. A. What is biodiversity? 1. Defined- 2. Extinction-species dies out 3. Genetic diversity a. defined-the variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that are present in a population. (gene pool) b. some genes allow an organism to survive & reproduce & pass on those genes to the next generation. -eg. immunity, intelligence, camouflage - -lots of genetic diversity armors the species with genes to handle change in the environments. Eg. purebreed dogs, mixed breeds. 4. a. defined-the number of different species and the abundance of each b. more species near equator-less by the poles. Why? 5. a. defined-the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere b. Explain why ecosystem diversity results in species diversity in a healthy biosphere. What are some species that produce direct economic benefit? What criteria would you use to determine the direct economic benefit of a particular food crop? B. The importance of biodiversity 1. a. Humans depend on organisms for food, shelter, and medicine, etc. - -indirectly importance eg. keeps genetic diversity to keep the environment healthy & in case genes needed in the future. b. Genetic engineers working on moving desirable genes to another species to increase production -wild species more tolerant of environmental change -eg. wild root of apple used for grafting different varieties of apple 2 Explain why preserving biodiversity is important for the human food supply. c. -penicillin - -chemotherapy for leukemia (Madagascar periwinkle) 2. a. Plants-oxygen, water b. c. Care for the environment 3. a. Beauty-aesthetic b. Scientific values-protect & study environment List and describe three types of biodiversity Which type of biodiversity does each of these represent? II. What happens when a new building project starts in an area that was previously undeveloped? Ecosystems are similar to Jenga blocks. Remove one & it affects the others! A. Extinction rates 1. a. gradual process of extinction b. c. ecosystems are dynamic & evolution is constantly occurring. -extinctions are natural & brought on by nature -extinctions caused unnaturally by man causes many problems. 2. a. when a large percentage of organisms are lost at one time. b. Extinction rate is 1,000x the normal background extinction rate! c. -evolution of new species is slow & cannot keep up with this rate of change d. -dinosaurs lost Check out Table 2 on p. 123 3. a. more competition b. less resources to live and handle a change that may occur in the environment. B. 1. Man-most influential since we can change the environment 3 a. b. taking space c. d. adding too much Carbon into the air for the earth to handle 2. a. defined-all materials & organisms found in the biosphere b 3. Overexploitation (excessive use) a. b. eg. bison (hides), fishing, elephants (ivory), passenger pigeon (fun) 4. a. habitat destruction - -species must move or adapt b. -loss of major part of food web (Keystone species) disrupts food web. Eg. Loss of fish=loss of seal, walrus 5. a. area for survival becomes very small b. organisms cannot jump, man-made boundaries causes low species in area— low ability for genetic diversity (cannot mate with others outside of boundaries) c. -resist disease well - What is species diversity? Predict what will happen to the economy as biodiversity continues to decrease. Classify the type of biodiversity value that would be placed on the beauty of a flower in its habitat. Explain the difference between background extinction and mass extinction. If a natural resource is overexploited, what might happen to its price on the market? Which threat to biodiversity do you think is most detrimental? Why? d. small parcels of land have more “edge effect” EDGE EFFECT-areas around perimeter have different abiotic factos than in the interior of an area. Eg. road by forest -predators & parasites linge on boundaries/edges. 4 6. Pollution a. b. SUBSTANCE POLLUTION -man-made (synthetic) chemicals released that are not known to nature. -eg. c. BIOMAGNIFICATION (biological magnification) - -higher trophic levels most affected - d. Acid precipitation - -fossil fuels, when burned, SO2 released - -makes sulfuric acid & nitric acid -removes calcium & Potassium(bases) from what it hits depriving plants of needed nutrients. - -if in lakes, changes pH & may kill organisms in lakes. -eg. e. Eutrophication (water pollution) -too many nutrients (many synthetic) run into lakes increasing algae growth-death of algae takes oxygen out of water—kills plants and animals -eg. Lake St. Mary’s, Buckeye Lake -eutrophication accelerated by man’s activities f. Introduced species (nonnative) -i -controlling factors to keep species populations in check ~ ~parasites ~ -when organism is placed in new habitat, there aren’t the controlling factors to keep their population numbers down & their numbers grow exponentially. -eg. fire ant, purple loosestrife, phragmites, killer bees - Eg. phragmites/cattails III. Conserving biodiversity People are using many approaches to slow the rate of extinctions and to preserve biodiversity. Conservation and preservation are the two main ways of slowing the decrease of biodiversity. What is the main difference between conservation and preservation? 5 A. 1. Natural resources of biosphere need to meet the needs of over 6 billion people on earth 2. Consumption rate of natural resources not equal on earth a. b. developing countries increase need of natural resources as they become developed. Eg. China 3. 4. Renewable resources a. resources which are replaced by nature faster than what man uses Eg. air, water, plants, animals 5. a. resources which are NOT replaced by nature faster than what man uses b. c. eg. fossil fuels, minerals, radioactive uranium d. Extinction of species makes it nonrenewable 6. Renewable versus nonrenewable resources 7. a. using resources at a rate that it can be replaced or recycled b. -plant trees etc. B. 1. Protected areas in the United States a. b. eg. national parks, zoning 2. a. United Nations - -World Heritage sites b. -Megareserves Data analysis lab 1 p. 131 3. a. Endemic species=natural, native to an area b. Hot spots are areas where endemic species are being lost at an alarming rate c. -1500 endemic species of vascular plants -loss of 70% of habitat d. p. 132 map. 4. a. connect fragments by 6 - -tunnel, etc. b. species may migrate over fragment to mate, find food, etc. c. C. Restoring ecosystems 1. Mining a. -make lake - b. eg. The Wilds 2. a. use of living organism to detoxify an area b. eg. - -algae (makes methane) -plants (holds harmful pesticides from entering the water -bacteria (oil eating) 3. a. adding natural predators to kill organism causing destruction b. eg. D. Legally protecting biodiversity 1. a. Clean Air Act b. c. CITES = Convention on international trade of endangered species Orchid enthusiasts enjoy collecting a variety of species from around the world, many of which are endangered in their natural habitats. The U.S. requires CITES certificates on imported orchid plants. What conditions do you think CITES certificates require for orchid species to be imported legally? .
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