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Dmitrichenko, Nikolay
Article Ecological and economic principles to improve the route network of urban transport
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To cite this document: Dmitrichenko, N., Khrutba, V., Spasichenko., O. & Khrutba, Y. (2018). Ecological and Economic Principles to Improve the Route Network of Urban Transport. Urban Economics and Management, 6(1(21)), 131-144 www.iueam.ir Indexed in: ISC, EconLit, Econbiz, SID, RICeST, Magiran, Civilica, Google Scholar, Noormags, Ensani. ISSN: 2345-2870
Ecological and Economic Principles to Improve the Route Network of Urban Transport Nikolay Dmitrichenko Faculty of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, National Transport University, Kyiv, Ukraine Viktoriia Khrutba* Department of Ecology and Safety of Vital Functions, Faculty of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, National Transport University, Kyiv, Ukraine Oksana Spasichenko National Transport University, Kyiv, Ukraine Yuliia Khrutba Department of Transport Law and Logistics, Faculty of Management, Logistics and Tourism, National Transport University, Kyiv, Ukraine Received: 2017/05/10 Accepted: 2017/10/23 Abstract: The transport system of many Ukrainian cities does not meet the EU standards and requirements. There is a need to improve urban transport networks, to use transport potential efficiently on the basis of environmental logistics and to improve environmental safety as one of the principles of sustainable transport development. The systems model to create an ecologically safe logistics system of public transport determines the relationship between input parameters (transport system indicators), output parameters (ecological and economic indicators of the route network) and controlling parameters, restrictions, uncontrolled parameters and environmental impact assessment. To model the route network, linear programming (a transport task) has been used as a method with the criteria for optimizing the indicators of economic, ecological and social assessment. A target function is an additive function indicating economic costs, environmental and social losses in passenger and / or freight transportation with weight ratios. It describes the cost of the logistics system. The weight ratios of the importance of economic and ecological indicators are chosen for each route depending on the specifics of transportation. It enables to choose
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] the scheme of transportation by the integration index. (Optimal or compromise plan is suggested according to economic or ecological indicators). The developed approach has been applied to improve the route network of public transport in Kyiv based on ecological and economic principles. Network optimization of only three routes has enabled to increase the income and reduce expenses for passenger transportation. Meanwhile, harmful
emissions - CO, CmHn, NOx, PM, СO2 - have also decreased. Keywords: Ecologically-Oriented Logistics System; Ecological and Economic Assessment, Green Logistics, Transport System, Route Network, Optimization JEL Classification: K32, Q01, Q51, Q56
* Corresponding author: [email protected] 031______Urban Economics and Management
1 - Introduction which accounts for more than one third of The transport strategy of Ukraine total emissions. for the period up to 2020 determines the The impact of transport activity on key problems, goals, principles and human health is due to constant influence priorities of developing the transport of air pollution, noise, water and soil system in view of national needs and pollution (especially in accidents when interests. It offers political, economic, transporting dangerous goods and cargo) organizational and legal measures. In on mental health. The pollution of urban 2020 the volume of cargo transportation areas by motor transport emissions is one is expected to increase by 43.1% and to of the reasons for the increased morbidity make up 2.535 billion tons compared with rates among the population. This problem 2008. Cargo handling at state sea ports is is particularly acute in large cities of expected to increase by 43.2% and to Ukraine, such as Kyiv, Dnipro, Kharkiv, make up 233.4 million tons. The volume Odesa and others. of passenger transportation is expected to Kyiv is a large administrative center increase by 30.4% and to make up 10. with a multimillion population. In order 867 billion passengers. to meet the needs of its residents and The efficiency of transport activity ensure the functioning of all production depends on the efficiency of other industries, and services industries, it requires regular and hence the economic well-being of the passenger and cargo transportation. The country. However, the operation of motor implementation of the City Development vehicles results in a significant environmental Strategy until 2025 for transport and
pollution. Greenhouse gas emissions (СО2, transport infrastructure depends on the
СН4), ozone-depleting substances (fluorine, effective policy of sustainable development chlorinated hydrocarbons, i.e. carcinogens), and “ecologization” of the economy in
harmful substances (NOx, SО2, CO, NH3, order to reduce its energy and resource solvents), dust are released into the intensity and anthropogenic pressure. One atmosphere. As a result of intense of the global social, economic and movement due to asphalt coating wear, environmental problems requiring urgent the amount of solid particles in the air actions for Kyiv is the optimization of the increases, carcinogenic particles in route network of the city transport particular. Considerable environmental provided that the emission of pollutants
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] damage is caused by sewage polluted by from mobile sources is reduced. Reducing waste oils from transport enterprises. the impact on climate change through the Materials used during vehicle repair, implementation of the sustainable maintenance and refueling also pollute transport policy also provides a number of the environment. Lubricants (motor oils, other benefits. They include air quality transmission fluids, etc.), mineral-based improvement, vehicle noise reduction, liquids used for hydraulic systems, adhesives road safety improvement, and a range of and sealants based on formaldehyde and social and economic benefits. epoxy resins and used for car repair and It is quite obvious that sustainable manufacture are all toxic. The amount of economic development of the city is not emissions from mobile sources in Ukraine possible without the development of is more than 1.7 million tons annually transport infrastructure and the city's 033______Ecological and Economic Principles to Improve …
transport network based on the business Ye.V. Krykavskiy (2006) investigates strategy of environmental logistics. The the evolution of the supply chain and its decisions of the functional level are impact on a logistics operator. He describes mostly aimed at increasing the efficiency the experience of logistics operators in of fuel consumption in trucking, the Europe. He also justifies the development optimization of vehicle routes and energy strategy of carriers or transport companies saving. Hence, an important direction in in the domestic market towards the reducing the man-made environmental logistics operator or integrator. burden and public spending is the Alan McKinnon, Sharon Cullinane, optimization of the route network of the Michael Browne and Anthony Whiteing, city transport. (2010) in a study entitled “Green Logistics. Thus, taking into account that the Improving the Environmental Sustainability transport system of many Ukrainian cities of Logistics” says that the scientific still does not meet EU standards and analysis of approaches, methods and tools requirements, there is a need to solve a of environmental (green) logistics, logistics range of problems. It is necessary to of resource conservation and waste forms improve urban transport networks, to use environmentally oriented strategies of transport potential efficiently on the basis logistics entities’ behavior. of environmental logistics and to improve Halyna Rodashchuk (2013) suggests environmental safety as one of the principles the optimal route network for passenger of sustainable transport development. transportation in rural areas. As a result of Due to the above-mentioned problems, scientific research and calculations, a tree this study attempts to develop an approach of minimum length has been created to improve the route network of urban which is the network transport problem- transport according to economic efficiency solving. The task of covering the network, and environmental safety criteria. Thus, where the desired tree consists of a set of the following issues have been raised: the shortest paths from the source to all 1. What parameters influence the nodes, has been performed after analyzing “sustainable” development of the city the methods of Dijkstra (determining the transport system and route network? shortest path between two graph vertices) 2. What is the general criterion of and Floyd (determining the shortest paths environmental and economic efficiency between all graph vertices).
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] enabling to assess the public transport Oksana Seroka-Stolka (2014) highlights route? the key factors that can influence the 3. How to optimize the city's public development of a green logistics concept transport routes according to ecological in companies as an element of sustainable and economic indicators using the results development. of modeling? Smeshek et al., (2014) in a study entitled “Environmental logistics as a 2– Literature Review factor of reducing the resource intensity Many problems and issues related to of enterprises. Service market of integrated environmental impact of transport transport systems and applied problems of activity are tackled in modern scientific logistics” suggest that environmental impact literature. of enterprises has been mostly investigated 031______Urban Economics and Management
only for individual logistics processes, and other resources, the regulation on such as transportation, warehousing, or greenhouse gas emissions result in waste management processes. environmental constraints taken into Allen et al., (2016) in a study entitled account when creating the logistics “Analysis of road freight in London and system. The ecological and economic Britain: traffic, activity and sustainability” approach based on the concept of sustainable state that last-mile urban freight contributes development is an important way regulating to its traffic congestion and poor air all activities of transport enterprises. An quality. They examine the development of important factor of a “sustainable” transport road freight transport operations in development model is the ecological London. optimization of end-to-end logistics flows. Lyshtva (2015) considers an integrated They involve the supply, production and approach to optimizing the system of sales sectors, including integration processes urban passenger transport (the case of suppliers of raw materials, semi- studied: transport problems of Kyiv). finished products, etc., with end consumers. Mateichyk (2016) in a study entitled The ecologization of transport logistics is “The peculiarities of Modeling the based on the integration and coordination Indicators of Vehicle Environmental of environmental, social and economic Safety in Motion in a Traffic Flow” aspects within the urban transport system examines the indicators of vehicle aimed at ecologically-oriented logistics environmental safety under urban traffic management of city development. In this conditions using mathematical modeling case, to achieve the goal, the coordination methods. He also considers the integration of economic results, social and environmental of ecological component in logistics effects should be based on the principles processes. of multicriteria optimization (Politechnika However, the determined problem Rzeszowska, 2015). needs further research with regard to An efficient tool for adjusting constant economic change and increasing economic, social and environmental environmental degradation from transport requirements is the optimization of activity. passenger and cargo flows of the city logistics system and the reduction of 3 – Theoretical Background environmental impacts from the operation
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] The globalization of transport chains, of certain spheres of logistics (Table 1). high volatility of prices of fuel, energy
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Table1. Environmental impact of certain spheres of logistics activities Functional sphere of Environmental impact logistics the increase of solid waste when storing physical resources Supply logistics touching ecologically dangerous ingredients when handling and loading goods loading on soils when storing physical resources and delivering them from suppliers electromagnetic radiation when transmitting the information by means of Information logistics communication the increase of solid waste when selling goods Sales logistics goods spilling, leakage, evaporation due to poor quality packaging the increase of using manufacturing resources Production logistics the use of land for manufacturing facilities and waste storage the increase of noise and vibration in the adjacent territory vehicles emissions into the atmosphere sewage from transport enterprises waste from transport activity Transport logistics the use of cheaper fuels processing products of which have a negative impact on the environment and human health noise and vibration pollution
When creating the route network of main tasks in this case are to reduce the the city, the principle of environmental harmful impact of transport logistics logistics involves forecasting the quantity processes on the environment and to and quality of environmental degradation reduce the consumption of non-renewable effects from transport activity. In future it or partially renewable energy resources in should take into account methods and ways the logistics chain. Strategic goals of to reduce the influence of anthropogenic environmental logistics for the logistics factors on environmental pollution. The chain are shown in Fig. 1.
1. The optimization of logistics
processes aimed at minimizing -
he 1. Stimulation of logistics t negative impact of noise, processes aimed at using vibrations, air pollutants: alternative energy sources -
greenhouse gas (СО2, СН4); interchangeable for such
and into and ozone-depleting substances energy resources: fossil fuels (fluorine, chlorinated (coal, oil, natural gas). hydrocarbons, i.e. carcinogens);
harmful substances (NOx, SО2,
facilities
CO, NH3, solvents); dust.
environment natural resources 2. Ecologically-oriented Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] 2. Waste recycling (glass, paper, logistics management of
aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics partially renewable resources:
renewable and partially renewable partiallyand renewable renewable
Reducing the consumption of non Reducing the consumption Reducing harmful emissions within Reducingemissionswithin harmful manufacturing and various types of plastics). water, wood, land.
Fig1. Strategically-oriented goals of environmental logistics when creating the city's transport network (Kyiv, NTU, 2016)
The implementation of strategic and - forecasting the consequences from tactical goals of environmental logistics the implementation of environmental threats includes the following steps: - the development of organizational, - the identification of environmental technical, technological, scientific measures threats of logistics processes and the aimed at eliminating dangerous threats, assessment of their implementation risks; 031______Urban Economics and Management
reducing their risks and the impact of of urban transport systems is systems their implementation; analysis technique. It involves identifying - including environmental costs in the properties of the system to determine logistics processes. the structural relationships between its In view of the above-mentioned, the variables and elements. The first step is to creation of a route network, the development create a “black box” model. It enables to of a sustainable transport system in a city show the inputs and outputs of the system should be aimed at finding the optimal necessary to study its functioning. This is compromise. In this case, the economic a model of “input-output” type (Figure 2). and social benefits of transport would be When constructing such a model, the maximized and the environmental and relation between these inputs and outputs economic costs associated with it would is established. The model reflects the be minimized. main properties of the system. It is integral and relatively isolated due to the 4– Research Method connection with the environment. The basis of studying the mechanisms to improve the environmental performance
Controlling (determined) Uncontrolled (stochastic) parameters, Restrictions, Gp parameters, Um Vl A change in ecological and Social and environmental safety economic indicators of the Route network indicators, Хі of the city route network transport system and the
environment, Yj
Managing environmental safety Controlling of the route network parameters
- Mass flow - Energy flow - Information flow
Fig2. A black box model to create environmentally safe route network of the city
The “input” of the system is such environmentally safe logistics system in indicators of the transport system as the passenger and cargo transportation. Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] state of vehicles, vehicle technical External influences are formed by characteristics, route characteristics, available determined controlling passenger / cargo flow, road conditions, parameters, restrictions, uncontrolled skills and experience of employees. Ecological stochastic parameters and the assessment and economic indicators of the city route of environmental impact of the logistics network - the level of environmental system. The main parameters of the impacts, financial indicators of the systems model are shown in Table 2 logistics system - is the "output" of an (Zarządzanie i Marketing, 2012).
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Table2. Parameters of the systems model to create an e environmentally safe logistics system X x ,x ,...,x , where x , x ,…., x are indicators of the transport system - the state Input i 1 2 n 1 2 n parameters of vehicles, vehicle technical characteristics, route characteristics, passenger / cargo flow, road conditions, skills and experience of employees Y y ,y ,....,y , where y , y ,.., y are ecological and economic indicators of the Output j 1 2 k 1 2 k parameters city route network - the level of environmental impacts, financial indicators of the logistics system
Gp g1,g2,g3, where g1 is the value of the maximum allowable concentration of Restrictions hazardous substances, g 2 is restrictions determined by liability for violating traffic rules,
g 3 is restrictions determined by liability for breaking environmental legislation
U u ,u ,u ,u ,u , where u is a regulatory framework for transport activities, u Controlling m 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 parameters is organizational, u3 is technological, u4 is financial and economic, u5 is information support of the logistics system
Uncontrolled Vl v1,v2,v3,v4, where v1 is political influences, v2 is social factors, v3 is climate parameters conditions, v4 is traffic accidents (crashes, repairs, traffic jams, etc.) The assessment of IPE D,Pel ,І,A,O,Pа , where D is the time of action; Pel is the possibility to environmental impact of the eliminate negative consequences; I is the way of influence; A is the scope; O is the origin; logistics Pа is the possibility to accumulate effects. system Managing the result of the DPel І A OPа impact
The results of the systems analysis and promotion of integrated plans for enabled to determine the mechanisms of sustainable urban mobility, communication reducing the level of anthropogenic strategies, and others. pressure on the environment when 3. Technical and economic measures creating the route network of urban include timely vehicle inspection and transport. They involve three groups of maintenance, the use of environmentally interconnected means and measures friendly fuel, the timely restoration of a aimed at minimizing environmental rolling stock by repairing trolleybuses, the impacts through regulation and control of reconstruction of traction substations and the corresponding activities: the replacement of worn-out equipment. Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] 1. Legislative measures include the They also include the elimination of the adaptation of Ukrainian environmental accident condition of contact systems; the legislation and transport law to European renewal of a rolling stock with new Union legislation. Ensuring the implementation trolleybuses domestically produced. The of international environmental standards measures also include the optimization of for vehicles and motor fuels. the city traffic routes taking into account 2. Organizational and administrative the environmental impact of transport measures include the establishment of activity based on the route network institutions enabling to provide integrated modeling. management of urban and transport A rational route network taking into planning, development, the implementation account the requirements of passengers 031______Urban Economics and Management
and enterprises should be planned by an integrated method. Its idea is to minimize E D S K 1 Y1 2 Y2 3 Y3 min costs according to the model of 1 2 3 1 optimizing ecological and logistics flows Y Е h (x' , , x' ) a , i 1, l of enterprises by the system of indicators 1 i 1 n i Y D g (x", , x" ) b , k 1, p - economic (costs for goods distribution 2 k 1 n k S and delivery), ecological (costs for Y3 m (x1 ,...... , xn ) cm , m 1,t reducing the anthropogenic pressure on (1) the environment) and social (costs to meet ' ' " " where x1 , ..., xn , x1 , ..., xk , x1 , ..., the needs of service users). x are valid variables (controlled To simulate the route network of m urban public transport, linear programming (a parameters) transport task) should be applied. It uses K is an integration index of the logistics the indicators of economic, ecological and system cost when creating the city route social assessment as optimization criteria. network; A target function is an additive function 1,2,3 are weight ratios of the indicating economic costs ( Y E ), importance of each indicator. 1 The weight ratios of the importance D Y S environmental ( Y2 ) and social ( 3 ) of economic and ecological indicators losses in passenger and / or freight (1,2 ) are chosen for each route depending transportation with weight ratios. It on the specifics of transportation (Table describes the cost of the logistics system 3). It enables to choose the scheme of when creating the route network of urban transportation by the integration index. transport. (Optimal or compromise plan is suggested according to economic or ecological indicators).
Table3. Recommendations for choosing an optimization plan of transportation route
Condition 1 2 Recommendation (0.6;1) (0;0.4) Optimal according to economic indicator 1 2 0.4;0.6 0.4;0.6 Compromise plan 1 2 (0;0.4) (0.6;1) Optimal according to ecological indicator 1 2 Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] The optimal route as an optimal 5– Results transportation plan is created by the The transport system of Kyiv results of performing the transport task. includes dozens of buses, trolleybuses, Let us apply the developed approach trams, minibuses and a funicular. The to improve the route network of public total length of motorways located within transport in Kyiv based on the ecological the city, that is avenues, streets, and economic principles. boulevards, etc. is about 2000 km. Most of them were constructed in the last century. However, in current conditions of constant increase in the number of
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vehicles traffic throughput is insufficient. Meanwhile, transport costs when As a result, the congestions in Kyiv, distributing the traffic flow in Kyiv route especially in peak hours, have become an network according to ecological and everyday phenomenon. With the current economic indicators are minimized. The traffic management and bad driving optimal route for passenger transportation
habits, traffic jams regularly occur both will be created for economic ( kE ) and on main motorways and on the nearest ecological ( k ) indicators for specific streets that drivers tend to use for a D routes of Kyiv route network. Three detour. The vast majority of roads have routes of passenger transportation of the asphalt covering. Unfortunately, only on city have been selected for the research, the main motorways and recently constructed namely route A, route B and route C. or reconstructed roads such covering is in The length of route A in the straight satisfactory condition. direction is 23.3 km, in the opposite Every day Kyiv residents are provided direction it is 24 km. The time for the with transport services involving 2964 return journey is 130 minutes. Routing buses of different classes (361 of regular time is 18 hours. It has 40 stops in the mode, 2603 of taxi service mode), 406 straight and 42 stops in the opposite trolleybuses, 294 tram cars, 645 direction. Most of stops are equipped with underground carriages (3 underground pavilions. The route does not intersect lines, 51 stations), 60 carriages of urban with railway crossings and tram tracks. It electric train. The transport network of does not pass through complicated road the city covers 302 bus routes (of which: conditions, bridges, with a narrow 70 of regular mode, 232 of taxi service carriageway and with deteriorated road mode), 37 trolleybus routes, 20 tram pavement. The transportation is carried routes. The municipal enterprise Kyivpastrans out with constant frequency on this route. combines 4 trolleybus depots, 3 tram The length of route B in the straight depots and 8 bus depots. An important direction is 14.3 km, in the opposite component of Kyiv transport system is direction it is 14.6 km. The time for the the underground. return journey is 90 minutes. There are 28 Expanding the capacity of transport stops in the straight and 28 stops in the services in Kyiv is closely connected with opposite direction. the problem of improving traffic flow The length of route C in the straight
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] management of the city. New principles and opposite directions is 6.8 km. Routing of traffic management through the use of time in each direction is 28 minutes. The modern automated systems are being entire length of the route has asphalt gradually introduced in Kyiv. Under these covering. Appropriate road signs are conditions, the problem of balanced and installed along the entire length of the efficient use and development of urban route. passenger traffic flows is becoming To carry out necessary calculations, extremely relevant. To solve this problem, it experimental observations have been is necessary to develop and apply modern made on passenger traffic in selected approaches and methods as well as to routes. In order to carry out environmental optimize the route network. assessment of the routes, mass emissions 011______Urban Economics and Management
of harmful substances (CO, CmHn, NOx, according to ecological and economic PM and СО2) in the air have been indicators. Economic indicators refer to calculated on the basis of emissions from the cost of passenger transportation on every route (Table 4). traditional and optimal routes. Ecological In order to create the optimal route, it indicators determine the environmental is advisable to choose a transportation damage caused by harmful emissions. plan with balanced economic and Ecological and economic indicators of ecological weight ratios. Using this plan, traditional and optimal routes are compared routes A, B and C have been optimized in Table 4 (K.: NTU, 2015).
Table4. Comparative characteristics of ecological and economic indicators of traditional and optimal routes Route Economic indicators Route A Route B Route C Traditional Optimized Traditional Optimized Traditional Optimized Economic indicators Income, thousands of 1 107.31 1 208.78 687.36 708.20 1 242.61 1 336.38 eq. units Expenses, thousands of 1 335.87 1 215.90 798.52 722.55 1 517.88 1 331.02 eq. units Profit, thousands of eq. - 228.56 - 7.11 - 111.16 - 14.35 - 275.27 5.37 units Ecological indicators CO emissions, kg 435.7 106.9 183.0 39.5 428.4 92.6
CmHn, emissions, kg 435.7 160.4 183.0 59.3 428.4 138.9
NOx,emissions, kg 448.9 187.1 188.5 69.2 441.4 162.0 PM emissions, kg 207.2 39.0 87.0 14.4 203.7 33.8
СO2 emissions, kg 1280.7 802.0 537.0 296.5 1259.3 694.4
Thus, the results of the research costs have decreased for all routes. The show that the cost of passenger harmful emissions have decreased - CO
transportation has decreased significantly. by 4-4.6 times, CmHn by 2.7-3.0 times; The routes have become more profitable, NOx by 2.3-2.7 times, PM by 5.3-6.0 route C in particular. times and СO2 by 1.5-1.8 times. Fig. 3 As a result of the comparative shows a comparative histogram of average
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] study, the following results have been mass emissions in traditional and optimized obtained. The income has increased and routes.
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Emissions CO, 8.33 kg, 457.00
Emissions 12.49 CmHn, kg, 457.00
Optimized Emissions NOx, 14.57 kg, 470.85 Traditional
Emissions PM, 3.04 kg, 217.33
Emissions CO2, 62.47 kg, 1 343.29
Fig3. Comparative histogram of pollutant emissions
The calculation of the total coefficient creating the logistics system of urban of ecological and economic efficiency for route network is given in Table 5.
Table5. The calculation of economic effect from transport route optimization, 2017, thousands of eq. units Route Indicator Traditional Optimized Expenses, thousands of eq. units 3652.28 3269.47 10.5% Including transportation costs 1569.4 1467.5 6.5% General environmental damage, eq. units 145.1 130.5 10.1% An integration index of the route cost 5.5 1.6 70.9%
Thus, the total cost of passenger 6– Conclusion and Discussion transportation after optimizing the three According to the results of the study, investigated routes has decreased by it can be concluded that an efficient 10.5%, including transportation costs by method of reducing the environmental 6.5%. Overall environmental damage has impact of the urban transport system is
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] decreased by 10.1%. Fuel economy for the optimization of the route network of one vehicle per one route is 23.2 liters. It public transport. results in savings on fuel costs by 4.3 eq. Transport logistics activities resulting units, the reduction of transportation costs in harmful emission in the atmosphere, by 101.9 eq. units and the reduction of the sewage from transport enterprises, noise removed environmental damage from and vibration pollution, waste from emissions by 14.6 eq. units. The minimum production processes have a significant value of the integration index of the route impact on the environment. When using cost has reduced by 70.9%. cheaper fuels, their processing products have a negative impact on the environment and human health. 011______Urban Economics and Management
The implementation of strategic and The developed approach has been tactical goals of environmental logistics applied to improve the route network of implies: the identification of environmental public transport in Kyiv based on threats of logistics processes and the ecological and economic principles. assessment of their implementation risks; Network optimization of only three routes forecasting the consequences from the has enabled to increase the income and implementation of environmental threats; reduce expenses for passenger transportation. the development of organizational, technical, The harmful emissions have decreased -
technological, scientific measures aimed CO by 4-4.6 times, CmHn by 2.7-3.0 at eliminating dangerous threats, reducing times; NOx by 2.3-2.7 times, PM by 5.3- their risks and the impact of their 6.0 times and СO2 by 1.5-1.8 times. The implementation; including environmental total cost of passenger transportation after costs in logistics processes. optimizing the three investigated routes The systems model to create an has decreased by 10.5%, including ecologically safe logistics system determines transportation costs by 6.5%. Overall the relationship between input parameters environmental damage has decreased by (transport system indicators), output 10.1%. Fuel economy for one vehicle per parameters (ecological and economic one route is 23.2 liters. It results in indicators of the city route network) and savings on fuel costs by 4.3 eq. units, the controlling parameters, restrictions, reduction of transportation costs by 101.9 uncontrolled parameters and environmental eq. units and the reduction of the removed impact assessment. environmental damage from emissions by To model the route network of urban 14.6 eq. units. The minimum value of the public transport, linear programming (a integration index of the route cost has transport task) has been used as a method reduced by 70.9%. with the criteria for optimizing the Thus, the optimization of the route indicators of economic, ecological and network of urban transport is an important social assessment. A target function is an task of integrating the city into the additive function indicating economic European environment. Compliance, E D rationalization, economic feasibility and costs (Y1 ), environmental (Y2 ) and environmental safety of the city route social (Y S ) losses in passenger and / or 3 network are ensured when using the freight transportation with weight ratios.
Downloaded from iueam.ir at 17:47 +0430 on Monday August 20th 2018 [ DOI: 10.29252/iueam.6.21.131 ] criteria of environmental and economic It describes the cost of the logistics efficiency. The developed ecological and system when creating the route network economic model of urban logistics system of urban transport. The weight ratios of efficiency enables to optimize traffic the importance of economic and flows based on certain criteria of ecological indicators are chosen for each environmental and economic efficiency. route depending on the specifics of transportation. It enables to choose the 7– References scheme of transportation by the integration McKinnon, Alan, et al., eds. Green logistics: index. (Optimal or compromise plan is Improving the environmental sustainability suggested according to economic or of logistics. Kogan Page Publishers, ecological indicators). 2015. 013______Ecological and Economic Principles to Improve …
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