Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic ethno-medicinal plants used by community of Bangladesh

A preliminary survey of ethno-medicinal plants used by the Chakma community of Rangamati and Khagrachari Hill District, Bangladesh

Asim Kumar Paul*, Md. Jahangir Alam and A.H.M.Jahangir Alam

Forest Botany Division, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 273, Chittagong- 4000, Bangladesh

Preliminary survey work was done in Rangamati and Khagracharihill district in the Chakma community. The study was carried out on medicinal plants used by the Chakma community. Chakma people are mostly residing in the deep forest and depend on their own traditional health care system. Information was collected by interviewing traditional herbal healers (locally called Baddhya) and various elderly men and women. All the plants were listed along with their scientific name, family, chakma name, habit, used parts and mode of preparation. A total of 125 species under 46 families have been identified which are used to treat different diseases by the traditional herbal healers. Fabaceae, and are the most frequently used family to the number of species used by the Chakma Community. Mostly leaves are used for the preparation of folk medicine.

Key words: Chakma community, Ethno-medicinal plants, Herbal healer, Khagrachari, Rangamati

1. Introduction Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) comprises of Rangamati, Khagrachari and Bandarban districts. It is located in the southeastern part of Bangladesh. The area of the CHT is about 13,184 km2, which is around one-tenth of the total area of Bangladesh. Rangamati and Khagrachari is a key district of CHT and comprises various floral species diversity (including medicinal plants) in Bangladesh. CHT is the home of thirteen tribal groups. Most of the populations of those areas are tribal, dominated by Chakma and Marma. Chakma tribe is the largest and most dominant one. The total population of Chakma is about 253,000 of which more than 90 percent live in Rangamati and Khagrachari districts(Tripura, 1994). People of different areas of the world have been using medicinal plants for the remedy of numerous diseases for thousands of years (Sofowora, 1982; Hill,1989). It has been estimated that about 64% of the total global population still remain dependent on traditional medicine for their healthcare (Cotton, 1996). From the ancient period, man has been using plants as a main source of medicine (Iqubal, 1993; Walter, 2001; Rao&Arora, 2004). It has also been observed that a number of modern medicine has been derived from plants used by the indigenous people (Balic and Cox, 1996). According to the *Corresponding author: Asim Kumar Paul, Email: [email protected]

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ethno-medicinal plants used by community of Bangladesh

World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that about 65-80% population of the world is dependent on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare (Chopra et al., 1956 and Sharma et al., 2010). The distinct geographical location and climatic condition of Rangamati and Khagrachari make it an ideal source of a rich biodiversity including medicinal plants. According to Kadir (1990) and Yusuf et al. (1994), about 5000 plant species are found in Bangladesh, of which 1000 have medicinal value. Ethnic people have deep faith in the traditional herbal system of medicine for cures diseases (Bhattacharjee and Nair, 1978). The use of medicinal plants as a herbal remedy is a part of traditional heritage in many rural areas of Bangladesh, especially among forest inhabitants. Chakma tribe has its own traditional system of herbal treatment. For the treatment of different diseases, they still depend on local medicinal plants. Nature has provided a complete storehouse of remedies for physical treatment. Ethno-botany, the interaction between plants and people involves traditional use of medicinal plants by indigenous communities. The indigenous knowledge about the use of medicinal plants is on sharp declining due to development of good communication, modern medicines have reached there and lack of awareness, forest encroachment and no interest of younger generations. This knowledge is now only limited to senior people who are living near by the forest areas. It is alarming that indigenous knowledge and practices are gradually disappearing in the near future. The objective of the study was to conduct an ethno-medicinal survey among tribal herbal healers from the Chakma tribes of Rangamati and Khagrachari district in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh.

2. Material and Methods:

The study was conducted covering the major area of Rangamati and Khagrachari districts as shown in (Figure-1).

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ethno-medicinal plants used by community of Bangladesh

Khagrachari District

Map of Bangladesh Rangamati District

[[[[

Figure 1. Map of Bangladesh showing the location of study area.

A number of visits (20, each visit lasted 1 to 2 days) were made in Rangamati and Khagrachari districts. Information was collected from the study area in different seasons to get real data on the medicinal plants. The information on the medicinal plants was gathered through questionnaire method and discussion with local Chakma herbal healer locally called, Baddhya and elderly persons in the community. All the information mentioned is based on firsthand information on medicinal plants. The medicinal plant species were collected from wild and also from the homestead gardens. Local names of each medicinal plant with plant part(s) used, mode of preparation and the names of diseases were recorded. Plant specimens were collected with flowers and fruits. Plant specimens were properly pressed, dried and mounted on herbarium sheets using standard herbarium techniques (Alexiades,1996). The specimens were identified consulting with the experts, by comparing herbarium specimens and available literatures (Ahmed et al., 2009; Ghani, 1998; Pasha and Uddin, 2013; Hooker, 1872-1897; Prain, 1903;

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ethno-medicinal plants used by community of Bangladesh

Heining, 1925; Hasan, 1988). All the collected Plants are arranged alphabetically by their scientific and family name followed by tribal names, habit, part used and mode of preparation. The voucher specimens are stored at Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, herbarium, Chittagong for future reference.

3. Results and Discussion: In the present survey, a total of 125 plant species belonging to 46 families were recorded. For each species scientific name, family name, Chakma names, habit, parts use and mode of preparation were provided in (Table 1). Plants are used to relief from different disease by the Chakma herbal healer locally called Baddhya. The tribal people depend mainly on plants for food, clothing, medicine, oil, agricultural implements and for other requirements. From earlier times people made use of plants for their basic needs and livelihood. Some plants used by people are cultivated while others grow in wild conditions. The Fabaceae family contributed the highest number of plant species (17), followed by Rubiaceae (8), Euphorbiaceae (7), Asteraceae (6), Amaranthaceae, Myrsinaceae,Verbenaceae, Combretaceae each are (5), Sapindaceae, Vitaceae, Lamiaceae, Moraceae each are (4), Acanthaceae, Araceae, Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Apocynaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Menispermaceae each are (3), Zingiberaceae, Commelinaceae, Solanaceae, Leeaceae, Bignoniaceae, Malvaceae each are (2), Convolvulaceae, Pteridaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Bombacaceae, Crassulaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Meliaceae, Cuscutaceae, Rutaceae, Araliaceae, Oleaceae, Lythraceae, Tiliaceae, Oxalidaceae, Urticaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Smilaceae, Sterculiaceae, Rhamnaceae each are (1) family (Figure 2).

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Number of family

Rhamnaceae 1 1 Smilaceae 1 1 Urticaceae 1 1 Tiliaceae 1 1 Oleaceae 1 1 Rutaceae 1 1 Hypoxidaceae 1 1 Crassulaceae 1 1 Nyctaginaceae 1 1 Pteridaceae 1 1 Malvaceae 2 2 Leeaceae 2 2 Commelinaceae 2 2 Menispermaceae 3 3 Apocynaceae 3 3 Araceae 3 4 Lamiaceae 4 4 Sapindaceae 4 5 Verbenaceae 5 5 Amaranthaceae 5 6 Euphorbiaceae 7 8 Fabaceae 17 0 5 10 15 20

Figure 2: Families of the ethno-medicinal plants with their frequencies

Out of these plant species have been used by the chakma community of Rangamati and Khagrachari are 27% herbs, 30% shrubs, 26% trees and 17% climbers respectively (Figure 3).

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Figure 3 : Percentage of plant habit used by the Chakma community Different types of plant parts were used included whole plants, leaves, roots, barks, stems, flower, seeds, fruits, and rhizomes for various ailments. The majority consumed plant parts for the preparation of traditional medicine is leaf which is 64.80%, then root 23%, bark 12%, stem 10.40%, whole plant 5.60%, rhizome 2.40%, dry fruit 1.60%, flower 1.60%, seed 1.60% and petiole 0.80% (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Percentage of various plant parts used for the preparation of medicine by Chakma community The different ailments such as Rheumatism, Skin disease, Boils, Jaundice, Urinary problem were found to be 14.40%,10.40%, 8.80% and 7.20% plant species used respectively. Whereas Paralysis and Abdominal pain each are use 6.40%, Bone fracture and diarrhoea each are uses 5.60%, Hysteria, Dysentery, Fever, Gastric, Physical weakness, Toothache each are use 4%, Body ache and Dental caries are use 3.20%, Leucorrhoea use only 2.40%, Chest pain, Child fever, Constipation, Cough, Cuts and wounds, Headache, Goiter, Pregnancy problem, Mumps, Snakebite, tetanus and tonsillitis each one was found to be 1.60% plant species used respectively and Tuberculosis, Stone in kidney, Polio, Partial deafness, Eye infection and Chicken poxeach one was found to be 0.80% plant species used respectively. The most common methods of folk-

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ethno-medicinal plants used by community of Bangladesh medicine are juice, decoction, extract, paste, tablets, etc. Both external and internal methods of practice of folk-medicine have been recommended. The internal use of folk-medicine is 64.80% whereas the external use is 51.20%. Maximum preparations of herbal medicine are in a complex mixture of preservatives such as water, honey, salt and some other plant parts. The time of taking, dose and duration of practice of these folk-medicines are varied from traditional healers to healers and on the basis of disease. The study showed that root, rhizome and the whole plant have been used in the formulation of folk medicine is 31% for the cure of diseases (Figure 5). These are the unfriendly and destructive way of using plants because it needs to eradicate or abolish the whole plant. Moreover, the aerial parts of the plant (leaf, stem, bark, flower, fruit, and seed) can be used without eliminating the plant. For this, it is an outstanding way to conserve them. Recently, they are losing their valuable tradition of plant use indigenous knowledge because of, industrialization and urbanization. At present, younger generation lost the interest to continue their parental tradition because it does not provide them proper financial support for their livelihood (Uddin, 2010). If these situations continue; their traditional plant use knowledge will be loose rapidly. Now, it is a burning necessity to document their ethno- medicinal use information to protect them from disappearing. This information can be the source and help the modern researchers in the discovery of new drugs (Uddin et al. 2013). Modern knowledge in biotechnology can use these biological assets of the ethnic people and their knowledge for socio economic gains for better health and nutrition and for sustainable development of human society.

Figure 5: Destructive and non-destructive plant use as medicinal perspective

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4. Conclusion The present survey reveals that traditional ethnobotanical practices still play a very important role in Rangamati and Khagrachari district. Ethnobotanical practices not only play an important role in primary health care but also play a vital role in the conservation of phyto-diversity and cultural diversity. It can be concluded that the traditional herbal healer had a good sound of knowledge on the medicinal properties of various plants to use for healing purposes. The increasing demand of medicinal flora has resulted in the rapid declining of these natural resources. In modern days, our present generations are losing their previous glorious heritage of plant use knowledge because of urbanization, lack of practicing and degradation of forests. It is necessary to conserve the threatened medicinal plants from extinction and to document the plant’s information before disappearing. There is an urgent need for systematic conservation and sustainable production of medicinal plants involving local communities, researchers and departmental field group with stronger linkage for co-operative work to meet future demand on a sustained method.

References: Ahmed ZU, Begum ZNT, Hassan MA, Khondker M, Kabir SMH, Ahmad M, Ahmed ATA, Rahman AKA and Haque EU (2009). Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh. Angiosperms; Vols. 5-12. Asiat.Soc. Bangladesh.

Alexiades M N(1996). Selected Guidelines for Ethno Botanical Research: A Field Manual.The New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Balick J M, Cox PA (1996). Plants, People and Culture: the Science of Ethnobotany, Scientific American Library, New York, p. 228.

Bhattacharjee S, Nair A R (1978).Some folklore medicines from Assam and Meghalaya. Int. J Crude Drug Res.,16:185.

Chopra R N, Nayar SL, Chopra IC (1956).Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, CSIR, New Delhi.Cotton C M (1996). Ethnobotany: Principle and Application. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 399.

Ghani A (1998). Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh.Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.

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Hasan MA (1988).Traditional Herbal Medicine of Bangladesh (in Bengali), Hassan Book House, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Heining J D (1925). List of Plants of Chittagong Collectorate and Hill tracts. Darjeeling, India.

Hill A F (1989). Economic Botany: a Text Book of Useful Plants and Plant Products. 2 Ed., McGraw Hill and Book Company, Inc., New York, p. 560.

Hooker J D (1872-1897) Flora of British India. 1-7, Reeve and Co. London.

Iqbal M (1993). International Trade in Non-Wood Forest Products.An overview. FAO, Rome.

Kadir M H (1990). Bangladesh flora as a potential source of medicinal plants and its conservation strategies.p. 73–77 in Ghani, A. (Ed.) Traditional Medicine.Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka.

Pasha MK, Uddin SB (2013). Dictionary of Plant Names of Bangladesh (Vascular Plants).JanokalyanProkashani. Chittagong, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Prain D (1903). Bengal Plants.1 & 2. Govt. press Culcutta.

Rao V R and Arora R K (2004). Rationale for conservation of medicinal plants.p. 7–22 in Batugal, P. A. et al.(Eds.) Medicinal Plants Research in Asia. Vol.1: the Framework and Project Work Plans. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Kuala Lumpur.

Sharma K A, Kumar R, Misra A, Gupta R (2010) Problem associated with clinical trials of Ayurvedicmedicines.Rev Bras FarmacognBraz J Pharmacogn, 20: 276-281

Sofowora A (1982). Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicinal in Africa.John Wiley and Sons. New York, p. 256

Tripura S L (1994) Nature and Culture of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Tribal Culture Institute. Rangamati Hill District p. 1-192

Uddin SB, Ratna RS, Faruque MO (2013).Ethnobotanical Study on Medicinal Plants of Rakhaing Indigenous Community of Cox’s Bazar District of Bangladesh. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry; 2(4):164-174.

Uddin SB (2010). Medicinal Plants Database of Bangladesh. www.mpbd.info http://mpbd.info.

Walter S (2001). Non-Wood Forest Products in Africa.A Regional and National Overview. FAO, Rome.

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Yusuf M, Chowdhury J U, Wahab M A and Begum J (1994). Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh.BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Arabian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

www.ajmap.inf ISSN 2458-5920

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Table: Plant species used by the Chakma community of Rangamati and Khagrachari district for traditional health care. No. Scientific name with family Local name Habit Parts use Mode of Preparation 1. Achyranthes aspera L. Uvo-langra Shrub Leaves, To treat body ache, warm fresh leaves and stem (Amaranthaceae) Young stem paste applied to the affected area. 2. Acorus calamus L. Bospada Herb Root To treat gastric and female problem, root extract is (Araceae) taken orally twice daily for seven days. 3. Actinodaphne angustifolia Nees Sigirasig Small Leaves, Root To treat paralysis, leaves boiled in water and this hot in Wall. tree water vapor is applied to the affected areas. At the (Lauraceae) same time pills prepared from the fresh root paste is taken orally in the morning and evening daily for one month. 4. Ageratum conyzoides L. Moonimujja gach Herb Leaves To treat rheumatism and paralysis, fresh leaves ( Asteraceae) paste mixed with warm water is given twice daily to the affected area for rapid relief. 5. Aglaonema hookerianum Schott Sikkachalal Herb Root For conjunctivitis and constipation, root infusion is (Araceae) taken orally. 6. Allophyllus cobbe (L.) Then brama Shrub Bark For the treatment of partial deafness, bark extract is Raecuschel var. villosus (Roxb.) given as eardrop. Prain (Sapindaceae)

7. Allophyllus cobbe (L.) Raeuschel Jendrama Shrub Leaves To treat goiter, paste of fresh leaves is applied to the var. serratus (Roxb.) prain affected area; to treat scabies, infusion of leaves is (Sapindaceae) used for washing the infected part daily twice for at least three days. 8. Alocasia macrorrhixos (L.) G. Man-kuchu Herb Leaves To treat rheumatism, leaf paste is applied to the Don affected area. (Araceae )

9. Alpinia conchigera Griff. Khetranga Herb Rhizome To treat dysentery and abdominal pain, rhizome (Zingiberaceae) juice extract is taken orally twice daily. 10. Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt. Bhulchengi, Herb Rhizome To treat fungal/bacterial infections on pennies,

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(Zingiberaceae) khetranga, rhizome paste applied on the affected areas for two Faittaalu or four days. Root extract is taken thrice daily to treat jaundice; for gastric ulcers, decoction of root is taken twice daily. 11. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Jarbosesna Tree Leaves To treat rheumatism, leaf paste is warmed and (Apocynaceae) applied to the affected area.

12. Amaranthus spinous L. Kanta marich, Herb Root Juice prepared from root is taken to (Amaranthaceae) Hadamarej treat Pregnancy problem. 13. Amaranthus viridis L. Bhul-maresh Herb Leaves To treat fever, leaf extract juice is taken orally twice (Amaranthaceae) daily for five days. 14. Amischotolype mollissima (Bl.) Pitting gul gach, Herb Leaves To treat malarial fever, paste of fresh leaves mixed Hassk. Baro annul ludi with onion extract is taken thrice a day. (Commelinaceae)

15. Anisomeles indica (L.) O.Kuntze Jangliharinchi, Herb Leaves To treat child fever, leaf extract is given thrice daily. (Lamiaceae) Horinshing,Jharbo -horin sing 16. Ardisia paniculata Roxb. Sigrishik Shrub Root To treat madness, extract of roots is given to drink (Myrsinaceae) three times a day.

17. Ardisia solanacea (Poir.) Roxb. Barochulliya Shrub Leaves To treat boils, paste of fresh leaves is applied to the (Myrsinaceae) affected areas.

18. Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Buthturing Climber Leaves, Bark Body ache, tablets prepared from leaves and taken Bojer. orally thrice daily before meals for 1 month. (Convolvulaceae) 19. Aristolochia tagala Cham. Horinkan shak Climber Leaves, To relief abdominal pain, infusion of stems and (Aristolochiaceae) Stem, Root roots mixed with warm water is given several times for rapid relief. To relief rheumatic pain, fresh leaf paste is applied to the affected areas. 20. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neemgach Tree Leaves, Stem Leaf used to treat skin disease and stem used for (Meliaceae) toothache

21. Boerhaavia diffusa L. Punonama shak Herb Leaves Edema, inflammation. Tablets prepared from (Nyctaginaceae) crushed leaves and sugars are taken orally thrice

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daily for 1 month. 22. Bombax insigne Wall. Simain gach Tree Young root To treat poisonous boils, young root paste is applied (Bombacaceae) to the affected area. To treat sexual weakness, young root is taken orally once daily for two weeks. 23. Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. Shukujja gach Small Leaves To treat skin infections, leaf paste is applied to (Euphorbiaceae) tree affected areas. 24. Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume. Bangari bhanga Shrub Leaves To treat allergies, leaf extract is given to drink. (Euphorbiaceae) gach

25. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Pathorkuchi, Herb Leaves Stone in kidney, urethra, and urinary bladder. Pills Oken Sidri-bai-shak made from leaves are taken orally on an empty (Crassulaceae) stomach thrice daily for 1 month. 26. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Kumujja ludi Climber Young leaves To treat skin infections, young leaf paste prepared is (Fabaceae) applied to affected areas. 27. Caesalpinia enneaphyllum Kuchai, Thaicha Climber Leaves Fresh leaves juice taken orally twice daily until cure Roxb. (Fabaceae) ludi for paralysis.

28. Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Jang gach, Banitak Tree Stem, Root, Stem extract is given to drink frequently to treat (Verbenaceae) Bark, Leaves diarrhoea; to treat bone fracture, paste of root, bark and leaf is applied on affected areas. 29. Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Dubhoza Shrub Bark Bark extract is taken orally to treat fever. (Verbenaceae) 30. Calotropis gigantean (L.) R. Br. Angarpata Shrub Leaves To treat rheumatism, leaves are warmed and applied (Asclepiadaceae) to affected areas.

31. Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Murmuchia ludi Climber Whole plant To treat jaundice, juice extracted from the fresh Lamk. whole plants is taken orally twice daily f or two (Combretaceae) week. Also whole plants eat fried as vegetables. 32. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Ketha boitta shak Herb Root To treat mumps, fresh root extract is given to drink (Sapindaceae) twice daily. To treat chicken pox, hot water extract of whole plant is given to drink 2-3 times daily and to treat coma, plant infusion is taken orally. 33. Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss. ex Goulai ludi Climber Root To treat abdominal tumour, root extract is given to Gagnep. drink 2-3 times daily. (Vitaceae)

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34. Celosia argentea L. Ranga chuma Herb Leaves To treat cancer, leaf extract is given to drink 2-3 (Amaranthaceae) times a day.

35. Celosia cristata L. Kromopai, Rada Herb Stem, Leucorrhea. Juice obtained from crushed branch is (Amaranthaceae) sumophul Leaves, taken orally (½ thrice a day till cure). Flower, Root Menstrual irregularity, uterus enlargement. Crushed leaf, root and flower paste is used to prepare pills, which are taken orally thrice daily for 1 month on an empty stomach. 36. Chromolaena odorata (L.) King Assam lata Herb Leaves To stop bleeding from external cuts and wounds, & Robinson Muguja leaf paste is applied on the affected area. (Asteraceae) 37. Cissus adnata Roxb. Anan lodi Climber Leaves Fresh leaves boiled in water and half cup of (Vitaceae) decoction is taken twice daily mixed with honey after meal till cure for mouth infections 38. Cissus assamica (Lawson) Mormujja amila Climber Leaves To treat paralysis and bone fracture, fresh leaves Craib. paste applied to the affected area. (Vitaceae)

39. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Bake pata, Beg- Shrub Leaves, Root Leaves are warmed and applied to affected areas (Verbenaceae) gach twice daily for rheumatism and to treat bone fracture, crushed root are applied to affected area. To treat dental caries, root paste is applied to affected teeth and abdominal pain, root extract is given to drink frequently. 40. Combretum sp. Habamel lodi Climber Leaves To treat toothache, leaves are boiled in water and (Combretaceae) the boiled water is used for gargling 2-3 times daily until cure.

41. Commelina paludosa Blume Bat boitta shak Herb Leaves Leaf extract is taken orally 2-3 times a day to treat (Commelinaceae) dysentery.

42. Crotalaria pallida Ait. Kudug jhunjhuni Herb Seed Seeds are taken with ripe bananas at least twice (Fabaceae) daily to treat rheumatism.

43. Crotalaria verrucosa L. Kuduk, juhunjhuni Herb Leaves To treat skin allergies, leaf extract is applied to the AJMAP V5N2, 2019 14

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(Fabaceae) affected areas.

44. Curculigo orchiodes Gaertn. Milnipata Herb Petiole To treat snakebite, petiole paste is taken orally. (Hypoxidaceae)

45. Cuscuta reflexa (Roxb.) Taru lata Herb Whole plant, To treat eczema, plant paste is applied to affected (Cuscutaceae) Stem areas until recovery. To treat jaundice, stems are used to make pills. Pills are taken on an empty stomach thrice daily for 1-2 days. 46. Datura metel L. Haladuduru Shrub Leaves To treat rheumatism, leaf paste applied to the (Solanaceae) affected area. 47. Derris robusta (Roxb. ex DC.) Dumurjja Tree Leaves Fresh leaf paste is applied externally to affected Benth. limbs to treat wounded limbs. (Fabaceae)

48. Desmodium triquertrum (L.) Juri manda kher, Shrub Leaves, Root To treat hysteria, root extract is taken orally thrice DC. Lori-mata-Khar daily. To treat bone fracture, leaves and add with (Fabaceae) turmeric are combined and paste prepared. Prepared paste is applied to the affected areas and bandage with a piece of cloth for seven days 49. Desmodium gangeticum (L.) Hizinghaba pata Shrub Leaves Paste of leaves is applied to affected areas to treat DC. tumours. (Fabaceae)

50. Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Turki madon Shrub Leaves To treat rheumatism, paste prepared from fresh Merr. leaves and applied to affected areas. (Fabaceae) 51. Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Muumujja amiala Climber Leaves To treat jaundice and mumps, fresh leaf juice is Vogt ex Haines given to drink in hot water is taken twice daily. (Dioscoreaceae)

52. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Rata Alu, Fadalful Climber Leaves To treat around the naval pain, fresh leaves paste (Dioscoreaceae) applied to the affected area. 53. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Bhutta ludi Climber Leaves To treat rheumatism, leaf paste mixed with mustard (Dioscoreacea) oil is rubbed on the affected parts.

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54. Eclipta alba L. Hassk Kala shona Herb Leaves To treat boils, fresh leaf paste is applied on boils. (Asteraceae) 55. Embeila ribes Burm. f. Long dhama shak Shrub Leaves Leaf infusion is taken twice daily to treat jaundice. (Myrsinaceae) 56. Euphorbia hirta L. Dutta ludi Herb Whole plant, For lactation, after childbirth, root extract is taken (Euphorbiaceae) Root twice daily and cooked leaves are eaten. Pills prepared from whole plant are given twice daily. 57. Ficus heterophylla L. f. Jogna gach Tree Leaves To treat rheumatism, leaf paste is applied externally (Moraceae) to affected areas for several days. 58. Ficus hirta Vahl. Teng bhang gach Tree Root To treat snakebite, root paste is applied to wounds. (Moraceae)

59. Ficus racemosa L. Norpudi tida Tree Root To treat tonsillitis, root is given to chew. (Moraceae) 60. Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Bara salphan, Aj- Shrub Leaves To treat bone fracture, leaves paste is applied to O. Kuntze ex Merr. gach affected parts. (Fabaceae)

61. Flemingia stricta Roxb. Uskura, Khaskura Shrub Stem, Leaves To treat polio, stem extract is taken thrice daily, and (Fabaceae) leaf paste is applied to affected areas.

62. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R. Br. Harsanga Shrub Root, Leaves To treat tetanus, root extract is taken and leaf paste in Ait. is applied to whole body. (Fabaceae)

63. Gardenia coronaria Buch.- Konnari, Reshful- Tree Leaves To treat stomach ache, two tea spoonful fresh leaves Ham. gach juice is given orally with sugar or honey daily for 3- (Rubiaceae) 4 days. 64. Gardenia latifolia Aiton Borsudma Tree Bark To treat caries, stem bark crushed and boiled in (Rubiaceae) water is applied to affected areas.

65. Glycosmim pentaphylla (Retz.) Shamlokchari Shrub Leaves To treat boils, chest pain and jaundice, leaves pasted A. DC. gach is applied on boils and leaves juice is taken orally (Rutaceae) twice daily for 10 days to treat chest pain and jaundice. 66. Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigr Pichila gach Tree Leaves To treat boils and bone fracture, leaves paste is AJMAP V5N2, 2019 16

Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ethno-medicinal plants used by community of Bangladesh

(Tiliaceae) applied on affected area. 67. Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Kurukgaas Tree Bark To treat jaundice, bark juice is given to drink twice Wall. ex Decne. daily. (Apocynaceae) 68. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Jangulijangol, Shrub Seed To treat physical weakness, seeds are soaked in (Lamiaceae) chongadana water overnight. One glass of the water is taken once daily an empty stomach in the morning for 15 days. 69. Ichnocarpus frutescens R. Br. Borduttya, Dutta Climber Whole plant To treat bone fracture, whole plant paste is applied (Apocynaceae) ludi to affected parts. 70. Ixora balakrishnanii Deb and Bhantihara phul Shrub Leaves To treat abdominal pain, leaf extract of the plants is Rout given to drink frequently. (Rubiaceae)

71. Ixora nigricans Wight & Arn. Dikranga Chuillya Shrub Root, Leaves To treat diarrhoea, root extract is given to drink (Rubiaceae) frequently; to treat paralysis, leaf paste of these plants is rubbed onto the affected areas 2-3 times a day. 72. Jasminum scandens Vahl. Monriccha ludi Shrub Whole plant To treat typhoid fever, extract of whole plant juice is (Oleaceae) given to drink.

73. Justicia adhatoda L. Basak pada Shrub Leaves Leaf extract use to treat Cough. (Acanthaceae) 74. Justicia japonica Thunb. Bashoke pata, Herb Leaves To treat chest pain, paste of leaves mixed with (Acanthaceae) Gasraja butter is rubbed on to the affected area; to treat rheumatism, fresh leaf paste is applied to affected area. 75. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Jarul Tree Leaves Labor pain and related conditions. Crushed leaves Pers. are used to prepare tablets, which are taken orally (Lythraceae) with warm water twice daily for 2 days. 76. Launaea sarmentosa (Willd.) Bhoshmula Herb Root To treat urinary problems, root extract mixed with Sch.-BipexO. Kuntze sugar is given to drink in empty stomach. (Asteraceae) 77. Leea indica Merr. Hotigach,Ranga- Shrub Leaves, Root To treat painful joints, warm leaf paste is applied to (Leeaceae) jat-hasa-kura-gach affected area. To treat rheumatism, root or leaves extract is taken orally 2-3 time a day untill cure. AJMAP V5N2, 2019 17

Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ethno-medicinal plants used by community of Bangladesh

78. Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Ash gaas Shrub Leaves To treat tonsillitis, leaf extract mixed with warm Horn. water is used to gargle and drink. (Leeaceae)

79. Lepisanthes senegalensis (Poir.) Gach-challa Shrub Root, Bark To treat dysentery, root and bark boiled in water, ½ Leenh. cup of juice taken orally thrice daily for five days. (Sapindaceae) 80. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link. Gussyadangor Herb Root To treat child fever, one spoonful of fresh root (Lamiaceae) extract is taken orally twice daily for one week. 81. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Madonmohan, Small Bark To treat joint rheumatism, warm bark paste is Robinson. monermaton tree applied to the affected areas. (Lauraceae) gach 82. Litsea lancifolia (Roxb. ex Ness) Ludijaylla Tree Root Root extract juice is taken frequently to treat Hook. f. diarrhoea. (Lauraceae) 83. Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Nainnabichi gach Tree Bark To treat boils, warm bark paste is applied to the Muell.-Arg. affected area. (Euphorbiaceae) 84. Maesa ramentacea (Roxb.) A. Laipra Tree Leaves To treat diarrhoea, leaf juice is given to drink, DC. especially children. (Myrsinaceae)

85. Maesa ramentacea (Roxb.) Leddushibang, Tree Leaves To treat diarrhoea, leaf extract is given to drink A.DC. Muruli frequently. To treat boils, leaf paste is applied to (Myrsinaceae) affected area.

86. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Salaksara gach Tree Leaves To treat paralysis, leaves paste is applied on affected Muell.-Arg. area until cure. (Euphorbiaceae) 87. Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) Asham ludi Climber Leaves To treat cuts and wounds, leaf paste is applied on Robinson the affected area. (Asteraceae) 88. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright Shada lajurikhe Herb Root To treat boils, root paste is applied to the affected ex Sauv. area. (Fabaceae) 89. Mimosa pudica L. Lajuri Herb Bark To treat male sexual weakness, half cup of bark AJMAP V5N2, 2019 18

Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ethno-medicinal plants used by community of Bangladesh

(Fabaceae) juice is taken orally twice daily for two weeks. 90. Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Koba bena Shrub Stem, Root Extract of stems and roots is taken twice daily to (Rubiaceae) treat urinary problems.

91. sessilifolia (Roxb.) Kom gach Tree Leaves To treat skin infections, fresh leaf paste is applied to Merr. (Rubiaceae) the affected area.

92. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Khalatulsi Herb Leaves To treat cough and fever, leaf juice is taken thrice (Lamiaceae) daily. 93. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Taita, Khona Small Bark To treat jaundice and dysentery, decoction of bark (Bignoniaceae) tree add with sugar is given to drink three times daily 94. Oxalis corniculata L. Amilani Herb Root For infant sickness, root extract is given to drink. (Oxalidaceae)

95. Paederia foetida L. Padba lodi Climber Leaves To treat rheumatism, leaves are boiled in water and (Rubiaceae) one tea spoonful of the decoction is taken orally with sugar or salt twice daily until cure 96. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Kamboli lodi pata Shrub Whole plant To treat caries, plant extract is applied to teeth (Euphorbiaceae) several times.

97. Premna esculenta Roxb. Lelom pada Shrub Bark, Leaves To treat fungal/bacterial infections, leaf paste is (Verbenaceae) applied to affected area. To treat paralysis and child boils, fresh leaves extract applied to the affected area. To treat body ache, leaves boiled in water and ½ cup of decoction is taken orally twice daily for three days and bark paste is applied to the affected area 98. Pteris vitata L. Boiddonath, Herb Stem For the treatment of coughs and bronchitis, stem (Pteridaceae) Dhekishak infusion is given frequently.

99. Ricinus communis L. Te-udol, Lalb Shrub Leaves Sexual disorders in men, pills prepared from the (Euphorbiaceae) herol leaves are taken twice daily before meal for 1 month. 100. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de wild. Rangam mogma Tree Bark, Leaves To treat diarrhoea, bark extract is taken with sugar (Fabaceae) frequently; to treat rheumatism, leaf paste is applied to affected area. AJMAP V5N2, 2019 19

Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ethno-medicinal plants used by community of Bangladesh

101. Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Jangaillya shak Shrub Leaves To treat boils, leaf paste is applied to the affected Gaud. area. To stop itching of eyes, fresh leaf extract is (Urticaceae) applied as eye drop.

102. Schefflera bengalensis Gamble. Jharobbo hogoeya Tree Stem, Leaves To treat diarrhoea, stem and leaf extract is taken (Araliaceae) orally.

103. Scoparia dulcis L. Bon-dhone, Gazia- Herb Whole plants Fresh whole plant extract is taken 2-3 times a day to (Scrophulariaceae) pata-kher treat stomach pain. 104. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Delong pata Shrub Leaves To treat eczema, leaf paste is applied to affected (Fabaceae) areas.

105. Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. Shrub Leaves To treat body inflammation, leaves juice is taken 2 Ichi-bichi gach times a day for 3 days. (Fabaceae) 106. Sida acuta Burm. f. Belbeli–Khar Shrub Leaves To treat large boils, leaves paste is applied to (Malvaceae) affected area twice or thrice daily for three days. 107. Sida cordifolia L. Khangra Shrub Leaves Enlargement of uterus. Smashed leaf is used to (Malvaceae) gilukonak make tablet, which is taken orally thrice daily for 1 month. 108. Smilax macrophylla Roxb. Kumarilata, Climber Root To treat urinary problems, root extract is given to (Smilacaceae) Kuma-cha-lodi drink 2-3 times a day for one week. 109. Solanum torvum Swartz Tidabagol gach Shrub Leaves Leaves juice is taken orally to treat fever and (Solanace) gastric. 110. Spermacoce stricta L. f. Mijlick kher Herb Leaves To treat bone fracture, crushed plants are applied to (Rubiaceae) affected areas and to treat scabies, leaf paste is applied to affected areas. 111. Spilanthes calva DC. Ozondia shak Herb Flower, For toothache, leaf extract is taken orally, flowers (Asteraceae) Leaves are chewed and kept in touch of teeth for a while to get relief. 112. Stephania japonica (Thunb) Padalpur Climber Leaves To treat rheumatism, leaves paste applied to the Miers. affected area. (Menispermaceae) 113. Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers. Khbukka ludi Climber Root To treat hysteria, root extract is taken 2-3 times a (Menispermaceae) day.

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ethno-medicinal plants used by community of Bangladesh

114. Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Smith Udulpata,Udal Small Root, Stem To treat urinary problems, small piece of stem or (Sterculiaceae) gach tree root soaked in water for overnight. One glass of the water is taken once daily for one week. 115. Stereospermum colais (Buch.- Hamarang gach Tree Leaves To treat tuberculosis, pills prepared from young leaf Ham. ex Dillw) Mabberley paste are taken with warm water thrice daily. (Bignoniaceae)

116. Streblus asper Lour. Sharbo gach Tree Bark , Leaves To treat urine problem, bark and leaves are boiled in (Moraceare) water and half cup of decoction is taken orally twice daily after meal until cure. 117. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.ex Arjun Tree Leaves, Bark Paralysis. Leaves and barks are combined together DC.) Wight &Arn. and pills prepared from the mixture. Pills are taken (Combretaceae) orally thrice daily for 1 month. At the same time, leaf paste along with mastered oil is massaged on the body. 118. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Bora gula Tree Dry fruit Dry fruit soaked in water for overnight and one Roxb. glass of soaked water is taken orally once daily in (Combretaceae) the morning to treat constipation, weakness and gastric. 119. Terminalia chebula Retz. Hoittal Tree Dry fruit To treat gastric, fruit boiled in ½ liter water and ½ (Combretaceae) cup of the decoction is taken twice daily for one month. 120. Tetrastigma bracteolatum Khurangul ludi Climber Leaves For headache, leaf paste is applied to the forehead. (Wall.) Planch (Vitaceae)

121. Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. Deldipata, Del ladi Climber Stem To treat eye infections, watery sap of stem is applied ex Rottler) Roxb. as eye drop. (Acanthaceae)

122. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Joinno ludi Climber Leaves, stem Jaundice. Tablets prepared from crushed leaves and Hook. stems are taken orally on an empty stomach thrice (Menispermaceae) daily for 1 month. 123. Uraria crinite (L.) Desv.ex DC. Bilai lengur Shrub Leaves To treat hysteria, leaf extract is taken, and leaf paste (Fabaceae) is applied on to the whole body.

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ethno-medicinal plants used by community of Bangladesh

124. Vitex peduncularis Wall. ex Aashmul gach Tree Leaves To treat urinary problem, leaves extract mixed with Schauer in A .DC. sugar is given to drink in empty stomach once daily (Verbenaceae) for five days.

125. Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Boroi gula Small Leaves To treat itch, leaf infusion is applied to the affected (Rhamnaceae) tree area twice daily for three days.

Arabian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

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