Initial Environmental Examination
April 2013
NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project- Duhabi Town Project
Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 April 2013)
Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR) NPR1.00 = $0.0115 $1.00 = NPR86.704
ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee
NOTES
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.
(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Government of Nepal Ministry of Urban Development Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Second Small Towns Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project Project Management Office Panipokhari, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu
Final Report on Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for Duhabi Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
DUHABI, SUNSARI
(Batch I, Package III)
April 2013
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS ...... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 3 A. INTRODUCTION ...... 5 1. Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report ...... 5 a. Name of the Proposal ...... 5 b. Name and address of the proponent ...... 5 2. Basis and Extent of the IEE study ...... 5 a. ADB Policy ...... 5 b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines ...... 6 c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study ...... 10 d. Relevancy of the Project ...... 10 e. Approach and Methodology ...... 12 f. Desk study ...... 12 g. Field Work ...... 12 h. Physical Assessment ...... 12 i. BiologicalAssessment ...... 12 j. Socio-economicAssessment ...... 12 k. Data Processing ...... 12 B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 13 3. Location and Accessibility of the Project Area ...... 13 4. Existing Water Supply and Sanitation Situation ...... 13 a. Water Supply System ...... 13 b. Sanitation Facility ...... 13 c. Drainage Facility ...... 13 d. Solid Waste Management ...... 14 5. Type, Category and Need of the Subproject ...... 14 6. Size or Magnitude of operation ...... 14 7. Proposed Schedule for Implementation ...... 15 8. Project Requirements ...... 15 a. Materials required for Construction ...... 15 b. Human Resource ...... 15 9. Description of the subproject ...... 16 C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 21 10. Physical Resources ...... 21 a. Topography ...... 21 b. Gology and Soils ...... 21 c. Climate and Rainfall ...... 22
P a g e | i Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project d. Ecological resources ...... 22 11. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 23 a. Demography ...... 23 b. Health and Sanitation ...... 23 c. Education Facilities ...... 24 d. Physical and Cultural Heritage ...... 25 e. Employment ...... 25 12. Economic Development and Prospects of Growth ...... 26 a. Land Use ...... 26 b. Infrastructure ...... 26 c. Economic Characteristics ...... 26 d. Development Organizations ...... 27 e. Major Environmental Problems ...... 27 D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES...... 28 13. Beneficial Impacts ...... 28 a. Construction Phase ...... 28 b. Operation Phase ...... 28 14. Adverse Impacts ...... 29 a. Pre-construction Phase ...... 29 b. Construction Phase ...... 30 c. Operational Phase ...... 31 E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS ...... 36 15. Design Alternative ...... 36 16. Project Site/Location Alternative ...... 36 17. Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials ...... 36 18. No Project Option ...... 36 F. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 37 G. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 38 H. MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 40 19. Mitigation and Monitoring ...... 40 20. Mitigation and Monitoring Costs ...... 47 21. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates ...... 47 22. Environmental Procedures and Institutions ...... 47 23. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures ...... 48 24. Reporting Procedures ...... 48 25. Work Plan ...... 49 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 51 REFERENCES ...... 52
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: National Policies, Acts, Regulations and Guidelines ...... 7
P a g e | ii Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Table 2: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule g and Annex 3 Schedule h of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project ...... 11 Table 3: Total Water Demand ...... 14 Table 4: Materials Required ...... 15 Table 5: Salient Features of Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project ...... 16 Table 6: Distribution of HHs by Ethnic Group ...... 23 Table 7: Distribution of Health Institute ...... 23 Table 8: Distribution of Health Institute ...... 24 Table 9: Distribution of HHs with Existing Latrines ...... 24 Table 10: Types of Latrines ...... 24 Table 11: Percentage of Distribution of Population by Educational Status ...... 25 Table 12: Distribution of Population by Occupation ...... 25 Table 13: Name of Institution ...... 27 Table 14: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Pre-Construction Environmental Mitigation Plan . 31 Table 15: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Construction Environmental Mitigation Plan ...... 33 Table 16: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Operation and Maintenance Environmental Mitigation Plan ...... 35 Table 17: Environmental Monitoring Schedule ...... 41 Table 18: Annual Cost for EMP ...... 47 Table 19: Institution Involved in the Proposed Project...... 47
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Schematic Layout of Project Component in Duhabi ...... 19 Layout of Duhabi OHT Compoud ...... 19 Figure 2: Scheme of the Deep Wells, Treatment Plant and Water Reservoirs for Duhabi Water Supply System ...... 20 Figure 3: Location Map of Duhabi, Sunsari District ...... 21 Figure 4: Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 39 Figure 5: Implementation schedule of the project ...... 50
P a g e | iii Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
ANNEXES
Annex 1: Proposed Water Supply Master Plan
Annex 2: Approved Terms of Reference
Annex 3: Rapid Environment Assessment
Annex 4: Recommendation letters from Concerned Authorities
Annex 5: List of Persons Contacted
Annex 6: Water Quality Test Teport
Annex 7: List of Industries
Annex 8: Focus Group Discussion
Annex 9: Photographs
P a g e | iv Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank AMSL above mean sea level DDC District Development Committee DSC Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EMAP Environmental Management Action Plan EPA Environmental Protection Act EPR Environmental Protection Rules GoN Government of Nepal GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HH Household lpcd litres per capita per day IEE Initial Environmental Examination MoUD Ministry of Urban Development NEA Nepal Electricity Authority NDWQS National Drinking Water Quality Standard NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation PMO Project Management Office REA Rapid Environmental Assessment RP Resettlement Plan STWSSSP Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project SSTWSSSP Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF Town Development Fund WUSC Water User and Sanitation Committee VDC Village Development Committee
P a g e | v
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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P a g e | 1 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project pkef]Qmf ;ldlt j*f g+= 5 l:yt vfg]kfgLsf] cf]e/ x]* ^}+s -450 #=ld=_ ePsf] sl/j 19 s&\&f hUufdf % . xfn b'xjLdf sl/j 1200 j^f wf/faf^ ljxfg, lbp;f] / ;f+em u/L sl/j 12 b]lv 15 #)^f;Dd b}lgs kfgL ljt/)f ul/Psf] % . dx;"nsf] xsdf Go"gtd\ ? 40.- klxnf] 10 xhf/ ln^/ ;Dd / yk k|lt xhf/sf] ? 8.- sf] b/n] kfgL dx;"n c;'n ul/G% . o; If]qdf 54% afl;Gbfx?sf] #/df rkL{ % eg] km\N; l;:^d ePsf] rkL{ guGo dfqfdf dfq} h*fg ePsf %g\ . 46%JolQmx? v'Nnf d}bfgdf lbzf lk;fj ug]{ rng b]lvG% .
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P a g e | 2 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background The Project Management Office (PMO) of Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) is the proponent of the current project. The sub-project is a part of the second phase of the Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (STWSSSP) of the Government of Nepal which aims to construct/extend drinking water supply systems, drainage and sanitation facilities as well as provide sanitary health education to the community in upcoming small urban towns of the country. The project embraces the community managed demand responsive approach and is being implemented under ADB finance. The proposed project will facilitate entire wards 1 to 9 of Duhabi VDC.
Purpose of IEE, ADB policy, GoN acts and rules The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to examine the environmental implication of proposed project and its activities to ensure that it will not damage the environment and to provide measures to remove or reduce those impacts into aacceptable limits.
Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process.
The statutory requirement of the Government of Nepal, that has to be adhered to for the proposed project, is the Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 (and amendments1999). The present IEE study fulfills the requirements pertaining to Rule 3, Annex G of Schedule 1 of EPR, 1997 (including amendments). Similarly, as per ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009, the project is classified Environment Category B and IEE is required as per the REA checklist suggested by ADB.
Components of the project The proposed 'Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project’ is a ground water based water supply system. The project comprises of two major components-Water supply and Sanitation. The existing 450 cum Over Head Tank with two numbers of deep tube wells in which one is not in good condition (bleeding silt and sand), another deep tube well is suppling water to the system. Proposed water supply part comprises of pumping scheme in which one existing deep tubewell, one test bore well and two new bore wells each located at ward no.5 of Duhabi VDC will be used to extract ground water. The second component is a sanitation service including construction of 2 Public toilets and drainage; and waste water management system conceptual plan has been prepared but the implementation has yet to be decided by the town.
Baseline information
Duhabi has a piped existing water supply system which needs to be improved.The existing populations of Duhabi is facing hardships in fulfilling water needs.The people are at present meeting their demand from limited pipe water connections, shallow hand pumps and dug wells, the quality of water from shallow hand pumps and dug wells which are of contaminated. The sanitary facilities are also quite basic in the project area. Majority of households have water seal, pit latrines and ventilated pit latrines. There is an absence of well managed sewerage and solid waste management system. There is no proper surface drainage system except for a small stretch along the core market area along the Itahari Biratnagar road.
The socio-economic condition of the area is moderate. The majority of the people depend on agriculture, followed by business and service as their source of income. The community has good ethnic diversity, with people from various ethnic groups living together. The KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve is about 30 km west of Duhabi and it is a protected area.
P a g e | 3 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental impacts, mitigation and monitoring
No significant adverse environmental impacts have been predicted and the anticipated negative impacts are local in nature and low in magnitude. The main environmental concern for water supply system is related to construction activities such as digging of boreholes for ground water and distribution line such as unsettling of street surfaces due to excavation and trenches which could lead to soil erosion and silt run off. The mitigation measures are precautionary types such as proper back filling of the excavated trenches and avoiding cutting of vegetation. The locations of major structures have been acquired in consultation with the user committee and no households or communities will be displaced or resettled. Therefore, there are very less possibilities of adverse impacts on the biological and socio-economic environment of the project area.
Monitoring is necessary to check the implementation of mitigation measures and a detailed monitoring schedule has been designed specifying the regular and periodic monitoring activities during the project construction and operation phase. Before the operation of the project, PMO should develop a detailed work plan for implementing mitigation measures and monitoring plans based on the Environmental Management Plan which will be incorporated into the construction and operation contracts.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Considering the nature of the project; environmental and socio-economic situation of the area and based on the detailed field survey and consultation with the relevant stakeholders, it can be concluded that the proposed project will have only minor negative impacts. The impacts are mostly local in nature and can be easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and regular monitoring. Implementation of the project will benefit the local people with safe and adequate supply of drinking water and improved sanitary conditions thereby raising the living standard of the people of Duhabi. If the project is properly implemented and environmental issues are duly considered, there will be a significant improvement in the health of the people and their surrounding environment. An IEE is sufficient and the proposed project is suitable for implementation.
P a g e | 4 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
A. INTRODUCTION
1. Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report a. Name of the Proposal The name of the proposal is "Initial Environmental Examination" of Duhabi Town water supply and sanitation project in Sunsari District.The location map of the proposed proposal is given in Figure 3. b. Name and address of the proponent The project proponent Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSP) under Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) will be the responsible agency for the implementation of the proposal. The name and address of the proponent is given below. Government of Nepal Ministry of Urban Development Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Project Management Office Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: ++977 1 4423848, 977 1 4412348 Fax: ++977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwssp.gov.np
2. Basis and Extent of the IEE study
The Government of Nepal has prepared a fifteen years development plan to implement the water supply and sanitation programs in emerging towns or small towns in order to improve the health and the quality of life of the people living in the project towns by constructing and extending water supply system, drainage and sanitation facilities and providing health and hygiene education programs in the towns. The project follows the community managed demand responsive approach where the community will be involved from the very planning phase to the implementation phase for the operation and maintenance of the subprojects soon after it is completed. The project, ‘Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, STWSSSP’ is the outcome of that effort. The “Asian Development Bank” (ADB) has been providing financial assistance to implement the project in both the phases. The “Department of Water Supply and Sewerage” (DWSS) is the implementing agency whereas the “Ministry of Urban Development” (MOUD) is the executing agency. Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process and that action is taken to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. This is done through the environmental assessment process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and project development and implementation worldwide. a. ADB Policy ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), a consolidated policy, describes common objectives of ADB’s safeguards, lays out policy principles, and outlines the delivery process for ADB’s safeguard policy. ADB’s current safeguard policies are generally understood to be operational policies that seek to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse environmental and social impacts, including protecting the rights of those likely to be affected or marginalized by the development process.
P a g e | 5 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
ADB’s SPS highlights a number of areas that require attention in ADB's environmental assessment process. It addresses the need for more upstream environmental assessment at the level of country programming, the need for more structured consultation in the conduct of environmental assessments, the need for greater emphasis on monitoring and compliance with environmental requirements during project implementation, and finally the need to view environmental assessment as an ongoing process rather than a one-time event ADB requires environment assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, financial intermediation loans, and private sector investment operations. The process of determining a project’s environment category is based on a screening checklist that considers the type, size, and location of the proposed project. Loans are classified into category A (with potentially significant environmental impacts); category B (with potentially less significant environmental impacts); category C (unlikely to have significant environmental impacts); and a new category, FI, (credit line for subprojects through a financial intermediary, or equity investment in a financial intermediary). A project’s environment assessment category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive component, including both direct and indirect impacts. An IEE is required for category B projects, and an EIA, requiring greater depth of analysis, for category A projects. No environmental assessment is required for category C projects although their environmental implications nevertheless need to be reviewed. The proposed Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is classified as environment category B as per the ADB guidelines and following normal procedures for project loans, an IEE was conducted. The IEE has been done based on the checklist completed to support the environmental classification of project under ADB (Refer Annex 2 for REA checklist). b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines Most of the national policies and laws of the Government of Nepal (GoN) are in favor of environmentally sound economic development and growth. Following table summarizes the relevant policies, acts and regulations and guidelines that have been an integral part of the project and have been reviewed during the preparation of the IEE report.
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Table 1: National Policies, Acts, Regulations and Guidelines Policies
Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007
The interim constitution of Nepal realized environmental protection as the policy of the state. Clause (4) of Article (35) of the constitution states that ‘The State shall, while mobilizing the natural resources and heritage of the country that might be useful and beneficial to the interest of the nation, pursue a policy of giving priority to the local community’. The Clause (5) states that ‘The State shall make necessary arrangements to maintain the natural environment. The State shall give priority to special protection of the environment, and rare wildlife, and prevent further damage due to physical development activities, by increasing awareness of the general public about environmental cleanliness. Provision shall be made for the protection of the forest, vegetation and biodiversity, their sustainable use and for equitable distribution of the benefits derived from them’.
Second Three Year Interim Plan (2068 - 2071)
The interim plan provides the most recent guidance on urban sector priorities highlighting, in particular, the need to address the effects of rapid urbanization on service levels, water quality and scheme maintenance. It proposes the full integration of sewerage, on-site sanitation and solid waste management in all urban schemes and specially endorses cost recovery from consumers. Local authorities are responsible for overseeing project implementation but with private sector organizations playing increasing roles.
National Policy on Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, 2004
Provides guidance on water and sanitation service provision in rural areas using community led participatory approaches. While partially relevant t the urban context, particularly around the integration of inputs and local capacity building, it generally fails to address the complex operational challenges to be faced by Municipal authorities in implementing and managing urban services.
National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy, 2009
Formulated to provide the overall policy support and guidance towards achieving equity in service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the system areas are mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and implementation of financial incentives where so required. It aims to ensure that the roles and responsibilities of central and local government bodies, external development partners, private sector including NGOs and user groups are clearly defined in scheme implementation and regulation and performance management in accordance with national decentralization policy.
Acts and Regulations
Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1997 & Environmental Protection Regulations (EPA), 1999 (and amendments)
EPA and EPR have several provisions to institutionalize environmental consideration in development projects. Section (5) of EPA stipulates that ‘a proponent who is desirous of implementing any proposal shall have to submit such a proposal, accompanied by the report on Initial Environmental Examination or Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposal, to the concerned agency for the approval of such a proposal. The EPR elaborates provisions to prepare and submit the scoping report, Terms of Reference (TOR), and IEE/EIA report for approval and includes public consultation processes. As per the EPR, the
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Environmental Assessment report, in general, should include detail information on impacts and environmental protection measures, including implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation and environmental auditing. Public consultation is a pre-requisite in all the prescribed projects.
Local Self Governance Act, 1999 & Local Self Governance Regulations, 2000
The Act empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental conservation activities. It also describes about the user group formation to implement the programs in the local areas. The Regulation has provisions for Village Development Committee (VDC), District Development Committee (DDCs) and municipality to coordinate and implement development projects/programs and to provide approval or clearance of the proposed project.
Water Resources Act, 1992 & Water Resources Regulation, 2000
Water Resource Act is an umbrella act governing water resource management. It declares the order of priority of water use; vests ownership of water in the state; prohibits water pollution; and provides for the formation of Water User Association and system of licensing. The Regulation sets out the procedure to register a WUA and to obtain a license and sets out the rights and obligations of WUA and license holders.
Drinking Water Regulations, 1998
Regulates the use of drinking water and deals with the control of water pollution and maintenance of quality standards for drinking water. It also sets out the conditions of service utilization by consumers
Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, 1989 (and amendments) & Water Supply Management Board Act, 2006 & Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act,2006
These acts facilitate the improved management of water and sanitation services. They establish the legal basis for private sector management of schemes and independent fee setting and regulation applicable to all urban schemes.
Water Tax Act, 1966
Under the Act, the water user who use water through a tap distributed by the government is obliged to pay water tax as fixed by prevalent laws and charges are levied if the tax is not paid within the time as fixed by the law.
Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987 & Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization Rules), 1990
As solid waste has direct impact on water supply system, discharge of solid waste in either public or private places have been prohibited under this Act. The rules entrusts Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre, established under the Act, to provide necessary service to individual or institution in managing solid waste. As such any water resource projects may obtain such service and maintain the water resource clean.
Land Acquisition Act, 1977 & Land Acquisition Rules, 1969
The Land Acquisition Act and the Rules are the two main legal instruments that specify procedural matters of land acquisition and compensation. Under these, the Government is allowed to acquire any
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private land paying reasonable compensation to the affected party for any public purposes or for operation of any development project initiated by government institutions and the water resources laying and originating within such acquired area is spontaneously acquired under this process.
Forest Act, 1993 & Forest Regulations, 1995 (including amendments)
Since forest has an important role in managing water resources, Forest Act has many provisions effecting the integrated water resources management of the country. The basic objective is developing and conserving the forests of the country. The government can provide parts of any type of forest for the implementation of national priority plan with the assurance that it does not adversely affect the environment. The Regulation further elaborate legal measures for the conservation of forests and wild animals.
Labor Act, 1992
The Act emphasizes on occupational health and safety of workers and stipulates provision of necessary safety gears and adopting necessary precautionary measures against potentially hazardous machine/equipment in the workplace. It also stipulates to make arrangements such as removal of waste accumulated during production process and prevention of dust, fume, vapor and other waste materials, which adversely affect the health of workers.
Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act, 2001
The section 3 of the act prohibits a child from engaging in work, sub clause 1 of the clause 3 states “Nobody shall engage in work a child who has not completed fourteen years of age as a labor and sub clause 2 states “Nobody shall engage a child in a risk full occupation or work set forth in the Schedule”. The section 4 states “Child not to be engaged in work against his will by temptation or fear or pressure or by any other means”
Town Development Act, 1988
The Act has provisions about the formation of town development committee in any town area to implement town planning and in carrying out the developmental and reconstruction work of that town.
Standards and Guidelines
National EIA Guidelines, 1993
In the process of implementing National Conservation Strategy (NCS) in 1990, the government of Nepal in collaboration with The World Conservation Union - IUCN developed a locally suitable environmental assessment guideline. Although National EIA guidelines are procedural guidelines, it substantially encouraged the proponent to prepare an EIA report of the prescribed development projects and programmes and serves as the primary source of integrating environmental aspects in major development projects. The National EIA Guidelines contains objectives, methods of screening projects requiring the level of environmental assessment (IEE or EIA), scoping, impact identification and prediction, report review, monitoring and evaluation and impact auditing ensuring public participation during the preparation of the IEE/ EIA report.
National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) and Directives, 2005
Provides details of the water quality standards to be applied to all water supply schemes. These set out the water quality parameters, which the water suppliers should adhere to. The directives also ensures that the
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water sampling, testing and analysis procedures used to certify that the drinking water supplied or to be supplied conforms to the NDWQS and also sets the monitoring and surveillance procedures to certify that the quality of supplied water conforms to the standards.
Water Resource Strategy, 2002
Provides a systematic framework for water resource development and identifies action plans to avoid and resolve conflicts and achieve water related development objectives. It has identified the need to integrate and coordinate all the uses of natural resources within the catchment basis and has laid emphasis on the development and management of water resources in a holistic, systematic manner, relying on integrated water resources management. c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study The main objective of the present IEE study for Water Supply and Sanitation purpose is to fulfill the requirements pertaining to Rule 3, Annex G of Schedule 1 of the Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (including amendments 1999 and 2007) and to ensure the environmental and social sustainability of the project. It aims to help the decision makers to make informed decision about the project. The specific objectives of the IEE study are as follows. o To identify, predict and evaluate the potential beneficial and adverse impacts of the project on the physical, biological and socio-economical resources in the project area o To suggest enhancement measures to augment the benefits of the project and to propose suitable mitigation measures to avoid, minimize and compensate the adverse impacts of the project o To prepare appropriate Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) o To inform public about the proposed project and its impact on their livelihood o To prepare an IEE as per the EPR, 1997
Scope: The present IEE study for the water supply and sanitation project is proposed for Duhabi Town of Duhabi VDC in Sunsari district. The study focuses on the adverse environmental impacts and its mitigation measures relating to the location, design, construction and operation of all the project activities. d. Relevancy of the Project The Proposed Water Supply and Sanitation Project is intended to serve entire wards of Duhabi VDC. It is expected that on implementation of the project the users of the area will be able to avail adequate amount of safe drinking water and need not to depend on hand tube wells. The project needs to go through IEE process as stipulated in EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed project shall rely on ground water. On the basis of information in Duhabi the general depths of the wells range from 100 to 125 meters and screen length of 24 to 30 m. And the safe yield from a well size 300/200 mm should be in the range of 20-25 liters per second. The Project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, there is no need to settle any households and construction of river training works (more than 1 km) is not required. The project is expected to benefit a design population of 29,527. The groundwater abstraction for the proposed drinking water augmentation is very miniscule compared to the available ground water resources of the area. As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007) Annex 1 (G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE shall be necessary. The regulation stated in Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under categories (A) through (H) of Annex 3. Table 2 compares the status of the project point by point against the conditions defined by Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Regulation 1997 (and its amendments 2007) for which a drinking water would require IEE or EIA. P a g e | 10 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Table 2: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule g and Annex 3 Schedule h of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project
Condition described in the Act and IEE Required as per the EIA Required as per the S. No. Conditions in the project Regulations Regulation Annex 1 g Regulation Annex 3 h 1 River Control (training) Up to 1 kilometer Over 1 kilometer NA Channeling Water from one Watershed to Applicable Applicable NA 2 Another Rain Water Collection and Use of Spewing Up to 200 hectares More than 200 hectares NA 3 Wetland Supply of Water in Dry Season from Surface Up to 1 cusec and utilizing up to More than 1 cusec and utilizing the NA 4 Water Source with a safe yield of 50 % of the available quantity total available quantity 5 Ground Water Recharge Up to 50 % of total aquifer More than 50 % of aquifer NA 6 Water Treatment Up to 25 litre per sec More than 25 litre per sec Within the limit Construction of Tunnel for Channelling Tunnel constructed Not constructed 7 Drinking Water Water Resource Development which Displaces 25 to 100 people Over 100 people Not done 8 People Permanent Residents) 9 Settlement of People Upstream of Water Source Settlement of up to 500 people Settlement of above 500 people Not done Supply of water to a population of 5, 000 to 50, 000 Over 50, 000 The water supply system is design for distribution of 10 water to a total of 29527 population Co nnection of New Source to Supply Water to 10, 000 - 100, 000 More than 100, 000 the current population of the 11 existing water supply system for a population of project is 17428 and the design population is 29527
P a g e | 11 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project e. Approach and Methodology The present initial environmental examination report has been prepared based on the terms of reference (TOR) approved by the ministry of urban development, of the government of Nepal. The study has followed the provisions outlined in the Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The major activities undertaken during the preparation of IEE are outlined below. f. Desk study The available secondary data such as relevant information, documents, related maps, aerial photographs, newspaper etc. and the engineering report of the project and other relevant documents were thoroughly reviewed. Policies, legislations and guidelines relevant to the project were also referred to. The desk study also involved the preparation of questionnaire/checklists/matrices for collection of primary data for both bio-physical and socio-economic assessments. g. Field Work A detailed field investigation was carried out during April 2012 in order to collect the baseline information on the basis of physical, socio economic and cultural environment of the project area. The local communities were consulted to comprehend the existing social and physical nature of the area. A walkover survey was carried out to identify the environmental structures and to gather relevant baseline information. The details of the field study on various aspects (physical, biological and socio- economical) are as follows and the questionnaire used for socio economic survey of the project area is listed in Annex 8. h. Physical Assessment Existing physical attributes of the project area were studied through topographical maps and site observations, complemented by secondary source of information from reports and interviews. i. BiologicalAssessment The ecological attributes of the area were gathered during the field survey. Information on vegetation pattern, wildlife, parks and reserves, sensitive habitats were collected. Identification of wild flora and fauna, rare and endangered species were done during field observation and by questionnaire survey. The scientific names of the flora and fauna were later recorded using secondary data/references. j. Socio-economicAssessment Socio-economic and cultural environment of the project such as population, community structure, distribution of income, source of livelihood, and expected water users were obtained through various secondary and primary sources of data. These included literature review, questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, and the suggestions and comments obtained from all relevant stakeholders through public notices and public hearing process. k. Data Processing The information obtained from the desk study and field works were processed in a standard format to maintain consistency. The data were tabulated and maps were interpreted. The tigation and monitoring measures were then proposed based on the impacts indentified during the study.
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B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
3. Location and Accessibility of the Project Area
Duhabi is an emerging industrial town located along the Biratnagar-Itahari industrial corridor and considered as the industrial hub of Eastern Nepal. It lies in Sunsari district in the Eastern Region of Nepal. Its longitude and latitude are 87° 17' N and 26° 34' E, respectively. It is around 13 km north of Biratnagar and 10 km south of Itahari, the junction point to the East-West Highway. The 14 km Duhabi- Inaruwa link road, which directly connects Duhabi to the district headquarters, has become quite operational in recent years. The Indian border town of Jogbani is located 17 km south of Duhabi. The Biratnagar airport is around 9 km away, which not only provides several daily flights to Kathmandu but also regular flights to major eastern hill destinations.
4. Existing Water Supply and Sanitation Situation a. Water Supply System Water supply in the service area commenced after the construction of a water tank in Ward 5 in 2053 BS through 150 m deep boring. From that tank of 450 cum capacity, water distribution is being carried out from 05:00 to 10:00 hrs, 12:00 to 14:00 hrs and 16:00 to 21:00 hrs. Only limited households within Duhabi’s urbanized area have private water supply connections. On the other hand, the total connections within Duhabi VDC are around 1200. The majority of population of the area depends on shallow hands pumps. Regarding tariff, consumers pay a minimum tariff of NRs 40.00 for 10,000 liters, and additional NRs 8.00 for each extra 1000 liters. The vast majority (76.8%) of Duhabi Town VDC use hand tube wells for water supply. Only 16.1% have connections to the piped water supply facilities. The desire to acquire clean and safe drinking water to the people of the project area has led to the initiation and acceptance of this project. The hardship of water has united the people to work together to bring safe drinking water to their doors. The average water use is 220 liter per household per day in the dry day and 123 l/hh/d in the wet season. If average household size is estimated as 6.0 then about 36 lpcd in the dry season and 22 lpcd in the wet season is consumed.The service area is located in the Terai region and the climate is warm and humid. This also adds into the higher percentage of water demand by the people especially for bathing as they tend to sweat a lot due to hot climate and washing of clothes for similar purposes. This is one of the main reasons for the greater amount of water consumption in the dry season as compared to the wet season. b. Sanitation Facility The sanitation facility in Duhabi is still basic. The existing sanitation situation is based on "on-site sanitation." Nearly 54% of the population has access to toilets. About 46% of the population defecates in open fields. The prime objective of drinking water and toilets is to improve health of the population. However due to inadequate water supply and toilets facilities, dirahoea and gastro-intestinal problems are common. Water washed infections such as skin and eye problems are also common in the area. In general, toilet facilities exist in the urban area and in rural area only a few population has access to toilets. The houses not having latrines is due to economical condition and ignorance on how to build latrines. They rather go for open defecation. This not only brings bad odor to people passing by also acts as a vector for diseases. There are no public toilets in the market place or in the bus park. People have claimed the need of sanitation facility and toilets in the public places. c. Drainage Facility There are no proper surface drainage facilities available in the project area except for about 500 m of surface drain in the market area. Storm water drainage system exists in the core bazaar area on both sides of Biratnagar Itahari Highway. Blockage frequently occurs especially due to litters and plastic bags. The drain is made of brick masonry and exists up to the Budhi Khola. Sometimes sullage is also discharged into these drains and they often get blocked.
P a g e | 13 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project d. Solid Waste Management The VDC office of Duhabi is presently managing solid waste collection (called market sanitation) and disposal. The VDC owns a tractor and five sweepers and these equipment are solely allocated for solid waste collection. The waste is deposited on the river banks. It is worth noting that the banks of Budhi Khola are also found to be eroding at places.
5. Type, Category and Need of the Subproject
The proposed "Duhabi town water supply and sanitation project" is a ground water based water supply system project covering entire ward of Duhabi VDC. The project comprises of two major components- water supply and sanitation. The water supply part comprises of a pumping scheme. Two new deep tube wells will be placed at ward no 5; along with one test borehole and one existing deep tube well a total of four tube well to exploit the groundwater. The depth of the tube well will be in the range of 100 – 125 meters. As deep tube well is proposed for the project, the risk of contamination is minimum. Insufficient piped water supply has compelled the local people to depend on hand pumps to fulfill their needs. These hand pumps are more prone to contamination resulting in many health issues. In addition, some hand pumps get dried up in summer season. If water table depth goes beyond 7 m depth, the suction hand pumps can not deliver water. The study of the project area indicates that the community people are aware of the quality of water served for drinking purposes. Household that resort to hand pumps face high risk of contamination and so to avoid poor quality of water and avail enough proper drinking water services, the consumers in Duhabi felt the need for a reliable and sustainable system. In light of this situation and desire for better and improved services, the consumers of Duhabi organized themselves to approach the Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project to assist them in their quest. As a result of their efforts, the government has consented and the project has been undertaken through SSTWSSSP as per their rules and regulations.
6. Size or Magnitude of operation
The water supply system has been designed for base year 2015 population of 18,616. The design year population for the year 2029 is 29,527. The system has been designed to extract ground water from deep tube wells for the total design year population. The systems also consist of water treatment facilities along with the existing RCC overhead tank of 450 m3 capacity. The total water supply demand for the design year has been presented in Table- 3
Table 3: Total Water Demand S.No. Type of Demand Demand (m3/day) 2029 1 Domestic Demand 2953
2 Non Domestic Demand 295
3 Leakage and Wastage 361
Total 3609 Source: Socio-economic Survey, 2011
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7. Proposed Schedule for Implementation
The exact schedule for implementation of the project will be known after the work has been assigned to the contractor. For the feasibility study, detailed engineering design study and construction, three years period has been assigned. Therefore the base year for the project has been as the year 2015 and the design year has been taken as the year 2029. The main task associated with the project will be as follows. o Review of detailed engineering design o Preparation of working drawings o Preparation of quantity and cost estimates o Carrying out of economic and financial analysis and level of water tariff o Preparation of socio technical profile o Environmental study of the sub project area o Preparation of tender documents o Awarding of contract o Construction o Operation and Maintenance
The project has been designed with the principle of active community participation from the design stage itself. The implementation strategy of the project is based on the community management approach, which includes encouraging the financial responsibility towards the improved facility. Therefore, user participation at the outset of the planning and design exercise is an essential requirement. The community has to contribute 50% of the total construction cost. Out of which 5% has to be deposited before implementation of the project as upfront cash. Another 35% - 45% to be contributed taking the loan from TDF. The loan should be recovered within the time frame of 15 years with 5 years of grace period, along with the interest of 5% per annum through their affordable water tariffs plus. Tariff raised by the service has to support towards maintenance of the supply system of the water supply system. DWSS is acting as the initiator/coordinator for the purpose.
8. Project Requirements a. Materials required for Construction Table 4 shows the materials required during construction and operation of Duhabi town water supply and sanitation project. Table 4: Materials Required Particulars Unit Quantity Source Adequacy Cement Bags 6552 Duhabi Sufficient Aggregate Cu m 793 Chisag Khola or Dharan Sufficient Gachhiya or Khanar or Sufficient Sand Cu m 2228 Duhabi Brick Nos. 901128 Sonapur(closer to Duhabi) Sufficient b. Human Resource The proposed Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, entails both skilled and unskilled laborers for its construction and operation in the proposed site. As such for this work a total of 8113 skilled labors and 101275 unskilled labors are required. The laborers estimation was made on the basis
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of rate analysis and as far as possible they will be hired from the local market and adjoining areas of Itahari and Biratnagar and also from adjoining areas of India.
9. Description of the subproject
The Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project have been designed as a ground water based water supply system that will provide sufficient quantity and good quality of water to the residents of Duhabi VDC. The water supply component of the project consists of following construction components. o Deep Tube Wells o Pumps and Pumping System o Electrical Facilities o Treatment Facilities o House (Private) Connection o System Appurtenances o Generator/ Pump Houses o Water Quality Testing Laboratory o Office Building/ Pump House
The sanitation component of the project consists of the construction of 2 public toilets. The salient feature of the project is given in Table – 5
Table 5: Salient Features of Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project S.No. Items Description 1 Name of the project Duhbi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project 2 Type Pumping Scheme 3 Study Type Detail Engineer Design 4 Location Area Region Eastern development region Zone Koshi District Sunsari VDC/Municipality Duhabi VDC Ward 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 5 Available Facilities Road Ithari-Biratnagar Highway Airport Biratnagar Limited pipe water connection, Hand Pump and Water Supply System Dug-well Electricity Available Communication Available Health service Available Banking facilities Available Biratnagar-Duhabi Distance 13 Km 6 Source characteristics Source Name Ground Water
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S.No. Items Description Source Type Deep Tube Wells- (Existing well 1 no. + New 2 nos. +Test borehole 1no.) Total 4 Nos. Source Location Ward #5 Duhabi Safe Yields (lps) 15-20 lps, from each tube wells with pumping 7 Project Components Storage Tank RCC 450 cum Overhead tank 1 No (Existing) Boreholes (new) 2 Nos. , 300mmx200mm ,depth 125m Pump 3 Nos. each 30 KW, Q= 20 lps, H= 90 m Wash Out valve/ Valve Chamber (Nos) 39 Household Connection (Nos) 3000 Total Length of Pipe (Km) 32 Treatment Unit Pf and chlorination Treatment Unit Aeration, MGT and Chlorination 8 Social status Present population (2013) 17428 Base year population (2015) 18616 Design year population (2029) 29527 Growth rate % (Wards 3.35 (Average) 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8&9) Households Numbers 2944 for survey year 2010 Average Family Sizes 5.2 9 Total Water Demand Domestic 1638 Non-domestic 164 Leakage/Wastage 200 Base year 2015 (m3/day) Total 2002 Domestic 2953 Non-domestic demand 295 Leakage/Wastage 361 Design year 2029 (m3/day) Total 3609 10 Total Cost of the Project, (NRs.) 124,659,145 Average Per Capita Cost for the 11 Project Base year (NRs.) 6696 Design year (Nrs.) 4272 Cost Sharing Arrangement for
12 Water Supply Components (NRs.) 124,659,145 1. Government of Nepal-50% 62,329,572 2. WUSC Contribution a) Upfront Cash 6,232,957 Contribution-5%
b) Community 18,698,872 Contribution in Cash/kind/loan-15%
c) Loan through TDF-30% 37,397,744
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S.No. Items Description 13 Cost Sharing Arrangements for 50,332,673 Sanitation Components (NRs.) Nil-No Demand from WUSC 14 Tariff Rs./Cum 0-10 15 10-20 22.5 >20 26.25 15 Economic / Financial FIRR 3.79 EIRR 67.39 AIFC 21.31 AIEC 25.35 16 Environment ADB Category Category B IEE Finding IEE Required
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Figure 1: Schematic Layout of Project Component in Duhabi
Layout of Duhabi OHT Compoud
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Figure 2: Scheme of the Deep Wells, Treatment Plant and Water Reservoirs for Duhabi Water Supply System
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C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
10. Physical Resources a. Topography Topographically, the town of Duhabi, with an area of 19.84 sq. km lies on flat terrain in the Terai, at an average elevation of 200 m above mean sea level in Sunsari District of the Koshi Zone, Eastern Development Region. It lies in the Sunsari district in the Eastern Region of Nepal. Its longitude and latitude are 87° 17' N and 26° 34' E, respectively. b. Gology and Soils Geographically Duhabi is situated in the alluvial, fertile plain. The area consists of recent alluvium deposits composed of boulders, pebbles and gravels.
Figure 3: Location Map of Duhabi, Sunsari District
P a g e | 21 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project c. Climate and Rainfall ° Duhabi has a sub-tropical climate. The mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures are 7.50 C and 34.90°C. Duhabi receives an average annual rainfall of 1500 – 2800 mm. The area has a monsoon climate (hot rainy summer and cool, dry winter). The area has a monsoon climate (hot rainy summer and cool, dry winter). d. Ecological resources a. Flora/Fauna The species found are Siris (Albizia procera), Kadam (Anthocephalus chinensis), Bakaino (Melia azederach), Sisau (Dalbergia sissoo), Simal (Bombax ceiba) and groves of Bamboo (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii). To meet their daily fodder requirement the local people have raised economic plants like Padari (Stereospermum personatum), Amaltas (Cassia fistula) and Pipal (Ficus religiosa). Groves of Bamboo are common in the project area. Exotic species recorded along the road side and nearby canal are Masala (Eucalyptus spp.) and Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia). Bakaino, Bamboo, Siris, Kadam and Sisau are planted for fodder, fuelwood and timber. Fruit trees nearby settlements are bananas (Musa paradisiacal), pomegranate (Punica granatum), Jack Fruit (artocarpus integra), mango (Mangifera indica), papaya (Carica papaya), areca nut (Areca catechu), Toddy palm (Borassus flabellifer), guava (Psidium guajava), coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), and Lichi (Litchi chinensis). There are no protected species of fauna in the project area. Mammals reported to be found in Duhabi are mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus), fox (Canis aureus), and Mouse (Rattus rattus). Major bird species reported are quail (Turnix suscitator), sparrow (Passer domesticus), wood pecker (Chrysocolaptes lucidus), heron (Bubulcus ibis), crane (Ciconia episcopus), parrot (Psittacula himalayana), cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus), Pigeon (Columba livia), sparrow (Streptopelia chinensis), Common Myna or Indian Myna (Acridotheres tristis), and crow (Corvus splendens).
b. Protected Areas The KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve is about 30 km west of Duhabi and it is a protected area.
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11. Social and Cultural Resources a. Demography i. Population and Settlement Pattern The current population of the project area is 15,788 with the total number of households of 2944.The ethnic composition consists of Dalits, Muslims, Brahmins, Chhetris, and others. ii. Caste and Ethnicity The Brahmins, Chhetri constitutes about 26.3% whereas the Dalits 17.0%, 40.1% indigenous people and the Muslims (minority) comprise of the 16.7% of the people residing in the project area.
Table 6: Distribution of HHs by Ethnic Group
Ethnicity Total %
Dalit 500 17 IH 1178 40 Others 774 26 Muslim 492 17 Total 2944 100.0 Source: Socio-Economic Survey, 2012 b. Health and Sanitation i. Health Houses in Bazaar area and institutions have latrines. There is a storm water drainage system existing in the market area but the rest of the service area does not have drainage system. The general communicable diseases are common. Health Facilities: The district hospital is located in Biratnagar 11 km away from the project area. There is one Charity Hospital and one Health Post in VDC and two private health centers in the project area.
Table 7: Distribution of Health Institute S.No. Name Location Ward 1 Health Post (Duhabi) Duhabi-2 2 Lunakarndas Charity Hospital Duhabi -7 3 Community Health service Pvt. Duhabi - 6 4 Jana Kalyan Swastha Sewa Duhabi - 4 ii. Sanitation The VDC office of Duhabi is presently managing the solid waste collection and disposal. The VDC owns a tractor and five sweepers are allocated for solid waste collection. The solid waste is disposed on river banks. There is a plan to construct an international standard landfill/waste management center for Biratnagar-Dharan corridor soon, which would serve the municipalities of Biratnagar, Itahari and Dharan, and would cover the Duhabi area. Alternative landfill sites are being identified (early 2009), but will not be located at Duhabi area, and a project will be launched soon. There is also a roadside concrete drain along the highway which is now completely filled and no longer used. It seems that many of the septic tanks of the households have been connected to the drainage and this is leading to the river and thus polluting it heavily. Pollution of the river is obvious and bad smell due to the effluents can be observed by the river side. The areas outside the bazaar area do not have any drainage systems. Some Key Issues Some key issues of the situation in Duhabi are listed in Table 8.
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Table 8: Distribution of Health Institute
S.No. Key Issues 1 The water supply system of Duhabi needs to be extended and rehabilitated. 2 The urban areas of Duhabi are densely developed with many commercial establishments. The existing stormwater drainage is carrying household kitchen wastewater. Most of the restaurants and tea shops were found to discharge the kitchen wastewater directly into the drains. In absence of proper drainage in the city areas, an unhygienic environment is created. There is a need for a proper drainage system in the city core areas. 3 There is no facility of septic tank cleaning in the town. The nearest one is in Itahari, about 10 Km north. Hence the residents have to rely on expensive cleaning services. 4 There is a need of “off-site” sanitation for the urban areas. Since the area is dense and concentrated in a small area, an “off-site” sanitation is possible. The details are being explored. 5 Solid waste needs to be sorted and residue properly disposed. This requires a location for sorting of the solid waste and disposal.
Table 9: Distribution of HHs with Existing Latrines Having Latrines No. of Latrines Percentage Yes 109 66.06 No 56 33.94 Total HHs 165 100.0 Source: Socio-Economic Survey, 2010
Table 10: Types of Latrines Types of Latrine Total Percentage Pit Latrine 11 10.09 Ventilated Pit 27 24.77 Water Sealed 71 65.14 Total hhs 109 100.0 Source: Socio-Economic Survey, 2010
iii. Animal waste management The common livestocks reared in the project area include cows, buffalos, goats, pigs, and poultry. Most of the households keep them in separate shades outside their houses. Some HHs still keeps them inside their houses, affecting the sanitary environment of households. c. Education Facilities About 24.22 %of the total population is illiterate. Those who are literate but have not completed primary level education comprises of 14.05%. 18.35% have completed primary level, 15.73 % secondary level and about 9.63 % have completed the SLC level. About 5.51 % have completed the intermediate level. Those who have completed diploma, degree and Ph.D are 1.82 per cent, 0.44 % and 0.52 % respectively. The remaining 9.73% are less than 5 years of age.
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Table 11: Percentage of Distribution of Population by Educational Status Educational status Total Percentage < 5 Years 1536 9.73 Illiterate 3824 24.22 Literate 2218 14.05 Primary 2897 18.35 Secondary 2483 15.73 SLC 1520 9.63 Intermediate 870 5.51 Bachelor 288 1.82 Master 70 0.44 Others 82 0.52 15788 100.00 Source: Socio-Economic Survey 2010
d. Physical and Cultural Heritage Duhabi is a new settlement. The settlers who have migrated here have established many religious spots and temples, Masjids and churches have also been established here. Lying very near to Biratnagar and Dharan, it is an important location for trade with the hills in the vicinity. The Hindu Temples of some significance in this VDC are Kali temple, Krishna Temple, Devisthan temple, Bageshwar temple, Shiva Temples, Masjid and church in Duhabi. Dashain, Tihar, Holi, Teej, Chatt are some of the festivals celebrated in the district. e. Employment Agriculture is the largest source of income, and the expenditure of the inhabitants of the service area is on procurement of agricultural materials and agricultural activity its importance (11.9 %) is going down as the main employer. The important employment providing occupation of the population appears is trade and service. Table 12: Distribution of Population by Occupation
Occupation Total %
Less than 5 Years 1536 10 Agriculture 1879 12 Business 1116 7 Services 1675 11 Industry 224 1 Remittance 341 2 Wages 2386 15 Other 2859 18 Student 3268 21 House Wife 504 3 15788 100.0 Source: Socio-Economic Survey 2010
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12. Economic Development and Prospects of Growth a. Land Use No planned land use has been observed. Duhabi VDC does not have specific plans and is developing spontaneously for agriculture. The land of the area is fertile and good for cultivation of many crops. The main use of the land is cultivation. As this is a fast growing urban centre in the region with high rate of migration, agriculture land is getting converted to commercial and residential areas. No specific area has been designated for industries. There are a few small scale industries as rice mills. Agriculture is the main occupation, the main product being paddy, maize and wheat. Horticulture and livestock including poultry is practiced but not in a commercial scale. The people of Duhabi VDC have been also been attracted towards foreign work providing remittance. b. Infrastructure i. Transportation Duhabi VDC lies in Sunsari District of Eastern Development region of Nepal. It is linked by the all- weather highway from Itahari to Biratnagar. As the area is linked with Highway day and night bus and other local transportation services are easily available. The nearest airport is located at Biratnagar 9 km far from Duhabi Bazar, which has regular air services to Kathmandu. ii. Drinking Water Supply There is a improved system of drinking water supply within the project area. This improved system is not sufficient for this proposed area. More households depend on pumping water from shallow tube- wells from 6 to 10 m deep. Most of these hand pumps are constructed by villagers themselves. iii. Surface Drainage, Sanitation and Sewerage. There is no proper surface drainage facilities exist in Duhabi. The Budhi Khola and its tributary Tangra Khola, are the two major natural drainage systems of the area. iv. Electricity Duhabi VDC area has electricity facilities and is connected to the 132 KV sub-station. v. Communication Duhabi has good communication facilities including telephone lines and a post office. They have been facilitated with mobile phone services which include GSM, CDMA, NCELL, NTC mobile, etc. Most of the organizations in the district have telephone as well as internet facilities. There are also some cyber centers with internet, printing, scanning and fax sending facilities. c. Economic Characteristics i. Industries There are 29 different types of industries in the project area and are given in Annex 5.
ii. Agricultural Development As agriculture being one of the major sources of income generation for the people of the project area, it has aided in contributing in totality to the agricultural sector of the nation. The agricultural products mostly grown here include rice, wheat, maize, oil seeds, lentils and sugar cane. Vegetables products including potatoes, cauliflower, peas are mostly consumed locally. Mangoes and bananas are also grown here.
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iii. Mineral Development Mineral exploitation activities are non-existent and there are no mineral based industries in the project area. The project area comprises of small business enterprises. Big industries involving in the extraction of minerals from the surrounding project area are not in existence. d. Development Organizations There are commercial and development banks in the project area. There are six cooperative organizations functioning in the area. Details of Commercial and Development Bank and co-operatives are given below: Table 13: Name of Institution S.No. Name of Institution Location/Ward
1 Nepal Bank Duhabi - 7
2 Sunrise Bank Duhabi - 4
3 Agriculture Development Bank Duhabi - 7
4 Chhimeki Devlopment Bank Duhabi - 7
5 Purbanchal Village Dev. Bank Duhabi - 7
6 Riddi Siddi Saving co-operative Duhabi - 4
7 Srijansil Saving co-operative Duhabi - 6
8 Nawa Srijansil saving co-operative Duhabi - 4
9 Forward Saving and Co-operative Duhabi - 4
10 Janakalyan saving and Co-operative Duhabi - 6
11 Bal Saving And Co-Operative Duhabi - 9
e. Major Environmental Problems Some of the major environmental problems prevalent to Duhabi are as follows o Lack of landfill site for solid waste management. o Lack of proper management of sewage within the project area o Lack of proper toilet facility in public places
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D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
13. Beneficial Impacts
The development of water and sanitation facilities will have numerous beneficial impacts to individuals as well as to the entire community. Availability of clean and adequate drinking water and sanitary facility are basic human needs. Also any development efforts aimed at improving water and sanitation needs of an area will significantly contribute towards improving the quality of life of that area. Some of the major beneficial impacts of the project and their maximization measures are described below. a. Construction Phase i. Employment Generation The project will generate direct employment opportunities to the local people of the area. As the project involves construction work it will offer a grand opportunity for various skilled and non-skilled work forces.As the work involves laying and joining of about 32Km of pipelines ,approximately hundred of locals will have the opportunity to work and earn. The amount of money earned by the local people will directly affect the local economy thereby reducing the chances of seasonal migration of the local people. The project will provide short term direct employment benefit to majority of the construction workers and even long term employment to few workers during the operation of the project. In order to augment such benefits, priority will be given to employ local laborers as far as possible ii. Skill Enhancement The construction of the project will not only provide direct employment opportunities but also ensure the transfer of skills and technical proficiency to the local workforce. The project activities such as drilling, constructing of mechanical treatement plant, surface drains, valve chabmer, buildings will provide transferable skills. In future these skills will be a plus point for the locals in any relevant work as such. Such benefit will be augmented by making a proper work plan and code of conduct during the construction period iii. Local trade and business opportunity The proposed Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will directly add in building business opportunity with in the area. As construction work involves a lot of manpower, a number of shops pertaining to food items and, agriculture and livestock product will gain a momentum around the vicinity of the construction site. This will boost on local trade and business sector. b. Operation Phase i. Improved health and hygiene Deteriorating water quality and unsanitary conditions are often the causes of water borne communicable diseases. The survey report showed that the people in the project area are mostly dependent on water drawn from shallow hand pumps, which have high chances of contamination. After the implementation of the project; the health and hygiene of the local people will improve and will help to reduce the occurrence of water borne communicable diseases in the area. As the water served to the community will be better in quality and in quantifiable amount the risk of water borne disease will be reduced to 80% from present state. This will also help them in bringing a decrease in their medical expenses by 90% from a value of NRs 10000 per year to NRs 1000 per annum for a person suffering from such diseases 4 to 5 times every year. In order to enhance such benefit regular maintenance of the water supply and sanitation components should be done so that the project operates smoothly and the benefits are intact. ii. Increased economic opportunity After the completion of the project there is a possibility of migration of people from rural areas towards the town due to better facilities and transcend opportunities. The increased economic level will add a
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great value to the land uplifting their economic status. These benefits can be maximized by ensuring regular maintenance of water supply and sanitation components and by promoting land development activities in the area. iii. Women empowerment Women and girls are mainly responsible for household activities such as fetching water and cleanliness. Improved water supply and sanitation will contribute towards better health and hygiene of women, girls and the entire household members. The time they save from fetching water from distant location, which is almost 2 hours for a single fetch, and cleanliness can be utilized in other economic activities. The beneficial impacts to women and girls can be enhanced by conducting health and awareness programs to the local community.
14. Adverse Impacts
The potential impacts of the proposed Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project may be physical, biological and socio-cultural in nature and can occur at various phases of the project such as the design phase, construction phase and operation and maintenance phase. The magnitude of the impacts can be small, moderate or high depending upon its severity and can be temporary or last permanently. The impacts are not necessarily always negative; some impacts are positive as well. The attempt is to augment the positive impact and remove or minimize the negative impacts by applying suitable mitigation measures. The summary of the anticipated environmental impacts and the mitigation measures are given in Tables 14, 15 and16. a. Pre-construction Phase i. Environmental Impacts due to Project Location and Design Before the commencement of the actual construction work, it is necessary to identify the impacts that could alter the present environmental state and also cause delay in the construction work. Such impacts are mostly related to the location and design of the project and its components. It is important to consider such impacts as they are permanent in nature and can considerably affect the activities in later phases of the project. One of the pre-construction impacts is related to the location of major structures of the system such as boreholes, treatment plant and sludge drying bed etc. There are chances of conflict with the locals during the selection of the above structures. Legal obstruction may result in delay of work and create unnecessary disputes. Such issues will be mitigated by the, involvement of the local people and concerned agencies for selecting the appropriate location of the structures, by forming user committees that can own and manage the utility; by conducting awareness programs and by obtaining necessary letters of approval and agreement for acquisition of sites and properties. There could be risks associated with the abstraction of the ground water such as chances of inadequate yield of the aquifer and excessive abstraction which could affect the discharge of existing shallow hand pumps and eventually lead to land subsidence. To mitigate such impacts, the design will consider a yield monitoring program especially to measure the abstraction percentage during the dry season. The project will be redesigned with alternative water sources if the proposed abstraction rate exceeds sustainable yield. There will be a gap on the extraction of water and the boreholes which are to be used alternatively to avoid excessive withdrawal. The arsenic amount present in ground water is decreased as the depth of well is increased. The water quality test in shallow well showed the presence of arsenic beyond NDWQS. The water quality test results areshown in Annex 6. There is a risk of water contamination especially in those areas where water storage tanks are located. To avoid such risks, a properly protected intake and storage tanks need to be designed and distribution pipes are to be located away from drains to avoid infiltration of drain water.
P a g e | 29 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project b. Construction Phase I. Physical Environment i. Disturbance of Land System and Soil Erosion Construction related activities such as drilling of boreholes, vibration and trench excavation during laying of pipes and during construction, can affect the local land system and cause soil erosion and silt run off. The unsettled street surfaces could bring about ponding of water and create disposal problems. Since the proposed area is flat terrain, the chances of slope disturbances and landslides are minimal. Proper care will be taken while drilling boreholes so that there is minimal vibration; excavated soil will be reused and proper backfilling of the trenches will be done and the excavated soil will be placed properly against erosion. ii. Surface and Ground Water Quality The excavated soil from the construction of the project, if not properly managed, will eventually find its way to the surface water and may increase the turbidity, sometimes causing reduction in the dissolved oxygen of such water bodies. As far as possible, construction work will be avoided during the rainy season so that the impact will be minimal. There is a possibility of ground water pollution from the waste water generated during drilling of boreholes and tube well construction. Proper protection such as construction of impervious borehole platform etc will be adopted to ensure there is no contamination from the released waste water. iii. Impact from Quarrying of Raw Materials The construction of borehole, sludge drying bed and other structures of the project will require river bed materials, boulders, and other construction materials. The extraction of these materials from inappropriate places or in excessive amount will cause damage to the local environment and accelerate erosion, landslide, disturb drainage pattern and cause water logging and water pollution. To mitigate such impacts unstable and erosion prone sites will be avoided for quarrying and only approved quarries will be used. After the extraction is complete, the quarry site will be properly leveled to suit the local landscape. iv. Air and Noise Pollution The vehicles used for loading, unloading and transportation of the construction materials create nuisance noise and release gases that are harmful to the atmosphere. Apart from this the excavation activities will release dust and particulate matters, and the drilling machine will emit some dust and smoke and create noise. All these effects are temporary and will last during the construction period only. Use of old and worn out equipment and vehicles and low quality fuel will be prohibited to minimize noise and air pollution. The equipment will be checked by technicians before the commencement of work and the equipment producing lofty noise will be prohibited at night as far as practical. To minimize dust and particulate matters, water will be sprinkled and the construction materials will be covered with tarpaulin during transportation to avoid dust generation.
II. Biological Environment i. Degradation of Cultivated Land and Vegetation The parts of the Project area where construction in context to the project will take place do not lie within forest area. So forest destruction will not arise at the sites of construction. However the work force can cut trees for fuel wood. Some may be involved in cutting trees for timber purpose.There will be some disturbance of vegetation in the project area. Some of the topsoil and vegetation will be lost during pipe laying works. Minimization of vegetation clearing and careful cutting of ground vegetation will be done. Trees and shrubs will be planted wherever possible. III. Socio-Economic Environment i. Impact to Local Residents The construction related activities that generate dust, noise and impede access could disturb the local residents. To minimize the disturbances, construction work will be conducted as quickly as possible.
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The local residents will be consulted and informed about the disturbances in advance. Temporary diversions and signboards will be provided for the pedestrians. ii. Problems from Outside Work Force Haphazard disposal of solid waste and improper sanitary conditions generated by the construction workers may cause pollution of surrounding environment and affect the health of local people. A mechanism for the safe disposal of waste will be developed in the project site and a labor camp will be constructed before the actual commencement of work and unwanted littering and discharge of waste will be prohibited. Some social problems will arise due to irresponsible behavior of the work force such as gambling, alcoholism and disrespect to local people and their culture. The contractor should give proper instructions to the workers for them to act responsibly and prohibit activities such as alcohol uptake and gambling in the work site. Given that local people are engaged in the work, this will minimize the chances of cultural discrepancy and conflict due to increased labor from outside. iii. Occupational Health and Safety During the construction work, the laborers involved in the construction activities may be exposed to different level of health risks and are prone to accidents. A site health and safety plan will be prepared encouraging use of safety measures such as mask, helmet, hand gloves and rubber boots. The laborers will be insured for their health and safety. Workers working at a certain height above the ground especially during the construction will be provided with safety gears Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as required. First aid box will be kept at a proper and easily accessible place. The general public will be excluded from all the construction sites. c. Operational Phase i. Contamination of distributed water Improper operation and management could lead to contamination of distributed water increasing the chances of water related diseases in the consumers. Regular water quality monitoring of water in the distribution system will be carried out and the staff will be trained and supervised.
Table 14: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Pre-Construction Environmental Mitigation Plan Project Stage Anticipated Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility Project Location Damage to public utilities, Obtain permission from relevant DSC/VDC and Design such as electric authorities if sections of utility lines installations, storm drains. need to be shifted due to design (There is no water supply requirements; notify people and system in the VDC except restore utilities as soon as possible to in a small part. Sewerage overcome public inconvenience. is also nonexistent) Legal obstructions Obtain Letters of Approval and DSC/VDC resulting in delay of work agreement for (i) acquisition of land and properties, (ii) disruption of water supply, and irrigation canals, (iii) get required permits (e.g. cutting trees) from the District Forest Office and digging of roads. Risk of pollution of raw Safe intake sites with minimum risk DSC water supply (deep tube of pollution shall be selected. well water) Adequate source and intake protection measures shall take place. (The well point should be located at a slightly higher elevation from the
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Project Stage Anticipated Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility drainage point of view. The annular space between the drilled hole and well casing should be sealed off and provision for grouting the well casing - the depth would depend on the hydro-geological conditions encountered during construction - should be made. After completion of the construction, the well should be capped tightly. The deep well bored should be well protected with a concrete platform so that surface water does not enter the well. Furthermore, it should be made sure that once the boring is completed, the well is chlorinated according to the standards so as to disinfect the pipes and the screen that have been placed underground.) Risk of inadequate yield of A program for yield monitoring shall DSC/VDC the aquifer; excessive be designed. (The abstraction abstraction could deplete percentage of the dry season flow.) aquifer and cause ground Redesign project with alternative subsidence and shortage of water source if proposed abstraction well water rate exceeds sustainable yield. Extraction of the new well will be limited to 20 l/s. This way the interference with the existing tube wells will not be a serious concern Further all four wells. Risk of pollution of water Properly protected intake and DSC distributed to the users – storage tanks shall be designed and due to inadequate distribution pipe located away from structures of water supply drains (to avoid infiltration of drain system. water). Treatment system (iron removal, chlorination) to be well designed. Good drainage system to be designed (to avoid ponding). The increase in the The drainage facilities and septage DSC/VDC availability of water will pumping facilities (from latrines) naturally increase the shall be improved to meet the new consumption and use with condition. increased production of waste water. Inadequate disposal of Disposal of sludge should be made DSC/VDC sludge from reservoirs and properly; location and designs for treatment plant will cause sludge disposal sites shall be made nuisances to affected accordingly. properties.
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Table 15: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Construction Environmental Mitigation Plan Project Anticipated Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility Stage Construction Haphazard workforce Establish workforce camps with sanitary Contractor/DSC camps resulting in social amenities at designated sites only. stress and degradation of local environment Local people may be Give preference to the employment of local Contractor/ DSC deprived of people (not under age 14) especially SPAF, opportunities, minors PAF and women in jobs. may be employed Settle wage rate based on DWEC and provide the list of employees to DSC. Loss of vegetation due to Cut only trees that are marked and have been Contractor/DSC vegetation clearance for given permit by the Department of Forestry. construction of project Plant and rear tree saplings at the rate of 25 structures; fuel wood and saplings for each felled tree. NTFPs collection by Prohibit the use of fuel wood and timber workforce. collection. Prohibit illegal collection of NTFPs and trade. Provide LPG/kerosene to workforce. Stockpile the felled trees and take permission from concerned authority for its use. Compensate all private trees and community forests affected. Changes in the Obtain construction materials from quarries Contractor/DSC morphology of the approved by the VDC/DDC. streams and scars in the Borrow pits should be leveled so as to suit the environment due to aesthetics of the area as to its original state improper mining of after the project is complete. construction materials Quarrying/mining activities in the (sand and gravel) river/streams for extraction of construction materials shall not be done so as not to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles. Hazards to health and Provide regular health checkups, proper Contractor, VDC hygiene and safety of sanitation and hygiene, health care, and workers (unsafe working control of epidemic diseases to the conditions, accidents, workforce. fire hazard, transmission Make available first aid kits, ambulance and of communicable fire extinguishers in camp sites. diseases etc.) Make available personal protection equipment (PPE) to all construction workers and compensate for the loss of life or any type of injuries. Provide insurance to the workers and training in OHS and Community Health and Safety. Launch awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the possibility of spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS using brochures, posters, and signboards.
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Project Anticipated Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility Stage Contamination of ground Proper protection during and after drilling Contractor, DSC water during tube well and disinfection of the well after drilling construction Air quality deterioration, Transport only the required construction Contractor/DSC Noise pollution and materials (aggregates and sand) when and as public health hazard due required; avoid temporary storage. to dust generation and Use tarpaulins/plastic sheets/jute bags to vehicular emissions cover the desilted material during transport. during transportation, Dust suppression at the site by sprinkling loading/unloading of water as required at regular intervals. construction materials Limit vehicle speed See that vehicles comply with the National Vehicle Mass Emission Standards, 2056 BS. Regular maintenance of vehicles. Trench excavation could Precautionary measures should be taken Contractor cause soil erosion, silt during construction. runoff and settling of Proper backfilling of excavated trenches street surfaces; water should be done and construction activities could get polluted; land should be, as far as possible, avoided during values degraded and be a the rainy season. nuisance to pedestrians. Temporary diversions and sign hoards for Street surfaces would pedestrians to be provided. settle, bringing about pending of water.
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Table 16: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Operation and Maintenance Environmental Mitigation Plan Project Anticipated Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility Stage Operation Risk of contaminated Regular O&M for chlorinators. VDC and water in the distribution Regular water quality monitoring of water of Maintenance system the distribution system. Immediate action in case of water quality problems. Training and operational supervision of system staff. Unmanaged use of The storage, in-plant handling and dosages VDC chlorine can cause health must be addressed and procedures set up and hazards to the workers guidelines developed for the handling of and public. chlorine (bleaching powder; gaseous chlorine is not used) and first aid measures to be introduced for emergencies. Training and operational supervision of system staff. Public health may not Conduct campaigns to raise awareness of VDC improve without health and environmental sanitation issues improved practices Repairs to pipe networks Inform of any work in advance and avoid VDC, Police will disrupt business and work in sensitive times. Provide (Traffic) will be a nuisance to the walkways/bridges for people vehicles if public trenches have to be dug. Provide diversions with the help of the police (Traffic Police) Complete works quickly in sensitive areas. Workers and the public Provide health and safety measures to workers VDC are at risk from accidents and the public as during the construction phase at site during pipe repairs and installation of new connections Environmental pollution Dispose sludge at designated areas VDC due to haphazard disposal of sludge
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E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS
The aim of the project is to provide safe and sufficient water supply to the residents of Duhabi in Sunsari district. The various alternatives to achieve the objectives of the project with minimum impact to the environment are presented in the following sub-sections. 15. Design Alternative
The alternatives analysis of the project in terms of project location, technology, implementation procedures, and the raw materials used have been studied and analysed. Similarly, comparison between with and without project or the "No action option" is also studied and analyzed.
16. Project Site/Location Alternative
No significant adverse environmental impacts are found with present location of project. The deep well and reservoir site have been proposed at a location where no or minimum environmental effects will be seen. The alignment of pipelines is also fixed with minimum impacts on environment. No better sites than the proposed have been found. The anticipated impacts due to location of the structures in environment are very small and insignificant.
17. Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials
Most of the technologies proposed in the project are labour intensive. Minimum mechanical equipment will be used during construction work. Drilling well and pipe line excavation and refilling work are some of the major components of project. All those work will be done by labour force without any mechanical equipment except in the case of deep well drilling. Obviously, this action will produce minimum environmental impacts. During drilling period sound pollution may occur which will adversely affect the workers and operator exposed to drilling machine. Care should be taken and adequate protective measures should be applied for the working persons at and nearby the drilling site. Rest of all works is labor intensive. The working procedures proposed are participatory one. In each and every activities of the project, the beneficiaries will be participating actively. The project will use the local raw materials as far as possible. Except for some mechanical equipment necessary for pipe fitting materials, most of the construction materials will be local (brick, sand, cement, wood and labors).
18. No Project Option
The analysis has also been done with and without project scenario. Implementation of proposed project will create lot of positive impacts on health and hygiene of people, public environment and socio- economic status of community as well. Provision of good quality water and sanitation facilities will help to enhance the quality of life of the people. The project will also help to create job opportunities to considerable number of people. The implementation of the proposed project will produce only negligible and insignificant environmental impacts. On the other hand, if the project is not implemented, the people of the project area will have to continue to suffer from various problems they are facing today. There are no systematic water supply systems in project site. People are forced to use the ground water using hand pumps and shallow dug wells. This water contains biological impurities. Due to polluted water and unhygienic environment, the community is facing high level of diarrhea incidence every year.
P a g e | 36 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
F. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
In order to ensure the public involvement, the following procedures were followed during IEE report preparation: Publication of notice- a 15 days public notice was published on March 2011 in the Annapurna Post, a national daily newspaper seeking written opinion from concerned VDCs, DDC, schools, health posts and related local organizations. A copy of the public notice was also affixed in the notice boards of the above mentioned organizations and deed of enquiry (muchulka) was collected. IEE team also conducted interaction meetings with the local communities and related stakeholders like District Forest Office, District Soil Conservation Office, District Agricultural Development Office, District Water Supply and Sanitation Office, etc during field survey to collect the public concerns and suggestions. Moreover, Focus Group Discussions were conducted to collect and solicit information regarding the bio-physical and socio-economic and cultural aspects of the water supply and sanitation Project. Draft IEE report will be sent to Duhabi VDC for Public disclosure. Recommendation letters were also obtained from above mentioned VDCs as given in Annex. A copy of draft IEE will also be kept in information centre of DDC, Sunsari for Public disclosure. After reviewing draft IEE report and incorporating the suggestions from the concerned stakeholders, final IEE report will be prepared and sent to PCU for approval from MLD and ADB. The draft IEE will be sent to DWSS and ADB for review and comments. After incorporating the comments and suggestions from all the concerned stakeholders, final IEE report will be prepared and sent to MoUD for approval. The information about the project is disclosed not just by active participation of stakeholders during the public consultation process but also formally by making related materials available in a form and at a location that is easily accessible to the stakeholders. This normally involves making the draft reports available (in local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism to obtain the comments and suggestions back from the community. ADB encourages governments to upload all the documents into their website. The Executive Summary of the IEE study is made public through depository library system and ADB websites. The full IEE of the proposed project is posted on DWSS website also made available to the interested parties upon request.
P a g e | 37 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
G. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
The projects also aim to facilitate a grievance and redress mechanism to address the environmental and social concerns of the community who are affected by the project activities. The proposed project doesn’t involve resettlement of any community, and a Resettlement Plan that addresses the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is not necessary. However, all the stakeholders are to be made aware of the project-specific GRM so that there is an appropriate channel of communication and a formalized procedure to settle disputes. The process requires a GRM committee to be established at the local level to assure accessibility to the Affected Person or Stakeholder. The committee should consist of members with sufficient knowledge about the project, with technical know-how and expertise and someone aware about the socio-cultural dynamics of the community. The GRM requires that issues and comments are first lodged with the local level GRM committee for handling of grievances at project site. The GRM committee should conduct their meeting within 3 weeks of receipt of complaint and solution needs to be provided at meeting within the very week. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, the GRM committees need to submit it to the PMO. The PMO with assistance from Environmental Specialist and WUSC experts will resolve the grievance. If the grievance cannot be solved by the PMO, it will be referred to the VDC and district DWSS. The grievance is required to be solved within 2 weeks by VDC but if it cannot be resolved even by VDC and DWSS, the case will be referred to the court of law to adjudicate the matter.
P a g e | 38 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Figue r 4: Grievance Redress Mechanism
Affected Person
Grievance/ Complaint
GRMCom mittee
Redress PMO Grievances
Safeguard WUSC
Specialist
VDC
DWSS
Court of Law
P a g e | 39 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
H. MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
19. Mitigation and Monitoring
Environmental Monitoring is necessary to check the implementation of environmental measures in a manner that had been prescribed earlier and to ensure that the project activity complies with the environmental protection standards. Monitoring can be done before the project construction begins (Baseline Monitoring); during the construction and operation phase (Impact Monitoring) and periodically even after completion of the project activity (Compliance Monitoring).Construction and operation phase monitoring of the mitigation measures will mainly consider the following impacts. Construction phase: Soil erosion; sedimentation and slope stabilization; vegetation clearing; change in hydrology of surface waters; water, air and noise pollution; solid waste; land intake ac compensation; health, safety and sanitation of the work force; and traffic management Operation phase: Drinking water treatment operations; discharge of waste water into surface waters; sludge disposal; and quality of drinking water supplies Some of the baseline monitoring that needs to be done before the start of the construction activities so as to compare the results before and after the construction works are as follows: Monitoring of air quality and noise levels (vibration) before and during the construction work Water quality analysis of the shallow water hand pumps and wells at various places used by the local people The Monitoring Plan is designed in a way that it has been approved and monitored by the contractor who ensures that the mitigation measures are followed during the construction period. It also requires regular and periodic monitoring of the actual environmental impacts during the project operation over the years following project completion. A detailed monitoring plan giving the mechanisms of monitoring for the environmental impact and the mitigation measures are given in the Table 16.
P a g e | 40 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Table 17: Environmental Monitoring Schedule Responsible for S.No. Impacts Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Monitored Location Frequency Monitoring WATER SUPPLY COMPONENT Location and Design Impacts 1. 1.1 Dispute in intake selection Public consultation and Meeting workshop, group Project area One time DWSS, DSC, awareness program (for discussions WUSC 1.2 Risk of insufficient yield in location of boreholes) the chosen area Presence and composition of Formation of users committee user committee Project area One time DWSS, DSC Review of design, estimates Technical design and PMO office After DWSS, DSC and specifications specification reports submission of design reports 2. 2.1 Risk of inadequate yield of A continuous yield monitoring Source discharge (especially Abstraction One time DWSS, DSC aquifer program, will be designed during the dry season) site (before final 2.2Excessive abstraction could especially for the abstraction design and affect the existing shallow percentage during dry season construction tube flow for source 2.3 Excessive abstraction could discharge) lead to land subsidence Monthly for excessive abstraction Redesigning project with Technical design PMO office After DWSS, DSC alternative water source if the submission of proposed abstraction rate design reports exceeds sustainable yield The water is proposed to be drawn from a depth of 100 to 120m, below the impervious Technical design Abstraction Monthly DWSS, DSC level which would have site insignificant effect to existing shallow tube wells. Furthermore, boreholes are to be used alternatively to avoid excessive withdrawal and pump only required amount of
P a g e | 41 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Responsible for S.No. Impacts Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Monitored Location Frequency Monitoring ground water 3. 3.1 Risk of contamination of Properly protected intake and Technical design and PMO office, One time DWSS, distributed water storage tanks will be designed specification reports distribution site (before final 3.2 Spread of water epidemics and distribution pipe will be design and located away from drains (to construction) avoid infiltration of drain water) 4. 4.1 Conflict with local people Public consultation and Meeting workshop, group Project area One time DWSS, DSC awareness program(for location discussions WUSC of treatment plant) CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACTS 5. 5.1 Generation of waste water Reuse of water by the Reuse of water Construction As needed WUSC consumers in the nearby sites 5.2Surface runoff and settlements to irrigate their transportation of excavated farmland and vegetable gardens materials to nearby bodies Care will be taken while drilling contractor records As needed DSC 5.3 Disturbance of the land boreholes so that there is system minimal vibration and 5.4 Contamination of ground disturbances water Proper protection during and contractor records As needed DSC after drilling will be done
6. 6.1 Disturbance of land system, Unstable and erosion prone sites Contractor records Quarry areas One time DSC erosion and landslide will be avoided and only approved quarrying sites will be 6.2Changes in morphology of used water system Quarrying activities from Contractor records Quarry areas One time DSC rivers/streams will not be done so as to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles Quarry site will be leveled to Contractor records Quarry areas One time DSC, WUSC suit the local landscape after the Local aesthetics
P a g e | 42 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Responsible for S.No. Impacts Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Monitored Location Frequency Monitoring extraction is complete 7. 7.1 Noise pollution Use of old and worn out Contractor records Construction As needed DSC equipments and vehicles, low site 7.2 Air pollution due to quality fuel will be prohibited to release of emissions reduce the noise and air pollution. The equipments will be checked by technicians before the Contractor records Daily and as DSC commencement of work and needed working in night shift with equipments producing high noise will be prohibited. The construction materials will Contractor records As needed DSC be covered during transportation to avoid dust generation 8. 8.1 Unorganized disposal of Precautionary measures will be Contractor records Construction DSC excavated earth taken during construction to sites avoid caving 8.2 Soil erosion, silt runoff Excavated soil will be placed Stacking of soil Daily Contractor safely against erosion 8.3 Possible pollution of Reuse of excavated soil Quantity of soil remained Daily Contractor surface water backfilling of trenches will be 8.4 Deterioration of air quality done due to dust Safe disposal of excavated soil Disposal site Daily Contractor, DWSS 8.5 Disturbance to the As far as possible construction Contractor records As needed Contractor, DSC pedestrians activities will be avoided in the rainy season. Sprinkling of water to avoid Dust in the Air At the time of Daily Co ntractor dust trench digging Temporary diversions and Signboards Construction Daily Contractor, DWSS signboards will be provided for site the pedestrians 9. 9.1Generation of excess Mechanism of safe disposal Contractor records Construction Daily DSC, DWSS grease, solid waste and other such as grease interceptor of site
P a g e | 43 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Responsible for S.No. Impacts Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Monitored Location Frequency Monitoring construction waste waste will be developed in the project site before the actual 9.2 Pollution of nearby commencement of work irrigation canals and water Prohibition of unwanted Amount and disposal of solid Monthly VDC, and WUSC bodies littering and discharge of waste waste 10. 10.1 Obstruction in pedestrian Care will be taken while Contractor records Construction Daily Contractor, DSC and traffic movement excavating and laying pipes so Uneven surfaces sites that there is minimal vibration 10.2 Removal of excavated and slope disturbances material can affect the local Excavated soil will be dumped Pavement demolition Roadside Daily Contractor land system (erosion and soil in outer side of trench opposite instability) to roadside and backfilling should be done properly Excavated soil will be placed Stacking of soil Construction Daily Contractor, DWSS safely against erosion site 11. 11.1 Loss of vegetation and Provision of minimization of Cleared area Construction weekly Contractor habitat vegetation clearing and careful site cutting of ground vegetation Plantation of tree and shrub Afforested area, numbers of Project area Yearly WUSC where ever possible trees planted 12. 12.1 Local residents could be Work to be conducted as Contractor records Construction Monthly DSC, DWSS disturbed by noise, dust and quickly as possible to minimize site impeded access disturbance Residents will be consulted and Communication with local Project area As needed Contractor, DWSS informed about the disturbances people in advance 13. 13.1 Problems due to All the workers will be Behavior of workers Construction Weekly Contractor, WUSC irresponsible behavior of work instructed to act in a camp force (e.g. gambling, disrespect responsible manner to the local area and people) Prohibition of alcohol, gambling Uses of alcohol, records of Weekly WUSC, Contractor fights Local people will be employed Local survey As needed Contractor as far as possible 14. 14.1 Risk of accidents to the A site health and safety plan Use of helmet, mask, gloves, Construction Daily Contractor, DWSS
P a g e | 44 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Responsible for S.No. Impacts Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Monitored Location Frequency Monitoring workers and public including safety measures such boots. etc site as provision of mask, helmet, hand globes and rubber boots to workers will be prepared and implemented First aid will be kept at hand in First aid box Monthly Contractor, DWSS working area General public will be excluded Signboards Monthly Contractor, DWSS from all construction sites Insurance will be provided to Health and safety insurance One time Contractor, DWSS the workers O&M Phase Impacts 15. 15.1 Risk of contamination Regular testing will be done on Periodic maintenance record Distribution Weekly WUSC,DWSS of water in distribution a routine basis and recorded system system Regular water quality Water quality test in Distribution Weekly WUSC, monitoring of water of the accordance to National system DWSS distribution system Drinking Water Quality Standard System staff will be trained and Contractor records Distribution As needed WUSC, supervised site DWSS 16. 16.1 Health hazard to First aid measures will be First aid box Construction Monthly Contractor, workers and public provided in emergencies site DWSS CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACT 17. 17.1 Unorganized disposal Safe disposal and re-use of Stacking of soil, quantity of Co nstruction Daily Contractor of excavated earth excavated soil soil remained site 17.2 Surface runoff, Sprinkling of water to avoid Dust in the air Daily Contractor pollution of water ways dust 17.3 Deterioration of air quality due to dust Temporary diversions and Signboards Daily Contractor, 17.4 Nuisance to signboards will be provide to DWSS pedestrians pedestrians
18. 18.1 Loss of vegetation and Provision of minimization of Cleared area Construction Weekly Contractor
P a g e | 45 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Responsible for S.No. Impacts Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Monitored Location Frequency Monitoring habitat vegetation clearing and careful site cutting of ground vegetation will be done Trees and shrubs will be Afforested area, number of Project area Yearly WUSC planted wherever possible trees planted
19. 19.1 Risk of accidents to A site health and safety plan Use of safety gears Construction Daily Contractor, the workers and public will be prepared and site DWSS implemented O&M Phase Impacts 20. 20.1 Pollution of shallow The latrines will be kept away Contractor records Households, One time (before DSC , WUSC ground water used for from tube wells Public area construction) domestic purpose 20.2 Nuisance due to odor, Proper maintenance and regular Frequency of cleaning Weekly WUSC insects and rodents cleaning of the latrines
P a g e | 46 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project 20. Mitigation and Monitoring Costs
Most of the costs related to the mitigation and monitoring activities are either included in the construction cost estimation in accordance with the contract specification or covered in the Operational and Maintenance costs and thus are not detailed here. Further funds are needed mainly for developing the capacity and facilities of the WUSC for environmental monitoring and for conducting environmental training and awareness campaigns. Also to maintain greenery in the surrounding project area trees are required to be planted accordingly. It can be with the choice of heavy trunk tree along with some flowering plants to give better scenery. The estimation is presented in the following table.
21. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates
The cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities are described in Table 18 . Cost of mitigation measures directly linked to the construction activities (such as erosion control measures) are not included in the cost estimates as most of these are already included in the construction and operation and maintenance cost of the project.
Table 18: Annual Cost for EMP S.No. Item Cost 1. Mitigation Budget Training for WUSC staff 20,000 Environmental Awareness Campaigns 30,000 Tree implantation 20,000 2. Monitoring Budget Environmental Management Specialist 1,00,000 Sociologists 75,000 Support Staff 40,000 Cost for monitoring by MoUD/DWWS 1,50,000 Transportation and others 65,000 Total 5,00,000
22. Environmental Procedures and Institutions
Institutions have a crucial role to play during monitoring. There should be firm institutional commitment by the agencies responsible for monitoring. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) is in charge of environmental control and management for all sector agencies. The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) has the overall responsibility for environmental monitoring of all water supply and sewerage projects. In case of an EIA, it has to be finally approved by MOE. In case of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), the final approval lies with MoUD. The different agencies involved in the Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project are as explained in the following table.
Table 19: Institution Involved in the Proposed Project S.No Organization Roles and Responsibilities 1. Ministry of Urban It is the executive agency for the implementation of Second Small Town Development (MoUD) Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project. It is responsible for monitoring of project design, construction and operation activities according to the approved IEE report. It is also responsible for approving the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the IEE and approving the IEE studies. 2. Department of Water DWSS is the implementing agency for the SSTWSSP. It is responsible Supply and Sewerage for ensuring that all the environmental measures to be adopted during
P a g e | 47 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
S.No Organization Roles and Responsibilities (DWSS) different phases of project implementation and operation have been fully adhered to. It is also responsible for water quality monitoring. 3. Project Management PMO under DWSS implements the project. It ensures that all the Office (PMO) mitigation measures prescribed by approved IEE have been fully adopted. It acquires permits and approval for project construction and assists WUSC on source registration and transfer of land ownership. It also ensures that responsibilities of other stakeholders are incorporated as per agreements. 4. Town Development TDF provides funding to the WUSC. It ensures that necessary Fund (TDF) environmental screening and assessments have been carried out during the funding decisions. 5. Water User and WUSC is responsible for forming member based water user group and Sanitation Committee registering it. It is responsible for ensuring the implementation of (WUSC) environmental measures recommended especially during the construction and operation phase. Activities such as public awareness on sanitation and maintaining record of the water quality data are some of its responsibilities. 6. Design and DSC is responsible for conducting the feasibility study and detailed Supervision Consultant design. It ensures that all the mitigation measures are incorporated in the (DSC) final design of the system and the environmental prescriptions are being met by the construction contractor. 7. Contractor It is responsible to ensure that the mitigation measures are specified during the construction
Apart from the above mentioned agencies, there are other institutions that are directly and indirectly involved in the project and during the IEE studies. Local bodies such as Village Development Committees of Duhabi help in disseminating information about the project to local people and related stakeholders and in giving permits to conduct the IEE studies.
23. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures
In parallel to the suggested mitigation measure, it is important to encourage opportunities to enhance the project and its elements so as to have minimal environmental disturbance. The proposed project has both positive and negative impacts and the present stage gives an opportunity to enhance these positive features through innovative measures. Some of such potential environmental measures include: o Ensuring resource mobilization and participation of the local community to develop a sense of ownership and empowerment of the project o Determining roles and responsibilities of all the stakeholders and institutions to promote effective coordinated action o Providing training and awareness program in health and sanitation issues; water cost and usage; environmental pollution and waste management o The local youth clubs and NGO within the VDC should be mobilized to monitor the environment in areas affected by project activity and report back the problems to PMO.
24. Reporting Procedures
For an effective implementation of mitigation measures and Environmental Management Plan is required, it is necessary to have a mechanism in order to put together the entire mitigation operation plus the reports on progress and status of everymitigation conducted.
P a g e | 48 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
The contractor has a crucial role in ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented during project construction phase. The contractor will develop an Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan (EMEP) based on EMP. The contractor has to report weekly about the progress of its work together with day-to- day practical aspect of project implementation to the DSC. It is suggested that a team comprising of WUSC member and contract workers be established at the onset of the project to make periodic reporting to the DSC. The DSC then has the responsibility of ensuring that all the procedures and final design that includes the mitigation measures are followed. DSC has the responsibility to check the weekly progress report of the contractor and field verification whether the implementation of mitigation measures have been conducted as decided in the EMEP or not. DSC then has the responsibility to prepare an environmental monitoring report based on the weekly progress report of the contractor. DSC has to report the status of the project and the monitoring report to the PMO for its review. PMO should then forward the monitoring report to review by the Environmental Specialist of the DSC. 10 copies of the reports should be submitted to PMO every month, which should be distributed to the responsible agencies for review. The Environmental Specialists of the DSC should then review the comments and suggestions from the various authorities and act accordingly. Monthly progress reports, including bi-annual and annual reports on the implementation of EMP should be produced on a regular basis. The report should contain information of all the activities conducted within the given time including the cases of non-compliance. A feedback mechanism of reporting will be conducted and based on the results of monitoring; the Environmental Management Plan will be adjusted accordingly.
25. Work Plan
Before operation, PMO/DSC, with the help of its Environmental Specialists will develop detailed work plans for implementing mitigation measure and monitoring plans based on EMP. These plans will be incorporated into the project contracts. Before construction, PMO will develop detailed responsibilities and requirements for contractors and will provide detailed cost estimates of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring in construction contracts Before operation, PMO will develop detailed work plans for environmental management and monitoring during operation based on the EMP which will be submitted to the concerned persons to help them supervise implementation The EMP implementation schedule is given in the following figure for a period of 2 years
P a g e | 49 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Figure 5: Implementation schedule of the project
P a g e | 50 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Considering the nature of the project; environmental and socio-economic situation of the area and based on the detailed field survey and consultation with the relevant stakeholders, it can be concluded that the proposed Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will have only minor negative impacts on the physical, biological and socio-cultural aspects of the area. The impacts are mostly local in nature and can be easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and regular monitoring schedules. The implementation of the project will have several beneficial impacts to the people of Duhabi of Sunsari district. The local people will benefit from safe and sufficient supply of portable drinking water and improved sanitation. All this will significantly raise the living standards of the people in the Duhabi. From this IEE study it can be seen that the beneficial impacts of the proposed project outweighs the negative impacts and thus a full scale EIA is not required.
P a g e | 51 Initial Environmental Examinationon Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
REFERENCES
ADB (2009). Safeguard Policy Statement. Asian Development Bank
HMG/N (1996). Environmental Protection Act (with amendments). His Majesty’s Government of Nepal.
HMG/N (1997). Environmental Protection Rules (with amendments). His Majesty’s Government of Nepal.
P a g e | 52 Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
ANNEXES Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Annex 1: Proposed Water Supply Master Plan
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Annex 2: Approved Terms of Reference
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Annex 3: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA)
Instructions:
(i) The Project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.
(ii) This Checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) Checklists on involuntary resettlement and indigenous peoples; (b) Poverty reduction handbook; (c) Staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) Gender checklists.
(iii) Answer the questions assuming the "without mitigation" case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the "remarks" section to discuss any anticipation mitigation measures.
Country/ Project Title: NEP/ Duhabi Second Small Water Supply & Sanitation Project
Sector Division: Water supply and Sanitation Sector Project
SCREENING QUESTIONS YES NO REMARS K A. Project Sitting
Is the project area…… Densely populated? Densely populated in market area and others are scattered and rural in character
Heavy with development Only small developmental activities like activities? building construction and so are going on
Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?
Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage site within or nearby the project area
Protected Area No any protected area within or nearby the project area
Wetland No wetland area within or nearby the project area
Mangrove No mangrove area within or nearby the project area
Estuarine No estuarine area within or nearby the project area
Buffer zone of protected area No buffer zone within or nearby the project area Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
SCREENING QUESTIONS YES NO REMARS K
Special area for protecting No special area for protecting diversity within biodiversity or nearby the project area
Bay No any bay within or nearby the project area B. Potential Environmental Impacts
Will the Project causes….. Pollution of raw water supply Since ground water being abstracted in the from upstream wastewater system, possibility of pollution of raw water discharge from communities, supply is not possible. People have their own industries, agriculture, and soil toilet and has no drainage facilities and there are erosion runoff? no big industries
Impairment of historical/cultural All pipes will pass through road side and no any monuments/areas and industrial/cultural monuments/area will be loss/damage to these sites? damage by the project within the project area
Hazard of land subsidence Only required amount of water will be pumped caused by excessive ground water pumping?
Social conflicts arising from Communities will not be displaced displacement of communities?
Conflicts in abstraction of raw Since raw water being ground water possibility water for water supply with of conflict do not exist other beneficial water uses for surface and ground waters?
Unsatisfactory raw water supply Water quality after treatment, meeting with (e.g. excessive pathogens or NDWQS standard will be supplied , treatment mineral constituents)? has been proposed
Deliver of unsafe water to Treatment facility is provided to ensure quality distribution system? of supplied water
Inadequate protection of intake Boundary wall has been provided works or wells, leading to pollution of water supply?
Over pumping of ground water, Only required quantity will be pumped leading to salinization and ground subsidence?
Excessive algal growth in Only treated water will be collected and storage reservoir? reservoir will be cleaned periodically
Increase in production of Most of the household have their own toilet and sewerage beyond capabilities of not connected to drain. Conceptual design of community facilities? waste water management has been prepared
Inadequate disposal of sludge As water quality is as per NDWQS standard from water treatment plants? only minor sludge will be produced
Inadequate buffer zone around Pumps have very minimal noise and treatment pumping and treatment plants to plant will not make noise and other nuisance alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and protect facilities?
Impairments associated with Transmission line passes with in the area of transmission lines and access WUSC roads?
Health hazards arising from Trained manpower will be used to receive, store inadequate design of facilities and handling of chlorine. Adequate measures for receiving, storing, and will be taken to store it properly. handling of chlorine and other hazardous chemicals. Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
SCREENING QUESTIONS YES NO REMARS K
Health and safety hazards to Only chlorine will be used as disinfectants. workers from handling and Required training will be provided to handle it management of chlorine used for properly and trained manpower will be disinfection, other contaminants, deployed Therefore health and safety hazard to and biological and physical workers will not arise hazards during project construction and operation?
Dislocation or involuntary No settlement of people required resettlement of people?
Disproportionate impacts on the All households will have their own private tap. poor, women and children, Besides this, these people will get opportunity Indigenous Peoples or other to work and earn during project implementation vulnerable groups?
Noise and dust from construction During construction some noise may be created activities? and some dust may be produced but this will be managed to minimize using appropriate construction practices
Increased road traffic due to During excavation and back filling of pipe interference of construction trench traffic interference may occur for short activities? period. Traffic management will be taken care of
Continuing soil erosion/slit Flat terrain and no big amount of earthwork in runoff from construction one place operations?
Delivery of unsafe water due to Regular monitoring of plant operation will be poor O & M treatment processes carried out. Trained manpower will be deployed (especially mud accumulations through users committee for O&M of the in filters) and inadequate project. One well equipped lab will be chlorination due to lack of established to check water quality on regular adequate monitoring of chlorine basis. Hence these type of problem do not arise residuals in distribution systems?
Delivery of water to distribution Regular monitoring of plant operation will be system, which is corrosive due to carried out. Trained manpower will be deployed inadequate attention to feeding through users committee for O&M of the of corrective chemicals? project. One well equipped lab will be established to check water quality on regular basis. Hence this type of problem does not arise.
Accidental leakage of chlorine Chlorine gas is not being used gas?
Excessive abstraction of water Only required quantity of water will be affecting downstream water abstracted users?
Competing uses of water? No such possibilities exist. All will get water for all time since system is continuous
Increased sewage flow due to Most of HHs have their own toilet and increased water supply conceptual design of structures for waste water management has been done
Increased volume of sullage Volume of sullage and sludge may increase in (wastewater from cooking and small quantity. It may not cause serious washing) and sludge from problems wastewater treatment plant
Large population influx during Population will be increased as per the project construction and anticipated population growth rate. No need to Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
SCREENING QUESTIONS YES NO REMARS K operation that causes increased hire people from outside during construction burden on social infrastructure period. Local people will be used as far as and services (such as water possible. Skilled manpower if not available supply and sanitation systems)? locally may be hired from outside
Social conflicts if workers from Since local people will be sued for the other regions or countries are implementation of the project as far as possible, hired such conflict may not arise
Risks to community health and No need to use explosive and other danger safety due to the transport, chemicals. Fuel will be properly stored. storage, and use and / or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel, and other chemicals during operation and construction?
Community safety risks due to Proper safety measures and precaution will be both accidental and natural adopted during construction period. The project hazards, especially where the structures will be made inaccessible providing structural elements or compound wall and fencing or few structure components of the project are underground accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation, and decommissioning?
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Annex 4: Recommendation letters from concerned authorities
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Annex 5: List of Persons Contacted
The lists of Persons Contacted
S.No. Name Position
1 Mr. Tej Narayan Prasad Rauniyar Chairman
2 Mr. Anil Prasad Shah Haluwai Vice-Chairman
3 Mr. Rajendra Sharma Secretary
4 Mr. Madhav Bhandari Treasurer
5 Mr. Jai Brat Sarkar Mem ber
6 Mr. Nirudh Poddar Member
7 Mr. Mul Chand Chaudhary Member
8 Mr. Pancham Mandal Member
9 Ms.Rekha devi Shah Member
10 Ms. Krishna Devi Viswakarma Member
11 Ms. Asmina Khatoon Member
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Annex 6: Water Quality Test Report Summary water quality test results of the existing drinking water systems
Results Nepali SN Parameters Units Tap Deep Tubewell Shallow Standards (present source) Tubewell SN- SN- SN- SN- SN- SN- 208 -A 208-B 204 207 205 206 1 pH - 6.5-8.5 7.86 7.86 7.8 7.73 7.51 7.35 2 Temperature ºC - 25 25 25 25 25 25 3 Conductivity μS/cm 1500 688 750 632 501 709 778 4 Turbidity NTU 5(10) 0.92 0.29 3.05 14.33 0.53 5.25 5 Total Dissolved mg/L 1000 343 374 361 250 354 388 Solids 6 Fluoride as(F) mg/L 0.5-1.5 0.33 0.34 0.28 0.3 0.37 0.86 7 Ammonia as(NH3) mg/L 1.5 1.16 3.24 2.83 1.33 3.3 2.89 8 Nitrate as(NO3-N) mg/L 10.0 0.21 0.25 0.2 0.14 0.24 0.32 9 Nitrite as(NO2-N) mg/L - 0.004 <0 .001 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 10 Chloride as (Cl) mg/L 250 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Total Hardness mg/L 500 168 166 162 148 192 204 as(CaCO3) 12 Ca Hardness mg/L - 128.25 132.26 124.24 114.22 154.3 156.31 as(CaCO3) 13 Total Alkalinity mg/L - 264 264 246.4 237 281.6 330 as(CaCO3) 14 Iron(Fe) mg/L 0.3(3) 0.4 0.33 1.13 1.64 0.46 1.2 15 Manganese(Mn) mg/L 0.2 0.39 0.15 0.01 0.12 0.6 0.65 16 Arsenic(As) mg/L 0.05 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 17 Total Coliform CFU/ Nil 4 3 2 0 0 0 100mL 18 Fecal Coliform CFU/ Nil 0 0 0 0 0 0 100mL
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Annex 7: List of Industries
List of industries
S.No. Name Organization Location/Ward
1 Satyem Laghu Udhog Duhab i - 4 2 Suvadra Sesar mil Duhabi - 4 3 Giridhari Food industry Duhabi - 4 4 Annapurna Soap Industry Duhabi-4 5 Pravat Food Product Duhabi-4 6 Dip Paper Crafts Duhabi-4 7 Jitendra Laghu Udhog Duhabi-4 8 Avisek Bhuja Udhog Duhabi-5 9 Gadapati Rice Mill Duhabi-5 10 Naraye Rice & Ata mill Duhabi-4 11 Dahal Rice Mill Duhabi-4 12 Suvalaxmi Rice Mill Duhabi-3 13 Purnima Rice Mill Duhabi-3 14 Everest Plastic Industry Duhabi-4 15 Jay shree Poliforms Duhabi-4 16 Dhana Laxmi Severiks Duhabi-4 17 Ankit Rice Mill Duhabi-3 18 Kwality Biscuit Industry Duhabi -7 19 Krishna Metal Pvt. Ltd Duhabi-7 20 Baba Hare Ram Rice Mill Duhabi-9 21 Pasupati Faxible Pvt. Ltd Duhabi-7 22 Pasupati Biscut Pvt. Ltd. Duhabi-7 23 Asian Lether Industry Duhabi-9 24 Mahalaxmi Maida Mill Duhabi-4 25 Pasupati Paper Industry Duhabi-4 26 Arun Banaspati Udhyog Duhabi-3 27 Yestri Factory Pvt. Ltd Duhabi-3 28 Mainabati Stell Industry Duhabi-3 29 Kasturi Agro Industry Duhabi-3
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Annex 8: Focus Group Discussion
LIST OF PEOPLE ATTENDING PUPLIC CONSULTATIONS
Duhabi consultations
Table: Schedule of focus group discussions carried out S.N. Date of discussion Location Participants 1 August 28, 2008 Female poor groups lower caste 2 August 29, 2008 Duhabi-Ward no 7, Duhabi Bazar Rich, males only 3 August 29, 2008 Duhabi-Ward no 8, Duhabi Bazar Rich, male and female August 30, 2008 Sonapur- Ward no 4 Chatabeni (tharu Medium, mixed group from Tharu population 4 Tile) August 30, 2008 Sonapur- Wardno 1 Kadam Tole Medium, female group from Pahade 5 population 6 August 30, 2008 Bhaluwa-Ward no 5, Musahari Poor, male from lower caste 7 August 31, 2008 Duhabi-Ward no 2, Parastoki Medium, male and female 8 September 03, 2008 Sonapur- Ward no 8 Musahari Poor male group from lower caste population 9 September 02, 2008 Sonapur- Ward no 7 Muslim Tole Medium female group from Muslim 10 September 01, 2008 Sonapur- Ward no 6 Chatabeni Medium male group from Muslim 11 September 03, 2008 Bhaluwa-Ward no 3, Bhaluwa Medium, mixed from Tharu 12 September 03, 2008 Bhaluwa-Ward no 8, Musahari poor, mixed from Tharu caste 13 September 14, 2008 Duhabi-Ward no 4, Musahari Poor, mixed from all caste 14 September 15, 2008 Duhabi-Ward no 1, Parastoki Medium, mixed all caste 15 September 15, 2008 Duhabi-Ward no 3, Tutaha Medium, mixed all caste
Result of Duhabi Ward no 4 Basantapur
Total Attendance
The discussion was held on September 14, 2008. Altogether eight respondents including all males from lower caste were attended in the focus group discussion meeting. The names of attendants are as follows;
SN Name Address Remarks 1 Mr. Dev Narayan Risidev Duhabi-4 Basantapur 2 Mr. Dukhi Lal Risidev Duhabi-4 Basantapur 3 Mr. Chandra bahadur Rai Duhabi-4 Basantapur 4 Mr. Tilak Ram Risidev Duhabi-4 Basantapur 5 Mr. Suraj Risidev Duhabi-4 Basantapur 6 Mr. Agnu Risidev Duhabi-4 Basantapur 7 Mrs. Laxmii Risidev Duhabi-4 Basantapur 8 Mr. Jubar Lal Risidev Duhabi-4 Basantapur 9 Mr. DB Sankar Shah RSN, Bhaktapur Supervisor Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
SN Name Address Remarks 10 Mr. Khem Biswas Bhaluwa Enumerator/Supervisor
Result of Duhabi Ward no 5 Musahari Tole
Total Attendance
The discussion was held on August 28, 2008. Altogether 14 respondents including all females from lower caste were attended in the focus group discussion meeting. The names of attendants are as follows;
SN Name Address Remarks
1 Mrs. Chailun Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
2 Mrs. Radha Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
3 Mrs. Fecni Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
4 Mrs. Jeeran Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
5 Mrs. Lauhere Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
6 Mrs. Kala Devi Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
7 Mrs. Bhaddi Devi Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
8 Mrs. Soniya Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
9 Mrs. Sudiya Devi Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
10 Mrs. Ramo Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
11 Mrs. Dharma Devi Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
12 Mrs. Khewala Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
13 Mrs. Bhogni Devi Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
14 Mrs. Pramila Risidev Duhabi-5 Musahari
15 Mrs. Puspa Shrestha TMS Nepal Socio-economist
16 Mr. Basudev P. Banskota RSN, Bhaktapur Socio-economist
17 Mr. DB Sankar Shah RSN, Bhaktapur Supervisor
18 Mr. Khem Biswas Bhaluwa Enumerator/Supervisor
Result of Dubahi Ward no 1 Muslim Tole
Total Attendance
The discussion was held on September 15, 2008. Altogether 12 respondents including seven females were attended in the focus group discussion meeting. The names of attendants are as follows; Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
SN Name Address Remarks 1 Mrs. Shila Devi Sah Duhabi-1 Parastoki 2 Mr. Mohmad Sabir Hussen Duhabi-1 Parastoki 3 Mrs. Khairun Khatun Duhabi-1 Parastoki 4 Mrs. Taibun Khatun Duhai b -1 Parastoki 5 Mr. Mohmad Samsad Hussen Duhabi-1 Parastoki 6 Mrs. Jaitun Khatun Duhabi-1 Parastoki 7 Mrs. Hemanti Devi Chaudhary Duhabi-1 Parastoki 8 Mrs. Sahidan Khatun Duhabi-1 Parastoki 9 Mr. Naujad Alam Duhabi-1 Parastoki 10 Mr. Anbarul Haque Duhabi-1 Parastoki 11 Mr. Sanjit Sah Duhabi-1 Parastoki 12 Mrs. Chandrakala Sah Duhabi-1 Parastoki 13 Mr. DB Sankar Shah RSN, Bhaktapur Supervisor 14 Mr. Farukh Ahmad Sonapur Enumerator
Result of Dubahi Ward no 2 Parastoki
Total Attendance
The discussion was held on August 31, 2008.Altogether 12 respondents including three females were attended in the focus group discussion meeting. The names of attendants are as follows;
Result of Dubahi Ward no 3 Tutaha
Total Attendance
The discussion was held on September 15, 2008. Altogether 10 respondents including seven females were attended in the focus group discussion meeting. The names of attendants are as follows;
Result of Dubahi Ward no 3 Tutaha
Total Attendance
The discussion was held on September 15, 2008. Altogether 10 respondents including seven females were attended in the focus group discussion meeting. The names of attendants are as follows;
SN Name Address Remarks 1 Mr. Amrit Lama Duhabi-1 Parastoki 2 Mr. Mohmad Samsul Haque Duhabi-1 Parastoki 3 Mrs. Shyamawati Urab Duhabi-1 Parastoki 4 Mrs. Ramala Chaudhary Duhabi-1 Parastoki 5 Mr. Raj Narayan Biswas Duhabi-1 Parastoki Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
SN Name Address Remarks 6 Mr. Gyan Bahadur Rai Duhabi-1 Parastoki 7 Mr. Raj Narayan Chaudhary Duhabi-1 Parastoki 8 Mr. Mohmad Elias Miya Duhabi-1 Parastoki 9 Mr. Anbar Miya Duhabi-1 Parastoki 10 Mrs. Bulakni Devi Chaudhary Duhabi-1 Parastoki 11 Mr. DB Sankar Shah RSN, Bhaktapur Supervisor 12 Mr. Farukh Ahmad Sonapur Enumerator
Result of Duhabi Ward no 8
Total Attendance
The discussion was held on August 29, 2008. Twelve respondents (two females) were attended in the focus group discussion meeting. The names of attendants are as follows;
N S Name Address Remarks 1 Mrs. Shashi Prabha Wagle Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 2 Mr. Sandhan Sah Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 3 Mr. Jaya Prakash Gupta Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 4 Mr. Baidhyanath P. Agrahari Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 5 Mr. Lalan P. Agrahari Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 6 Mr. Ramasgar Thakur Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 7 Mr. Amar Sah Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 8 Mr. Rajeshor Chaudhary Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 9 Mr. Shyam Dev Shyami Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 10 Mr. Ashish Yadav Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 11 Mr. Suresh Yadav Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 12 Mr. Dinanath Swyami Duhabi-8, Duhabi Bazar 13 Mr. Dharma Nath Biswas Bhaluwa Chairman Duhabi DWSS 14 Mrs. Puspa Shrestha TMS, Kathmandu Socio-economist 15 Mr. Basudev P. Banskota RSN, Bhaktapur Socio-economist 16 Mr. DB Sankar Shah RSN, Bhaktapur Supervisor 17 Mr. Khem Biswas Bhaluwa Enumerator/Supervisor
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Annex 9: Photographs
1. Existing water tank in Duhabi
2 Drainage in Duhabi Bazaar Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
3 Duhabi town area
4 Existing waste water outlet to Budhi river
Initial Environmental Examination on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
5 Clothe washing below the existing wastewater drainage outlet
:
6 Elevated toilet – double pit type (outside bazaar area)