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Pteridophyte Flora of Thong Pha Phum National Park, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand

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Pteridophyte Flora of Thong Pha Phum National Park, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 6(1): 17-30, May 2006 ©2006 by Chulalongkorn University Pteridophyte Flora of Thong Pha Phum National Park, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand THAWEESAKDI BOONKERD* AND ROSSARIN POLLAWATN Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND ABSTRACT.– A total of 26 families, 70 genera, and 175 species of pteridophytes were recorded from Thong Pha Phum National Park, Kanchanaburi Province. Among these, 23 families, 66 genera, and 159 species were ferns, while 3 families, 4 genera and 16 species were fern allies. Among the fern allies, Selaginellaceae had the highest number of species, i.e. 12. Three families of ferns, namely Polypodiaceae, Thelypteridaceae, and Dryopteridaceae were the commonest. There were 37 species of Polypodiaceae; 24 of Thelypteridaceae and 16 of Dryopteridaceae. In according to habitat, there were 97 species of terrestrial plants, 53 epiphytes, 17 lithophytes and one aquatic plants. Seven species of ferns and fern allies were found in more than one habitat. Five species and one variety are new records for Thailand: Adiantum philippense L. var. subjunonicum H. Christ, Arachniodes coniifolia (Moore) Ching, Belvisia spicata (L.f.) Mirbel ex Copel., Loxogramme centicola M.G. Price, Polystichum pseudotsus-simense Ching and Polystichum scariosum (Roxb.) C. Morton. Three new records, Arachniodes coniifolia, Polystichum pseudotsus-simense and Polystichum scariosum were found only once and in small numbers. These species may be extirpated from the country soon if their present habitats continue to be disturbed. Among the 175 taxa, nine species could not be determined due to the lack of fertile structures. Three out of these nine unidentified species are new taxa for Thailand. We consider that one species of Cyathea and two species of Pteris are worth investigating further. KEY WORDS: Thong Pha Phum National Park, Kanchanaburi Province, ferns and fern allies Due to past human activity in the form of INTRODUCTION mining and logging that resulted in massive deforestation throughout Thong Pha Phum Thong Pha Phum National Park is located in District, botanists assumed that this area was Kanchanaburi Province, which is a mountainous not suitable for botanical exploration. How- area in the South-western region of Thailand. ever, there have been some pteridophyte collections in other protected areas of Kanchanaburi Province that have recorded 127 *Corresponding author: species. These species comprised upto 20% of Tel: (662) 218-5502-3 the previous records in the Flora of Thailand Fax: (662) 218-5502 (Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989). E-mail: [email protected] 18 NAT. HIST. J. CHULALONGKORN UNIV. 6(1), MAY 2006 UTHAITHANI Thong Pha Phum District FIGURE 1. Locations of Thong Pha Phum District and Thong Pha Phum National Park. It is likely that this mountainous province is Tagawa & Iwatsuki (1979, 1985, 1988, rich in pteri-dophyte diversity. Botanical 1989) studied herbarium specimens of enumeration of ferns and fern allies in Thong pteridophytes from Thailand and their collection Pha Phum District is scarce. Botanical from their own field trips. They enumerated 34 exploration may augment our knowledge of families, 121 genera and 630 species. Their biodiversity and pteridophyte diversity in contributions to Thai pteridophytes were South-western Thailand. The purpose of this published in the Flora of Thailand, Vol. III, present work was to conduct a botanical Parts 1-4. Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2000) inventory of ferns and fern allies at Thong Pha compiled data from various sources and their Phum National Park, Kanchanaburi Province. own field trips to produce a checklist of ferns The data of pteridophytes obtained from this and fern allies in Thailand. They enumerated study may be useful in biodiversity total of 671 species, 4 subspecies, and 28 conservation in the future. varieties belonging to 139 genera and 35 BOONKERD AND POLLAWATN – PTERIDOPHYTE OF THONG PHA PHUM 19 families. This checklist included 27 new rainfall was 1,775 mm. The highest average records for Thailand. monthly rainfall of approximately 349 mm was observed in August. The lowest average Study site monthly rainfall of about 8.4 mm occurred in Thong Pha Phum District covers an area of December, which is usually the driest month 3,655 km2. It is located in the Tanao Sri (Meteorological Department, 2003). mountain range. It is bounded on the north by The vegetation of Thong Pha Phum National Sangkhla Buri District of Kanchanaburi Park, is comprised mainly of moist mixed Province, Umphang District of Tak Province, deciduous forest, and hill evergreen forest and Ban Rai District of Uthai Thani Province; (Royal Forest Department, n.d.). on the south by Sai Yok District; on the east by Si Sawat District. The park is a natural border between Thailand and Myanmar in the west. MATERIALS AND METHODS Figure 1 shows the location of the study site. It is demarcated by the geographical co-ordinates Field collections of ferns and fern allies of 14° 15′ to 15° 00′ N and 98° 15′ to 99° 00′ E were conducted monthly from January 2002 to (Royal Institute, 2002). Recently, Thong Pha December 2003 at Thong Pha Phum National Phum National Park was expanded over some Park. Specimens were collected in triplicate and parts of the Thong Pha Phum District and photographs were taken of each species. covers an area of 1,120 km2 (Royal Forest Specimens were gathered along existing forest Department, n.d.). trails, extending 5 m from both sides. Some In the last six decades, the biodiversity in specific moist areas, such as Sattamitr this area has been disturbed by forestry Waterfall, Pha Suk pass and nearby sites, were concessions resulting in dam construction, a natural gas pipeline, and mining. More than 20 Isoetaceae mines, mostly opencast, have been established. They have resulted in massive deforestation Equisetaceae throughout the district (N.S. Consultant, 1989). Currently, Thong Pha Phum District has more Selaginellaceae than 20 mines, covering an area of more than 2 60 km (Tuleewan, 2000). family allies Fern Lycopodiaceae The climate of the area is tropical, with high average annual rainfall. Three seasons are 0 5 10 15 20 observed; summer season from February-April; rainy season from May-October; and winter Taxa number season from November-January (Meteorological FIGURE 2. Number of species in each family of fern allies. Department, 2003). The Thong Pha Phum Climatic Station in Kanchanaburi Province is selected for repeat visits. Field notes viz. the nearest station. ecological data, habit, habitat and diagnostic Climatological data during the period 1973- characteristics of each species were recorded. 2003 shows that the average annual relative Laboratory study was conducted at the humidity was about 79%; the average Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department maximum relative humidity was 93%; and the of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn average minimum relative humidity was 56%. University. Dry herbarium specimens were The average annual temperature was 26.8°C. prepared as described in Boonkerd et al. (1987) The average maximum temperature was 33.4°C and deposited at Prof. Kasin Suvatabandhu in April and the average minimum temperature Herbarium, Botany Department, Chulalongkorn was 20.4°C in December. The average annual University (BCU). Internal and external 20 NAT. HIST. J. CHULALONGKORN UNIV. 6(1), MAY 2006 Woodsiaceae Vittariaceae Thelypteridaceae Schizaeaceae Pteridaceae Polypodiaceae Parkeriaceae Osmundaceae Ophioglosaceae Oleandraceae Marattiaceae Lomariopsidaceae Lindsaeaceae Fern family Hymenophyllaceae Gleicheniaceae Dryopteridaceae Dicksoniaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Davalliaceae Cyatheaceae Blechnaceae Aspleniaceae Adiantaceae 0 1020304050 Taxa number FIGURE 3. Number of species in each family of ferns. morphological characters of each specimen RESULTS AND DISCUSSION were studied. Pteridophyte specimens were identified using keys and descriptions from A taxonomic survey of ferns and fern allies at taxonomic literatures: Floras, manuals, Thong Pha Phum National Park was conducted monographs, and research papers. Botanical from January 2002 to December 2003. In all, names of each specimen were verified by 515 specimens were collected. A total of 26 comparing them with voucher herbarium families, 70 genera, and 175 species were specimens deposited at BCU, BKF, BM, L and recorded. Among them, three families, four K (Herbarium abbreviations according to genera and 16 species were fern allies (Fig. 2), Holmgren & Holmgrens, 2005). The authors of while 23 families, 66 genera and 159 species scientific names and abbreviations used in this were ferns (Fig. 3). Among fern allies paper are in accordance with the standard Selaginellaceae had the highest number of species, procedure for quoting authors of plant names i.e. 12. Three families of ferns, Polypodiaceae, (Brummitt & Powell, 1992). The classification Thelypteridaceae, and Dryopteridaceae were the system of pteridophytes in this paper follows that commonest families. They were 37 species of of Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2000). BOONKERD AND POLLAWATN – PTERIDOPHYTE OF THONG PHA PHUM 21 Polypodiaceae, 24 of Thelypteridaceae and 16 of shaded areas. Along stream banks, where air Dryopteridaceae (Appendix 1). humidity is high, large terrestrial ferns or tree ferns, such as Angiopteris evecta, Cibotium 1. Habitat and Diversity of Ferns and Fern barometz and Cyathea gigantea typically grow. Allies
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