SUB-THEME: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS D.B.W.M.vanDusseldor p Agricultural University,Wageningen ,Th eNetherland s P.N.G.vanSteekelenbur g International Institute forLan d Reclamationan d Improvement,Wageningen ,Th eNetherland s

INTRODUCTION

For thediscussio n inth eworksho p socio-economic aspects ofpolde r development, 14paper swer emad e available to thereporters .Te no fth e papers focus onth eIJsselmeerpolder so r atleas to nTh eNetherland san d fourar edealin gwit h settlement activities inothe r countries,b ei t notonl ypolders . Iti sclea r that through thisse to fpaper sno ta balanced picture ispresente d on thesocio-economi c problemswit h regard topolder s in theworld . Thepaper shav ebee ndivide d into twomai ncategories . 1 papers dealingwit hpolder s and settlements outside TheNetherland s (Awanan d Latif;Oyedipe ;Smit ;Steenwinkel) . 2 The IJsselmeerpolders () Papers in thiscategor y arerathe r arbitrarily organised infou r groups.: a sociological andhistorica l aspects (Constandse;Hoeve ;Schenk ) bmanagemen t and administration (DenHertog ;va nde r Spek) c roleo fne wcentre s andemploymen t (Fels;Scherjo nan dVerhoef ) d landusean d recreation (TerHaar ;Hengeveld ;Hoeve )

117 A shortabstrac t of thefourtee npaper s isi sgive nhereafter .

SHORTABSTRAC TO FTH EPAPER S

2.1 Paperso npolder s and settlements outside TheNetherland s

- Thepape r ofAwa nan dLa ti fdeal swit h 'Socio-economic aspects of water management of salinity control and reclamation -project no. 1 in Pakistan: a case study'. Theresult s of thepre -an d post-project evaluation and thesocio-economi c impact of theprojec t arediscussed . Inthi spilo tprojec t of0. 5 millionhectare s inth eIndus-plai ntube - wellsar einstalle d who should lower thever yhig hgroundwatertable , decreasewate r logging,hel p toreclai m salt-affected soilsan d providemor e irrigationwater .Althoug h thehig h investment inth e tubewellswa s justified in terms ofhighe r cropping intensity and expectedhighe ryields ,th eresult ssho wquit e adifferen tpicture . Due toth ehig h capacity of thetubewell s installed and theirpositio ­ ning,combine dwit h inadequate and irregular organizationo fwate r allocation,operatio nan dmaintenance ,irrigatio nwate r supply to thefarmer s isno t reliable and insufficient.A n increase incroppin g intensity isonl ydu e toth eadditiona l installation ofprivat e tubewells.I n 1981 theyield s areonl y 50-60%o f theexpec t ones.A result, thebenefi t cost ratio isles s thanon e and theinterna lrat e ofretur ni sonl y5.7% .

118 The farmerswh o oftenhav e salt-affected lands,ar ehardl y ablet o pay theirwaterfees :loan s and thesellin g of animalsmus t filli n thegaps . Oyedipedescribe si nhi spape r "Innovative potentials of Kainji Lake Basin for Fadamafarming: a study of three settlements' thesituatio n inthre e settlementvillages .H eexplain s therol e and functionso f the 'chief farmers'i nrelatio n toth eWorl d Bankpromote d training andvisi t system forextensio n service.H econclude s 'thatmeaningful l change fordevelopmen tha s tocom e fromoutsid e therura l areas',an d thatinnovation shav e tob eadministere d carefully. Inth epape r 'The origin and early stages of the Herman Goring polder (Tümlauer ) in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany', Smitstresse sth e influence politics and ideology canhav eo npolde r development.I n the casediscusse d thenee d fora quic kpolitica l success led toa hasty implementationo f theempoldermen tan d theconstructio no f (farm)house swhic h resulted inman y technicalproblems .Conflictin g politicalview s and institutional interests canb eperceive d inth e layouto f thene wland , thearchitectura l designan d theselectio no f settlers.Du e to thefac t that thesettler sha d tostar tunde rpoo r natural and social conditions andha d todepen dheavil y oneac hothe r inth eearl y stages,a considerabl e amount ofsolidarit y andcommu ­ nity-spiritwa sdeveloped .Eve nafte rhandin g over theirfarm s toth e second generation offarmer s and often living outside thepolder , they stick together.Unde r the second generation the ideological charactero f thepolder ,bot h social andeconomic ,ha s disappeared. Steenwinkel'spape r 'Policy and settlement aspects of tidal swamp land development in Indonesia', discusses someo f theproblem scon ­ cernedwit h thereclamatio no f thelas tremainin g land resourceso f thisnation . Indicated are theconcequence s ofhig h and lowcost sdevelopmen tan d thepossibilitie s tocombin e fourmai npolic y options:1 )A fas tan d certainincreas eo fric eproduction ;2 )a maximu m incomefo rfarme r from2 ha ;3 )maximizin g thetransmigratio n fromJav aan dBal i toth e Outer Islands;4 )keepin g development costpe rh a atminimu mlevel . Furtheron,criteri a areindicate d forsettlemen tplanning ,suc ha s the locationo fhouses ,th e services tob eprovide d onbasic ,primar y and secondary level,an d itslocation .

119 2.2 Paperso nth e IJsselmeerpolders (Netherlands) a.Sociologica l andhistorica l aspects -Constands ei nhi spape r 'From spontaneous settlements to integra­ ted -planning and development' indicatesth echange si ncharacte ro f landreclamatio n and its settlementi nTh eNetherlands . Initially theai mo fpolder swa st o protect the land against flooding and occupy itpermanentl y and safely.Durin g thenex tphas e investment considerationso fric hurba nmerchant swer e thereason s forpolde r construction. From the 19thcentur yo nth estat e intervenedi n polder construction.Thi sstat e interventionwa sa tth ebeginnin ga veryminima l andpurel y technical assistance:settler swer ereall y pioneers.Graduall y thestate-interventio nbecam emor e andmor e comprehensiveunti li treache d itspresent-da y all-comprehensive character. Thecharacte ro fth evariou s IJsselmeer-polderstha twer econstruc ­ teddurin g several decades,reflec t thechange si nDutc h society, through differencesi nlanduse ,agricultura l layout,settlemen t pattern,servic e centres andrecreationa l facilities:eac hpolde r isa nexpressio no fth etim ejus tbefor e its construction. -Th epape ro fHoev e 'Allocation of land to agricultural uses in the dutch IJsselmeerpolders r indicates thatsinc e 1910ther ei satren d toallocat emor eo fth e land that through reclamationbecome s avai­ lable,t o urbanuse ,recreatio n andnatura l reserve.Furthero nth e paper indicates thetren do ffurthe r specializationi n agriculture, thegrea t increasei nfarmsiz ean dplotsize ,th ecriteri afo r settler selection and the twolega l formso flan d leaset osettler s and special agriculture-related enterprises. -I nhi spape r 'New structures in newly reclaimed land? The develop­

ment of social structures in Flevoland3 (IJsselmeerpolder) The Netherlands^ Schonk paysattentio nt oth ethre emai n taskssocio ­ logists canhav e inhelpin g tobuil da ne w community, 1)mak ea thourough studyo fth eintentio n and aimso fth epolde ri n connec­ tionwit h the social structureo fth efutur epopulation ; 2)advi ­ singi nlan d use and servicebuildin gi norde rt oimprov eth e qualityo flife ;3 )evaluatio no fth equalit yo flif ean d following andexplaining , thesocia l changes thatoccur .

120 Hefocusse shi s attentiono nth etw omai ncitie s inth epolder : andAlmere .Lelysta dwa s startedb y asmal l groupo f 'colonists'wh o inbot hworkin g and leisure timewer e strongly involved inbuildin g thetow nan d thecommunity . Theatmospher e of 'participation' changes,whe n thecommuter so f settled,whos emai nreason s tomov ewer e tofin dbette r housesi na safe r surrounding andwit hmor eoutdoo r recreation facilities.I nAlmer eHave n thesam eproces s tookplac ebu ti n Almere stadn o 'colonists'mentalit y was developed. Thismad e the starto f community lifemuc hmor edifficult .Withou tspecia lan d guided efforts theimmateria l aspectso f thequalit y of lifeo fth e new settlerswil lno tb e anybette r than thesituatio nwher e they are coming from:ne wan dmor e integrative social structures dono t comeautmaticall y intoexistenc e toreplac e the social luggage settlers tookwit h them to theirne wenvironment .

Management and administration -De nHerto gi nhi spape r 'The project in The Netherlands ' describes someo f theadministrativ e changes that tookplac ewit h regard tosevera lpolders .Onc e thedecisio nwa s takentha ti t shouldb e thecentra l government tofinanc e and carry out the Zuiderzeepolders ,specialise d authoritieswer e createdb y lawt o carryou t thewor k and for thefurthe r development of thepolder s (IJsselmeer Polders Development Authority),bot h under theMinistr y of Transport andPubli cWorks .Afte r completiono f thepolder s and before thestar to fsettlement ,differen t organizationalarrange ­ mentswit h different degrees of autonomywer e founded forth e various polders toincorperat e them (provisionally)int o thenorma l administrative structure.However ,i ti sonl y inth ecas eo fth e Wieringermeerpolder authority that itgovern s settlementplu s management andwate r control.I nth eNort h Eastpolder ,initiall y a commissionerwa s appointed assol emanage rwit h thepowe ro fa municipal council and itsexecutives .Wit h theincreas e ofth e numbero f inhabitants,fou rmunicipalitie swer e formed up tillnow . Conclusive arrangements forwatercontro l (volume),waterdefence s and theprovincia l structure for thepolder s are stillpending .

121 - Thepape r ofva nde r Spek 'Management as a task, -polder administra­ tion as a means for an integral management of rural areas' makes thesuggestio n toexten d theresponsibilit y of thepresen tpolder - administrationunit .Qualit y andquantit y ofwate r and its level influence strongly certainvaluabl e ecosystems. s andembank ­ ments areo rca nbecom e important recreation areaswit h onlymino r adaptions tob emad e (slightlyhighe rbridge s for thepassin go f canoes,etc. ;simpl epavemen t of inspection roads tomak ethe m attractive for fisherman,walker s and cyclers etc.)Du et oth e close interrelationship between control ofwate r for agricultural purposes,natur emanagement , landscapemanagemen t and recreationi n rural areas,a n integratedmanagemen tvi a thepolde r administration units isadvocated .

Roleo fne w centres and employment -Fel s inhi s paper 'Employment planning in new towns in the IJssel- meerpolders ' describes the influence changes inth e economy andne w insightsv'withregar d to therol e ofne w towns canhav ea nemploy ­ ment forecasts andDronten ,planne d as agricultural centres showno w anemploymen t structurewher e the service sector andmanufacturin g industrydominates . Lelystad changed itpositio n ofne w town,fro mregiona l economic centre tooverflo w townwit h employment growth laggingbehin d demand.Almer eha sreasonall y fulfilled itsemploymen t targetsi n 1981 but thecompositio n of thelabou r force isdifferen t fromwha t wasplanned . Instead of themanufacturin g sector iti sespeciall y thewholesal e sectorwhic h showsparticula r interest inmovin g from theAmsterdam-regio nt oAlmere .Employmen t planning issupporte db y attractive services, low-costs facilities and tax-stimulants to encourage enterprises to start theirbusines sthere . - Scherjonan d Verhoef inthei rpape r The regional economic policy in the new towns Almere and Lelystad' discuss thefunction s those twotown s have tofulfil l inth enationa l framework ofTh eNether ­ lands. Themai n functionwa s toreliev e theovercrowde d conditions of theRandsta d by offeringhousin g facilities and tocreat e atth e sametim ea livin genvironmen t thatcoul dmee tbot hhousin gan d jobneeds.

122 Due totw odevelopment s thispolic y had tob ereconsidere d 1)Ther e was afailur e inmatchin g jobs and skills.Thi s forcespolder s resi­ stent tocommut e toth eRandsta d for jobs 2)Th epresen t recessioni n theeconomy ,make s firmshesistan t tomov efro mon eplac e toan ­ other. Butth eauthor s claim that thesetown shav e comparative advantages for small andmediu m sizedenterprises . d. Landus ean d recreation -Te rHaar' spape r 'Recreation in new areas. The Usselmeerpolders as a case-study1, shows aconsiderabl e change inth eattentio ngive n toopen-ai r recreation since thefirs tpolder swer e started. Inth e planning of thefirs tpolder s attentionwa s only givent oopen-ai r recreation ofth e 'following type':smal l forests andparks , centralope n spaces invillages ,swimmin g pools etc.wer e clearly meant for therecreatio n of theloca lresidents .Wit h theconstruc ­ tiono f thesubsequen t polders,th eresponsabl e authoritieswer e surprisedb y theenormou s interest of one-day tourists for thene w borderlakeswit h their freshwater beaches andwaterspor tfacili ­ ties.Th epolde r area itself turned out tob e atouris t goala s well. Inrespons e tothi sinteres t itwa s decided upon inth eearl y sixties toconside r open-air recreation asa stimulatin g factorfo r regional development:bot h 'following'an d 'stimulating' typeo f open-air recreation facilitieswer e included inth eregiona lphysi ­ calplanning .Area s around and closet oborderlake s havebee n arranged insuc ha wa y that theyno w attract and canabsor bman y tourists fromal love r the country and even fromoutsid e thenatio ­ nalboundaries . -Hengeveld' spape ro n 'land evaluation for urban development in the Netherlands ' indicates that applications of land evaluationproce ­ dures forurba ndevelopmen t canprovid e important informationfo r planning anddesig no furba nare adevelopment . Since soil- andhydrologica l surveys arenecessar y forloca lurba n development anyway,suc h alan d evaluation shouldb edon e atth e beginning of theplannin gprocess ,whe n itca nb edon ewithou t extracosts .

123 Inhi spape r 'Cost benefit analysis for a 'planned part of the IJsselmeerpolders project' Hoeve showsfirs t ofal l that therear e many practical and theoretical problems related to cost-benefit analysis,becaus eon eha s tod owit h direct and indirect -materia l and immaterial effects.Furthero n thepape rmake s clear thatcost - benefit analysis iswid eope n topolitica l andothe r typeso f manipulation.

124 SOMECOMMENT SAN D SUGGESTED THEMES FORDISCUSSIO N

Itwa s laudable that theorganiser s of theinternationa l symposiumo n 'Polders in the World' havemad e room for thehuma nbein g inthes epol ­ ders.Afte r all',polder s aremad e bypeopl e forpeopl e (Schonk). Howeverw e are faced nowwit h thequestio nwha t iti si npolder s that influenceshuma nbehaviou r insuc ha wa y that iti sdifferen t fromothe r areas. Oneelemen t thatclearl ymake s adifferenc e is theinfluenc e of theeter ­ nal fightagains t thewate r onhuma n character and society.Withou t following all thewa y longHuntington' s opinioni nhi sboo k 'The climatic factor' (1914) itcanno tb edenie d that thehabitan tha s aprofoun d influenceo nsociet y (Forde;Habitat ,Econom y and Society, 1934). Ina polde r -environmen t acommunit ymus tnecessaril y finda ninterna l organization formi nsuc ha wa y that iteffectivel y canprotec t itself from thepotentia l calamity that inon enigh t could destroy thecommunit y (likewha thappende d inTh eNetherland s in 1953).A fairlyhig hdegre e ofinterna l organizationo f thepolde rpopulatio n andpolde rmanagemen t isnecessar y notonl ywit ha vie w toeventua l calamities but alsot o copewit h thedail y operationan dmaintenanc e of therathe r complex watersystem andwaterdefences . As compared tolarg e irrigationproject s there isa vita lnee d foradequat emaintenanc e andoperation . Anotherpossibl edifferenc e inpolder s compared toothe r areas istha t oncema nha sdrive nou t thewater ,h eha s land that istabul a rasa,bot h physically and socially.Thi s gives theopportunit y tocreat e aphysica l environment that iscompletel y man-made ata specifi cpoin t intim ean d requireshardl y any adaptation (Constandse;Steenwinkel) .

125 Polders therefore reflectver y clearly thesocia l and even thepolitica l situationa t thetim e theywer e created (Smitan d other authors).How ­ ever,th elatte rpoin t isno t specific forpolders .On eha s onlyt o think about theGeziria-schem e inSudan .Whic hmean s that infac t the socialproblem sencountere d inpolder s during theirinitia l stageso f settling the 'colonists' and latero ndurin g thegrowt ho fa ne w society arebasicall y the same as thoseme t in (large)settlemen t schemes in empty areas allove r theworld . Our conclusioni s thatpolder s represent aspecia l formo fsettlement - schemei nempt y landwit hhig h requirements fordrainag e facilities (and irrigation eventually)an d for internal organization andmanagement .

Of thepaper s presented,severa l of them aredealin gwit h subjects that areno t specific at allfo rpolder s oreve n for settlements ingeneral . Most of thecontribution s to this sectiono f thesymposiu m areo fa descriptivenature ;the y supply uswit h interesting informationbu td o not compare their informationwit h experiences fromelsewhere .Neithe r arew e suppliedwit h efforts towardsa mor egenera lo rsystemati c approachbase d on information theauthor smigh thave ,a swa s for instance doneb yR .Chamber shi sboo k 'Settlement schemes in tropical Africa' (Routledgean dKega nPau l 1969),b y G.B.Palme r inhi sarticl e 'The agricultural settlement scheme: a review of cases and theories' (in Antropology and SocialChang e inRura lAreas ,B .Berdichewsk y ed,Mouto n 1979)o rb yC .Take si n 'Land settlement and resettlement projects', ILRI1975 . Nevertheless,i nman y papers directly or indirectly themesar e indicated that areencountere d allove r theworl dwher e largescal epolder so r settlement schemes areplanne d and implemented. Someo f these themes willb ementione dhere . - Theinfluenc eo fpolitics ,ideolog y and thenationa l imageo nth e start,th elayou tan d thespee d of implemention ofpolder s and irri­ gationan d settlement schemes.I t isofte nrelate d toa catastroph e orth ethreatenin g of ittha t thepolitica lwil lbecome s strong enough todevot e considerable shares ofpubli c funds torealiz e schemes thathav e lingered often fora lon g timeo n thedrawin g boards ofth e civilengineers .Th eNetherland s isa cas e inpoint . Forpolitica lpurpose s polders and schemesmus tb e inaugurated ata

126 specific time.Sinc e this time inman y cases isearlie r thandesirable , thespeedin g upofte nha s adetrimenta l effect onth equalit y ofth e technicalwork s and affects the level of living and itsqualit y for thene w inhabitants forman y years ina nadvers eway . Smit'spape r presents aclea r example on thisitem .Th e samephenomen a ishappenin g ona muc h larger scale inth eMahawel i Ganga Scheme inSr iLanka . Anexampl eo fpolitica lmotive s torevis e thecivi lengineerin gde ­ signi spresente d by theSyria nGovernmen twh o required acheape ran d higher designo f theEuphrate s dambecaus e itwante d tohav eth e highestda mi nth eregio n (higher thanEgypt' shig h dam).Consequent ­ ly,settlemen twa sdelayed . Iti sinterestin g tofin d outho w instrumental orho w dysfunctional political forceshav ebee n inth e start,desig nan d speed ofdevelop ­ mento fpolder s and other settlementschemes . Largepolder s and settlement schemes require aspecifi c typeo forga ­ nisation that ispowerful l and cancoordinat e theman y different types ofactivitie s that are involved insuc hworks .Th e 'authority' isa wel lknow n andpreferre d typeo f institution for theseactivities . Theyhav e considerable advantagesbu t alsodisadvantages .T ocreat e anorganizatio n iseas ybu t once itstas k isove r ordeclinin g in sizean d importance,i t iss ofa rmor e difficult todiminis h iti n sizeo r to liquidateit . Could itb e that the slow integration of thene warea s inth epoli ­ tical system of theNetherland s (municipal,provincia l system). (DenHertog )wa s alsopartl y due tosom ehesitanc e of theIJsselmee r Development Autority tolos e someo f its influence? Oneo f themos t interesting sociological aspects ofpolder s and large settlement schemes inempt y areas is thecreatio no fne wcommunities . Several important issues canb e distinghuished. First theiri s theselectio no f settlerswit h suchproblem s asth e questionwhethe r togive nprefenc e tohighl y qualified settlers in order tomak e thepolder/settlemen t aneconomi c successo r togiv e chance topoore r farmers from theol d land (Steenwinkel,Smit) . Should selectionb edon eo na nindividua lbasis ,ofte n resulting ina deformed demographic structurewit h serious concequences forth e schoolan dhealt h systems,o r should one takewhol e communities or partso f them inorde r tohav e at least somebasi sfo r thedevelop -

127 mento f 'new'community . Inth e latter casei ti s likely thatth e 'social luggage' (Schonk)wil l survive longer and canretar dmoder ­ nisation. Often,du e toth eexcistin g social andpolitica l structure,selectio n of settlers isals obase d on certainquota' swit h regard tospecifi c groupsi nth esociety .A specific distribution overreligiou s groups has strongly influenced the society inth eNort hEas t Polder.Th e samekin d of distribution tookplac e inSurinam ewit h regard to racialgroup s and inAfric awit h regard totriba lgroups . • Another interesting aspect inho w far the settlement agency should takecar eo fal laspects :wha t efforts canb e expected from thesett ­ lers themselves.Apar t from theeconomi c and financial aspects (ofteno fgrea t importance indevelopin g countries)ther e areals o someinterestin g consequences thathav e tob e takenint oaccoun tb y making thisdecision .Ther e isfo rexampl e thecommunit y spirit. Fromsevera lpaper s (amongother s Schonk, Smit,Scherjo n andVerhoef ) oneca ndra w theconclusio n that asettlemen t agency preferably should not takecar eo f everything but instead should leaveth e settlerswit hbuildin g and organizing apar to f theirne wenvironment . These commonactivities ,ofte n tob e carried outunde r difficult conditions,enhance s acolonisers 'spiri t thatmake s thebuildin go f ane w community and theintegratio no f settlers init ,muc heasier . When the 'late'settle r arrivesmos t thingshav e alreadybee n organised and found itsplace ,an d communicationpattern shav ebee nestablished , whichmak ehi s integration inth eyoun g community muchmor edifficult . People aremakin gpolder s forpeopl e (Schonk)bu twha t isth e sayo f thesettler s inth ephysica l and social environment inwhic h theyan d their childrenhav e tolive ? Inothe rword s is therean yroo mfo r participation (andwha tkin d ofparticipation )o f settlers inth e designan d implementation ofpolder s and settlement schemes? - It isquit enorma l that thegovernments 'objective s leading toth e constructiono fa polder ,ar erevise d during theconstructio nperio d which extends over anumbe r ofyears .Pressin g problems andne win ­ sightsmigh t lead torevise dwishe s likehighe rdemand s forurba n development andindustria l facilities,o rfo r amodifie d typeo f agricultural exploitationan d related settlement. TheIJsselmeer - polderAuthority ,unde r sometimesheav ypolitica lpressure ,ha sbee n

128 able toadap t itsplan s for thephysica l infrastructure toaccommo ­ date thene wwishes . Iti sa ninterestin g questionho wmuc h flexibility canb ebuil t into theinitia lplan s for layout andphysica l infra­ structure thatmigh t comeu p during later stages ofplannin gan d implementation.Ho w far in theplannin g procedure couldflexibilitie s bemaintaine d atwha t extra cost? Thesequestion s areno tonl y relevant topolder s and settlement-schemes,bu td o apply toirrigatio nproject s inne warea so r inalread y populated areasa swell .Givin g roomfo r new insights inregiona ldevelopment ,i nfar meconomic san dfo r settler-participation looksworthwil e tob e considered. - From theoretical pointo fvie w iti sinterestin g todiscus sunde r which social,economi c and ecological conditionspolder s are/were constructed.Unde r thesocia l conditions one could imaginea hig h populationpressure , thefea r for acalamity ,a nadequat e levelo f technology,a fairl yhig h degree of internal organizationan ddif - ferentationplu s asufficientl y strong central government toallocat e thenecessar y funds andrequire dmanpowe r for the constructionan d operation (Wittfogels'hydrauli c society?).Th eeconomi c conditions require a.o.suc h ahig h surplusproductio n that theinvestmen t capital canb esupplie d and thatfutur e demandsfo r thehig h cost agricultural and industrial goods or facilities tob eproduce d inth e polder,i shig henoug h tojustif y theinvestmen t as compared to investing it infurthe r intensificationo n theexistin g land.Ecolo ­ gical conditions could;b e thatth eprevailin g (agricultural)productio n systemfit sint o thepolde r environment,an d thatth e creationo fth e polder doesno tinterfer e toomuc hwit h thenatura l conditions necessary forfoo dproductio n andhealth y living conditions inothe rpart so f thecountry .

Iti sclea r thatonl y someo f thetheme smentione d by thevariou s authors of thepaper shav ebee n indicated: theselectio no f thetheme s indicated above isstrongl y influencedb y theexperience s and interests of thereporters .

129