Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit Efficiency Energy the of Development Historical the ist of Analysis anAn der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. tteFclyo lcrclEgneigadIfrainTechnology Information and Engineering Electrical of Faculty the at uevsr nvPo.Dp.n.D.Rihr Haas Reinhard Dr. Dipl.Ing. Univ.Prof. Supervisor: nttt fEeg ytm n lcrclDrives Electrical and Systems Energy of Institute o aiu ihigTechnologies Lighting Various for o h civmn fteaaei degree academic the of achievement the for ntefil fsuyEetia Engineering Electrical study of field the in ina coe 7 2020 27, October Vienna, nryEooisGroup Economics Energy ailSwdk BSc Szwedek, Daniel atrsThesis Master’s Diplom-Ingenieur umte at submitted 00225947 UWien TU by Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. “Lichttechniklabor”). Acknowledgements sIv rte hswr eie ydiyjb iewssac,adIwn to want I and scarce, was time job, daily my besides work this written I’ve As patience, your Without priceless. were support continuous and encouragement Your of field the into insights deeper gain to me enabled which Leipzig, in VERKEHR” att xedm icr hnst il-n.(H os rbte,woto the took who Pribitzer, Horst (FH) Dipl.-Ing. to thanks sincere my extend to want work. this in used set data radiometric lamp’s LED the provided kindly who 3 bu ihigssesi ina h lo oehrwt il-n.Rainer Dipl.-Ing. with together also, who Vienna, in systems lighting about 33) w eto rttd om o,woawy upre eadi hr for there is and me supported always who mom, my what. to matter gratitude no understanding. of me, and debt discussions a spirited owe the I for colleagues and friends my thank Claudia. girlfriend, possible. my been to have gratitude not deepest would my this express to 39 like (MA would Vienna I in all, laboratory of light Most the through tour detailed a me give I Germany. to in time symposium the to me invited Leipzig“) Magistratsabteilung („Stadtbeleuchtung commu- - Barth and leuchtet” discussions (“Wien Wötzl the Gerald appreciate much MMag. very Ing. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Abstract hl nrysaitc eotdt rma from data report statistics energy While v ial ht-ih ehoois”icuigetmtosfrcneso efficiencies. conversion for estimations including Technologies,” White-light Available ihn rngiil an nbnfi.Frdmn oue eotn,technological reporting, focused demand For benefit. in gains negligible or no with ihrbudeet a infiatydmns h civbeecec gains. efficiency achievable the diminish significantly may effects rebound with er 20-08.Tersligaeaeecece tydwyblwtestate-of- the below way stayed efficiencies average resulting The (2006-2018). years energy radiant and luminous containing reports detailed of availability The 2014). nrysse aa rmfsi ul) oehrwt prpit evc ees can levels, whole CO service the to appropriate within due with technologies impacts together environmental low-carbon fuels), mitigate to fossil from transition (away faster system a energy together only growth end, population the In and demand increasing be priority, should high kerosene-based, products with of solid-state-lighting replacement with treated provided the lamps is fluorescent Although diffusion and countries. technological incandescent, and for regions indications closing, selected and In volumes for work. sales beyond a this of Finally, efficiency concludes overview energy scenario. efficacies, an on case” and influences “base efficiencies covering conversion a illumination, product-based for of (2018) view 13.5% holistic to more and (2006) technologies 8.9% lighting available from commercially evolved of 12 efficiencies for conversion lamps the-art conversion LED of and series fluorescent time compact calculated & halogen, a Energy incandescent, of Business, for the application for efficiencies in “Department the sector the and domestic from Strategy” the available Industrial for data performed modelled with is UK analysis light” “Best energy useful for to presented a “electrical Subsequently, is derive efficiencies of to overview addressing quantities historical and a photometric technologies, efficiencies, lighting linking conversion to in related energy literature challenges technical of on the fundamentals body the synthesizing a within After from expressed 2018). efficiency concerning, often al., data is et of (Paoli efficiencies, lack conversion literature The end-use lighting overcome. average artificial be instance, to of for need use challenges excessive incentives methodological to provide and due and demand example, the for of inefficiencies, assessment address better to a enable would figures to (incl. services energy ueu energy” “useful ihteapiainof application the with “illumination” rvstene oconvert to need the drives ) spl ieperspective,” side “supply cneso technologies” “conversion 2 msin nagoa scale. global a on emissions piayenergy” “primary h eadfor demand the Gulre al., et (Grubler v Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. wgvnfsie rnsoe) uamnmtagmsee evclvl,die Servicelevels, angemessenen mit zusammen Brennstoffen), fossilen von (weg iknsrd ehooiahni i if htmtice rßnz berech- zu Größen photometrischer Hilfe mit technologieabhängig Wirkungsgrade uwrugndsKiaadl u lblrEeebegrenzen. Ebene globaler auf Klimawandels des Auswirkungen oleednAbi ednzncs eetih ehiceGöe diskutiert Größen technische wesentliche zunächst werden Arbeit vorliegenden arn(0621)drheür mtDtnds„eatetfrBsns,Ener- Business, for „Department des Daten (mit durchgeführt (2006-2018) Jahren Detaillierte 2014). al., et (Grubler macht notwendig Umwandlungstechnologien von clsedihkn u ieshelr metlugdsgne Energiesystems ganzen des Umgestaltung schnellere eine nur können. kann wachsende Schlussendlich schmälern stetig drastisch eine Energieeffizienzsteigerungen damit erreichbaren dass die ansonsten Geschichte, Rebound-Effekten, mit die zusammen Bevölkerungswachstum, zeigt und sollte, Nachfrage LED-Technik von haben Verbreitung Priorität weitere oberste die und Obwohl Verkaufszahlen Bestands. von länder- technologischen Entwicklung historischen des ausgewählten zur mit Daten Arbeit regionsbezogenen diese bzw. ganz- wird blieben einer Abgerundet und mit Sichtweise. Abschnitt Szenario Beleuchtung heitlicheren weiterer case“ Energiedienstleistung Ein „base der Werte. erreichbaren „Energieeffizienz“ ein technologisch erörtert für der (2018) unterhalb 13,5% weit bis entwickeltendamit (2006) Wirkungsgrade 8,9% durchschnittlichen von Die sich Strategy“). Industrial 12 von & Zeitraum gy einen für (UK) Königreich Vereinigten für im Nutzenergieanalyse Haushaltssektor eine den wird berechneten Entwicklung Wirkungsgrade, einer historischen technologiebasierter Hilfe der Zeitreihe Mit Darstellung Beleuchtungstechnologien. eine ausgewählter für Effizienz Grundlage der die bildet der Dies darauffolgend nen. In um 2018). beleuchtet, kritisch al., Bezeichnungen et verbundenen (Paoli damit erwähnt die und häufig Literatur der (Technologiemix in Wirkungsrade wird durchschnittlicher z.B. bewälti- Sektor), Daten, zu nach Technik an und Mangel Beleuchtung Methodik Der künstlicher betreffend gen. von Herausforderungen hier Einsatz gilt gezielteren Es einen ande- liefern. für und Anreize verfolgen, mehr zu einerseits rerseits betreffend es Nachfrage würden die Strahlungsenergie) Entwicklungstrends und ermöglichen Einsatz (Lichtmenge den Nutzenergie der zur ist, Daten Faktor treibende Sekundär- der (Primär-, Nachfrage erfasst die angebotsorientiert wobei sondern Endenergie), Statistiken direkt, und in nicht wird Linie „Beleuchtung“) erster (inkl. in Energiedienstleistungen von Nutzung Die Kurzfassung vii Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Introduction 1 Kurzfassung Abstract Contents nOeve fLgtn ehoois17 Lighting on Survey A 4 5 Technologies Lighting of Overview An 3 Units and Quantities Definitions, Physical 2 . nryEcec 37 . 35 ...... Efficiency . Energy Context 4.2 Historical 4.1 . oi tt ihig(S)...... 29 . . . . . 34 . 23 . . . . 17 ...... 11 . . . 19 . . . . . 5 ...... 12 ...... Sources . . . . Light . . . . . Selected . . . for . . . . . Table . . . . Comparison . . . (SSL) . . . . . Lighting 4 . . State . . 3.5 . . . Solid ...... 3.4 . 3 ...... 9 ...... Lamps 1 . . . . Discharge ...... Electric . . . . Lamps) . . . . (Incandescent . . . . . Lamps . . 3.3 . . Filament ...... Lamps . 3.2 . . . . Combustion ...... 3.1 ...... 7 . . . . . Light . . White ...... Metrics, . . . . Color ...... Blackbody . . 2.5 Functions . The . Efficiency Quantities . . . Luminous Photometric . . . Spectral . and 2.4 . the Radiometric . . . and . . . Eye . Human . 2.3 . . . The ...... 2.2 . Light ...... 2.1 ...... Method . . . 1.3 . Objective . . 1.2 Motivation 1.1 .. entoso ffiinyMtis...... 37 52 44 ...... Efficacy . . Luminous . vs. . Efficiency . Sources Luminous Light . Selected with . 4.2.3 Calculations Metrics Efficiency of 4.2.2 Definitions 4.2.1 .. o-rsueDshreLms...... 23 26 ...... (HID) . Lamps . Discharge High-Intensity Lamps Discharge 3.3.2 Low-pressure 3.3.1 35 iv vi ix 1 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Contents x Bibliography Conclusion 5 . npht fTcnlgclDffso 88 . . . . . 68 ...... 60 ...... Diffusion . Technological . . of Snapshots . . . . 4.5 ...... Efficiency . Source Light . Beyond Efficiencies of Development 4.4 Historical 4.3 .. nryadEeg ffiiny...... 55 . 56 ...... Limits . Theoretical on . Based Efficiency Efficiency Exergy and 4.2.5 Energy 4.2.4 .. S...... 92 . 95 93 . 88 ...... 68 . . . . 82 ...... 77 ...... Union ...... European ...... 4.5.4 . Switzerland ...... 4.5.3 . . US ...... 4.5.2 India ...... 4.5.1 . . . . Illumination . Service: . Energy Losses . and . Considerations 4.4.3 Further . Analysis Useful 4.4.2 A 4.4.1 101 97 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Ha ta. 08 .4020). p. 2008, al., et (Haas inefficient energy of usage the from resulting flows Energy 2014). al., et (Grubler Introduction 1 h ou ntedemand-side? the on focus Why h rvn lmn ntegoa nrysystem energy global the in element driving The lighting to regard with system energy the of side demand the on focuses work This means that indirectly, only reported is statistics in services energy of use The er rm16 ni 06frAsra h rs oetcpoutmr than more product domestic gross The Austria. for 2006 until 1965 from years 2014). iemblt,ha,o ihig(rbe ta. 04 .2.Rsn eadi closely is demand Rising 2). p. 2014, al., et (Grubler lighting or heat, mobility, like e atrwudb ordc h nest t agrextend larger a (to intensity consumption, the energy reduce total to in be increase would rapid factor a key stays stabilize a (Energy/GDP) To indicator 2001. intensity from the constant Interestingly, rather 2008). al., et (Haas period the spanning con- identified energy be (GDP, can indicators prices) major electricity/gasoline of and development Intensity, historical sumption, the 1.2, Figure In to related bulb. light a as such (2014). device, al. conversion et energy Grubler end-use the from of adapted line 1.1, Figure border in shown as technologies direct a for allow not technical do achieved and the dominant, of are chains analysis energy) service final energy and and energy technologies secondary energy, (primary perspective side supply a from rpe ni 06 n h nrycnupinmr hndulddrn this during doubled than more consumption energy the and 2006, until tripled . Motivation 1.1 GPgrowth” “GDP “final-to-useful” Ha ta. 2008). al., et (Haas ecec gains” “efficiency tg tnsfrtefis a ffiinyo an of efficiency law first the for stands stage i h eadfreeg services,” energy for demand the “is vrtm Gulre al., et (Grubler time over ta D grows” GDP “than η tthe at 1 ) Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. iue1.1: Figure Introduction 1 iue1.2: Figure 2 16-06,ra prices,” real (1965-2006), illumination” 0% iueaatdfo rbe ta.(2014). al. et Grubler from adapted Figure 100%. Cmon is a ffiinyo netr nrychain” energy entire an of efficiency Law First ”Compound Elsevier. to regard in indicators major of trend Historical Gulre l,21,p 8.Piayeeg neigtesse equals system the entering energy Primary 28). p. 2014, al., et (Grubler ore ase l 20,p 09,wt emsinfrom permission with 4019), p. (2008, al. et Haas source: ttleeg osmto o Austria for consumption energy “total for teeeg evc of service energy “the Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Saitclreporting” “Statistical e seti h ovrinecec feduedvcsadtercontribution their and devices end-use of efficiency conversion the is aspect key A 2006). Agency, npriua hs eerhqetoswl eevaluated: be will questions research these particular In useful (2010a). a system), Allwood active in and the (an consumed Cullen if device and Even a demanded (2007). by is al. accomplished energy et is Phillips the by process influence energy conversion emphasized significantly the energy was can where This consumed, chain gains. necessarily energy efficiency not the achieved but of demanded, end is the service at mechanisms loss other However, consumption. energy reduce historical to the on technologies. focuses lighting work of This efficiency 8). energy p. the 2014, of al., development et (Grubler available hardly global the Energy of (International 19% devices lighting 2008). of al., at usage et the services to energy (Haas due of promoted is use be consumption targeted electricity to also needs Hence, by levels 2008). limited al., appropriate although et essential, (Haas are limits physical efficiency energy technological in Improvements . Objective 1.2 • • 2019? hc ehnssrdc nryecec rmtefia,ueu tg to illumination? stage service useful energy final, delivered the demanded, from actual efficiency the energy reduce useful mechanisms to Which final efficiency the conversion for source listed light be (end-use historically stage can conversion gains efficiency energy Which and “measurement” psiesystem,” “passive of “illumination” sitoue yJ M. J. by introduced as sa nrysrieis service energy an as η ni h year the until ) . Objective 1.2 3 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Eduecneso efficiencies” conversion “End-use Vienna hstei sbsdo opeesv ieauerve.Sace r efre in performed are Searches review. literature comprehensive a on based is thesis This r fitrs ntefil feeg/xryaayi eerh(eSece 2014; Stercke, (De research analysis energy/exergy 2018). of al., field et 2018). the Paoli al., in et interest Paoli of 2017; are al., useful et a Sousa for 2010b; needed Allwood, data and literature) lack Cullen secondary usually M. on statistics (J. based energy analysis data (also regular augment calculations because to own justified, approach with is “hybrid” an literature The for the analysis. calculated in energy is found useful efficiencies a conversion in estimated Sub- application with created. historical series is of time (BAWT) illustration Technologies” a sequently, an White-light by Available technologies, provided “Best lighting as for related to data, efficiencies interpret regard efficiency and historical in assess analyzing (1980), to After Marchetti order radiometric objectively. in three hand LED) using at by and data evaluated fluorescent, and (halogen, verified sets are in data sources found CIE light from methods for lighting arising the efficiencies definitions of on the context Based and the discussed. literature in and the terms addressed and fundamentals critically metrics on are efficiency content technologies Energy synthesize data. to account historical into and taken is literature Secondary Method 1.3 Introduction 1 4 utpedtbss nldn h nielbaypra fteTcnclUiest of University Technical the of portal library online the including databases, multiple 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 nentoa raiainfrStandardization. for Organization International l’Eclairage. de Internationale Commission https://www.researchgate.net/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/ https://scholar.google.com/ https://bibliothek.univie.ac.at/en/ https://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng/ 1 nvriyo Vienna of University , 2 ogeScholar Google , tthe at “final-to-useful” 3 ScienceDirect , 6 n ISO and tg fteeeg system energy the of stage 7 tnad,conversion Standards, 4 ResearchGate , 5 . 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. promn ovrinfo ih oelectricity), to light from conversion a (performing 2007). al., et (Phillips cells” n otx dependent” context and impulses” ctpcobserver” scotopic lsicto sgvna Y hoe l,21,p 1): p. 2019, al., et Ohno (Y. as given is classification A netniedsrpino h ua iinsse sbyn h cp fthis of scope the beyond is system vision human the of description extensive An opoueavsa esto ntehmnee h eesr electromagnetic necessary the eye, human the in sensation visual a produce To responsible is and chain conversion energy the of part fundamental a is it Still, work. elEliae.Teseta uiosecec function efficiency Internationale luminous Commission spectral — The (CIE l’Eclairage). de Illumination on Commission International aito uthv nuhpwradcnanwvlntswti h ag of range the within wavelengths contain and power enough have must radiation equally (not dependent wavelength light. is of radiation perception to the sensitivity allowing eye’s by human “illumination” the service Since energy the consuming for n12,bsdo xeiet ihhmnosres h pcrllmnu effi- luminous spectral the observers, human with function experiments ciency on based 1924, In is radiation electromagnetic to due eye human cells the photovoltaic in of stimuli outputs electrical measure directly to possibility the Unlike and daylight, in conditions. vision lighting low for for responsible cones rods identifies broadly (2013) Davidovits involved. are receptors both or rods, cones, either (2019), precisely al. more et or Ohno light Y. of by levels the on Dependent so-called principle In 2019). al., et Ohno (Y. nm 830 to nm 360 about correctly (lm/W) to efficacy source luminous achievable light (theoretically) a maximum of the ability and the colors between render trade-off a there’s distributed), Luminous Spectral the and Eye Human The 2.2 • • • vision” Rods Cones oe n Rods and Cones ntertn,nmdcnsadrd,eal iinadproduce and vision enable rods, and cones named retina, the in ffiinyFunctions Efficiency rcse yteban(aiois 2013). 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ercgie,hwvr that however, recognized, be rmrdoercqatte,a hw nScin23(.On ta. 2019). al., et Ohno photometric (Y. derive 2.3 practice, to Section In function in weighting shown a as as quantities, act radiometric to from and conditions, specific under between in reside functions” functions Mesopic 2.2. Figure and in depicted are functions Both 2.2: Figure Units and Quantities Definitions, Physical 2 8 although sources, light designing of context the in exist. used drawbacks regularly is function this n ira,21) tcmnadSap 19,p 8 tt that state 78) p. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. hsvr erytesetu fabakoyrdao prtn t31 K” 3010 at operating radiator blackbody a of spectrum the nearly very “has 21)poie au f6 fttlrdainwti h ag f40n 700 - nm 400 of range the within radiation total of 6% of value a provides (2012) lcbd aitrat sarfrneojc nlgtn niern.Tespectral The engineering. lighting in object reference a as acts radiator blackbody A radiation blackbody of realization experimental the (2000), Hoffmann to According transmission without radiation electromagnetic incident all absorbs which object An h eeae aito pcr hog nadseto obsinlgtsources light combustion or incandescent through spectra radiation generated The after years 40 nearly cavity) a with approximation in least (at successful was 2015). aito ihntevsberneicess(ede 2017). of (Gendre, amount increases vari- the range at temperature visible increasing blackbodies the With within of 3200K). radiation distributions - radiance (2200K temperatures spectral ous of the 37% illustrates radiates 2012). 2.4 temperature (Murphy, temperature), surface Figure band this a same at with the sun, blackbody within The a radiation K. by total 2800 (approximated at K bulb 5800 light of incandescent Murphy an range. for visible nm the within radiation of amounts small relatively contain only 1.13). p. 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ClrRneigIdx Ra Index) Rendering (Color Rmnt n rw 04 .755). p. 2014, Drew, and (Ramanath the by motivated (CIE) white,” hsbid rdet nte motn rpryascae ihlgtsucs as sources, light with associated property important another to bridge a builds This 14 D50, E, C, (A, marked are the illuminants to standard 1960 D65 perpendicular curve, (CIE D55, lines the diagram isotemperature Along scale with color locus. “CCT” uniform blackbody illustrate the to of section diagram) enlarged UCS the shows 2.6 Figure 2019). called al., are et 3500K David under temperatures color correlated a with sources Light Units and Quantities Definitions, Physical 2 aieo a of tative 2016). al., et Houser (K. sources light light incandescent the by of achieved “color the quantifying (both metric The source”): CCT/Duv the equivalently or tesdb .Hue ta.(06 htnest be to needs that (2016) al. et Houser K. by stressed 4 Ms omnyue..ncolorimetry” used...in commonly “Most iue2.5: Figure hltsucswt ausoe 00 r lsie as classified are 5000K over values with sources whilst paeo daylight” of “phase 4 hc r endb h nentoa omsino Illumination on Commission International the by defined are which ) oo rendering color (2005). 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. cro ooie(O,slu xds(O)adntoe xds(NOx)” oxides nitrogen and (SOx) oxides sulfur (CO), monoxide “carbon part” “yellowish of hydrocarbons of state gaseous the between place takes reaction combustion “The VnBme,21,p 1). p. 2019, Bommel, (Van h uladoye rmteair.” the from oxygen and fuel the a oml(09 de htdet ata obsin abnparticles carbon combustion, partial a to due that added (2019) Bommel Van hc are which iil lcrmgei aito e eesd a oml(09 ute outlines further (2019) Bommel Van released. get radiation electromagnetic visible eas fti nopeecmuto rcs n r osdrdas considered are and process combustion incomplete this of because technology: the on dependent matter of states various in available are fuels which that flame, a (CO providing dioxide a for by Carbon responsible started light. is (Van reaction, emits vapor fuels A the then burning torches. and of lamps, oxygen process gas between the candles, spark, on lamps, rely Oil which 2019): exists Bommel, lamps of forms Numerous Lamps Combustion 3.1 technologies perspective”. lighting eye discuss “bird’s to a is from work intentionally efficiency present is energy this discourse their detailed of and intention A an provided. the chapter is as this categories in omitted, technology, source each light also for of and efficiency overview influence conversion significantly achievable generation the light limit of principles underlying the Because Lighting of Overview An 3 • • • Technologies a ap:gsosfuel gaseous lamps: Gas fuel liquid lamps: Oil fuel solid Candles: bogtt incandescence” to “brought fteflm n hrb cltn h ih pcrm ae like Gases spectrum. light the sculpting thereby and flame the of VnBme,21,p.1) 2019, Bommel, (Van a ihtmeaue r h esnfrthe for reason the are temperature) high (at 2 ,wtrvpr(H vapor water ), 2 )adha alongside heat and O) r emitted are “harmful” 17 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. tmeauei ucino otg)adcretitniy oe nu,luminous input, power intensity, current and voltage) of function a is (temperature asssgicn test h ugtnwire” tungsten the to stress significant causes ugtnwire” tungsten utr cusms fe tsic-ndet h togirs urn which current inrush strong the to due switch-on at often most occurs rupture nipoeeto h nadsetlm ehooywsraie yintroducing by realized was technology lamp incandescent the of improvement An increasing with decreases also output light (2011b), al. et DiLaura by reported As ie) olwn lnkslwa nrae prtn eprtr ol eutin result would temperature channels operating loss increased Other an law range. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. h lmn vprto a led rvosyrdcdb aeu apatmo- lamp gaseous by reduced previously already was evaporation filament The ntrso uiosecc,Gnr 21)rprsarnefrsadr halogen standard for range a 9-25 reports of (2017) lamps Gendre filament efficacy, tungsten luminous of terms In are 1014), and p. technology, (2017, incandescent Gendre gas-filled by the provided as ranges, efficiency Conversion increased the and 2000h, bulb than the 3000-3500K more efficacy. within of to designs) lifetime temperature rated earlier average operating in the the (2015) (iodine double Kitsinelis to bromine to enabled halogen According inner the 2017). the of (Gendre, onto lifetime introduction accumulated the still over tungsten surface and bulb happened, nevertheless but and spheres, (Burgin filaments carbon in use the for 1970): Edwards, 1882 E. in patented already principle 3.2: Figure loigteprl eeto feetoantcrdaini h nrrdregion infrared the in radiation electromagnetic of reflection so-called partly by the achieved allowing be can sources light 2 ede(07 niae noeaigtmeauerneo 8030K 00 taverage at 3000K 2800-3200K; of range temperature operating an indicates (2017) Gendre ecnaeo ieie gr aa(omls yKtiei 21) ae nDiLaura on based axis: (2015); right Kitsinelis flux; by (2011b). voltage; (formulas) luminous al. data operating and et figure varying efficacy lifetime; with luminous of lamp power, percentage intensity, filament current a axis: for left parameters various of Ranges Tehlgncycle.” halogen “The mW lm − 2 1 . iaetLms(nadsetLamps) (Incandescent Lamps Filament 3.2 ute mrvmn fhlgnbased halogen of improvement Further . loehne h civbeluminous achievable the enhanced also “7-13%” ifae-osrigcaig (IRC),” coatings “infrared-conserving o aoe ugtnlamps. tungsten halogen for “5-8%” for 21 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. 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Table 3.2: Overview of selected parameters (ranges) for Incandescent (GLS, INC), Halogen (HAL), Fluorescent (FL), Compact fluorescent (CFL), LED and OLED light sources; data sources: according to numbering, footnotes Properties Incandescent (GLS, INC)1Halogen1 Fluorescent2 CFL2 LED2 OLED2 9-25 lm W−1 Luminous efficacy 3.5-20 lm W−1 >80 lm W−1 50-70 lm W−1 65-160 lm W−1 about 60-90 lm W−1 IRC: up to 35 lm W−1 CRI 100 100 >62-80 appr. 80 >65-95 80-90 2800-3200K Color temperature 2600-2800K average: 3000K; 2700-6000K 2700-6000K 2700-10,000K 2700-5400K 3000-3500K3 50,000-100,000 h; 5000-10,000 h main voltage: 1500-2000h, 7000-15,000 h; A19 "retrofit" anticipated: Lifetime 1000 h low voltage: 2000-4000h; T5 linear: 6000-15,000 h 10,000 h (full brightness) 3 5 replacement lamp: 2000 h 25,000-35,000 h 4 1 25,000 h (L70) 40,000 h ( brightness) 4 1 Gendre (2017) 2 Pode (2020) 3 Kitsinelis (2015) 4 DOE (2020) 5 Aman et al. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. frapooi tnadosre)i o itd lhuhue ysm instances some by used although listed, not is observer) standard photopic a (for h nrysrieo neethr sgnrlilmnto o hc ht ih is light white which for illumination general is here of interest definitions of the service account energy into The taking by foundations address now will chapter This quantity The ihsldsaelgtn a eosre D led ta. 04 eaGrí n Sędziwy, and Peña-García 2014; al., et Almeida (De observed be can lighting state solid with 2020). 683 and (2005) al. et Ayres by used as lm/W 400 literature: the from available possibilities 2 oevle on nteltrtr r rsne nTbe4.1. Table in presented are literature the in found values Some opoieilmnto.Nvrhls,a non rn orpaetaiinllgtn systems lighting traditional replace to trend ongoing an Nevertheless, illumination. provide to historical estimated that indicate actually used. latter were the (2005) but al. (2016), et al. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. sc steifae oto fa nadsetlm pcrm nadditional an spectrum) lamp incandescent an of portion infrared the as (such An h eutn esr stelmnu u ( flux luminous radiation. the electromagnetic is to measure eye resulting human The the of sensitivity the represents which power electrical transforms interest of process conversion The 04 hiehKR,21;K osre l,21;CE 2020): CIE, 2016; al., et Houser K. 2018; K.R., Shailesh 2014; K efficiency K esr sncsayt nls h ffcieeso h orespectrum spectrum source a the in of effectiveness regions the light. all analyse to to sensitive necessary is equally measure not or not efficacy is luminous vision a human in the resulting Since region UV non-visible the in flux of radiant its of all power electrical power φ radiant the now If function luminosity a by weighted the be radiation, to electromagnetic needs wavelength emitted each the at of power power radiant luminous the quantify to order In power radiant to Terms and Definitions Mathematical v source m h eutn emi h ento o the for definition the is term resulting the , 12 K da source ideal ersne yteSeta oe itiuin SPD. 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Whitehead, and David (Aurélien ihthe with e,λ φ e,λ ( · λ ( K ) λ = · ) rad V dλ K uiosecc fradiation of efficacy luminous K ( = source E λ 13 rad rdainlmnu efficacy” luminous “radiation ) e P φ dλ a eue ooti h au of value the obtain to used be can K in e rad , · lmnu ffiayo radiation” of efficacy “luminous uiosecc fradiation of efficacy luminous φ φ [ K IO 2019): (ISO, v e rad = = ] P φ in v W n-s conversion end-use radiant lm “luminance” seta lumen “spectral “luminous (McCluney, eut in results (Tannous, (4.6) (4.7) (4.5) L K v rad to Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. lmnu efficiency” “luminous lmnu energy” “luminous ratio,” “electricity-to-light . 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. floecn,LD r sdwti h etSbeto 4.2.2. Subsection next the within used are LED) (fluorescent, efficiency ovrf qain47wt ehd on nteltrtr Osetne l,1975; al., et (Opstelten literature the in found methods with 4.7 Equation verify To h pcrlpwrdsrbto SD fa10 aoe ugtnincandescent tungsten halogen 100W a of (SPD) distribution power spectral The nadsetHlgnLgtSource Light Halogen Incandescent Sources Light Selected with Calculations 4.2.2 api eitdi iue42wt aaetatdfo clny(2014). 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. l ftevle o pcrlrdatflux radiant spectral for values the of All ooti dimensionless a light obtain halogen To incandescent for typical efficacy luminous the matches value This electromagnetic to converted is input power electrical the of 75% that means This 8 nm 380 set data the of value h iil range: visible the for as taken is range the useful) (2011b). al. et DiLaura in given sources, value): the (rounded 4.6 determined definition the following Now light produce to spectrum generated radiation the of of efficacy effectiveness and the luminous convection quantify to to due order 1975). In losses al., for et account Campbell case) E. this (Lowell in conduction Watts (25 25% radiation. (according nm the 780 electromag- First from of portion starting large range a Infrared (2007)). that the ISO spectrum in to the generated at is looking radiation by netic seen flux clearly radiant be total can the It nm. and 2500 vision human to to nm sensitive 380 range from the of intersection the function efficiency luminous spectral 20 ain efficiency radiant oe l nerl eeeautdi xe yuigtetaeodlrule. trapezoidal the using by Excel in evaluated were integrals All Note: λ , 2 ain efficiency radiant 50nm 2500 = iil range visible K source K η radiant rad λ 1 = = = φ smdfidb nrdcn nerllmt orsodn with corresponding limits integral introducing by modified is η ttlrdatflxoe h nierange): entire the over flux radiant (total φ φ = e,λ,max 8 nm 380 radiant v e ed ob ae noacut nti oktevisible the work this In account. into taken be to needs P = φ lcrclt-ih ovrinefficiency conversion electrical-to-light in e R λ = = · λ scalculated is 1 K 2 oλ to 00lm 2040 0 φ R rad 8 nm 380 . e,λ 50nm 2500 6 6 5Wnm W 55 462 069 2 scluae ihtewvlnt limits wavelength the with calculated is ( 0 = = λ U ) V uiosecc ftesource the of efficacy luminous in 8 nm 780 . dλ φ ( 75 λ · e,λ φ I ) 20 e,λ = · in ( pooi tnadosre)t show to observer) standard (photopic 7l W lm 27 λ : 00lm 2040 ) eenraie sn h maximum the using normalized were olwn S 20) h equation The (2007). ISO following 5W 75 dλ − = 1 nlddi iue42i the is 4.2 Figure in Included . − 0 W 100 1 5W 75 27 = 20 = W 0 = W . nryEfficiency Energy 4.2 radiant lm electrical . lm 75 η (final-to- a be can (4.11) (4.10) λ (4.9) 1 45 = Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. fteielwielight” white ideal the of 3%o lcrclpwri ovre o“ih. hsvleeatymthsthe matches exactly value This “light.” to converted is power electrical of % 13 dpigteeuto o h uiosecc frdainwt iil range visible with radiation of efficacy luminous the for equation the Adapting h euti luil n lona h ovrinecec f1%gvna an as given 10% of efficiency conversion the near also and plausible is result The oas hwtesgicn nuneo h hsnvsbernelmt h term the limits range visible chosen the of influence significant the show also To visible the for limits integral chosen the to sensitive highly is value resulting The o la itnto from distinction clear a for lcbd hc aitsol ihnti ag and range this within only radiates which blackbody for evaluated is as noted radiation, of range (measured) entire the of instead limits 8%. be would efficiency resulting the Choosing range. (2004). Schreuder and Narisada by example a for efficiency average Lighting on Survey A 4 o,i odt fmaue ain u ol eaalbeoecudadapt could one available be would flux radiant calculate measured and of 4.7 data equation no if Now, Using 46 K K rad,cropped η rad,cropped,ISO η = = K K R rad,cropped 8 nm 380 8 nm 780 rad,cropped,ISO λ λ K 1 1 5 mW lm 255 = source = = P φ = e,λ in 0 nm 400 0 nm 400 lgtdevice” “light = ( Mrh,21,p.3). 2012, (Murphy, R λ 8 nm 380 8 nm 780 R ) 0 nm 400 η 0 nm 700 dλ K = 00lm 2040 hsway: this oλ to rad oλ to radiant − 00lm 2040 160 20 = φ 1 e,λ φ eut in: results 2 2 12 W e,λ ( = 0 W 100 = W λ electrical . rvddb .M ulnadAlod(2010b). Allwood and Cullen M. J. by provided ol edto lead would ( 5 W 756 lm radiant ) λ lm 0 nm 700 0 nm 700 dλ ) dλ = 0 = = 0 = 12 ieMrh 21)ddfra5800K a for did (2012) Murphy like 00lm 2040 ieLwl .Cmbl ta.(1975) al. et Campbell E. Lowell like . 8 00lm 2040 13 . . 5 W 756 . 0 W 001 2 0 = 128 W η W electrical 0 = radiant dsrbsoemanifestation one “describes 160 = 255 = . . 13 08 → → → W W 13 8% 13 radiant lm radiant lm % % . K rad,cropped,ISO (4.12) (4.13) (4.15) (4.14) Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 21)wt spectroradiometer. a with (2010) nm 1 sacneuneol ato h ain uptwsotie,hnetedirect the hence obtained, was output radiant the of part a only consequence a As xiisseta ie hc r anylctdi h ag rm30n o720 to nm 350 from range the SPD in fluorescent located the mainly spectrum, are incandescent which the lines to spectral contrary exhibits that shows 4.3 Figure 4009K CCT 79, CRI 4100”: OCTRON “Sylvania lamp fluorescent 32W 4.3: Figure is range Measured 2010). of flux value al., luminous flux et and luminous (Elvidge efficiency) the sheet radiant Instead, for possible. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ruddvalue): (rounded h tnadzdvlefor value standardized The The hc qas93Wts hrfr h oa ain u s93Wts 27Watts 22.7 Watts. 9.3 is flux radiant total the Therefore Watts. 9.3 equals which The the represents numerator the in term evaluated The a ealctdt h atta h ursetsetu so iie aueand nature limited of is spectrum fluorescent the that fact the to allocated be can ti o osbet aclt h ain ffiinyacrigt qain4.7 equation to according efficiency radiant the calculate to possible now is It 2010): al., et (Elvidge datasheet the from called is denominator no is 2016): there al., nm, et 1550 to nm 950 from range region. the infrared in the peaks in small radiation the from Apart nm. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 10) h otdrdln steseta oe itiuinfra operating an for distribution power spectral the is line red dotted The (100%). .Wdmal E apsoni iue44wt h olwn product following the with 4.4 Figure in shown lamp LED dimmable 8.5W A h Psdpce nFgr . ersn eaaeoeainsae:tebold the states: operation separate 2 represent 4.5 Figure in depicted SPDs The Lynn by provided kindly was and (2020) DOE US from originates set data The The E ih Source Light LED oeta h eutn ausaegvnfrtecmlt ytmicuigthe including system complete 1nm the in for to nm given important 800 are is to values It nm sphere. resulting 350 integrating the an from that using given note by is measured flux was radiant which intervals spectral the Here, Davis. ahSDwsnraie sn h aiu pcrlrdatfluxes radiant spectral dimming). maximum the using = normalized 4.2. Table was in SPD summarized Each is data and specification product available the First, dimming (2020). no DOE with US operating dimming is 25% it with when mode bulb the for spectrum the shows line blue 4.4: Figure 2020). DOE, (US (Z-Wave) dimmer metrics. efficiency discussed the of terms in section this in analysed is specifications by: given 0 . 1 8 nm W 181 018 nlt-sflcneso efficiency conversion final-to-useful (2020). .Wdmal E ap(yeAlm lmn tl) mg ore SDOE US source: image style), filament A-lamp (Type lamp LED dimmable 8.5W η = − 1 K 10,n imn)and dimming) no (100%, rad,cropped,ISO K source = 92 349 W W electrical lm radiant lm o hsfloecn ih oreis source light fluorescent this for φ e,λ,max 0 = . = 26 0 → . 0 3 nm W 538 002 . nryEfficiency Energy 4.2 26 % − 1 φ e,λ,max (4.18) 2 % (25 49 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. h ain ffiinyo hslgtsuc ic.tedme)fr“odimming” “no for dimmer) the (incl. source light this of efficiency radiant The The al 4.2: Table uvyo Lighting on Survey A 4 oe(0% is: (100%) mode 2200K-2700K, CCT 80, CRI (A-lamp): lamp LED dimmable 8.5W 4.5: Figure 50 g-9 94 84 - 2129K 92 83 W 1.9 - 2713K lm* 95 2700K - 2200K - W 8.1 - lm* 80 lm/W* 817 50 W lm/W 8.5 101 lm 800 CCT Rg lm/W Rf 94 source) CRI the (of efficacy Luminous input Power flux Luminous Parameter K uiosecc fradiation of efficacy luminous rad,cropped,ISO umr fpoutseicto n esrdcluae aafrtedimmable the for data measured/calculated and specification product of Summary r elcn ausgvnb SDE(00:89m10)8l,6l/ (25%) lm/W which 819lm(100%),88lm,46 data (2020): source DOE SPD US from by values given *calculated values (2020); replacing DOE are US source: lamp, LED CR,22) aasuc:U O 22) oreyo ynDavis. Lynn of courtesy (2020), DOE US source: data 2020), (CVRL, omlzdseta oe itiuin odmigbu) 5 imn dte red), (dotted function dimming efficiency 25% luminous dimming(blue), no spectral distribution: power spectral normalized η radiant = φ φ = v e P = φ in e R 8 nm 380 = 8 nm 780 rdc pcfiain10 n imn)2%dimming 25% dimming) (no 100% specification Product R 6 nm 360 1 lm 817 0 nm 800 φ e,λ U in ( φ λ o h E pcrm(odmig is: dimming) (no spectrum LED the for e,λ · ) I dλ ( in V λ ( ) λ = dλ o htpcsadr bevr(orange) observer standard photopic for ) 2 1 lm 817 . = 5W 55 2 8 . 6 W 566 . W 1 320 = 0 = . 4 W . 32 radiant lm (4.19) (4.20) Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 19Wisedo . ) h euto neeg osmto sacmaidby accompanied is consumption energy in reduction The W). 8.1 of instead W (1.9 ( efficiency” “wall-plug called (also efficiency fradiation of ihdmig(5)tevleis value the (25%) dimming With hc saot5%ls hnwtotdmig(0. mW.Tepretgsfor percentages The lm/W). (100.9 dimming without than less 50% about is which The for value The naohrway: another In ezl n aaua(2018). 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 14% zvd ta.(09 localculated also (2009) al. et Azevedo called measure A h ercapidb hnadAa 21)wudrsl in result would (2011) Abas and Khan by applied metric The The 2 ursetlm s2% u the but 26%, is lamp fluorescent 32W 2019): ausngettedsic pcrlpwrdsrbtosof distributions power spectral distinct the neglect values K iiigavleo uiosecc fasuc (unit: source a of efficacy luminous 683 of luminous value for a values as Dividing classified be (2019). not ISO can to also according and efficiency efficiencies conversion not are 1975; al., et (Opstelten value this 2014). achieve Schelle, never 2012; can Murphy, spectrum white-light a value hence maximum the to radiation” K of efficacy “luminous of K ratio dimensionless a is from differentiated clearly and addressed Efficacy Luminous vs. Efficiency Luminous 4.2.3 Lighting on Survey A 4 52 (due discussion in values lamps efficacy of to effectiveness luminous proportionality of rank the set to to a percentages to comparable on gives metric (2008). still different ISO this and applying (1975) Consistently al. et Opstelten from definition the neglecting (2019). 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. eetia-olgt Osetne l,17;Shle 2014). Schelle, 1975; al., et (Opstelten (electrical-to-light) umr ftecluae ffiinymtisadseictoso l light 3 all of specifications and metrics efficiency calculated the of summary A so 03 n otipraty hyaentrpeetn ovrinefficiencies conversion representing not are they importantly, most and 2013) Tsao, ore spoie nFgr ..I hstbeas h ieec ewe luminous between difference the also table η this In 4.6. values Figure efficiency in provided is sources sdemonstrated. is V n nlt-sfl(eetia-olgt)cneso efficiencies conversion (“electrical-to-light”) final-to-useful and . nryEfficiency Energy 4.2 53 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. uvyo Lighting on Survey A 4 54

Figure 4.6: Summary of specifications and calculated values from Subsection 4.2.2 including the 100 W Tungsten Halogen Lamp, 32 W Fluorescent Lamp, dimmable 8.5 W LED Lamp (entire system incl. dimmer) - used data sets from McCluney (2014), Elvidge et al. (2010), US DOE (2020) courtesy of Lynn Davis Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. n h ersra oa radiation” solar terrestrial the and oa radiation” solar oa radiation” solar h supinta ih oigfo natfiilsuc a ecmae to compared be can source artificial an from coming light that assumption The as taken be can light for factor quality The efficiency law second the calculate To aito,seFgr ..Frthe For 4.7. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. osecc fradiation of efficacy nous iesre fcneso ffiinisfrlgtsucswscluae n ple in applied and calculated was sources light for efficiencies conversion of series time A hsltrtr eiwas ofim htecec eae em sc sluminous as (such terms related efficiency that confirms also review literature This aiu ulctos h eeec osadrs(S,20;IO 09 .Ohno Y. 2019; ISO, 2007; (ISO, standards to reference The publications. various 04 fia-oueu)adtu,udrsiaerdateeg/xryflw for flows energy/exergy radiant underestimate thus, and (final-to-useful) 2014) n hrfr isstepyia otx hnaayigwielgt(upy 2012) (Murphy, light white analyzing with when usage context for physical 4.2.3 Subsection the misses therefore and radiation monochromatic to aims work, present this quantities. in relevant terms and and concepts symbols of across of differentiation use the manner consistent facilitate standardized and 2019) a al., in et used aren’t efficiency) luminous and efficacy 2013), problematic Tsao, considered and is (Hung context category this same in the of depend within use spectra conversion vary generalized radiation tracing also the Since for and either analysis. technology identified, energy the was useful on 2018) for al., or 1980; et advancements (Marchetti, Paoli of process efficiencies 2017; efficiency dimensionless al., energy for et assessing Sousa need for the source) indicator However, a performance devices. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. freapemncplatoiis h nne odsg n mlmn lighting implement and co-design finance, who authorities) municipal example (for resources. of input least the with level service 2020) al., et (Grubler security,” lhuhi ol edsrbeta oiisfcso l betvsncsayto necessary objectives all on focus policies that desirable be would it Although operating of significance the and limitations technical obvious the from Apart h oitcve,cnieigteitrcin ewe n-s ovrindevices conversion end-use between interactions the considering view, holistic The 03 h acltosi hswr edt naeaeecec f1.%frthe for 11.7% of efficiency average an to lead work this in calculations the 2013, nbetewd s flwcro ehoois akigec betv ihthe with objective each tackling technologies, low-carbon of use wide the enable sig- can policies efforts, R&D (see with technologies together efficient contrary, etc.), more the 2018), of On al., diffusion 4.5.2). et the Subsection (Pattison hamper can costs interventions vs. policy density current (temperature, conditions ero 21)sae htteobjectives the that states (2016) Pearson an persistence, of level same stressed (2011) impacts. 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Ni ta. 2020). al., et (Nair applying While 2019). al., et (Manolis targets) illuminance (considering control” ihrgr oftr eerh eidcsaitclmre nlss(iss 2016; (Zissis, analysis market statistical periodic research, future to regard With lwo,21b .26;Gulre l,22,p 0 fteeeg hi utbe must chain energy the of 60) p. 2020, al., et Grubler 2065; signifi- p. can 2010b, that today Allwood, available are sources light electric efficient more Although kerosene-based of use the on relies still population world’s the of part large A hnitouigIfrainadCmuiain ehooy(C)t realize to (ICT) Technology Communications and Information introducing when ina,wudbigmr nihsadices viaiiyo aimti aast o light for sets data radiometric of availability increase and insights more bring would Vienna), 08 ol esrntee ysbiisfreeti ffgi ihig(ane al., et (Laan lighting in off-grid improvements electric regarding for benefits subsidies The by 2019). strengthened be could 2018) 08 .3.Tedciigtedi eineo eoeefrilmnto Ji tal., et (Jain illumination for kerosene on reliance in trend declining The 3). p. 2018, ore ielyacsil napbi aaae,alwn o oeacrt n ndphuseful in-depth and accurate more for allowing database), public analysis. a energy “Lichttechniklabor” in 39 accessible MA (ideally as sources (such laboratories institutions photometric governmental accredited of with collaboration fostering researchers general, and In measurements. flux radiant spectral the consumption, energy reduce cantly in significantly increased electricity to access while India years, of recent case the the in whereby lighting, of calculation metering consumption energy by ( supported IoT consumption) through available (lighting of analysis demand precise parameters more the key a of provide for would allowing potentially surveys regions, regular within and technologies/products 2019) al., et Manolis the determine to analysis life-cycle costs. a applied and when in sustainability instance, considered on (for be impacts systems should relevant lighting) order check roadway in and in frequency replace maintenance update, higher potentially repair, considered a to be of to influence The needs savings. 2016) energy 4E, (IEA patterns use on dependent losses stand-by light of distribution optimal an enough, provide not necessarily is not efficacy do luminous amounts products high unnecessary these with eliminating luminaires because specific possible, Choosing the if lighting. for or artificial appropriate minimizing of are consider levels and service case that use responsibility the share systems osmto n hudb sdmr iey(ilase l,21) h matof impact the 2011), al., et (Williams widely more used be should and consumption h quantity the nrysrie ol etelrethr mn ouain(ase l,2008). al., et (Haas population among here largest the be would services energy 2 hscudas eotie neednl f“uiosecc frdain yevaluating by radiation” of efficacy “luminous of independently obtained be also could This Mrhl ta. 06 nilmnto rjcscneietyrdc energy reduce evidently can projects illumination in 2016) al., et (Marshall uiosecc fradiation of efficacy luminous Itre fThings” of “Internet seta efficiency” “spectral qaiy reliability,” “quality, Poie l,21)adi ssgetdt include to suggested is it and 2018) al., et (Paoli ) Hn n so 03 and 2013) Tsao, and (Hung cmon efficiency” “compound oasstcnlgclpors,enabling progress, technological asses to n nnilise ess Ji tal., et (Jain persist issues financial and qaiyo life” of “quality wieefficiency” “white J .Cle and Cullen M. 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Gulre l,22,p )tgte ihafse dpino o-abnenergy low-carbon of adoption faster a with together 6) p. 2020, al., et (Grubler atdaddet eon ffcsadgoa ouaingot U,21) energy 2019), (UN, growth population global and effects rebound to due and wasted hsceryidctsta mrcn both, embracing that indicates clearly This 100 level. global impacts environmental a mitigate on to demand crucial the is of 2014b) (Fouquet, technologies supply far is demand saturating economic a of on of stages prices point reached. early declining the being during seen, and from large globally incomes particularly therefore, rising is and of services development energy influence of the demand (2014b) that the Fouquet showed by UK analysis energy the historical the for The eventually. of increase side get may supply resources consumption lighting), the (solid-state on efficiency draws improved with “demand” though factor even power pulling system, fuel the fossil if by generated means, CO Electricity to assessment. leads the plants in account into taken Conclusion 5 2 msin,cniuul otiuigt lblwrig That warming. global to contributing continuously emissions, eeg ffiinyadsufficiency” and efficiency “energy Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ES(2019a). BEIS (2016). BEIS by Edited Plan," "R&D Program, SSL “DOE 2016). (June al. et Norman In: Bardsley, en. Lighting.” Solid-State to Transition “The 2009). (Mar. al. Usage et Electricity I.L. US Azevedo, of Efficiency the “On 2005). (June al. et U. Economy, Robert US Ayres, the in Work and Power “Exergy, 2003). (Mar. al. et U. Robert Lighting Ayres, Domestic of Performance the of “Analysis 2013). (Jan. al. et M.M. Aman, 2008). (Mar. Adoniscik (2020). Thibaut Abergel, Bibliography °CMF. 2° rceig fteIEEE the of Proceedings 9019. n In: en. 1900–1998.” 97). p. on (cit. 10/11/2020) 10.1109/JPROC.2009.2013058 ae rdik hD”e.I:p 208. p. In: en. 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