7 Late Middle Palaeolithic Artefacts and Archaeo- Stratigraphical Dating of the Bone Gravels (Knochenkiese) in Central Westphalia and the Ruhrgebiet (Germany)

Part I – The Lower & Middle Palaeolithic

7 Late Middle Palaeolithic artefacts and archaeo- stratigraphical dating of the bone gravels (Knochenkiese) in Central Westphalia and the Ruhrgebiet (Germany)

Michael Baales1

Abstract : During the last hundred years or so the southern Munster embayment and the Ruhr region (North Rhine-Westphalia) produced several Late Middle Palaeolithic lithic assemblages from a distinct river sediment known as the Knochenkiese (Bone gravels). Within these sediments that form a major part of the early lower river terraces of Emscher, Lippe, Ems and their tributaries numerous Upper Pleistocene animal remains of the mammoth steppe fauna were located. Furthermore, at Warendorf- Neuwarendorf a right Neanderthal parietal bone was uncovered from a sediment also named as the Knochenkiese. The Knochenkiese lithic assemblages from Bo rop, Herne, Wadersloh, and Warendorf- Neuwarendorf are assigned to the early Keilmessergruppen (Micoquian). In 2008 at Hamm-Uentrop a further Middle Palaeolithic lithic implement was located within the Knochenkiese. However, this distinctive broad blade fragment may instead be the remnant of a site with Late Middle Palaeolithic blades destroyed by erosion of the river Lippe. Bearing in mind all the known geo- and biostratigraphical as well as archaeological information concerning these deposits there are good arguments for placing the Knochenkiese within OIS 4. Furthermore, this result supports the ‘long chronology’ for the Late Middle Palaeolithic Keilmessergruppen as proposed by O. Jöris in 2004.

Keywords: Late Middle Palaeolithic, Keilmessergruppen, blade industry , Upper Pleistocene Knochenkiese, Westphalia, Western Germany.

Introduction description of Ernst Kahrs (1928), lay on an The oldest evidence for human presence in ancient land surface within a package of alluvial Westphalia (Fig. 1) and its adjacent regions loess (Schwemmlöss). This was situated below only dates to around 200 ka (Saalian), insofar Saalian / Drenthe till, dating the fi nd to OIS 6 as any indications for dating are available.2 (Krbetschek & Eißmann, 2008: 171). Around Whether a handaxe from Bad Salzufl en (Lippe the location of the lithic fi nd Kahrs recognized district: Pollmann, 2002: Fig. 25: no. 7) in eastern bone remains (some determined as Panthera Westphalia is even older (Lower Palaeolithic?) leo spelaea) with possible anthropogenic traces on morphological grounds remains unclear, and burnt material (early Neanderthal hearth since there are no geostratigraphical arguments remains?), the interpretation of which remains, to support this view. Furthermore, the generally however, vague. problematic pebble fi nds recovered from Based on their typological appearance extraction pits exploiting Lower to Middle (Günther, 1988a) and the fact that Saalian Pleistocene gravels (Schmude, 1992a, 1992b, 1996) gravels were identifi ed at the fi nd locality, a are not considered here (Baales et al., 2000). few bifacial quartzite tools from Velen (Borken To date, the oldest archaeological fi nd district), which is situated in the western part from our region remains a lithic object 8.3 cm of the Munster embayment (Münsterländer in length recognized as an elongated fl ake of Tiefl andsbucht), also appear to date into the brownish fl int (perhaps Cretaceous fl int from Saalian. the Meuse catchment area) which was found However, any further suggestions of a pre- in 1926 during excavation of a wharf close Weichselian age for archaeological material to the River Emscher at Essen-Vogelheim from Westphalia remain even more vague and (Hopp, 2006). This lithic specimen was found dated sites or fi nd layers of this age which have below Saalian sediments and, following the been investigated by modern methods are 120 Part I – The Lower & Middle Palaeolithic

Figure 1. Palaeolithic sites in Westphalia and the Eastern Rhineland (Ruhrgebiet) mentioned in the text: 1) Bad Salzufl en, 2) Greven-Bockholt, 3) Munster-Gi rup, 4) Coesfeld-Gescher & Stevede, 5) Velen, 6) Warendorf-Neuwarendorf, 7) Harsewinkel-Greff en, 8) Wadersloh, 9) Lippstadt-Lipperode, 10) Hamm-Uentrop, 11) Herne, 12) Essen-Dellwig, 13) Essen-Vogelheim, 14) Bo rop, 15) Hönne valley (Balve and Volkringhausen Cave) (map M. Baales). totally missing. By contrast, several late Middle the sedimentological situation, after emptying Palaeolithic fi nds or assemblages associated of the cave began in the 1830s, this fi ssure was with a distinct geological context can be quite originally covered by a distinct block layer which precisely dated by geochronology to within should represent the fi rst Weichselian glacial the Weichselian. Lithic materials discovered maximum during OIS 4 (Jöris, 2004: 98-99). in the southern Westphalian upland caves are Among the Balve Cave KMG material are typical especially relevant for this question. Pradnik bifacial knifes (Pradnik Keilmesser) The rich inventories of the Balve Cave (Jöris, 1992) which, following Jöris (2001, 2004), (Hönne valley, Märkischer district) are of parti- date the assemblages to well before the fi rst cular interest, representing an impressive glacial maximum (i.e. older than c. 65 ka BP). collection of Middle Palaeolithic Micoquian Recently, the fi rst radiometric dates have (Keilmessergruppen, henceforth referred to as become available for the Volkringhauser Cave KMG) material recovered in 1939 from the lower which is also situated in the Hönne valley close levels of a huge fi ssure within the limestone cave to the Balve Cave. Uncovered in 1928 the small (Günther, 1964). Following early descriptions of KMG inventory here (Tinnes, 1988) is claimed Baales 121

on the basis of two AMS measurements of weathered clayey horizon or Saalian gravels: faunal material to belong to the fi nal phase of von Koenigswald & Walders, 1995: 52) are the Middle Palaeolithic, around 40 ka calBC found a few decimetres of fi ne grained gravels (Tafelmaier, 2011). However, for me it remains accumulated as the lower river terrace after the questionable whether those AMS results date decline of river energy. Together with larger the KMG occupation at all - since as is normal, it pebbles and ‘Baltic’ Cretaceous fl int (both of is uncertain if the small assemblage represents which are Saalian erratics) numerous Upper only one distinct occupational phase - or in fact Pleistocene animal remains (nomen est omen) dates a younger episode of use of the cave. Since are found incorporated within the Knochenkiese the datings of around 40 ka calBC are close to (Heinrich, 1987; von Koenigswald & Walders, the current limit of radiocarbon methodological 1995; Lanser, 2006: 86-87). reliability we may anyway have to interpret the The Knochenkiese themselves are regularly dates as showing, at best, a minimum age. covered by several metres of fl uvial and / or Apart from these cave assemblages several aeolian sands and silts, which historically were late Middle Palaeolithic open air inventories designated as snail sands (Schneckensande; today from Westphalia and the Ruhr region provide often designated as sand-silt complex or Sand- arguments for their age by analysis of their Schluff Wechselfolge: cf. Herget, 1997: 79) after geological context. the countless number of incorporated terrestrial and aquatic molluscs. These sediments merge at the top into late Weichselian aeolian dune sands The Knochenkiese-Schneckensande-Komplex or are covered by clay or peat. (‘bone gravels/snail sands complex’) in While the Knochenkiese and Schneckensande Westphalia and the Ruhr region around the Emscher and Lippe were mainly One of the best known geological features of the exposed by large scale construction work they Upper Pleistocene record in Westphalia and the become accessible further to the north solely by Ruhr region are the bone gravels (Knochenkiese) sub aquatic sand dredging. Countless Pleistocene in the southern Munster embayment, which animal remains and, on several occasions, form a major part of the early lower river Middle Palaeolithic lithic material were regularly terraces there. During the last hundred years made accessible by these activities. or so, the documentation of several, in some cases large, sections near the River Lippe and the small Emscher river (located between the The Knochenkiese north of the Emscher and Lippe to the North and the Ruhr to the South) Lippe as a late Middle Palaeolithic fi nd horizon has revealed the Knochenkiese sometimes Near Haltern (Recklinghausen district) more than 10 m below the present land surface. quarrying at several large scale gravel and sand Especially the large canal construction projects pits (today the Halterner and Hullerner lakes) of the early 20th century (Rhine-Herne and produced numerous fl int materials. These are Wesel-Datteln Canal) along the Emscher and mostly characterized by bifacial tool types so far the Lippe provided major insights into the interpreted as representing various Late Middle Weichselian geological record of this region. Palaeolithic technocomplexes (Günther, 1988b). Sometime during an earlier phase of the Although all were originally interpreted as Weichselian the above mentioned rivers and being incorporated in the Knochenkiese of the their tributaries started to erode large parts Stever River (a tributary of the Lippe), parts of of the surrounding landscape by developing the material may have been simply dredged up extensive braided river systems, resulting in with Knochenkiese material and could in fact major lower terrace gravel and sand plains. In represent younger fi nds. geological profi les of the region the following Further to the North, near Coesfeld-Gescher sequence is generally recorded (Kahrs, (Coesfeld district: Schlösser, 1998), Greven- 1925; Brunnacker, 1982; von Koenigswald & Bockholt (Steinfurt district) und Munster- Walders, 1995: Knochenkiese-Schneckensande- Gittrup (Schlösser, 1992, 2007), three further Komplex; Herget, 1997: 74-81). Above basal small assemblages containing a bifacial com- Cretaceous marls (sometimes covered by a ponent – at Greven-Bokholt together with 122 Part I – The Lower & Middle Palaeolithic

Figure 2. Warendorf-Neuwarendorf. Keilmesser recently collected by J. Gora during continuing gravel dredging at the Ko ruper lakes (drawing K. Koana, Münster). the remains of a pelvis and a femora of Bison several dozen fl int artefacts from both lakes priscus both bearing possible anthropogenic (Lanser, 1998; Rüschoff -Thale, 1998, 2004: 5-6, impact marks – were exposed again by sub 2006). The fi nd horizon of these materials is aquatic sand dredgers. These came from gravels again identifi ed as Knochenkiese (Rüschoff - of the River Ems and the Berkel stream, which Thale, 2004: 3). Remains of Stephanorhinus were again designated Knochenkiese. And even kirchbergensis and Mammuthus trogontherii more to the east, but still within the Ems valley, identifi ed within the animal collection (Lanser, at Harsewinkel-Greff en (Gütersloh district) 1998) might derive from secondary contexts or mammoth remains and a further small bifacial suggest that older gravels had also been extracted. lithic assemblage were collected during sand However, the dominant species represented are dredging (Günther, 2007). typical elements of the mammoth steppe fauna; Two extraction pits - the Kottruper lakes - together with woolly mammoth and woolly are situated within the upper Ems region near rhinoceros, reindeer, musk-ox and cave lion are Warendorf-Neuwarendorf (Warendorf district). also present. The lithics again show a distinct During the 1990s technological advances bifacial component (Rüschoff -Thale, 1998, allowed the recommencement of sand and 2004: 7-8). The extraction of sand and gravels gravel extraction from greater depths than had continues to the present-day, proving a depth of previously been possible, again turning up the Knochenkiese of at least 5 m. Additional lithic thousands of Pleistocene animal remains and artefacts were collected by Josef Gora, among Baales 123

Figure 3. Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Lippe-Emscher region (a er Brunnacker, 1982): 1) Essen-Dellwig, 2) Bo rop, 3) Essen-Vogelheim, 4) Herne, ‘Schleuse VI’, 5) Hamm-Uentrop (map A. Müller, Olpe). them several Levallois fl akes and bifacial tools during the ice sheet collapse the river systems (Fig. 2). evolved again due to melt water drainage. Of special interest is a bone fragment from As mentioned above, the large scale con- Lake 1, which was found in 1995 by Gora, struction work of the Rhine-Herne Canal in determined two years later as a right Neander- the early 20th century fi rst gave access to the thal parietal bone (Czarnetzki & Trellisó Knochenkiese and Middle Palaeolithic fi nds Carreño, 1999; Rüschoff -Thale & Klostermann, located several meters below the present 2000; Rüschoff -Thale, 2004: 5-6) and thus the surface. Following this, further fi nds have been oldest Westphalian human remain identifi ed so made during remodelling of the Canal since the far. However, the available information on its 1960s. Apart from a number of individual fi nds, stratigraphic situation (a fi nal report is not yet the sites of Herne, Bottrop and Essen-Dellwig published) is judged to be too vague to allow are of major interest and will be presented a precise dating of this important fi nd (Jöris, here briefl y and discussed regarding their 2004: footnote 336; Street et al., 2006: 573). relevance in the context of the chronology of the Knochenkiese (Fig. 3). Credit is due to Ernst Kahrs, formerly the Middle Palaeolithic fi nds from the Emscher and director of the Ruhrlandmuseum Essen, who Lippe Knochenkiese fi rst recognized the potential for recovering The best known Westphalian Knochenkiese Palaeolithic material during the large scale fi nd-spots for Middle Palaeolithic lithic and construction work taking place in the river faunal remains are situated in the Emscher valleys of his region. In the summer of 1911 he valley (Schmitz, 1995). The Emscher is located learned of lithic fi nds uncovered within the south of the Lippe and both rivers are a little Knochenkiese during construction of Rhine- to the North of the Westphalian uplands and Herne Canal lock (Schleuse) VI in Herne. drain the southern Munster embayment into Over a few m² he subsequently recognized the Rhine valley to the west. During OIS 6 the several artefacts of northern erratic (‘Baltic’) whole area was covered by the early Saalian / Cretaceous fl int some 13 m below the present Drenthe ice sheet (Skupin et al., 1993), while surface (Kahrs, 1925, 1928; Bosinski, 1967: 35, 124 Part I – The Lower & Middle Palaeolithic

Figure 4. Herne, ‘Schleuse VI’. Late Middle Palaeolithic ﬂ int tools: handaxe (top), side-scraper (lower le ), and the largest Herner Spitze, a Levallois ﬂ ake which shows unifacial retouch on its dorsal side (lower right) (photo Stadtbildstelle Essen & A. Müller, Olpe). Baales 125

111-112; Schmitz, 1988, 1995; Baales, 2006). The Bottrop lithic assemblage is composed of Signifi cant in this small assemblage of only 19 three small handaxes (Fig. 5 & 6: no. 1), atypical fl int artefacts is a small handaxe measuring 10.7 Keilmesser-like bifacial tools (Fig. 6: no. 3), some cm in length (Fig. 4: top) which later became an bifacial scrapers (Blattförmige Schaber, Fig. 6: important object for the discussion of whether no. 2) and several side-scrapers (Fig. 7: nos. 2, 4 the “handaxe culture” could be found east of & 5). Levallois reduction concepts are shown by the Rhine (Schwabedissen, 1970: 61). Besides several typical cores, fl akes and waste material this object, a few more bifacial artefacts were (Fig. 7: nos. 1, 3 & 6-7). Altogether some twenty recognized, together with side scrapers (Fig. ‘Baltic’ Cretaceous fl int nodules could be 4: lower left) and two large Levallois fl akes identifi ed (Schmitz, 1988, 1990a, 1995; Stapel, measuring 13.3 cm (Fig. 4: lower right) and 10 2006a). Within the faunal material several cm in length respectively, which show unifacial objects with probable anthropogenic deep retouch on their dorsal side and were once scars and chop marks were recognized and are labelled as ‘Herner points’ (Herner Spitzen: discussed as forming part of the Late Middle Bosinski, 1967: 35). Within this material, Palaeolithic assemblage (Schmitz, 1988, 1995) which is described as appearing very fresh and and which are now believed to be of a recent unrolled, Ralf W. Schmitz (1995: 72-73) counted and / or natural origin. at least thirteen worked nodules (Werkstücke) Much further to the northeast in the Lippe of ‘Baltic’ fl int, thus demonstrating that the valley, two lithic assemblages were collected, assemblage was at most only partly collected. this time again during sub aquatic dredging in Furthermore, beside the lithic elements, the two gravel pits near Lippstadt (Soest district). site also delivered a few animal remains, The rich Wadersloh (Warendorf district) bifacial among them the mandible of a young woolly assemblage, which is comparable to a small mammoth and several bone splinters which lithic collection found during sand dredging perhaps represent fracture waste due to marrow further to the east near Lippstadt-Lipperode, consumption by Neanderthals or animals. was recovered together with Pleistocene However, after this fi rst success and despite faunal remains during extraction of the continuation of constructing work no further Knochenkiese from a depth of approximately fi nd localities were subsequently recognized 10 m. Unfortunately only little information within the Knochenkiese. A limiting factor may is available for this interesting material so far have been that only a few persons were involved (Schlösser, 1998; Otten et al., 2010: 564) which in Kahrs’ project, which may have led to missing is mostly in a fresh condition with refi tting of other sites which were perhaps destroyed some anciently broken pieces being possible. unrecognised. Some artefacts stained with chalk suggest the It was Arno Heinrich, the former head of possibility that the assemblage was displaced the Museum for Ur- und Ortsgeschichte in from the basal Knochenkiese which were in Bottrop, who between 1963 and 1975 fi rst took contact to underlying Cretaceous marls and the renewed chance to recover new material thus represent a hitherto undisturbed in situ during widening of the Rhine-Herne Canal context (Schlosser, 1998). Wadersloh reveals a near Bottrop (Heinrich, 1987: 131). Here, the bifacial component with diff erent handaxes, Knochenkiese were brought to light by sub Keilmesser, atypical Keilmesser and bifacial aquatic dredgers and then displaced through scrapers. Together with artefacts demonstrating a pipeline from a fl oating pump station onto Levallois reduction concepts this material is a large depositional site at which Heinrich comparable to that from Herne and Bottrop. and his co-worker collected some 7,000 Furthermore, as in the case of Bottrop, animal remains and 364 lithic artefacts. Since Lippstadt-Lipperode delivered one herbivore the artefacts were only recovered when the rib bearing highly possible anthropogenic deep dredgers were working in a distinct area of scars (photo in Schlösser, 1998: 38). the channel it is supposed that an in situ site The last site to be mentioned came to light within the Knochenkiese was destroyed and that in 1980 during the destruction of Rhine-Herne the discovered material probably represents a Canal lock III at Essen-Dellwig. Altogether, single inventory (Heinrich, 1987, 1990). eleven scattered lithic artefacts were collected Figure 5. Bo rop. Late Middle 126 Part I – The Lower & Middle Palaeolithic Palaeolithic handaxes (source Heinrich, 1987). Figure 6. Bo rop. Baales 127 Late Middle Palaeolithic fl int tools: 1) handaxe, 2) Bla förmiger Schaber, 3) Keilmesser-like bifacial tool (source Heinrich, 1987). 128 Part I – The Lower & Middle Palaeolithic

Figure 7. Bo rop. Late Middle Palaeolithic fl int artefacts including several side-scrapers (nos. 2, 4 & 5) (source Heinrich, 1987). which are believed to come from the Knochen- outre passé fl ake (Kernfuß), 6.5 cm in length and kiese of the ‘Old Emscher’ (Lanser, 1982: 42; with a facetted striking platform (Fig. 8). Schmitz, 1995: 118). The few fi nds, made on several nodules of ‘Baltic’ fl int and one of black lydite, were collected from somewhat separated Hamm-Uentrop: a new Late Middle Palaeolithc locations around the lock and perhaps represent Knochenkiese fi nd locality in the Lippe valley two diff erent occupation events (Schmitz, 1995: Today there are only few possibilities left to 119-120 & 122). Typo-technologically relevant gain access to the Knochenkiese. The time of are a Levallois blade with a length of 5.3 cm, the large scale construction projects, such as were proximal fragment of an elongated Levallois fl ake, carried out during the early 20th century, is a side-scraper on a broad fl ake and an elongated (fortunately) over. Nowadays most material – if Baales 129

Figure 8. Essen-Dellwig. Late Middle Palaeolithic fl int artefacts: 1) Levallois blade, 2) elongated outre passé fl ake, 3) side-scraper, 4) proximal fragment of an elongated Levallois fl ake (source Lanser, 1982).

at all – comes from small scale pits exploited by the present Lippe River during the construction sub aquatic dredging. Moreover, whenever new of a new hard coal-ﬁ red power plant at construction work in the valleys of the Emscher Hamm-Uentrop (Fig. 9). During this process and Lippe is carried out, the intensive use of a worker recognized a large bone on the large dredgers prevents us from recognizing shovel of an excavator. This lucky chance was new sites of relevance, unless several lucky improved on by a subsequent phone call which events conspire to coincide with each other… reached the responsible archaeologists of the In mid February 2008 a large pit was Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe (LWL) excavated by several large dredgers south of at Olpe. They were ultimately confronted by 130 Part I – The Lower & Middle Palaeolithic

Figure 9. Hamm-Uentrop. Construction work for a new power plant near the Lippe in February 2008 (photo M. Baales). a large pit dug down through the Pleistocene steppe fauna. The steppe conditions present deposits onto Cretaceous marl. Above the during the sedimentation of the Knochenkiese marl the classical lower terrace stratigraphy and Schneckensande are also shown by the of Weichselian sediments was present, with analysis of several pollen samples taken from Knochenkiese at the base (Fig. 10) followed by all defi ned (sub) horizons, which all indicate several meters of sandy layers with numerous the open grassy environment typical during mollusc remains (Schneckensande). These were Weichselian stadials, with shrubs of Betula divided by gravel bands or peat lenses and nana and Salix polaris type (Baales et al., 2010). topped by a package of silt, clay and peat, the Controlling the entirety of the profi les exposed latter perhaps all of Holocene age. within the construction pit resulted in an Within the 40 to 50 cm thick greyish unexpected fi nd from the Knochenkiese. This was Knochenkiese me and my colleague Eva Cichy a fl at worked lithic object identifi ed as blackish uncovered a compact round bone which was ‘Baltic’ Cretaceous fl int. Although fl int chunks revealed to be a woolly mammoth astragalus occur regularly within the Knochenkiese here, (Fig. 11). The large bone which had attracted this object caught my attention immediately. attention to the site was a woolly mammoth After cleaning, the lithic specimen was revealed femur, without the epiphysis identifi ed as that to be the 5 cm long medial fragment of a blade of a young individual (Fig. 12: top). The tip of a with sub parallel edges and a single dorsal woolly mammoth tusk completed the recovered ridge (Fig. 13); a new Westphalian Neanderthal remains of this Weichselian mega herbivore. fi ndspot had been located. Furthermore, the Furthermore, dredging also recovered a hum- relatively broad blade fragment appears not to erus fragment of Equus and the scapula of a be the random result of just any knapping event woolly rhinoceros (Fig. 12). Woolly mammoth, but must be interpreted as the intended product woolly rhinoceros and horse represent of a specialized knapping process; this particular important elements of the so called mammoth Neanderthal knapper had “blades on his mind”. Baales 131

Figure 10. Hamm-Uentrop. Drawing of the proﬁ le with the Knochenkiese and Schneckensande (Sand-Schluﬀ -Wechselfolge) layers above Upper Cretaceous marls (drawing A. Müller, Olpe).

Indications for the age of the Knochenkiese The few lithic artefacts (blades or elongated and incorporated Palaeolithic and blanks) found at Essen-Dellwig, which may palaeontological fi nds represent Neanderthal activities near the shore By analysing the age of the diff erent of the former Emscher River (Lanser, 1982: 42; NW European late Middle Palaeolithic Schmitz, 1995: 123), might be assigned to the technocomplexes it seems to have become same Early Weichselian technocomplex. clear that those assemblages with a major blade In contrast to this, assemblages such as proportion mainly date into an older period of Bottrop, Herne and Wadersloh with a distinct the early Weichselian (cf. Conard, 1992, 2001: bifacial component (handaxes, Keilmesser or Fig. 2; Locht, 2002) around OIS 5c (Brørup, c. 90 Keilmesser-like tools and bifacially retouched ka BP: Jöris, 2004).3 scrapers [Blattförmige Schaber]) are today Following the above argumentation I would believed to represent a somewhat younger like to assign the Hamm-Uentrop blade to period within the Early Weichselian. Since the this group of Late Middle Palaeolithic blade 1960s, inventories like Bottrop und Herne had industries (which is of course somewhat in- been interpreted as representative of Gerhard secure on the basis of only a single fi nd). Bosinski’s Lebenstedter Gruppe of the Saalian 132 Part I – The Lower & Middle Palaeolithic

Figure 11. Hamm-Uentrop. Situation of the basal Pleistocene layers above the Upper Cretaceous marls soon a er the uncovering of a mammoth astragalus within the upper part of the Knochenkiese (photo E. Cichy, Olpe).

Figure 12. Hamm-Uentrop. Upper Pleistocene mammal remains. At the top a mammoth femur without epiphysis, and at the bo om (from le to right) a humerus fragment of Equus, tip of a mammoth tusk, scapula of a woolly rhinoceros, and a mammoth astragalus found in situ (cf. Fig. 11) (photo H. Menne, Olpe). Baales 133

Upper Acheulian, named by him after the site of Salzgitter-Lebenstedt in Lower Saxony (Bosinski, 1967: 34-35, 1982: 48; Schmitz, 1988, 1990a), even though researchers involved directly in the investigation of Salzgitter- Lebenstedt refused to accept any other dating than the Weichselian (Tode, 1982: 23; Pastoors, 2001). Nevertheless, U/Th dating of three Mammuthus molars from the basal gravels (Basiskiese) of the Bottrop Knochenkiese into late OIS 6 seemed at fi rst to support Bosinski’s argumentation (Schmitz, 1988, 1990a). However, only a few years later it became clear that these bifacial assemblages indeed date to within the Weichselian (Veil et al., 1994; Schmitz, 1995: 124) and they are now interpreted as forming part of the initial technocomplex of the familiar Weichselian Micoquian / Keil- messergruppen sequence or KMG-A (König- Figure 13. Hamm-Uentrop. Medial fragment of a regular black Baltic saue-Lebenstedt inventory type: Jöris, 2004: fl int blade with ba ered edges (drawing A. Müller, Olpe). 105-106). With respect to this interpretation, Schmitz, 1990b: Fig. 86). the chronologically older Bottrop U/Th dates Furthermore, the lithic specimens from for the mammoth molars can be easily dis- both sites are described overall as fresh and counted, since they in fact date Mammuthus unrolled in appearance (except for a few trogontherii (Schmitz, 1990a), a species which examples from Bottrop: Schmitz, 1990a: was no longer present here during the Weich- 109), an observation which also applies to selian. This determination also proves the pres- the Wadersloh assemblages (see above), and ence of older faunal material subsequently in- which can be seen as evidence for only minor corporated within the Knochenkiese or derived movement of the lithics of each assemblage from Saalian gravels below them (see below). within the Knochenkiese. At all three localities By reference to Jöris’ (2004) arguments, his it can also be argued that the lithics were found early KMG-A inventory still dates into the late towards the base of the Knochenkiese. Putting Early Weichselian period (OIS 5a or Odderade these arguments together it seems to me that and earliest part of OIS 4 [Greenland Interstadials all the assemblages derive from intact sites still 21 and 20]; Jöris, 2004: Fig. 20) making it some 75 in situ which had been established on drier ka BP in age. This clearly shows that the typical spots within the braided river valley or along Knochenkiese of Westphalia and the Ruhr its slightly higher shoreline. Some time later all region were indeed formed during the early these sites were covered by the accumulation Weichselian. By extending the interpretation of of the Knochenkiese sedimentation but were at the taphonomical and chronological relevance most only slightly moved during this process. of the described late Middle Palaeolithic The Hamm-Uentrop taphonomic situation materials within the Knochenkiese even further, seems to be completely diff erent. The lithic some arguments may be made to suggest an artefact was found here within the Knochenkiese even more precise (but still very cautious) deposit and its edges are visibly battered. Together dating of these gravels. this suggests movement of the blade fragment by Both assemblages from Bottrop and Herne the former Lippe River over some distance during are described as coming from a very limited area the Knochenkiese accumulation process. within the Emscher valley. Heinrich pointed to Taking all this evidence together, one may the fact that the Bottrop lithics occurred only cautiously suggest that the Knochenkiese were when the sub aquatic dredger reached canal accumulated ‘shortly’ after the bifacial lithic kilometre 13.65 (Heinrich, 1987: 131), while sites of Herne, Bottrop and Wadersloh were Kahrs also described the limited space covered abandoned. Intense erosion by the Emscher by artefacts found at Herne (Kahrs, 1925, 1928; and Lippe rivers reworked older materials 134 Part I – The Lower & Middle Palaeolithic

Figure 14. Chronometric position of the Upper Pleistocene Knochenkiese and Schneckensande and the proposed age of some Late Middle Palaeolithic sites in Westphalia and the Ruhrgebiet (for discussion see text). The paleoclimatic reconstruction of the last 140 ka BP is based on the GISP2 and Vostok deep ice core drilling records (for discussion see Jöris, 2004). LGM: Last Glacial Maximum, 1st GM: First Glacial Maximum (graph M. Baales, based on Fig. 7 in Jöris, 2004). and displaced them into secondary positions, later OIS 4 and / or early OIS 3 at around 70 to as seen in the case of the Hamm-Uentrop 60 ka BP (Fig. 14). laminar lithic artefact. Taking into account the Above the Knochenkiese are found the proposed climato-stratigraphical dating of the Schneckensande, which are themselves covered assemblages described above, the accumulation by various types of sediments, sometimes of the Knochenkiese deposit occurred during described as periglacial valley loess (Periglaziale Baales 135

Lössaue). Not far from the Palaeolithic site of 1995). Within the collections animal species Bottrop, north of the Rhine-Herne Canal near such as aurochs and roe deer may originally Bottrop-Welheim, a loamy horizon (bearing come from Eemian deposits subsequently very rare Upper Pleistocene animal tracks: incorporated into the Knochenkiese. Still older von Koenigswald (ed.), 1995) within these remains of Saalian age, such as Mammuthus Periglaziale Lössaue was dated by TL to some trogontherii and saïga antelope, may at least 40 ka (Frechen, 1995). Geological investigations in part come from earlier gravels subsequently during the late 1990s at Warendorf-Neu- covered by, and dredged out together with the warendorf revealed a silt package with peat Knochenkiese deposit, without any chance of above the Knochenkiese (e.g. the fi nd horizon) distinguishing the two. dated by radiocarbon to a minimum age of 33,740+1,360/-1,180 BP (Hv-23180; Rüschoff - Thale, 2004: 7) and giving a corrected minimum Final remarks age of 36,609±1,807 calBC (www.calpal.de). To sum up briefl y, the Knochenkiese of southern Bearing in mind the problem of radiocarbon Westphalia and the Ruhr region represent a ages with uneven standard deviations, the distinct Upper Pleistocene fl uvial deposit and dated silt package may nevertheless belong to a complex archaeological and palaeontological the Upper Interpleniglacial close to Greenland fi nd horizon, which at least today permits Interstadial 8 (Les Cottes / Denekamp: cf. Jöris a somewhat more detailed interpretation & Moreau, 2010: 11). At both localities, the of its genesis and dating. It remains open dates at least allow the interpretation that whether further construction work in the accumulation of the Weichselian Knochenkiese- Lippe and Emscher valleys will enable us to Schneckensande complex was terminated by investigate new Knochenkiese-Schneckensande around 50 ka BP (Fig. 14). sections employing new scientifi c techniques, Part of the rich animal collections found and possibly leading to the recognition of within the Knochenkiese may represent reworked new Neanderthal sites such as the recently material, as described above. However, the discovered site of Hamm-Uentrop. material is composed predominantly of species of the well known mammoth steppe fauna, such as the woolly mammoth itself and others Acknowledgments including woolly rhinoceros, horse, reindeer, I have to thank Marcel Niekus very much for bison, giant deer, musk ox and a variety of inviting me to participate in this Festschrift carnivores (von Koenigswald & Walders, 1995). dedicated to Dick Stapert. It is a pleasure for me Although larger pebbles (mostly older erratics) to do so, having met Dick some time ago and are found within the Knochenkiese (as at Hamm- learned that he is a very dedicated Palaeolithic Uentrop), the small grain size of these gravels researcher – and a nice guy too. Every Christmas makes it highly doubtful that all the animal since her birth I receive a pretty picture of Dick’s remains merely represent fl uvially dispersed and Lykke’s little girl Hedda, just to prove to animal carcasses. The composition of animal me how well she is evolving, and I always look remains here may also be partly attributed to forward to this! So, at least, thanks for that situations such as animal carcasses only slightly too and good luck, Dick! For correcting the modifi ed by carnivores and / or fl uvial energy text I have to thank very much an – however, (von Koenigswald & Litt, 2006: 79; Lanser, well known – anonymous colleague; all short- 2006: 87). However, any kind of human impact comings are of course my faults. I would like can only rarely be demonstrated (as at Bottrop to thank Manfred Dölling (Krefeld) for some and Lippstadt-Lipperode: Schmitz, 1990a, 1995; discussions and his hint on the 1997 J. Herget Schlösser, 1998) and is, unsurprisingly, entirely publication and Bernhard Stapel (Munster) for missing at Hamm-Uentrop. permission to publish Figure 2. For discussions As demonstrated for Bottrop and Warendorf- and information I want to thank Josef Gora Neuwarendorf not all animal remains recovered (Warendorf), Manfred Schlösser and Bernhard from locations within the Knochenkiese are of Stapel (both Munster) and Martin Walders Weichselian age (von Koenigswald & Walders, (Bottrop). 136 Part I – The Lower & Middle Palaeolithic

Notes Bosinski, G. (ed.), 1982. Das Eiszeitalter im 1. LWL-Archäologie für Westfalen, Außenstelle Ruhrland (= Führer des Ruhrlandmuseums Olpe, In der Wüste 4, D-57462 Olpe, Germany. 2). Rheinland-Verlag, Köln/Bonn. Email: [email protected]. 2. Some aspects of this article were presented Brunnacker, K., 1982. Das späte Eiszeitalter – during the annual meeting of the Hugo Geologie. In: G. Bosinski (ed.), Das Eiszeitalter Obermaier-Gesellschaft at Leipzig in 2010. im Ruhrland (= Führer des Ruhrlandmuseums Historically the eastern portion of the Ruhr 2). Rheinland-Verlag, Köln/Bonn, 26. Region (Ruhrgebiet) is part of Westphalia, while the western region forms part of the Conard, N.J., 1992. Tönchesberg and its position Rhineland; however I mention both regional in the Palaeolithic prehistory of Northern entities together here. Europe (= Monographien des Römisch- 3. A further Westphalian lithic assemblage Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 20). containing some 10% blades was collected RGZM & Rudolf Habelt, Mainz/Bonn. together with typical mammoth steppe faunal elements after sub aquatic sand dredging of Conard, N.J., 2001. River terraces, volcanic Pleistocene sediments of the Berkel stream craters and Middle Paleolithic settlement or its tributaries near Coesfeld-Stevede in the Rhineland. In: N.J. Conard (ed.), (Coesfeld district). Two burnt ﬂ ints were TL- Settlement dynamics of the Middle Palaeo- dated to 119,7±8,6 ka BP and 123,7±11,5 ka BP lithic and Middle Stone Age (= Tü bingen respectively (Stapel, 2006b). Publications in Prehistory). Kerns, Tübingen, 221–250.

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