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IMPROVING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS IN MINING Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental (CEMDA) Mexico Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy (CIELAP) Canada Comité Pro Defensa de la Fauna y Flora (CODEFF) Chile Environmental Law Institute (ELI) United States Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental (SPDA) Peru Manuel Pulgar Vidal, Adriana Aurazo, Editors Susan Bass and Wendy Sandoz, Co-editors Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental Improving Citizen Participation in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process in Mining Published by the Peruvian Society for Environmental Law – Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental (SPDA) with the support of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G 3H9 Copyright: ã Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental (SPDA) También impreso en español bajo el título: Mejorando la Participación Ciudadana en el Proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental en Minería First Edition: January 2004. Legal deposit in the Biblioteca Nacional del Perú 1501222003-1392 ISBN 9972-792-41-2 Cover design by: Gisele Rodríguez U., Piucce Company S.A.C. Printed by: LERMA GÓMEZ E.I.R.L. - AV. LA PAZ 860 - MIRAFLORES - PERÚ This publication is the result of the collaboration of: the Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental (SPDA), Peru, the Environmental Law Institute (ELI), United States, the Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy (CIELAP), Canada, the Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental (CEMDA), Mexico and the Comité Nacional pro Defensa de la Fauna y Flora (CODEFF), Chile, under the auspices of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada. These organizations worked in the search to improve existing public participation tools in their respective countries. This work is the conclusion their efforts. We would like to especially thank the following people: Anne Mitchell, Malcolm Rogge, Christine Elwell, Anicia Bonilla, Miguel Stutzin, Patricia González, Alberto Cortés, Susan Bass, Rose Edmonds, Wendy Sandoz, Maria Elena Mesta, Juan Carlos Carrillo and Ada Alegre, who actively participated in the preparation of the English and Spanish versions of this text and in the field visits. Editors. CEMDA - CIELAP - CODEFF - ELI -SPDA 6 Improving public participation in the environmental impact assessment process in mining INDEX PRESENTATION .......................................................................................................................................................9 IMPROVING CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS IN MINING ................................................................................................................................................................... 11 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 2. Environmental impact assessment .....................................................................................................................13 3. The role of different actors in environmental impact assessment ......................................................................17 4. Citizen participation ............................................................................................................................................20 5. How to rebuild confidence in environmental impact assessment? .....................................................................22 6. Formal and informal mechanisms for citizen participation .................................................................................27 CRITERIA AND TERMS OF REFERENCE ............................................................................................................37 I. CRITERIA TO SELECT THE CASE STUDIES ....................................................................................................39 1. Objective .......................................................................................................................................................39 2. Criteria ...........................................................................................................................................................39 II. CRITERIA TO DEVELOP THE CASE STUDIES ................................................................................................41 1. Objectives......................................................................................................................................................41 2. Criteria ...........................................................................................................................................................41 III. TERMS OF REFERENCE .................................................................................................................................43 1. General Information ......................................................................................................................................43 2. Objectives......................................................................................................................................................43 3. Contents ........................................................................................................................................................43 4. Summary .......................................................................................................................................................43 CHARTS .................................................................................................................................................................45 I. MATRICES ON CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN MINING: CANADA, CHILE, UNITED STATES, MEXICO AND PERU .............................................................................47 II. CENTRAL ELEMENTS TO EVALUATE CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN MINING-METALLURGIC PROJECTS ...............................................................................................................52 COUNTRY REPORTS ............................................................................................................................................57 I. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AND MINING IN CANADA ........................................................................................59 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................59 2. Environmental impact assessment processes ..............................................................................................59 3. Common participatory mechanisms ..............................................................................................................62 4. Other legal mechanisms ...............................................................................................................................64 5. Non-legal mechanisms .................................................................................................................................64 6. Successful results .........................................................................................................................................66 II. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AND MINING IN CHILE ............................................................................................67 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................67 2. The Environmental Impact Assessment Process .........................................................................................67 3. Citizen participation mechanisms .................................................................................................................69 4. Other formal mechanisms .............................................................................................................................71 5. Successful experiences of citizen participation in environmental management ...........................................72 III. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AND MINING IN THE UNITED STATES .................................................................75 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................75 2. Environmental Impact Assessment Process.................................................................................................75 3. Common participatory mechanisms ..............................................................................................................77 4. Other legal mechanisms ...............................................................................................................................78 5. Non-legal mechanisms .................................................................................................................................81 6. Successes .....................................................................................................................................................81 7. Weaknesses .................................................................................................................................................82 IV. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AND MINING IN MEXICO .......................................................................................83