Publication of The Journal of History is underwritten by a major grant from the Quest for Truth Foundation, established by the late James G. Scripps. Additional support is provided by “The Journal of San Diego History Fund” of the San Diego Foundation and private donors.

The San Diego History Center is a museum, education center, and research library founded as the San Diego Historical Society in 1928. Its activities are supported by: the City of San Diego’s Commission for Arts and Culture; the County of San Diego; individuals; foundations; corporations; fund raising events; membership dues; admissions; shop sales; and rights and reproduction fees.

Articles appearing in The Journal of San Diego History are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life.

The paper in the publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Science-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.

Front Cover: Parachutes fill the air as a mass drop of approximately 1000 troops takes place during exercise Bright Star 1982. C-5 Galaxy aircraft are being used.

Back Cover: Horses used during the Mexican period in . Painting by Jack Schlicting, graphic designer, San Diego Historical Society, 1965.

Design and Layout: Allen Wynar

Printing: Crest Offset Printing

Editorial Assistants: Travis Degheri Cynthia van Stralen Joey Seymour

The Journal of San Diego History

IRIS H. W. ENGSTRAND MOLLY McCLAIN Editors

THEODORE STRATHMAN DAVID MILLER Review Editors

Published since 1955 by the SAN DIEGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1649 El Prado, , San Diego, California 92101 ISSN 0022-4383 The Journal of San Diego History

VOLUME 60 SUMMER 2014 NUMBER 3

Editorial Consultants Published quarterly by the San Diego History Center at 1649 El Prado, Balboa MATTHEW BOKOVOY Park, San Diego, California 92101. University of Nebraska Press A $60.00 annual membership in the WILLIAM DEVERELL San Diego History Center includes University of Southern California; subscription to The Journal of San Director, Huntington-USC Institute Diego History and the SDHC Times. of California and the West All back issues are accessible at www. VICTOR GERACI sandiegohistory.org. University of California, Berkeley Articles and book reviews for DONALD H. HARRISON publication consideration, as well as Publisher, San Diego Jewish World editorial correspondence, should be addressed to Editors, The Journal of San J. MICHAEL KELLY Diego History, Department of History, Committee of 100 Balboa Park , 5998 Alcalá ROGER W. LOTCHIN Park, San Diego, CA 92110 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill All article submissons should be JOHN PUTMAN computer generated, double-spaced San Diego State University with endnotes, and follow the Chicago Manual of Style. Authors should ANDREW ROLLE submit an electronic copy in Microsoft The Huntington Library Word. Photographs must be submitted ROGER SHOWLEY separately at 300ppi. The San Diego Union-Tribune The San Diego History Center assumes ABE SHRAGGE no responsibility for the statements or Independent Historian opinions of the authors or reviewers. RAYMOND STARR ©2014 by the San Diego History Center San Diego State University, emeritus ISSN 0022-4383 Periodicals postage paid at San Diego, CA PHOEBE S. K. YOUNG Publication No. 331-870 University of at Boulder (619) 232-6203 www.sandiegohistory.org

Note: For a change of address, please call (619) 232-6203 ext. 102 or email [email protected]

ii

CONTENTS

VOLUME 60 SUMMER 2014 NUMBER 3

ARTICLES

San Diego’s Parachute Manufacturers: Visionaries and Entrepreneurs Wallace R. Peck 121

Red Paradise: A Long Life in the San Diego Communist Movement Toby Terrar 145

“Their Souls Are Equally Precious:” Edward Harvey Davis, Benevolence, Race, and the Colonization of Indigeneity Christian Gonzales 181

“Born of Horses:” Missionaries, Indigenous Vaqueros, and Ecological Expansion during the Spanish Colonization of California Paul Albert Lacson 207

IN MEMORIAM 230

BOOK REVIEWS 237 EXHIBIT REVIEW 245

iii iv APR 19 2014 through JAN 4 2015

Throughout its existence, San Diego has been impacted in some way by the military’s presence and has benefitted from its proximity as well. Presidio to Pacific Powerhouse: How the Military Shaped San Diego tells the story of San Diego’s relationship with our military.

For more information visit sandiegohistory.org

249 The Journal of San Diego History

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Nyabthok Goldet Charlotte Cagan Hailey Hasenbank Heather Hayes BOARD OF TRUSTEES Alison Hendrickson Thompson Fetter, President Maria Howard William Lawrence, Vice President Diana Inocencio Robert J. Watkins, Vice President Harry Katz Frank Alessi, Treasurer Naomi Kawamura Ann Hill, Secretary Jane Kenealy Robert F. Adelizzi, President Emeritus Christina Lazarakis Hal Sadler FAIA, President Emeritus Sharon LeeMaster Ashley Loga BOARD MEMBERS Sarah Matteson Richard Bregante Sara Morrison Diane Canedo Sandy McIssac Ray Carpenter Carol Myers Dan Eaton Casilda Pagan Bill Evans Heather Poirier Gayle Hom Kate Ross Lucy C. Jackson Nixa Sanchez Helen Kinnaird Matthew Schiff John Morrell Gabe Selak Ann Navarra Chris Travers Susan B. Peinado Oscar Urrutia Sandra Perlatti Kay Porter San Diego History Center gratefully Marc Tarasuck, AIA acknowledges the generous support of Margie Warner the Director’s Circle and above. Allan Wasserman Mr. and Mrs. Robert Adelizzi Roger Zucchet Mr. and Mrs. Frank J. Alessi Mr. and Mrs. Dominic Alessio ADVISORY BOARD Mr. and Mrs. Richard Amtower Malin Burnham Mr. Richard Bregante Col. Thomas A. Caughlan, USMC, Ret. Diane and David Canedo Iris Engstrand, Ph.D. Mr. and Mrs. Jeff Cavignac Kim Fletcher Bram and Sandy Dijkstra Steve Francis Mr. and Mrs. Thompson Fetter Yvonne Larsen Mr. Nicholas M. Fintzelberg David Malcolm Mrs. Jacqueline M. Gillman Seth Mallios, Ph.D. Dr. and Mrs. John D. Hill Jack Monger Ms. Gayle Hom Rana Sampson Mr. and Mrs. Tom Hom Hon. Lynn Schenk Mr. and Mrs. Webster Kinnaird Mary Walshok Mr. and Mrs. William S. Lawrence Stephen B. Williams Mrs. Barbara Malone Hon. Pete Wilson Mr. and Mrs. James S. Milch Karin Winner Mr. and Mrs. John Morrell Ms. Sandra Perlatti STAFF Mr. and Mrs. M. Lea Rudee Manny Aguilar Mr. and Mrs. Hal Sadler Tammie Bennett William Waite and Patti Kramer Keith Busby Mrs. Nell Waltz Kristen Cairns Margie and John Warner Coralle Cowan Mr. Bob Watkins Natalie Fiocre Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Williams Beverly Fritschner Mr. and Mrs. Roger Zucchet Nicole George

250 PRESERVE A SAN DIEGO TREASURE Your contribution will help to create an endowment for The Journal of San Diego History

Please make your check payable to The San Diego Foundation. Indicate on the bottom of your check that your donation is for The Journal of San Diego History Fund. The San Diego Foundation accepts contributions of $100 and up. Your contribution is tax-deductible.

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