Barbie: La Imposición De Sus Valores En Nuestra Cultura Y Su Reflejo En Las Publicidades Televisivas.”

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Barbie: La Imposición De Sus Valores En Nuestra Cultura Y Su Reflejo En Las Publicidades Televisivas.” “Barbie: la imposición de sus valores en nuestra cultura y su reflejo en las publicidades televisivas.” Mariño Natalia Verónica Trabajo Proyectual Guiado Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación Licenciatura en Publicidad Marzo, 2007 Índice Introducción .....................................................................................................1 Objetivos .....................................................................................................2 Marco teórico Capítulo 1. Consumo I. El consumidor y su evolución .......................................................3 II. La mujer en la historia y el consumo .......................................................7 III. Conducta del consumidor .....................................................12 IV. El niño como consumidor .....................................................15 Capítulo 2. Barbie, la princesa de plástico I. Su historia .....................................................20 II. Barbie en la Argentina .....................................................29 III. Adaptaciones a los cambios económicos.................................................... 30 Capítulo 3. Los niños I. Relación de los niños con la televisión ..................................................... 34 II. Los niños y la publicidad ......................................................37 III. Los niños y el juego ......................................................38 Capítulo 4. Publicidad audiovisual I. La TV como medio para publicitar ..................................................... 42 II. Elementos significativos de la publicidad audiovisual....................................43 III. El lenguaje audiovisual ......................................................46 Capítulo 5. La Marca I. ¿Qué es la marca? ......................................................49 II. Funciones de la marca ......................................................49 III. Posicionamiento y percepción ......................................................50 Capítulo 6. Un poco de historia I. Historia del juguete ......................................................51 II. Historia de la moda ......................................................54 III. Moda y sociedad ......................................................59 Hipótesis ....................................................................................................63 Diseño de la investigación.........................................................................................63 2 Análisis de las piezas I. Barbie Cabello a la moda. ......................................................64 II. Barbie Fairytopia, hadas mágicas y sirenas. ................................................72 III. Barbie Mascotas cariñosas. ......................................................75 IV. Barbie colección de Princesas. ......................................................77 V. Barbie, rock en tu estilo. ......................................................79 VI. Barbie, magia de Pegaso. ......................................................81 VII. Barbie veterinaria. ......................................................83 VIII. Barbie mini-reino. ......................................................85 IX. Barbie Princesa, fiesta de te. ......................................................86 X. Barbie y Kelly, hermanas bailarinas. ......................................................88 XI. Barbie California Girl. ......................................................90 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................94 Bibliografía ....................................................................................................99 Anexos Anexo I: Clases sociales en Estados Unidos...................................................101 Anexo II: Pirámide de necesidades de Maslow...............................................103 3 Introducción “Había una vez... una joven, bella y exitosa llamada Barbie. De cabellos tan dorados que hasta el mismísimo sol se pondría celoso, piernas delgadas y esbeltas, ojos que lo dicen todo. Eternamente joven. Trabajó de múltiples cosas para ser una mujer independiente, fue médica, bailarina, cantante de rock, astronauta y hasta presidenta de su país. Siempre a la moda, siempre innovando, recorrió el mundo y tuvo muchos amigos. Conoció a un muchacho llamado Ken del que estuvo profundamente enamorada, tuvieron una casa de ensueños, con un auto y hasta un perro. “Y fueron felices y comieron perdices” Con una descripción así, cualquier mujer sentiría envidia. Cualquier niña querría ser de adulta alguien como Barbie. Pero Barbie no es sólo una muñeca. Es mucho más que eso. Es una marca con una identidad propia muy fuerte que recrea un universo del que cualquier niña desearía formar parte. Este trabajo se centra solamente en la muñeca, por ser la que visiblemente mostró mayores cambios y se mantuvo en vigencia tantos años. Es el eslabón inicial de lo que podemos llamar Mundo Barbie, con su amplia extensión de productos que va desde un esmalte de uñas, lencería infantil, hasta una bicicleta. La intención de este recorrido es conocer un poco más sobre la historia y repercusiones de esta marca más que registrada. Sus adaptaciones y cambios de estrategia a través de los ya más de cuarenta años de existencia. Su presencia en los distintos países del mundo, imponiendo un modelo de mujer y consumo típicamente norteamericanos. Y detenernos en las formas publicitarias que utiliza, eligiendo un medio masivo como la televisión para llegar al vulnerable público infantil. Analizar detalladamente los elementos constitutivos de estas publicidades, interpretar sus discursos e intentar identificar de qué manera seduce tanto al público infantil femenino. Como referente importante entre las niñas, poder descubrir que valores exalta a través de estas publicidades y de que manera y en que medida son nocivos. 4 Objetivos Objetivo general Identificar, analizar y evaluar los valores que se exaltan en las publicidades televisivas de la muñeca Barbie. Objetivos específicos Evaluar el contenido de las publicidades televisivas de la muñeca Barbie. Identificar, describir y analizar los elementos audiovisuales que componen las publicidades de la muñeca Barbie en los últimos años en Argentina. Analizar la función del sonido como elemento para crear sentido en las publicidades de la muñeca. 5 Marco Teórico Capítulo 1. Consumo I. El consumidor y su evolución Iniciamos el capítulo con una definición de consumo aportada por García Canclini (1995), quien dedica un libro entero a tratar de explicar este fenómeno. Define como consumo “el conjunto de procesos socioculturales en que se realizan la apropiación y los usos de los productos.”1 Deja en claro que el consumo es algo más que ejercicio de gustos y compras irreflexivas. Para entender la formación de los íconos comunicacionales que influyeron definitivamente en el diseño de productos, envases y campañas de comunicación, es necesario revisar los hechos que identifican a las diferentes generaciones y deducir de qué manera unos y otros se influenciaron mutuamente. De hecho, antes de empezar cualquier estudio de segmentación, el analista de marketing debería encuadrar su análisis en algún arquetipo generacional para poder explicar su producto. La mayoría de los hechos que marcaron a fuego la historia del siglo XX, especialmente la segunda mitad, tuvieron una influencia definitiva en la Argentina, por la componente de clase media altamente culturizada y por una tendencia generalizada a estar permanentemente con el cambio de todos sus habitantes, que en su gran mayoría descienden del espíritu aventurero de sus abuelos y bisabuelos que vinieron de niños en barcos. La Posguerra: El año posterior a la rendición de los japoneses, se produjo en los Estados Unidos una explosión de nacimientos que alcanzaría su pico en 1957 y que duraría 19 años. En 1964, cuando terminó, 76 millones de niños habían nacido en el seno de una economía floreciente con posibilidades ilimitadas. Se los conoce, como se mencionó ya en otro capítulo, como baby boomers y fueron en su juventud protagonistas indiscutidos de una de las etapas más ricas y excitantes del siglo XX, y líderes de la política y la economía de nuestros días. 1 García Canclini, Néstor. Consumidores y ciudadanos, Cap I. Grijalbo, México, 1995. 6 La plácida etapa de la niñez de los baby boomers en la Argentina, se desarrolló en el marco del barrio, donde se podía jugar a la pelota y andar en bicicleta sin peligro. La mayoría vivía en casas, algunos en departamentos de pocos pisos. A diferencia de lo que ocurría en Estados Unidos, la guerra no había existido para los argentinos, aunque se habían vivido hechos excepcionales, como grandes movilizaciones obreras que habían repercutido definitivamente en sus hogares paternos, y que habían dividido el país en dos: peronistas y antiperonistas. El niño baby boomer perteneció a la primera generación en ser criada por un tercer padre: la televisión. Los 60: Popularizada en nuestro país en esta década, la televisión tuvo un rol formativo muy importante, al quebrar tecnológicamente la forma de proveer estándares de gusto y de conducta, y principalmente, una visión del mundo. Los baby boomers argentinos ven casi solamente programas de origen norteamericano: Yo quiero a Lucy, Caza submarina, Cisco Kid, El Llanero Solitario, Bonanza, y sus juegos, se basan en estas series: clásicos enfrentamientos entre cowboys e indios, en pleno barrio de Belgrano
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