Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Ústav Germanistiky, Nordistiky a Nederlandistiky Bakalářská Diplomová Práce

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Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Ústav Germanistiky, Nordistiky a Nederlandistiky Bakalářská Diplomová Práce Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav germanistiky, nordistiky a nederlandistiky Bakalářská diplomová práce 2016 Ivana Královcová Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav germanistiky, nordistiky a nederlandistiky Skandinávská studia Ivana Královcová Specifika norské jazzové scény Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Vojtěch Procházka, MA 2016 2 Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. V Brně, dne 30. 4. 2016 …………………………………………………. 3 Poděkování Na tomto místo bych ráda poděkovala svému vedoucímu Vojtěchu Procházkovi, MA za vedení a cenné připomínky, Mgr. Janu Přibilovi, DiS. za pomoc se zdroji, dále pak Milošovi Winklerovi a MgA. Vilému Spilkovi za konzultaci, sestře Mgr. Drahoslavě Kráčmarové za korekturu textu a celé své rodině za podporu při studiu. 4 Obsah 1. Úvod .................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Jazz - vymezení pojmu ........................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Co je jazz ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Metrorytmika: princip beatu .............................................................................. 10 2.1.2 Improvizace ........................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Free-jazz: vymezení pojmu ........................................................................................ 12 2.2.1 Rusellova Lydická chromatická koncepce tonální organizace ........................... 13 2.2.2 Free-jazz v Evropě .............................................................................................. 14 3. Vývoj norské jazzové scény do 60. let minulého století ................................................... 16 3.1 Příchod jazzu do Norska: 2. polovina 19. století ....................................................... 16 3.2 Meziválečné období ................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Poválečné období ...................................................................................................... 19 4. Norská jazzová scéna od 60. let minulého století: odklon od afro-americké hudební tradice ....................................................................................................................................... 21 4.1 Charakteristika norské jazzové scény ........................................................................ 21 4.2 Přelom 60. a 70. let minulého století: vznik norského jazzu ..................................... 23 4.3 70. léta: příchod německého hudebního vydavatelství ECM na norskou jazzovou scénu 24 4.3.1 Koncept „nordického tónu“ ............................................................................... 26 4.4 „ECM generace“......................................................................................................... 30 Arild Andersen .................................................................................................................. 30 Jan Erik Kongshaug ............................................................................................................ 31 Jan Garbarek ..................................................................................................................... 32 Jon Balke ........................................................................................................................... 34 Jon Christensen ................................................................................................................. 35 5 Terje Rypdal ...................................................................................................................... 36 4.5 Současná norská jazzová scéna ................................................................................. 37 4.5.1 Specifika současné norské jazzové scény ........................................................... 37 4.5.2 Významné osobnosti současné norské jazzové scény ....................................... 44 4.5.3 Významná uskupení současné norské jazzové scény ......................................... 50 5. Závěr .................................................................................................................................. 53 6. Resumé .............................................................................................................................. 55 7. Použitá literatura .............................................................................................................. 56 Tištěné zdroje ....................................................................................................................... 56 Internetové zdroje ................................................................................................................ 57 8. Přílohy ............................................................................................................................... 60 Slovník použitých hudebních pojmů ..................................................................................... 60 6 1. Úvod Tématem této bakalářské diplomové práce jsou Specifika norské jazzové scény. Norská jazzová scéna je v celosvětovém měřítku specifická a unikátní díky brzkému vymezení se vůči afro-americké jazzové tradici. Toto vymezení spočívalo ve změně používaných tónin a stupnic a využití norské lidové hudby jako základ pro jazzovou improvizaci. Díky této restrukturalizaci se mohla norská jazzová scéna vyvíjet nezávisle na americké a vytvořit si svůj vlastní ojedinělý výraz. Dalšími specifiky norské jazzové scény je role německého hudebního vydavatelství ECM, role státu, školství či norských jazzových festivalů a nezávislých hudebních vydavatelství. Práce je rozdělena do tří částí. V první části se zabývám formulací pojmu jazz, přiblížení jazzové improvizace a specifického jazzového rytmu, dále se zabývám určením pojmu free- -jazz, který v celém procesu vymezení norské jazzové scény vůči americké sehrál podstatnou roli. Druhá část práce popisuje vývoj norské jazzové scény od jejího vzniku až do 60. let, kdy se podřizovala americkému mainstreamu. Poslední část práce se věnuje norské jazzové scéně od 60. let, kdy se norská jazzová scéna emancipovala až do současnosti. Pro lepší představu o norské jazzové scéně jsem do práce začlenila medailonky zásadních postav a uskupení norské jazzové scény, které demonstrují značnou diverzitu této scény. Hlavním cílem práce je tedy osvětlit či zvýraznit specifika norské jazzové scény, zasadit tato specifika do dobového kontextu a porovnat některé aspekty s americkou i evropskou jazzovou scénou. Práce se dále soustředí na zmapování norské jazzové scény od jejího vzniku v druhé polovině 19. století po dnešní stav se zaměřením na elektronickou hudbu. Téma je aktuální zejména z toho důvodu, že se elektronická hudba v dnešní době prosazuje i v tak z dnešního pohledu tradičních hudebních žánrech, jako je právě jazz nebo klasická hudba. Pro vypracování první teoretické části této práce jsem použila Encyklopedii jazzu a moderní populární hudby od Antonína Matznera, jelikož se jedná o nejucelenější českou jazzovou encyklopedii, která je v českém akademickém prostředí hojně citovaná a uznávaná. Z českých pramenů čerpám především z knih od jazzového publicisty Lubomíra Dorůžky, zejména Panoráma jazzových proměn. Ze zahraničních knih čerpám z nové publikace italského jazzového publicisty Lucy Vitaliho The Sound of the North: Norway and the 7 European Jazz Scene, která detailně mapuje norskou jazzovou scénu od 50. let minulého století do roku 2014. Dále pak z publikace Jan Garbarek: Deep Song, od profesora Michaela Tuckera, který se dlouhodobě zajímá o norské umění, za což byl vyznamenán Královským norským řádem sv. Olafa a Eurojazzland: Jazz and European Sources, Dynamics, and Contexts od kolektivu autorů. 8 2. Jazz - vymezení pojmu Vymezení samotného pojmu jazz je velice problematické, žádná přesná definice neexistuje. Proces formování jazzové hudby není uzavřený, rozvíjí se s ohledem na hudební prostředí, ve kterém je vytvářen, např.: určité země. V následujících podkapitolách je osvětlen pojem jazz a free-jazz na základě tezí výše zmíněné práce Antonína Matznera. 2.1 Co je jazz Jazz představuje jeden z okruhů základního typu nonartificiální hudby, avšak tento okruh má v dané klasifikaci a hlavně v reálném hudebním dění zcela zvláštní místo, tvářnost a funkci, pro svou mimořádnou vývojovou dynamičnost, tendenci k synkretismu s projevy folklorními i artificiálními a úloze jakési tvůrčí „laboratoře“ pro celý hudební rod populární hudby.1 Jazz je zvláštním typem hudebního myšlení, které se vyjevuje v relativně vyhraněné hudební oblasti zformované na přelomu 19. a 20. století ve Spojených státech amerických mísením zejména černošské (africké) a bělošské (evropské) hudební tradice. Nositelem jádrové konzistence jazzu není jedna vymezená vlastnost hudby, ale určitý proměnlivý soubor rysů, resp. nasycenost těmito rysy2 (metrorytmika opřená o beat, improvizace, kult nástrojové virtuozity, specifický tónový ideál, kanonizované postupy melodicko-harmonické a formové, atd.), z nichž i ty nejzákladnější (vyjma metrorytmiky opřené o beat, která umožňuje výrazné uplatnění principu improvizace, jež je hlavní motivací a ospravedlněním relativně samostatné existence jazzu) se mohou za určitých okolností navzájem nahrazovat.
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