Index

Abbas I, Shah 320 al-Zawahiri, Ayman 125 Abduh, Muhammad 276 Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Abdulhamid II, Sultan 94 Freedom 217, 311 Abu Sayyaf 126 American Israel Public Affairs Committee Acemoglu, Daron 210 (AIPAC) 305 Acheson, Dean 189 America’s international relations 302–14 Action of Churches Together (ACT Alliance) 150 faith-based diplomacy 308–10 Acton, Lord 294 faith-based initiatives 306–8 Adenauer, Konrad 268 international religious freedom 310–13 Advani, L.K. 354 special relationship with Israel 303–6 Afghan Arabs 122–3 217 Afghan jihad 285–7 Amor, Abdelfattah 220 African civilization 130 anachronism 87 Afro-Eurasian 331 Andrew, Brother 216, 310 Agaev, Semyon 318 Anil, Brother 62 Aga Khan Development Network 204 anti-modern conceptions 5 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud 319 anti-Zionist violence 118 Ahmed, Akbar S. 165 AoC see Alliance of Civilization AIPAC see American Israel Public Affairs Apostolic See of Peter 289 Committee AQAP see Al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula Akbarzadeh, Shahram 318 AQI see Al-Qa’ida Organization for Holy War Akram, Munir 219 in Iraq al-Aziz ibn Baz, Shaikh Abd 277 AQIM see Al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr 125 Aquinas, Thomas 26 al-Bashir, Omar 310 Arab–Israeli conflict 248, 277 Albert, Mathias 296 Arab–Israeli war 366 Albright, Madeleine 189, 309 Arafat, Yasser 278, 285 Albright, Madeline 60 Arendt, Hannah 295 Al-e-Ahmad, Jalal 323 Arunova, Marianna 318 al Faisal, Saud 285 asabiyya 165 Alfayev, Hilarion 266 Asad, Talal 43 Alfoneh, Ali 123 asymmetric 116 Ali, Imam 320, 321 Atatürk, Kemal 34 Ali, Muhammad 90 Avramopoulos, Dimitros 265 Aliyev, Salekh 318 Azzam, Abdallah 286 al-Kandhlawi, Muhammad Ilyas 61 Alliance of Civilization (AoC) 247, 248 Alliance of Religion and Conservation 146 Baha’i International Community 223, 234 Al-Qa’ida 7, 11, 19, 120–21, 199 Balfour, Arthur 365 archetype 124–5 Balfour Declaration 118, 306 Al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) 124 Balkan Peninsula 334–6 Al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) 124 Balkans 334–6 Al-Qa’ida Organization for Holy War in Iraq BAPS see Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam (AQI) 125 Sanstha al-Qaradawi, Yusuf 277, 285 Barber, Benjamin 13, 119 Al-Quds Committee 277, 278, 283 Bardakoğlu, Ali 333 Al-Quds Fund 277, 279 Barro, Robert 206, 209 Al Sayyid, Mustafa 119 Barroso, José Manuel 268

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Barry, James 318 Casey, Shaun 309, 310 Başkan, Birol 339 Catholic Church 54–5, 72, 266, 289–90, 292, 293, Baumgart-Ochse, Claudia 231 299 Begin, Menachem 363, 367–71 Catholicism 290 Beheshti, Mohammad 323 Catholic NGO Catholics for Choice (CfC) 253 Bellah, Robert 188 Catholics 32 Bellarmine, Robert 290 Cavanaugh, William 26 Benedict XV, Pope 297 CCP see Chinese Communist Party Benedict XVI, Pope 29, 290, 298–9, 333 CEDAW see Convention on the Elimination of all Ben-Gurion, David 364 Forms of Discrimination Against Women Benslama, Fethi 162 Center for Family and Human Rights 253 Berger, Julia 236 Central Asia 338 Berger, Peter L. 24, 54, 199, 210, 238 Cetin, Hikmet 285 Bettiza, Gregorio 190 chain of resistance theory 328 (BJP) 10, 58 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 59 Bhindranwale, Sant Jarnal Singh 352 Christian civilizationism 1 Bigo, Didier 165 Christianity 15, 28, 62–3, 180 Bill of Rights 302 ‘glocal’ expression of 63 bin Laden, Osama 6 Gyan Ratna Gurukul 62–3 Blackstone, William E. 365 Sermon on the Mount 27 Blair, Tony 108 Ten Commandments 27 blasphemy law 93 Christian Realism 189, 192 Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Sanstha Christian Study Group on European Unity 259 (BAPS) 54 church diplomacy 250 Bosnian Civil War (1992–95) 171 Ciji, Buddhist organization 55–6 Bramadat, Paul 156 Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) 58–9, 358 Brexit 255, 265 civilization Brownback, Sam 311 African 130 Brown, Katherine 75 battle within 15 Brussels religious representations 261–3 definition of 129 diplomatic representations 261 Hindu 129, 349 inter-religious/convictional organizations/ Islamic 105, 131, 134, 136 networks 263 Japanese 130 official representation of churches 261–3 Latin American 130 religious and convictional representations vs. religion 129–30 262 Sinic 105 religious orders 263 Sino-Confucian 130, 132 single-issue organizations 263 Slavic-Orthodox 130 25, 26, 28, 180 Western 105, 130 Eightfold Path 27 civilizational fault lines 106, 119–20 Bull, Hedley 13, 14 civil religion 188 Burke, Kelsy 72 civil-society activism 250 Bush, George H.W. 177 Claes, Willy 14 Bush, George W. 9–10, 190, 307 Clarke, Gerard 236 Buzan, Barry 13, 14 clash of civilization (CoC) 83, 101, 105–8, Byrnes, Timothy 293 129–38, 173, 179, 206, 247, 371 arguments 135–6 civilization vs. religion 129–30 CAA see Citizenship Amendment Act continued influence 136–8 Camp David summit 303 critics 132–5 canon law 291 fault lines 131 Carrette, Jeremy 236 one world paradigm 136 Carter, Jimmy 365 post-Cold War conflict 131 Casanova, Jose 29 predictions 130–32 Casaroli, Agostino 291 Western–Islamic clash 131–2

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The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of Day, Abby 238 the World Order (Huntington) 129 De Certeau, Michel 158 climate change see international climate Declaration of Holy Jihad (1981) 277–82 politics Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Clinton, Bill 217 Intolerance and Discrimination based on Clinton, Hillary 189, 221 Religion or Belief (1981) 215, 239 ‘cobweb’ model 17 decolonization 1, 2 CoC see clash of civilizations defamation of religions 219–21 Cold War theology 103 de Franco, Chiara 294 Collins, Paul 294 de Gasperi, Alcide 268 COMECE see Commission of Bishops’ Degauque, Muriel 75 Conferences of the European Community Dehghani-Firuzabadi, Jalal 318 Commission of Bishops’ Conferences of the DeLay, Haluza 151 European Community (COMECE) 259, Delors, Jacques 260 261, 263 de-secularization 100 Commission on Unalienable Rights 222 emergence of religion 101–2 Committee on the Christian Responsibility for normative and empirical consequences European Cooperation 259 103–4 Communism 32 threat to securitization of religious identities Compassion International, USA-based NGO 58 108–10 Comte, Auguste 9 Diamond, Jared 206 Conference of European Churches 263 dictator pope 295 Conference of International Catholic Diez, Thomas 296 Organizations 261 digitalized umma (Muslim community) 163 confessionalized civilizationism 104–8 diplomatic religious representations 261 civilizational fault lines 106 Divya Destiny 63 cosmic wars 106 Diyanet 92, 331–41 dialogue of civilization 106 Donahoe, Amanda 68 religious-based violence 106 Doron, Eliyahu Bakshi 333 Western-centric universalism 107 Dubet, François 158 Western/Sinic/Isalmic civilization 105 Dunaeva, Elena 318 conformism 158 Dunne, Tim 13 Confucianism 15, 25, 130 Durkheim, Emile 9, 84 Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith 292, 298 ECEC see Ecumenical Commission on European Consalvi, Ercole 291 Cooperation Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of eclectic pan-Iranism 326–7 Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 235, 70, 76–8, 218 248, 249 conversionary Protestants 210 economic distress 211 convictional organizations 263 ECOSOC see Economic and Social Council Cooperation Council of the Turkic Speaking ECSC see European Coal and Steel Community States 337 Ecumenical Commission on European Copenhagen Climate Conference 147 Cooperation (ECEC) 259 cosmic wars 106 Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 262 counter- 74–6 Elias, Norbert 84 Countries of Particular Concern (CPCs) 217, 311 The End of History (Fukuyama) 2 Covenants on Civil and Political Rights 239 English School 7, 13–17 Cox, Brian 309 Enlightenment 25 CPCs see Countries of Particular Concern epistemic community 177 cultural globalization 15 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip 34, 93, 166, 333 culture wars 68 ethnic hostility 5 Eurasian Islam Council 335 Daoism 28 Europe 332–4 Darby, John Nelson 305 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 259

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European Commission 260, 261, 264, 265, 268, heteronormativity 69 269, 270 internal reform movements 73 European Evangelical Alliance 263 intersectionality 69 European External Action Service 260, 270 looking up and down 71 European Humanist Federation 263 political ambivalence of religion 73, 78 European institutions 259–60 transnational 74–6 European Jewish Congress 260 Fethullah Terrorist Organization 333, 340 European Parliament 259–60, 264, 270, 334 Feuerbach, Ludwig 25 European Parliament Intergroup on Freedom of Fige, Ján 260 Religion or Belief and Religious Tolerance Figueres, Christina 143 108 first of rights 216–19 European Turkey 334 Fitzgerald, Timothy 234 (EU) 1, 40, 220, 255, 259–71 FoRB see freedom of religion or belief Brussels religious representations 261–3 force multiplier/divider 181 diplomatic representations 261 Foreign Affairs (Huntington) 129, 132 inter-religious/convictional foreign interventions 122–3 organizations/networks 263 foreign policy official representation of churches accommodation mode 261–3 foreign relations 45–6 religious and convictional national interest 45 representations 262 operational domains 46 religious orders 263 policy cycle 46 single-issue organizations 263 analysis 40–41 European institutions 259–60 comparative approaches 46 faith-based organizations 267–70 core elements of 39–40 public policy 264–7 engagement mode 41–3 European Union membership 265 foreign policy cycle 43 populism 266–7 foreign relations 42 refugee crisis 265–6 national interest 42 religious dialogue 259–60 operational domains 42–3 European Union of Jewish Students 260 identity in Iran European Young Christian Workers 261 analysis 317–19 Extinction Rebellion movement 149 Pahlavi dynasty 322 extraction evangelism 62 Qajar dynasty 321 extra-state armed conflict 171 religious factor and 319–21 revolutionization of religious component Fadlallah, Grand Ayatollah Mohammed 284 321–3 faith-based advocacy 150–51 Safavid dynasty 320–21 faith-based climate engagement 148 in twentieth century 321–3 faith-based non-governmental organizations 236 faith-based organizations (FBOs) 144, 150–51, Hindu diaspora 354–7 191, 231, 240, 267–70, 306 Howdie Modi 356 Faith for Rights framework 223 Operation Bluestar 352–3, 355 faithless communism 103 354–7 Falun Gong (FG) movement 59 integrated approach 45–6 Falwell, Jerry 363, 367–71 international relations 11–12, 38–9 Family Research Council 253 interrogation mode 43–5 Fanon, Franz 165 foreign relations 44 FBOs see faith-based organizations national interest 44 female terrorism 74 operational domains 44–5 feminist perspectives 68–79 policy cycle 45 counter-terrorism 74–6 religious actors 9, 12 framework for research 71–3 foreign policy cycle 39 gender and religion in IR 70–71 accommodation mode 46 in general 68–9 engagement mode 43

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interrogation mode 45 ISIS model 125–6 foreign relations 39 New Terrorism 121–2 accomodation mode 45–6 proxy warfare 123–4 engagement mode 42 religious 121–2 interrogation mode 44 social reality 6 forgotten right 217 in transnational relations 52–3 Fountain, Philip 232 globalization thesis 17 Fox, Jonathan 74, 105 globalized religious 115–17 Francis, Pope 54, 55, 143, 146, 265, 266, 267, Islamist activism 116–17 292, 293, 294, 299 religious asymmetric insurgency 116 freedom of expression 219–21 Global War on Terror 190 freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) 215–25 Gokhale, Vijay 358 defamation of religions 219–21 Goldman, Shalom 365 first freedom 217 Goldstone, Richard 303 first of rights 216–19 Golwalkar, M.S. 353 forgotten right 217 Gospel of Mark 63 freedom of expression 219–21 governmentality 85 luxury right 216–19 Graham, Billy 366 new generation of advocates 221–4 Greek Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomeos 333 orphan right 217 greening of religion hypothesis 144 overview of 215–16 Gregory VII, Pope 294 human right 221–4 GRG see Gyan Ratna Gurukul scepticism 218 Guardian Council 77 Freegate 60 Gülen, Fethullah 57, 333 French Revolution 32, 33 Gülen Hizmet Movement (GHM) 56–7 Friedland, Roger 85 Act (1925) 352 Frued, Sigmund 9, 25 Guterres, António 143, 304 Fukuyama, Francis 2 Gyan Ratna Gurukul (GRG) 62–3 fundamentalist Islamist ideal 120–21 Hagee, John 306 Gandhi, Indira 350 Haidar, Nahla 224 Gandhi, Mahatma 212 Hallaq, Wael 86 Geertz, Clifford 232 Hall, Bruce 295 Gemayal, Bashir 368 Hamas (Islamic ) 124 gender Hashemi, Mehdi 324 as relational concept 69 Hashmi, Sohail 276 and religion in IR 70–71 Hassner, Ron 172 Gharyak-Zandi, Davoud 318 Haye, Tim La 305 GHM see Gülen Hizmet Movement Haynes, Jeff 312 Girard, René 106 Hebdo, Charlie 220, 270 Gladigow, Burkhard 233 hegemonic Islam 90–94 Glemp, Jozef 265 absorption into state institutions 90–92 globalism 14 features 94 globalization 1 form of governmentality 94 context of religions 52–3 national history 93–4 cultural 15 process of 90 and international security shari’a as state law 92–3 emergence of religion 101–2 Henry R. Luce Foundation 202 normative and empirical consequences heteronormativity 69 103–4 Hindu civilization 129, 349 political, economic, social and cultural Hinduism 15, 26, 28, 180 impacts of 6 Arya Samaj 57 religious terrorism Dharma 27 Al-Qa’ida archetype 124–5 Gyan Ratna Gurukul 62–3 foreign interventions 122–3 Sanatana Dharma 62, 63

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Hindu 10 Interfaith Summit on Climate Change 147, 149, Hindu Rashtra 352–4 151 : Who Is a Hindu? (Savarkar) 353 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Hitler, Adolf 189 (IPCC) 143, 146 Hoffman, Bruce 116 international armed conflict 171–81 Holy Quran 121 extra-state armed conflict 171 Holy See 54–5, 202, 248, 253, 259, 261, 289, inter-state armed conflict 171 291–3, 296–9 religion as conflict intensifier 180–81 Hongzhi, Li 59 religion as conflict precipitator 179–80 Horizon 2020 project 156, 160 religion precipitates 172–9 Horowitz, Michael 216, 310 epistemic community 177 hospitality 159–61 neoclassical realism 176 Hulme, Mike 143 operational code 178 human dignity 246 political ideologies 178 human–environment relationships 145, 151 political science literature 175 human good 35 religious ethics 178 Humanists International 223 war ethics 179 humanitarianism 251 international climate politics 143–52 217, 223 ecological crisis 151 Hume, David 208 faith-based advocacy 150–51 Huntington, Samuel P. 7, 119, 129 human–environment relationships 145, 151 Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman 29, 44, 108, 222 religious engagement 148–9 Hussein, Saddam 34, 173, 284 religious perspectives 144–6 hybridity 293–4 secular 146–8 International Conference on Population and Iannaccone, Larry 207 Development 252–3 Ibn Khaldun, Mohammad 165 International Convention on Elimination of All ICCPR see International Covenant on Civil and Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965) 215 Political Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political ICFM see Islamic Conference of Foreign Rights (ICCPR) 40, 215, 220, 310 Ministers international development 197–212 identity politics 16 institutions 198–9 Ignatieff, Michael 203 religious beliefs 197 Ihsanoglu, Ekmeleddin 221 religious economics imagined community 84 charitable giving 209–10 İnalcık, Halil 334 economic and statistical tools 207–8 India extremism and terrorism 211 Citizenship Amendment Act 58–9, 358 links to and governance 209 ethnic barriers 57–9 missionary legacies 210–11 foreign policy pluralism 209 Hindu diaspora 354–7 religious finance 209–10 Howdie Modi 356 religious institutions and communities Operation Bluestar 352–3, 355 relationships 208–9 Sikh diaspora 354–7 scholarship 208 international relations 348–59 secular approaches 208–9 Hindu Rashtra 352–4 service provision 209–10 352–4 Smith influences 208 Modi doctrine 357–9 Weber’s theories 210 neighbourhood strategy 357–9 religious institutions 197, 199 religious civilizational discourse 349–51 United Nations policies 251–2 security policy 357–9 International Labour Organization 40 National Register of Citizens 59 international migration 156–66 Indian exceptionalism 349–50 hospitality 159–61 Inglehart, Ronald 207 Islamic fundamentalism 162 Interfaith Liaison Committee 150 Islamic 161–5

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reification of religious identities 156–9 misguided assumptions to religion 104–6 religious communities 157–8 overview of 100–101 state of the art 156–7 international society 7 International Network of Engaged Buddhists 202 definition of 13 International Partnership on Religion and gesellschaft view of 14 Sustainable Development 201, 205 religion’s involvement consequences 13–17 international relations religion vs. 14 anti-modern conceptions 5 international terrorism 115–17 clash of civilizations 13 International women’s rights governance 76–8 foreign policy 11–12 International Yoga Day 357 and Holy See 296–9 inter-religious networks 263 identity politics 16 intersectional communities 83–6 India see India intersectionality 69 Iran see Iran inter-state armed conflict 171 liberal internationalism 20 Intifada 282–3 multicultural 15 IPCC see Intergovernmental Panel on Climate and the pope 289–99 Change post-Westphalian 8–12 Iran religious actors 5–6, 17–20 foreign policy identity religious traditions/movements 7 analysis 317–19 soft power 17–20 Pahlavi dynasty 322 and see America’s Qajar dynasty 321 international relations religious factor and 319–21 see also religion revolutionization of religious component International Religious Freedom Act, 1998 321–3 (IRFA) 43, 189, 190, 193, 217, 311 Safavid dynasty 320–21 International Religious Freedom Alliance 312, in twentieth century 321–3 313 Hezbollah relationship 123 international religious insurgency 117–21 international relations 317–28 civilizational fault lines 119–20 eclectic pan-Iranism 326–7 fundamentalist Islamist ideal 120–21 pragmatism 323–6 in Middle East 117–18 revolutionary polices 323–6 religious nihilism 121 self-perception 318 symbolic warfare 118 leadership 323 transnational religious identity 120 proxy warfare 123–4 international religious terrorism 115–26 revolution, 1979 1 international security (IS) 100–11 Iran and the Muslim World, 1979–1998 confessionalized civilizationism 104–8 (Ushakov) 318 civilizational fault lines 106 IRFA see International Religious Freedom Act, cosmic wars 106 1998 dialogue of civilization 105 IRGC see Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps religious-based violence 106 IRI see of Iran Western-centric universalism 107 ISIS see of Iraq and al-Sham Western/Sinic/Isalmic civilization 105 Islam 3, 7, 28, 180 confessionalized conceptions 106–8 hegemonic 90–94 de-secularization in national narratives 93 emergence of religion 101–2 political 83–95 normative and empirical consequences 27 103–4 Shia 11 threat to securitization of religious Sufi 61 identities 108–10 Islamic civilization 105, 131, 134, 136 globalization Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers (ICFM) emergence of religion 101–2 277, 278 normative and empirical consequences Islamic Declaration on Climate Change 151 103–4 Islamic extremism 7–8

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Islamic fundamentalism 162 Joint Learning Initiative on Faith and Local Islamic governance 86 Communities 201 Islamic legal tradition 86–7 Joustra, Robert 46 Islamic radicalization 161–5 Judaism 28 asabiyya 165 Ten Commandments 27 communities of sentiments 163 Judeo-Christianity 302 digitalized umma 163 Juncker, Jean-Claude 260 Maze of Radicalization 165 Junge, Martin 203 Muslim-origin migrants 164 Jyllandsposten, Danish 220 scriptualism 163 socio-economic aspects 162 Ka, Djibo 285 vicarious humiliation 163 Kaldor, Mary 102 Islamic republic of Iran (IRI) 317, 323 Kalın, İbrahim 335 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) 324 Karam, Azza 249 Islamic solidarity 11 Karijo, Arya 224 Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) 125–6 Karimi, Jalil 318 Islamic Summit 277, 279, 280, 283–6 Kegley, Charles 115 Islamist activism 116–17 Kennan, George F. 189 Islamist Palestinian movements 124 Kepel, Gilles 162 Islamophobia 62, 219 Kerry, John 309 Islam-ophob-ism 156 Khalistan movement 352–4 Islamopluralists 33 Khamenei, Ali 325 Islamoskeptics 33 Khan, Mirza Kuchek 321 Israel 303–6 Khan, Sattar 321 evangelical interpretations 370 Khatami, Mohamad 107 United States and Khatami, Muhammad 248 case studies, Begin–Falwell relationship Khiabani, Sheikh Mohammad 321 367–71 Khomeini, Ayatollah 370 Minorities Alliance idea 363–5 Khomeini, Ruhollah 322 religious diplomacy 363, 365–7 Kille, Kent J. 238 special relationship 363 King Abdallah bin Abdulaziz Centre for Israel–Palestinian conflict 5, 189, 251, 306 Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue Istanbul-based Ecumenical Patriarchate of 202, 205 Constantinople 260 Kirill, Patriarch 107 Knoblauch, Hubert 238 Jabotinsky, Eri 364 Koenig, Matthias 156 Jabotinsky, Ze’ev 364 Kouchner, Bernard 100 Jackson, Robert 13 Ku Klux Klan 370 26, 28 Kulagina, Ludmila 318 Jaishankar, S 357 Kurdi, Ailan 159, 160 Japanese civilization 130 Kuru, Ahmet 29, 86 Jędraszewski, Marek 266 Kyoto Protocol 143, 146 Jenkins, Jerry 305 Jerusalem 275–87 Lama, Dalai 6 Jerusalem Embassy Act (1995) 305 Landes, David 206, 210 Jerusalem: The Concern of Every Muslim Langmead, Ross 159 (al-Qaradawi) 277 The Late Great Planet Earth (Lindsay) 305 jihad over Jerusalem 275–87 Latin American civilization 130 Jihad vs. McWorld (Barber) 14, 119 Lebanon War (1982) 364, 367, 370, 371 Jinnah, M.A. 350 Lee-Koo, Katrina 69 Jinping, Xi 56 Left Behind (Haye and Jenkins) 305 John Paul I, Pope 298 Leo XIII, Pope 297 John Paul II, Pope 5, 6, 260, 292, 298, 333 Levitt, Peggy 166 Johnston, Douglas 60, 308 Lewis, Bernard 370 John XXIII, Pope 298 Lewis, David Allen 369

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Lewthwaite, Samantha 75 Motahhari, Morteza 323 liberal internationalism 20 Moulana, Hamid 318 Lilla, Mark 24 Mozumdar, P.C. 62 Lindsay, Hal 305 mujahideen (holy warriors) 120–21 Luhmann, Niklas 296 multicultural international relations 15 luxury right 216–19 Muslim Protection of Rights on Divorce Act 351 Myanmar 59 Maastricht Treaty (1992) 261, 262 The Myth of (Cavanaugh) 26 MacIntyre, Alasdair 175 macro-level of social discourses 233, 238–40 Nagel, Alexander K. 160 Madrid Peace Conference (1991) 284–5 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 34, 104, 117, 277 Mahmoodi, Karim 318 Nasserism 117 Make in India enterprise 357 National Association of Evangelicals 366 male terrorism 74 National Christian Leadership Council Israel 369 Mamedova, Nina 318 National Council for Voluntary Organizations Marshall, Katherine 232 209 Marshall, Paul 310 National Council of Churches 369 Marxism 172 National Education Council 93 Marx, Karl 9, 25, 32 national interest 39 masculinity accomodation mode 45 context of religious terrorism 75 engagement mode 42 hegemonic notions of 69 interrogation mode 44 social construction 69 nationalism 85 Mauss, Marcel 161 National Register of Citizens (NRC) 59 Mayall, James 13 nation building 88–90 Maze of Radicalization 165 NATO see North Atlantic Treaty Organization McCleary, Rachel 206, 209 negative 29, 30 McCutcheon, Russell T. 234 Nehru, Jawaharlal 348 McNeill, William H. 206 neoclassical realism 176 MDGs see Millennium Development Goals neocolonialism 118 Mead, Walter Russell 188, 192 New Terrorism 116, 121–2 Merger Treaty of the European Community NGOs see non-governmental organizations (1966) 261 Niebuhr, Reinhold 189 Merkel, Angela 160, 166 Nietzsche, Friedrich 25 meso-level of organizations and movements 233, nihilism 121 235–8 9/11 New York and Pentagon attacks 5, 7, 136, Miall, Hugh 236 166, 172 micro-level of individual religiosity 233, 238 Noël, Émile 260 Middle East 338–9 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 235 milieu goals 296–9 faith-based 236 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 252 religious 248–50 Ministries of Endowments, Education, Justice, United Nations 249–50 and Treasury 90 non-state actors 6 Minorities Alliance idea 363–5 transnational 20 Minority Rights Group International 223 non-state international actors 1 moderation 100 North Africa 338–9 modernist-reformist movement 88 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 14, Modi, Narendra 58, 107, 356 337 Mohammadi, Manuchehr 318 NRC see National Register of Citizens Mohammadpur, Ahmad 318 nuclear dossier 319 Montazeri, Husein-Ali 324 Nye, Joseph 7, 18, 295 Moral Majority 370–71 Morgenthau, Hans 189 Morris, Benny 367 Obaid, Thoraya 254 Morsi, Mohammed 339 Obama, Barack 190, 304, 306

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OFBCI see White House Office of Faith-Based PEPFAR see President’s Emergency Plan for and Community Initiatives AIDS Relief Office for International Religious Freedom Persian Gulf War 11 (OIRF) 311–13 Petersen, Marie Juul 236 Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Pew Research Center 34, 95, 199 Affairs 252 Philpott, Daniel 187, 309 Office of International Religious Freedom 193, Pieterse, Jan Nederveen 163 310 PIJ see Palestine Islamic Jihad Office of Religion and Global Affairs (ORGA) Pillar, Paul 117 43, 194, 309 Pius IX, Pope 297 Office of Religious Persecution Monitoring 217 Pius X, Pope 297 official representation of churches 261–3 Pius XI, Pope 297 OIC see Organization of Islamic Cooperation Pius XII, Pope 297–8 OIRF see Office for International Religious PLO see Palestine Liberation Organization Freedom pluralism 46, 100, 209 operational domains 39 Podhoretz, Norman 370 accommodation mode 46 political ambivalence of religion 73, 78 engagement mode 42–3 political Islam 83–95 interrogation mode 44–5 historical dimension of 86–8 Orbán, Viktor 107, 266 nation building as critical juncture 88–90 ORGA see Office of Religion and Global Affairs radical 1, 2 Organization for Development Assistance see also hegemonic Islam Committee 212 political theology 28–9 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Pompeo, Michael 222, 311 Development 212 pope(s) 289–99 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) 1, 11, in canon law 291 107, 176, 216, 235, 248, 275–87 Catholic Church 289–90, 292, 293, 299 Afghan jihad 285–7 dictator pope 295 overview of 275–6 Holy See 289, 291–3, 296–9 Palestinian jihad 276–85 milieu goals 296–9 Declaration of Holy Jihad 277–82 possession goals 296–9 language 283–5 power of 294–6 Turkey 340 role of 290–94 The Oriental Christ (Mozumdar) 62 populism 266–7 orphan right 217 positive secularism 29, 30, 34 Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew possession goals 296–9 145 post-modern skepticism 27 Ottoman Constitution (1876) 92 postsecularity 87 post-Westphalian international relations 8–12 Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) 124 pragmatism 323–6 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 368–9 ‘Predicament of Identity in Iran: A Qualitative Palestinian jihad 276–85 Meta-Analysis of Theoretical and Declaration of Holy Jihad 277–82 Empirical Studies on Identity’ language 283–5 (Mohammadpur, Karimi and Mahmoodi) pan-Arabism 88 318 pan-Iranism, eclectic 326–7 President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief pan- 88, 353 (PEPFAR) 307–8 Paris Climate Conference (2015) 143 principled pluralism 46 particularism 175 pro-Israel organizations 306 Paul VI, Pope 298, 333 The Promise of Salvation (Riesebrodt) 26 Peace of Westphalia (1648) 8, 31 Protestant Christians 188, 191 Pearce, Susanna 106 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Pence, Mike 311 (Weber) 210 Pentecostal European Fellowship 263 Protestantism 27 People’s Islamic Conference 284 Protestant Reformation 25, 31

Jeffrey Haynes - 9781839100246 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 03:00:15AM via free access Index 385 proxy warfare 123–4 see also international relations public policy and European Union 264–7 religion–state relations 35 membership 265 Religion: The Missing Dimension of Statecraft populism 266–7 (Johnston and Sampson) 60, 308 refugee crisis 265–6 Religion: What It Is, How It Works, and Why It Public Religions in the Modern World (Casanova) Matters (Smith) 26 29 religious actors 5–6, 9–10, 17–20, 76–8, 143, 149, Reorganization Act (1966) 352 202–4, 212, 248–50, 313–14 religious asymmetric insurgency 116 qigong movement 59 religious-based violence 106 Qods Force 123 religious beliefs 197 Quaker Council for European Affairs 259 religious civilizational discourse 349–51 religious communities 200–201, 203–4, 208, 254, Raab, Earl 370 260, 265, 266, 270 Rabin, Yitzhak 368 religious dialogue 259–60 radical political Islam 1, 2 religious economics Rapoport, David C. 119 charitable giving 209–10 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) 57–8, 353 economic and statistical tools 207–8 Ratzinger, Joseph 333 extremism and terrorism 211 Reagan, Ronald 308 links to democracy and governance 209 Reese, Thomas J. 292 missionary legacies 210–11 Rees, John A. 331 pluralism 209 Reformed Protestantism 210 religious finance 209–10 refugee crisis 265–6 religious institutions and communities religion relationships 208–9 and America’s international relations see scholarship 208 America’s international relations secular approaches 208–9 civilization vs. 129–30 service provision 209–10 climate change and see international climate Smith influences 208 politics Weber’s theories 210 definition of 27 religious engagement 148–9 European Union and see European Union in development 199 (EU) development institutions 201–2 feminist perspectives see feminist positives of 200–204 perspectives religious literacy and 204–6 and foreign policy see foreign policy religious environmental activism 146 for hegemonic interest 43–5 religious ethics 178 and India see India religious fanaticism 100 integrated approach 45–6 religious finance 209–10 and international armed conflict see religious freedom 35, 45, 100 international armed conflict hegemony of 193–4 and international development see religious fundamentalism 5 international development religious institutions 197, 199 and international migration see international religious insurgencies 121–2 migration religious intergovernmental organizations 248 intersectional communities 83–6 religious literacy 204–6 and Iran’s international relations see Iran religiously affiliated organizations 231–41 through diplomacy 187–95 controversial field analysis 231 as transhistorical and transcultural diversity of meso-level of religions 233–4 phenomenon 26 formal affiliation process 235 as transnational ideas/ideational communities functional definitions 232 15 future research 240–41 and transnational relations see transnational macro-level of social discourses 233, 238–40 relations meso-level of organizations and movements and United Nations see United Nations 233, 235–8

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micro-level of individual religiosity 233, Saad, Mohammad 52 238 Sadat, Anwar 177 process of globalization 234 Salafism 88 process of individualization 234 Salafist Group for Call and Combat 124 substantive definitions 232 Salvini, Matteo 266 within United Nations 235–40 Sampson, Cynthia 60, 308 macro-level of social discourses 238–40 Sanatana Dharma 62, 63 meso-level of organizations and Sandal, Nukhet 74 movements 235–8 Savarkar, V.D. 353 micro-level of individual religiosity 238 Sazhin, Vladimir 318 religious nihilism 121 scepticism 218 religious non-governmental organizations Schuman Declaration (1950) 259, 267 (RNGOs) 248–50 Schuman, Robert 268 religious orders 263 Schwartzman, Micah 25 religious peacebuilding 201 scriptualism 163 religious pluralism 209 Second Vatican Council 261, 298, 333, 366 religious terrorism 74, 75, 104 The Secular Age (Taylor) 28 globalization secular international climate politics 146–8 Al-Qa’ida archetype 124–5 secularism/secularization 24–35 foreign interventions 122–3 in current trends 32–4 ISIS model 125–6 empirical consequences of 103–4 New Terrorism 121–2 evaluation of 35 proxy warfare 123–4 French Revolution 32, 33 religious insurgencies 121–2 history of 29–32 transnational 74–6 moral value of 24–5 religious tolerance 357 negative 29, 30 Resolution on the Elimination of All Forms of normative consequences of 103–4 Religious Intolerance 239–40 overview of 24–5 resurgence of religion 238 political theology 28–9 ‘The Return of Islam’ (Lewis) 370 positive 29, 30, 34 Revolutionary Guards Corps 123 religion as normal 25–8 Revolutionary Justice Organization 123 religious economics 208–9 Ribuffo, Leo P. 188 twin tolerations 29 Rice, Condoleezza 307 self-consciousness 84, 158 Ricoeur, Paul 25 self-determination 85 Rida, Rashid 276 7/7 bombings 5 Riesebrodt, Martin 26 sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) The Rites of Passage (Van Gennep) 164 247, 252–4 The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) (Turner) 164 minorities 224 RNGOs see religious non-governmental Shah, Mohammad Reza 321, 322 organizations Shah, Tim 187 Robertson, Pat 369 shamanism 25 Roehampton Conference (1974) 259 shari’a as state law 92–3 Roman Catholic Church 1, 5, 6, 19, 259, 261 Shariati, Ali 323 Roman Catholicism 210 Sharon, Ariel 12, 369 Roman pope see pope Sharrett, Moshe 364 Romero, Oscar 5, 6 Shea, Nina 310 Rosenau, James N. 101 Shia Islam 11 Rothschild, Emma 208 Shiloah, Reuven 364 Rouhani, Hassan 319 Shintoism 28 Rousseau, John Jacques 31 26, 28 Roy, Olivier 162 Singh, Manmohan 357 RSS see Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Single European Act 260, 261 Russian Revolution 32 single-issue organizations 263

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Sinic civilization 105 transgression 53–4 Sino-Confucian civilization 130, 132 transnational fault lines 119 skepticism 25, 27 293 post-modern 27 context of religions 52–3 Slavic-Orthodox civilization 130 reconfigured 53 Smith, Adam 206, 208 transnational non-state actors 20 Smith, Christian 26 transnational relations 52–64 Smith, Jonathan Z. 234 Catholic Church 54–5 Social Contract (Rousseau) 31 Ciji, Buddhist organization 55–6 social networks 211 ethnic barriers 57–9 soft power 7, 12, 39 globalization 52–3 South Caucasus 336–7 global–local nexus 53 Soviet totalitarianism 189 Gülen Hizmet Movement, Sunni Islamic Specter, Arlen 311 entity 56–7 Spencer, Herbert 9 Gyan Ratna Gurukul 62–3 spiritual capital 200 legal barriers 59–60 spiritual organizations 231 Tabligh Jama’at 61–2 spiritual voice 231 transgression 53–4 SRHR see sexual and reproductive health and transnationalism 52–4 rights transnational religious actors 17, 19, 53 state actors 5–6 transnational religious identity 120 state building 43, 92, 317, 337 transnational religious movements 6 state foreign policies 10 transnational religious soft power 19 Stefani, Umberto 260 transnational religious terrorism 74–6 Stepan, Alfred 29, 83, 192 Treaties of Rome (1957) 259 Sub-Saharan Africa 339–40 Treaty of Lisbon (2007) 269 Sufi Islam 61 Treaty of Paris (1856) 88 Sustainable Development Goals 212 Treaty of Westphalia (1648) 8–9, 100–103 symbolic warfare 118 tribalism 14 Syria 123, 125, 126, 159–60, 328, 339 Trinitapoli, Jenny 209 Troy, Jodok 293 Tabligh Jama’at 52, 61–2 Trump, Donald 107, 194, 267, 304 Taiwanese transnational movement 56 Turkey 331–41 Taleghani, Mahmoud 323 as centre of civilization 331 Tanrisever, Ali Reza 57 COVID-19 crisis 341 Taoism 59 Diyanet affiliations Taoist strategics 42 Balkans 334–6 Taylor, Charles 28 Central Asia 338 Tehran 317–18, 322–8 Europe 332–4 terrorism Middle East 338–9 counter-terrorism 74–6 North Africa 338–9 female 74 Organization of Islamic Cooperation New Terrorism 116, 121–2 340 religious economics 211 South Caucasus 336–7 see also religious terrorism Sub-Saharan Africa 339–40 Thatcher, Margaret 69 Turkish Cooperation and Coordination agency The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith) 208 (TİKA) 334, 337 Theravada Buddhism 59 Türkiye Maarif Foundation 335 Thomas, Cal 371 Turner, Victor 164 3/11 Madrid bombings 5 Tusk, Donald 265 TİKA see Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Tutu, Desmond 5, 6 agency twin tolerations 29 Tillerson, Rex 310 Toft, Monica Duffy 105, 187 UDHR see Universal Declaration of Human transformative state simplifications 44 Rights

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Ulama 61 United Nations Year of Dialogue among ulema–state alliance 86 Civilizations 108 umma 89–90 United States UN Commission on Human Rights 219 foreign policy 187–95 UN Commission on Population and Development civil religion 188 254 definition of 190–91 UN Commission on the Status of Women 254 extra-territoriality of the Establishment UN Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Clause 192–3 Immunities 291 faith-based organizations 191 UN Conference on Population and Development historical legacy 188–9 219 International Religious Freedom Act UN Conference on the Human Environment (1998) 189, 190 (1972) 146 Manifest Destiny 189 UN Development Program 251 secular bias 191–2 UNFCCC see United Nations Framework Trump administration 194–5 Convention on Climate Change international relations 302–14 UN Framework Convention Change 250 faith-based diplomacy 308–10 UN Human Rights Commission 220 faith-based initiatives 306–8 UN Interagency Task Force on Religion and international religious freedom 310–13 Sustainable Development 205 special relationship with Israel 303–6 Civil Society Almanac (2010) United States Agency for International 209 Development (USAID) 202, 307 United Kingdom Department for International United States Commission on International Development-funded Religions and Religious Freedom (USCIRF) 311–13 Development Programme 201 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) United Nations 1, 40 198, 239, 246, 310 foundational documents 246–7 Article 18 of 35 policies 250–54 UN Special Rapporteur 223 international development 251–2 UN Special Rapporteur on Religious Intolerance sexual and reproductive health and to Special Rapporteur on Freedom of rights 252–4 Religion or Belief 220 religious actors USAID see United States Agency for international organizations 248 International Development non-governmental organizations 249–50 USCIRF see United States Commission on states organizations 248 International Religious Freedom religiously affiliated organizations 235–40 US Commission on International Religious macro-level of social discourses 238–40 Freedom 217 meso-level of organizations and Ushakov, Vyacheslav 318 movements 235–8 US–Israeli diplomacy 363–72 micro-level of individual religiosity 238 US–Israel relations 305, 363–72 in religiously plural world 246–7 case studies, Begin–Falwell relationship United Nations Alliance of Civilizations 60, 108 367–71 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Minorities Alliance idea 363–5 Cultural Organization 147 religious diplomacy 363, 365–7 United Nations Environment Programme 147 special relationship 363 United Nations Framework Convention on US Office of International Religious Freedom Climate Change (UNFCCC) 143, 150–51 108 United Nations General Assembly 108, 198, 310 Uturgauri, Revaz 324 United Nations High Commission for Human Rights 359 United Nations Human Right’s Council 303 van der Laan, Lousewies 270 United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Van Gennep, Arthur 164 Religion and Development 249, 254 van Rompuy, Herman 268 United Nations Security Council 303, 306, 357 Vatican City state 290, 292 United Nations Security Council Resolutions 285 Velayat-e Faqih (Khomeini) 322

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Victims of Violence Based on Religion or Belief Wolfensohn, James D. 198 312 Wolfers, Arnold 296 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations Wolf, Frank R. 217, 311 (1961) 291 women’s terrorism 74 Vietnam War 189 Woodberry, Robert 210 Vincent, R.J. 13 World Bank 40, 202, 211 Viner, Jacob 210 World Commission on Environment and Von Kaufman, Konstantine 338 Development (1987) 146 World Conferences on Women 219 Walker, R.B.J. 101 World Council of Churches (WCC) 147, 212, Waltz, Kenneth 189 263, 366 war ethics 179 World Faith Development Dialogue 201, 251 War on Terror strategies 44 World Food Programme 211 WCC see World Council of Churches World Muslim League 11 Wealth of Nations (Smith) 206, 208 World Values Survey 207, 209, 210 Weber, Max 9, 207, 210 World War I 2, 13, 181, 365 Weinreb, Alexander 209 World War II 1, 2, 13, 18, 157, 197, 198, 208, We, or Our Nationhood Defined (Golwalkar) 353 246, 270 The West 7, 187 WorldWide Fund for Nature 146 Western-centric universalism 107 Wurmbrand, Richard 216, 310 Western civilization 105, 130 Western imperialism 118 Western modern state 86 Yazdanfam, Mohammad 318 Wheeler, Nicholas J. 13 Yin, Kuan 56 White-Cain, Paula 308 Young, G. Douglas 368 White House Office of Faith-Based and Young, Robert 158, 165 Community Initiatives (OFBCI) 307 Yugoslav Wars 173 White, Lynn 144 Yunus Emre Foundation 335 Wiebe, Donald 234 Zedong, Mao 32 Wight, Martin 13 Zemin, Jiang 60 Wilpert, Czarina 157 Zen, Joseph 55 Windsor Conference (2009) 146–7 118, 365 Winthrop, John 302 Zoroastrianism’s ethics 27

Jeffrey Haynes - 9781839100246 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 03:00:15AM via free access Jeffrey Haynes - 9781839100246 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 03:00:15AM via free access