DOCSLIB.ORG

Safety Analysis Report and Associated Documentation, TH

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Safety Analysis Report and Associated Documentation, TH This page intentionally left blank to facilitate duplex printing. RH-TRU Payload Appendices Rev. 1, February 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 GAS GENERATION METHODOLOGY 2.1 Radiolytic G Values for Waste Materials 2.2 G Values for RH-TRU 72-B Waste 2.3 Shipping Period – General Case 2.4 Shipping Period – Controlled Shipments 2.5 Compliance Methodology for Gas Generation Requirements 3.0 ASSESSMENT METHODS 3.1 Gas Generation Test Plan for Remote-Handled Transuranic (RH-TRU) Waste Containers 3.2 Summary of the Flammability Assessment Methodology Program 4.0 SUPPORTING EVALUATIONS 4.1 Chemical Compatibility of Waste Forms 4.2 Free Halides in the RH-TRU 72-B Payload – Source Term and Release Rate Estimates 4.3 Payload Compatibility with Butyl Rubber O-Ring Seals 4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the RH-TRU 72-B Payload – Source Term and Release Rate Estimates 4.5 Biological Activity Assessment 4.6 Thermal Stability of Payload Materials at Transport Temperatures 5.0 PAYLOAD CONTAINER DESIGN BASIS EVALUATIONS 5.1 Description of Neutron Shielded Canister i RH-TRU Payload Appendices Rev. 1, February 2011 This page intentionally left blank. ii RH-TRU Payload Appendices Rev. 1, February 2011 1.0 INTRODUCTION This document, the RH-TRU Payload Appendices, accompanies the Remote-Handled Transuranic Waste Authorized Methods for Payload Control (RH-TRAMPAC) and is provided as supplemental information pertaining to issues related to the transportation of remote-handled transuranic (RH-TRU) waste in the RH-TRU 72-B packaging. The RH-TRAMPAC contains all information, including requirements and methods of compliance, required for the qualification of a payload for transport in the RH-TRU 72-B packaging. The methodology and logic for the requirements are provided in this document, along with previously performed assessments and evaluations. The information contained in this document is separated into specific sections, as follows: • Gas Generation Methodology (Section 2.0) • Assessment Methods (Section 3.0) • Supporting Evaluations (Section 4.0) • Payload Container Design Basis Evaluations (Section 5.0). This document supports the RH-TRU 72-B SAR, as well as the RH-TRAMPAC document. 1-1 RH-TRU Payload Appendices Rev. 1, February 2011 This page intentionally left blank 1-2 RH-TRU Payload Appendices Rev. 1, February 2011 APPENDIX 2.1 RADIOLYTIC G VALUES FOR WASTE MATERIALS RH-TRU Payload Appendices Rev. 1, February 2011 This page intentionally left blank. RH-TRU Payload Appendices Rev. 1, February 2011 Table of Contents 2.1 Radiolytic G Values for Waste Materials ..................................................................... 2.1-1 2.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 2.1-1 2.1.2 Radiation Chemistry ....................................................................................... 2.1-2 2.1.2.1 Reactions of Radiation with Matter ............................................... 2.1-3 2.1.2.2 Energy Transfer ............................................................................. 2.1-4 2.1.2.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of Radiolytic Gas Generation (or Consumption) from a Material ....................................................... 2.1-6 2.1.3 Radiolysis of Liquids, Vapors, and Gases .................................................... 2.1-17 2.1.3.1 Radiolysis of Saturated Hydrocarbons ......................................... 2.1-18 2.1.3.2 Radiolysis of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons .................................... 2.1-19 2.1.3.3 Radiolysis of Aromatic Hydrocarbons ......................................... 2.1-20 2.1.3.4 Radiolysis of Water ...................................................................... 2.1-21 2.1.3.5 Radiolysis of Alcohols ................................................................. 2.1-24 2.1.3.6 Radiolysis of Ethers ..................................................................... 2.1-24 2.1.3.7 Radiolysis of Aldehydes and Ketones ......................................... 2.1-24 2.1.3.8 Radiolysis of Carboxylic Acids ................................................... 2.1-27 2.1.3.9 Radiolysis of Esters ...................................................................... 2.1-28 2.1.3.10 Radiolysis of Phosphate Esters .................................................... 2.1-29 2.1.3.11 Radiolysis of Halogenated Hydrocarbons ................................... 2.1-30 2.1.3.12 Radiolysis of Organic Nitrogen Compounds ............................... 2.1-34 2.1.3.13 Radiolysis of Commercial Lubricants ......................................... 2.1-36 2.1.3.14 Radiolysis of Gases ...................................................................... 2.1-37 2.1.4 Radiolysis of Polymers ................................................................................. 2.1-37 2.1.4.1 Radiolysis of Hydrocarbon Polymers Containing Only Saturated C-C Bonds ........................................................................................... 2.1-42 2.1.4.2 Radiolysis of Polymers Containing Alcohol Functional Groups . 2.1-53 2.1.4.3 Radiolysis of Polymers Containing Ether Functional Groups ..... 2.1-54 2.1.4.4 Radiolysis of Hydrocarbon Polymers Containing Unsaturated C-C Bonds ........................................................................................... 2.1-61 2.1.4.5 Radiolysis of Polymers Containing Ester Functional Groups ..... 2.1-62 2.1.4.6 Radiolysis of Polymers with Aromatic Characteristics ............... 2.1-64 2.1.4.7 Radiolysis of Polymers Containing Halogens ............................. 2.1-66 2.1.4.8 Radiolysis of Miscellaneous Polymers ........................................ 2.1-79 2.1.5 Radiolysis of Non-Polymer Solids ............................................................... 2.1-82 2.1.5.1 Radiolysis of Solidified Liquid Wastes ....................................... 2.1-82 2.1.5.2 Radiolysis of Solid Organic Acids ............................................... 2.1-87 2.1-i RH-TRU Payload Appendices Rev. 1, February 2011 2.1.5.3 Radiolysis of Asphalt ................................................................... 2.1-87 2.1.5.4 Radiolysis of Soil ......................................................................... 2.1-87 2.1.5.5 Radiolysis of Dry, Solid Inorganic Materials .............................. 2.1-88 2.1.6 Comparison of Laboratory G Values With Effective G Values Measured for Drums of CH-TRU Wastes .......................................................................... 2.1-88 2.1.6.1 Retrieved Drums of CH-TRU Wastes ......................................... 2.1-89 2.1.6.2 Newly Generated Waste Experiments ......................................... 2.1-90 2.1-ii RH-TRU Payload Appendices Rev. 1, February 2011 List of Tables Table 2.1-1 — Average Values of LET in Water Irradiated with Various Types of Radiation ........................................................................................................... 2.1-7 Table 2.1-2 — G Values for Saturated Hydrocarbons ............................................................ 2.1-18 Table 2.1-3 — G Values for Three Unsaturated Hydrocarbons ............................................. 2.1-20 Table 2.1-4 — Radiolysis Products and G Values for Liquid Cyclohexene .......................... 2.1-20 Table 2.1-5 — G Values for Several Aromatic Hydrocarbons ............................................... 2.1-21 Table 2.1-6 — G Values for Water ......................................................................................... 2.1-22 Table 2.1-7 — G Values for Alcohols .................................................................................... 2.1-25 Table 2.1-8 — G Values for Ethers in the Liquid Phase ........................................................ 2.1-26 Table 2.1-9 — G Values for Propionaldehyde ....................................................................... 2.1-26 Table 2.1-10 — Effect of LET on the Gaseous Products of Acetone ..................................... 2.1-26 Table 2.1-11 — G Values for Three Ketones ......................................................................... 2.1-27 Table 2.1-12 — G Values for Carboxylic Acids (Liquids at Room Temperature) ................ 2.1-28 Table 2.1-13 — G Values for Esters ....................................................................................... 2.1-28 Table 2.1-14 — G Values for Phosphate Esters ..................................................................... 2.1-29 Table 2.1-15 — G Values for Carbon Tetrachloride .............................................................. 2.1-31 Table 2.1-16 — G Values for Aromatic Halides .................................................................... 2.1-32 Table 2.1-17 — G Values for Miscellaneous Organic Halogen Compounds ......................... 2.1-34 Table 2.1-18 — G Values for Liquid Organic Nitrogen Compounds .................................... 2.1-35 Table 2.1-19 — G Values for Many Commercial Lubricants ................................................ 2.1-38 Table 2.1-20 — Radiation Resistance of Common Polymers that Predominantly Crosslink .................................................................................................... 2.1-39 Table 2.1-21 — Radiation Resistance of Common Polymers that are Borderline Between Predominant Crosslinking and Scission ...................................... 2.1-40 Table 2.1-22 — Radiation Resistance of Common Polymers that Scission Predominantly ...........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ganymede Science Questions and Future Exploration
    Planetary Science Decadal Survey Community White Paper Ganymede science questions and future exploration Geoffrey C. Collins, Wheaton College, Norton, Massachusetts [email protected] Claudia J. Alexander, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edward B. Bierhaus, Lockheed Martin Michael T. Bland, Washington University in St. Louis Veronica J. Bray, University of Arizona John F. Cooper, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Frank Crary, Southwest Research Institute Andrew J. Dombard, University of Illinois at Chicago Olivier Grasset, University of Nantes Gary B. Hansen, University of Washington Charles A. Hibbitts, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Terry A. Hurford, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Hauke Hussmann, DLR, Berlin Krishan K. Khurana, University of California, Los Angeles Michelle R. Kirchoff, Southwest Research Institute Jean-Pierre Lebreton, European Space Agency Melissa A. McGrath, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center William B. McKinnon, Washington University in St. Louis Jeffrey M. Moore, NASA Ames Research Center Robert T. Pappalardo, Jet Propulsion Laboratory G. Wesley Patterson, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Louise M. Prockter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Kurt Retherford, Southwest Research Institute James H. Roberts, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Paul M. Schenk, Lunar and Planetary Institute David A. Senske, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Adam P. Showman, University of Arizona Katrin Stephan, DLR, Berlin Federico Tosi, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome Roland J. Wagner, DLR, Berlin Introduction Ganymede is a planet-sized (larger than Mercury) moon of Jupiter with unique characteristics, such as being the largest satellite in the solar system, the most centrally condensed solid body in the solar system, and the only solid body in the outer solar system known to posses an internally generated magnetic field.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative View of Radiation, Xa9745787 Photo and Photocatalytically Induced Oxidation of Water Pollutants
    A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF RADIATION, XA9745787 PHOTO AND PHOTOCATALYTICALLY INDUCED OXIDATION OF WATER POLLUTANTS N. GETOFF Institute for Theoretical Chemistry and Radiation Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Abstract Water resources are presently overloaded with biologically resistant (refractory) pollutants. Several oxidation methods have been developed for their degradation, the most efficient of which is iradiation treatment, particularly that based on e-beam processing in the presence of Q/O3. The next-best method is photoinduced pollutant oxidation with VUV- and/or UV-light, using HjO2 or H2O2/O3 as an additional source of OH radicals. The photocatalytic method, using e.g. TiQ as a catalyst in combination with oxidation agents such as If Oj or H2O2/O3, is also recommended. The suitability of these three methods is illustrated by examples and they are briefly discussed and compared on the basis of theirenergy consumption and efficiency. Other methods, such as ozone treatment, the photo-Fenton process, ultrasonic and elctrochemical treatments, as well as the well known biological process and thermal oxidation of refractory pollutants, are briefly mentioned. 1. INTRODUCTION Current water resources are strongly overloaded with biologically resistant pollutants, as a result of global population growth and the development of certain industries in the past few decades. The disposal of chemical waste in rivers, seas and oceans has contributed to possibly-irrepairable destruction of marine life. The application of fertilizers, pesticides etc. in modern agriculture has exacerbated the situation. Hence, urgent measures are necessary for remediation of water resources. For the degradation of water pollutants, a number of oxidation methods, based on processes initiated by ionizing radiation, UV- and visible light, photocatalytic induced reactions, as well as combinations of these, have been developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigations of Moon-Magnetosphere Interactions by the Europa Clipper Mission
    EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-366-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Investigations of Moon-Magnetosphere Interactions by the Europa Clipper Mission Haje Korth (1), Robert T. Pappalardo (2), David A. Senske (2), Sascha Kempf (3), Margaret G. Kivelson (4,5), Kurt Retherford (6), J. Hunter Waite (6), Joseph H. Westlake (1), and the Europa Clipper Science Team (1) Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Maryland, USA, (2) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California, USA, (3) University of Colorado, Colorado, USA, (4) University of Michigan, Michigan, USA, (5) University of California, California, USA, (6) Southwest Research Institute, Texas, USA. ([email protected]) 1. Introduction magnetic fields inducing eddy currents in the ocean. By measuring the induced field response at multiple The influence of the Jovian space environment on frequencies, the ice shell thickness and the ocean Europa is multifaceted, and observations of moon- layer thickness and conductivity can be uniquely magnetosphere interaction by the Europa Clipper will determined. The ECM consists of four fluxgate provide an understanding of the satellite’s interior sensors mounted on a 5-m-long boom and a control structure and compositional makeup among others. electronics hosted in a vault shielding it from The variability of Jupiter’s magnetic field at Europa radiation damage. The use of four sensors allows for induces electric currents within the moon’s dynamic removal of higher-order spacecraft- conducting ocean layer, the magnitude of which generated magnetic fields on a boom that is short depends on the ocean’s location, extent, and compared with the spacecraft dimensions.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Estimation of Track Segment Yields of Water Radiolysis
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Quantitative estimation of track segment yields of water radiolysis species under heavy ions around Bragg peak energies using Geant4‑DNA Kentaro Baba1, Tamon Kusumoto2, Shogo Okada3, Ryo Ogawara4, Satoshi Kodaira2, Quentin Rafy5, Rémi Barillon5, Nicolas Ludwig5, Catherine Galindo5, Philippe Peaupardin5 & Masayori Ishikawa1,6* − · We evaluate the track segment yield G′ of typical water radiolysis products (eaq , OH and H2O2) under heavy ions (He, C and Fe ions) using a Monte Carlo simulation code in the Geant4‑DNA. Furthermore, we reproduce experimental results of ·OH of He and C ions around the Bragg peak energies (< 6 MeV/u). In the relatively high energy region (e.g., > 10 MeV/u), the simulation results using Geant4‑DNA have agreed with experimental results. However, the G‑values of water radiolysis species have not been properly evaluated around the Bragg peak energies, at which high ionizing density can be expected. Around the Bragg peak energy, dense continuous secondary products are generated, so that it is necessary to simulate the radical–radical reaction more accurately. To do so, we added the role of secondary products formed by irradiation. Consequently, our simulation results are in good agreement with experimental results and previous simulations not only in the high‑energy region but also around the Bragg peak. Several future issues are also discussed regarding the roles of fragmentation and multi‑ionization to realize more realistic simulations. Cancer patients can nowadays select several modalities in radiotherapy such as conventional X-ray therapy and particle therapies (e.g., proton therapy, heavy ion therapy and boron neutron capture therapy).
    [Show full text]
  • Radiolysis of H2O:CO2 Ices by Heavy Energetic Cosmic Ray Analogs
    A&A 523, A77 (2010) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201015123 & c ESO 2010 Astrophysics Radiolysis of H2O:CO2 ices by heavy energetic cosmic ray analogs S. Pilling1, E. Seperuelo Duarte2, A. Domaracka3,H.Rothard3, P. Boduch3, and E. F. da Silveira4 1 IP&D/UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] 2 Grupo de Física e Astronomia, CEFET/Química de Nilópolis, Rua Lúcio Tavares, 1052, CEP 2653-060, Nilópolis, Brazil 3 Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen-Basse Normandie), CIMAP – CIRIL – GANIL, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, 14070 Caen Cedex 05, France 4 Departamento de Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, CEP 22453-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Received 1 June 2010 / Accepted 3 August 2010 ABSTRACT 58 13+ An experimental study of the interaction of heavy, highly charged, and energetic ions (52 MeV Ni ) with pure H2O, pure CO2 and mixed H2O:CO2 astrophysical ice analogs is presented. This analysis aims to simulate the chemical and the physicochemical interactions induced by heavy cosmic rays inside dense and cold astrophysical environments, such as molecular clouds or protostellar clouds. The measurements were performed at the heavy ion accelerator GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds in Caen, France). The gas samples were deposited onto a CsI substrate at 13 K. In-situ analysis was performed by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer at different fluences. Radiolysis yields of the produced species were quantified.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin and Temperature Dependence of Radiation Damage in Biological Samples at Cryogenic Temperatures
    Origin and temperature dependence of radiation damage in biological samples at cryogenic temperatures Alke Meentsa,b,1,2, Sascha Gutmanna,1,3, Armin Wagnerc, and Clemens Schulze-Briesea aPaul Scherrer Institut, Swiss Light Source, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland bHamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany cDiamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovations Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom Edited by Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and approved November 23, 2009 (received for review May 20, 2009) Radiation damage is the major impediment for obtaining structural electrons with energies of a few up to severals tens of eV (4, 5). information from biological samples by using ionizing radiation Subsequent radiolytic reactions caused by products of primary such as x-rays or electrons. The knowledge of underlying processes damage are classified as secondary damage. Possible consequences especially at cryogenic temperatures is still fragmentary, and a con- of primary and secondary radiation damage reactions include sistent mechanism has not been found yet. By using a combination breakage of chemical bonds, redox processes, and generation of of single-crystal x-ray diffraction, small-angle scattering, and qual- free radicals. Alterations of the sample at primary and secondary itative and quantitative radiolysis experiments, we show that hy- damage sites may eventually cause long-range rearrangements of drogen gas, formed inside the sample during irradiation, rather molecules in crystals or other assemblies. The loss of crystalline than intramolecular bond cleavage between non-hydrogen atoms, order has been referred to as tertiary or global damage (1). is mainly responsible for the loss of high-resolution information In crystallography, radiation damage results in the decrease of and contrast in diffraction experiments and microscopy.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Basis of Reactive Oxygen Species Reactivity and Involvement in Neurodegenerative Diseases
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Chemical Basis of Reactive Oxygen Species Reactivity and Involvement in Neurodegenerative Diseases Fabrice Collin Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France; [email protected] Received: 26 April 2019; Accepted: 13 May 2019; Published: 15 May 2019 Abstract: Increasing numbers of individuals suffer from neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by progressive loss of neurons. Oxidative stress, in particular, the overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), play an important role in the development of these diseases, as evidenced by the detection of products of lipid, protein and DNA oxidation in vivo. Even if they participate in cell signaling and metabolism regulation, ROS are also formidable weapons against most of the biological materials because of their intrinsic nature. By nature too, neurons are particularly sensitive to oxidation because of their high polyunsaturated fatty acid content, weak antioxidant defense and high oxygen consumption. Thus, the overproduction of ROS in neurons appears as particularly deleterious and the mechanisms involved in oxidative degradation of biomolecules are numerous and complexes. This review highlights the production and regulation of ROS, their chemical properties, both from kinetic and thermodynamic points of view, the links between them, and their implication in neurodegenerative diseases. Keywords: reactive oxygen species; superoxide anion; hydroxyl radical; hydrogen peroxide; hydroperoxides; neurodegenerative diseases; NADPH oxidase; superoxide dismutase 1. Introduction Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are radical or molecular species whose physical-chemical properties are well-known both on thermodynamic and kinetic points of view.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Chemistry of Liquid Systems
    Chapter 4 RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF LIQUID SYSTEMS Krzysztof Bobrowski Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warszawa, Poland 1. INTRODUCTION The radiation chemistry of liquid systems illustrates a versatile use of high energy ionizing radiation [1-4]. Radiolysis, the initiation of reactions by high energy radiation, is a very valuable and powerful chemical tool for inducing and studying radical reactions in liquids. In many cases radiolysis offers a convenient and relatively easy way of initiating radical reactions in all phases (including liquid phase) that cannot be or can be performed with some limita- tions by chemical, electrochemical and photolytic methods. Radiolysis of most liquids produces solvated electrons and relatively simple free radicals, some of which can oxidize and/or reduce materials [5]. This chapter is divided into four main sections: “Introduction”, “Radiolysis of water”, “Radiolysis of or- ganic solvents”, and “Radiolysis of ionic liquids”. The fi rst section summa- rizes the mechanisms and features of radiation energy deposition along with a quantifi cation of chemical effects induced by radiation, and techniques used in radiation chemical studies. The second section focuses on radiation-induced radical reactions in water and aqueous solutions using low and high linear energy transfer (LET) irradiation at ambient and high temperatures, and high pressures. Relevant examples include radical reactions initiated by primary and secondary radicals from water radiolysis with a variety of compounds. The third section describes the most important features of radiolysis in organic liquids using common solvents for inducing and studying radical reactions. Relevant examples include radical reactions connected with the selective for- mation of radical cations, radical anions and excited states.
    [Show full text]
  • Martian Groundwaters Though Time and Their Impact on the Mars System
    EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-1209-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Martian Groundwaters Though Time and Their Impact on the Mars System Bethany L. Ehlmann (1,2) (1) California Institute of Technology, USA, (3) University of Colorado Boulder, USA ([email protected]), (2) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA 1. Abstract In situ exploration by Opportunity shows the role of multiple generations of fluids in mineral precipitation Diverse environmental settings with liquid water and dissolution, shaping the sulfate/hematite/chloride are preserved in rocks from ancient Mars [1-4]. An mineralogy of the Burns for-mation sedimentary rocks aspect of this discovery is the prevalence of ancient [17]. Exploration of Noachian materials exposed by terrains with minerals hypothesized to form via impact showed Fe/Mg clay-bearing breccias contain subsurface water-rock reactions, which did not require a warm, wet Mars for extended periods. From orbit, cm-thick leached zones of Al clays from post-impact unambiguous indicator minerals of subsurface waters hydrothermal fluids [18-19]. are hydrothermal/low-grade metamorphic minerals Clearly, Mars hosted multiple types of like prehnite and aqueous mineral assemblages with groundwaters varying in space and time. The drivers compositions isochemical to basalt [5]. Understanding of the chemical diversity are understood in only a few of Martian groundwaters, their chemistry, and their cases. In many cases, sulfur supplied by upwelling importance in the search for life as well as the climate groundwaters leaching basaltic rocks may be system has deepened via continued analyses of orbital sufficient to form sedimentary sulfate deposits without datasets, in situ exploration by Curiosity and invoking atmosphere or magmatic sources [20].
    [Show full text]
  • Pulse Radiolysis of Gases H Atom Yields, OH Reactions, and Kinetics of H2O Systems
    Risø-R-480 I o CXI Pulse Radiolysis of Gases H atom yields, OH reactions, and kinetics of H2O systems Ole John Nielsen Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark April 1984 ? RISØ-R-480 PULSE RADIOLYSIS OP GASES H atom yields, OH reactions, and kinetics of H2S systems Ole John Nielsen Chemistry Department Abstract. The pulse radiolysis equipment and technique are de­ scribed and its relevance to atmospheric chemistry is discussed. Pulse radiolysis of a number of different chemical systems have been described and computer simulations have been used to check the validity of the proposed mechanisms: 1) The hydrogen atom yield in the pulse radiolysis of H2 was measured by four independent calibration techniques, using reactions of H with 02, C1N0, and HI. The H atom yield was compared with O2 yields in pure O2 and in 02/SFg mixtures which lead to a value G(H) = 17.6. The rate constants at room temperature of the following reactions were determined: 10 2 1 H + 02 + H2 • H02 k 2.17 x 10 [H2] M" S" H + C1N0 • HC1 + NO k 9.24 * 109 M-Vs-1 9 2 1 I + NO + H2 * INO + H2 k 3.7 x 10 [H2] M" S" 2) OH radical reactions with tetraalkyllead at room temperature and with ethane, methane, and a series of CI- and F-substi- tuted methanes at 300-400 K were studied. Arrhenius par- (Continued on next page) April 1984 Risø National Laboratory, DK 4000 Roskilde, Denmark ameters, A and Ea, were determined for several reactions. The l'fetirae of Pb(CH3)4 and Pb(C2H5)4 in ambient air is estimated.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Aqueous Solutions Containing
    Hubenko et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2018) 13:100 https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2514-5 NANO EXPRESS Open Access Reactive oxygen species generation in 3+ aqueous solutions containing GdVO4:Eu nanoparticles and their complexes with methylene blue Kateryna Hubenko, Svetlana Yefimova*, Tatyana Tkacheva, Pavel Maksimchuk, Igor Borovoy, Vladimir Klochkov, Nataliya Kavok, Oleksander Opolonin and Yuri Malyukin Abstract It this letter, we report the study of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in water solutions 3+ containing gadolinium orthovanadate GdVO4:Eu nanoparticles (VNPs) and their complexes with methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer. The catalytic activity was studied under UV-Vis and X-ray irradiation by three methods (conjugated dienes test, OH· radical, and singlet oxygen detection). It has been shown that the VNPs–MB complexes reveal high efficiency of ROS generation under UV-Vis irradiation associated with both high efficiency of OH· radicals generation by VNPs and singlet oxygen generation by MB due to nonradiative excitation energy transfer from VNPs to MB molecules. Contrary to that under X-ray irradiation, the strong OH. radicals scavenging by VNPs has been observed. Keywords: Reactive oxygen species, Nanoparticles, Photocatalytic activity, Radical scavenging : Þ Background radical OH·, hydroperoxyl radical ( HO2 , hydrogen Radiation therapy (RT) remains an important compo- peroxide (H2O2), and hydrogen molecules (H2)[5, 6]. nent of cancer treatment with approximately 50% of all Hydrated electrons and hydrogen atoms are strong cancer patients receiving RT during their course of reducing agents. In contrast, hydroxyl radicals are very illness [1–3]. The exact mechanism of cell death due to strong oxidative species and immediately remove radiation is still an area of active investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiolysis and Hydrolysis of Truex-Nph Solvent
    ANL-90/14 >- a::: <( a::: al 1-1 _J I Technology Radiolysis and Hydrolysis LO 0 Division C\I 11 Technology of TRUEX-NPH Solvent Division 0 .q- I- ..- 11 Technology ......... z by N. Simonzadeh, A. M. Crabtree, 0 a::: Division en ::::> I I- L. E. Trevorrow, and G. F. Vandegrift _J w z a::: Cf) <( LL Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439 operated by The University of Chicago for the United States Department of Energy under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38 Argonne National Laboratory, with facilities in the states of Illinois and Idaho, is owned by the United States government, and operated by The University of Chicago under the provisions of a contract with the Department of Energy. -------- DISCLAIMER-------- This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or pro­ cess disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Reproduced from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O.
    [Show full text]